lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.

question: What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?, answer: Pangaea | question: What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?, answer: Panthalassa | question: There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?, answer: Paleo-Tethys Ocean | question: The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?, answer: Cimmeria | question: During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?, answer: the Mesozoic Era
During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

question: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: During the Protestant Reformation | question: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?, answer: the Church of England | question: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church | question: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?, answer: cousins of the English Separatists | question: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?, answer: Separatists
During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

question: From what language does the term evangelical originate?, answer: German | question: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?, answer: evangelisch | question: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?, answer: evangelical | question: Name two contributors to Reformed churches., answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli | question: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?, answer: the Puritans
During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.

question: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?, answer: Alessandro Manzoni | question: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?, answer: the Risorgimento | question: In what decade was Italy unified?, answer: 1860s | question: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?, answer: 2.5% | question: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?, answer: standard Italian
During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right to release a series of titles based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia player and Sony going on to develop its own console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo (the PlayStation).

question: Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?, answer: Sony and Philips | question: What was Philips' multimedia system?, answer: CD-i | question: What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?, answer: PlayStation | question: What was Sega's CD add-on?, answer: Mega-CD
During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.

question: During what period did Tamil literature thrive?, answer: Sangam period | question: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?, answer: 3 | question: What was the extent of the Sangam period?, answer: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE | question: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?, answer: southern India | question: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?, answer: non-Brahmins
During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.

question: When was the Second Punic War?, answer: 218 BC | question: Who was the Carthaginian general?, answer: Hannibal | question: What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?, answer: roads | question: What can still be found on the mountain passes?, answer: Roman road markers
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

question: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?, answer: World War II | question: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?, answer: Japan | question: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?, answer: 250,000 | question: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?, answer: B-25 | question: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?, answer: the Reorganized National Government of China
During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.

question: What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?, answer: technical director of the ballistic missile program | question: What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?, answer: the Aggregate-4 | question: During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?, answer: General Dornberger | question: What was the first object to enter space?, answer: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket | question: When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?, answer: 1942 and 1943
During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.

question: What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?, answer: Leonard W. Hatton Jr | question: What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?, answer: South Tower | question: What did the FBI's new director want?, answer: re-engineering | question: What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?, answer: countering every federal crime | question: What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?, answer: structure and operations
During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

question: When did the USSR dissolve?, answer: 1991 | question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?, answer: 1990 | question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?, answer: the unifying role and superior status
During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.

question: The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?, answer: China | question: Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?, answer: the Central Plain of China | question: What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?, answer: the Disaster of Yongjia | question: What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?, answer: old Chinese | question: What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?, answer: north to the south
During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the daimyo, with their daisho, the paired long and short swords of the samurai (cf. katana and wakizashi) becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect kiri-sute gomen (斬り捨て御免?), but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced daimyos to cut the size of their armies, unemployed rōnin became a social problem.

question: When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?, answer: During the Tokugawa shogunate | question: When had samurai last been used in battle?, answer: the early 17th century | question: What was another name for the Tokugawa era?, answer: the Edo period | question: What was the samurai's long sword called?, answer: katana | question: What was the samurai's short sword called?, answer: wakizashi
During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.

question: In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?, answer: the Tudor period | question: What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?, answer: the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping | question: What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?, answer: a gradual shift to Protestantism | question: Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?, answer: Italian or Ragusan | question: When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?, answer: January 1565
During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees—were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from "emigration depots" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—"the Trail Where We Cried." The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase "Trail of Tears" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the "Five Civilized Tribes". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation.

question: Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?, answer: Martin Van Buren | question: How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?, answer: 2,000 | question: What Cherokee phrase means "the trail where we cried?", answer: Nunna daul Isunyi | question: Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term "Trail of Tears?", answer: Choctaw | question: Approximately how many Cherokees died along their "Trail of Tears?", answer: 4,000
During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

question: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?, answer: those classed as "Coloured" | question: What era did this discrimination take place?, answer: During the apartheid era | question: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?, answer: those classed as "Black" | question: Where were the "black" areas?, answer: large townships located away from the cities
During the board process an officer's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. At the 10 to 11 year mark, captains will take part in a selection board to major. If not selected, they will meet a follow-on board to determine if they will be allowed to remain in the Air Force. Promotion from major to lieutenant colonel is similar and occurs approximately between the thirteen year (for officers who were promoted to major early "below the zone") and the fifteen year mark, where a certain percentage of majors will be selected below zone (i.e., "early"), in zone (i.e., "on time") or above zone (i.e., "late") for promotion to lieutenant colonel. This process will repeat at the 16 year mark (for officers previously promoted early to major and lieutenant colonel) to the 21 year mark for promotion to full colonel.

question: Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?, answer: Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base | question: What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in?, answer: Texas | question: When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?, answer: thirteen year | question: The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?, answer: 16 year mark
During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election, 2010, The Independent ran ads declaring that "Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election – you will." In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade "appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor" of the Independent, and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner. Several days later the Independent reported The Sun's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that "if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election" the Liberal Democrats would win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority.

question: Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?, answer: James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade | question: Who was the editor of the Independent?, answer: Simon Kelner | question: What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?, answer: its own YouGov poll result | question: Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?, answer: Rupert Murdoch | question: What year was the United Kingdom general election?, answer: 2010
During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

question: For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?, answer: looting | question: About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?, answer: $45 million | question: Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?, answer: three-hundred | question: What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?, answer: Pierre Augereau | question: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?, answer: the Treaty of Campo Formio