lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort. According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 25; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013. Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's immigration rate. In 2013, 12.7 percent of residents were foreign-born, just shy of the national average, 13.1 percent.

question: What is the city's largest age group?, answer: 25- to 29-year-old | question: How many people at the last census were under 18?, answer: 343,837 | question: How many baby's were there in 2013?, answer: 22,018 | question: How many deaths were there in 2013?, answer: 13,691
During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

question: Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?, answer: early anatomically modern humans | question: How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?, answer: over 125,000 years old | question: Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?, answer: near the Bay of Zula | question: What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?, answer: Eritrean Research Project Team | question: What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?, answer: to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters
During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated, the base penalty (except during convert attempts) becomes loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. In addition, as noted previously, the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down.

question: At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?, answer: last three minutes of a half | question: How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?, answer: 20 | question: What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?, answer: loss of down | question: Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?, answer: referee | question: How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?, answer: 10
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858, establishing the British Raj, where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India. India became the empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.

question: When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?, answer: 1773 | question: When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?, answer: 1784 | question: When did Britain pass the Charter Act?, answer: 1813 | question: The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?, answer: Government of India Act | question: Who was crowned the Empress of India?, answer: Queen Victoria
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milton Eisenhower, then a journalist at the Agriculture Department, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the Army War College and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).

question: Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?, answer: Pershing | question: During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?, answer: Agriculture | question: In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?, answer: 1928 | question: What was the office held by George Mosely?, answer: Assistant Secretary of War | question: What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?, answer: Major
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime, in particular, the city's murder rate. The city had 93 murders for the year of 1985, with a murder rate of 41.9 killings committed per 100,000 residents. Over the next decade, the city saw a major increase in total homicides. In 1990 there were 114 murders, for a murder rate of 56.1 killings per 100,000 residents. There were 120 murders in 1995, resulting in a murder rate of 59.1 killings per 100,000 residents, one of the highest in the United States.

question: What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?, answer: murder | question: In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?, answer: 93 | question: How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?, answer: 56.1 | question: How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?, answer: 120
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian and Native American art. Artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks. They became friendly rivals and competed with each other throughout their careers, perhaps leading to Picasso entering a new period in his work by 1907, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art. Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism.

question: Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?, answer: Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso | question: What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?, answer: stark power and simplicity | question: Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism?, answer: Gertrude Stein, | question: What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by?, answer: Protocubism
During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

question: What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?, answer: Paris of the West | question: On which waterway is Detroit located?, answer: Great Lakes | question: What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?, answer: David Whitney House | question: Which street became known for it's mansions?, answer: Woodward Avenue | question: Who electrified Detroit?, answer: Thomas Edison
During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic.

question: Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?, answer: King Artaxias I | question: What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?, answer: Achaemenid Empire | question: When did Armenia reach it's peak?, answer: between 95 and 66 BC | question: Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?, answer: Tigranes the Great
During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonies were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present-day Larnaca and Salamis.

question: During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement?, answer: late Bronze Age | question: Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of?, answer: Mycenaean Greek traders | question: What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus?, answer: 1400 BC | question: Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures?, answer: Aphrodite and Adonis | question: Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures?, answer: King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion
During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas.

question: In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?, answer: imported fiber | question: What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?, answer: John Mandeville | question: What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?, answer: Herodotus | question: By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?, answer: 16th century | question: Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?, answer: similarities to wool
During the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-century Roman military. The various invading tribes had differing emphasis on types of soldiers—ranging from the primarily infantry Anglo-Saxon invaders of Britain to the Vandals and Visigoths, who had a high proportion of cavalry in their armies. During the early invasion period, the stirrup had not been introduced into warfare, which limited the usefulness of cavalry as shock troops because it was not possible to put the full force of the horse and rider behind blows struck by the rider. The greatest change in military affairs during the invasion period was the adoption of the Hunnic composite bow in place of the earlier, and weaker, Scythian composite bow. Another development was the increasing use of longswords and the progressive replacement of scale armour by mail armour and lamellar armour.

question: What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?, answer: infantry | question: What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?, answer: cavalry | question: What Scythian weapon was used during this era?, answer: composite bow | question: What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?, answer: Hunnic composite bow | question: Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?, answer: mail
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

question: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?, answer: four | question: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?, answer: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur | question: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?, answer: India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe | question: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?, answer: Haramekhala | question: When does Amarkosh date to?, answer: 1381
During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.

question: During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?, answer: World War II | question: From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?, answer: 238 | question: What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?, answer: deuterium | question: What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?, answer: thermonuclear weapon | question: What does non-fissile mean?, answer: unenriched
During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the “South 40,” a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a “streetcar college” of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.

question: When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?, answer: 1957 | question: What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?, answer: South 40 | question: How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?, answer: began to attract a more national pool of applicants | question: What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?, answer: over two-thirds | question: When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?, answer: During the latter half of the 20th century,
During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling, and tobacco processing.

question: What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?, answer: 20th | question: Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?, answer: aircraft | question: What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?, answer: electrical | question: Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?, answer: tobacco
During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."

question: What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?, answer: "solely" | question: Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?, answer: the biological status of the species | question: Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?, answer: Ronald Reagan | question: What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?, answer: Congress rejected
During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses. This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast population growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures. In 2011, Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials. In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.

question: When did the Florida land boom occur?, answer: 1920s | question: What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?, answer: 2007 | question: Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?, answer: 8th | question: Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?, answer: high foreclosure rate | question: In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?, answer: 2012