lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

question: What system was used previous to the ASA system?, answer: the system of Weston film speed ratings | question: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings?, answer: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936) | question: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start?, answer: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation | question: When was the Weston model 617 created?, answer: August 1932 | question: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?, answer: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.

question: What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?, answer: Lend-Lease | question: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?, answer: 8 December | question: How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?, answer: Four days | question: Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?, answer: strategic blunder | question: how many members did the America First Committee have?, answer: 800,000 | question: What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?, answer: America First Committee | question: When did the United States declare war on Japan?, answer: 8 December | question: How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?, answer: Four | question: Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?, answer: Commander Arthur McCollum
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?, answer: Greek Enlightenment | question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ?, answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829, | question: What did Greeks do that caused the formation of the new state ?, answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire | question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?, answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

question: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?, answer: the Armée d'Angleterre | question: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?, answer: Boulogne | question: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?, answer: England | question: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?, answer: La Grande Armée. | question: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?, answer: 350,000
Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.

question: What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?, answer: Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher | question: How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?, answer: twelve bird species | question: What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?, answer: ko'ko' birds
Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce." Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.

question: Who was part of Hollywood Ten?, answer: Herbert Biberman | question: Who was the leader of the American communist party?, answer: Earl Browder | question: Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?, answer: Western Communists
Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region's characteristics. The Ottomans practiced a system in which the state (as in the Byzantine Empire) had control over the clergy. Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles. According to Ottoman understanding, the state's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty.

question: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?, answer: Sultan was the highest position | question: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on?, answer: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics | question: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?, answer: the state | question: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?, answer: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims | question: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?, answer: orthodox Islamic practice
Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?, answer: The Clerk of the Crown | question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?, answer: stating the appropriate Norman French formula | question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?, answer: Henry VIII | question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?, answer: the annual State Opening of Parliament | question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?, answer: right
Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire.

question: What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?, answer: 8 years of war with Iran | question: Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?, answer: North Africa during World War II | question: What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?, answer: late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters | question: Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?, answer: Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier | question: What problem did the Iraqi forces have?, answer: the antiaircraft weapons were crippled
Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

question: In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?, answer: Beginning and ending dates | question: At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?, answer: 24:00 | question: What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?, answer: Saturday | question: In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?, answer: five hours | question: During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?, answer: summer
Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. The nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state". The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which increased after the 2012 coup d'état.

question: When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 2005 | question: Where did the drug traffickers come from?, answer: Latin America | question: What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissau?, answer: Europe | question: Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state"?, answer: a United Nations official | question: Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country?, answer: The government and the military
Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]

question: What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?, answer: decline in market share | question: What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?, answer: Cotton Research and Promotion Act | question: What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?, answer: synthetic competitors | question: Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?, answer: U.S. | question: What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?, answer: markets for cotton
Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.

question: When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?, answer: 1689 | question: What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?, answer: Queen Anne's War | question: What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?, answer: Acadia | question: When was the final French and Indian War fought?, answer: 1754–63 | question: What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?, answer: George Washington
Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. It took about eight years of study, except when it was suspended because of World War II. Finally, the 12-inch (30 cm) Long Play (LP) 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18, 1948.

question: What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?, answer: World War II | question: Who released the 12 inch LP?, answer: Columbia Record Company | question: On what date was the 12 inch LP released?, answer: June 18, 1948 | question: In what city was the 12 in LP released?, answer: New York | question: How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?, answer: about eight years
Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985.

question: Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?, answer: Olusegun Obasanjo | question: Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?, answer: Shehu Shagari | question: How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?, answer: corrupt and incompetent | question: Who led a military coup against Shagari?, answer: Muhammadu Buhari | question: When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?, answer: 1985
Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, Torchwood. More recently, the network has also begun picking up Canadian rights to some Australian series, including the drama series Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me.

question: What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?, answer: 2005 | question: When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?, answer: the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008 | question: Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?, answer: Torchwood | question: Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?, answer: Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me
Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing large sporting arenas. At that time she released two more hit singles from the album, "Angel" and "Dress You Up". In July, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session. The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained "unapologetic and defiant". The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000. She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."

question: When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?, answer: Beginning in April 1985 | question: Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?, answer: Beastie Boys | question: When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?, answer: 1978 | question: How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?, answer: up to $100,000 | question: When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?, answer: 1985
Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the "proper" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.

question: When is the final?, answer: May | question: When do clubs above 9 enter?, answer: clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages | question: Is there seeding?, answer: There is no seeding, | question: What happens in the event of a tie?, answer: fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only | question: What are the first 6 rounds?, answer: The first six rounds are qualifiers
Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chişinău, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The "Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]"). On January 15, 1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol Şalaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, revival of Moldavian traditions, and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from "movement" (an informal association) to "front" (a formal association) was seen as a natural "upgrade" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it.

question: When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?, answer: February 1988 | question: Which monument was a popular meeting place?, answer: Stephen the Great Monument | question: Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?, answer: Chişinău | question: What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?, answer: Romanian | question: What was Moldova's previous name?, answer: Moldavia
Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

question: Who started the Hussite movement?, answer: Jan Hus | question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?, answer: John Wycliffe | question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?, answer: five | question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?, answer: the Pope | question: How did Jan Hus die?, answer: burned at the stake