lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?, answer: Wine | question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?, answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic | question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?, answer: all meals | question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?, answer: Drinking on an empty stomach
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.

question: What do winners receive?, answer: the FA Cup trophy | question: How many FA cup designs have there been?, answer: two | question: How many FA cups have there been?, answer: five actual cups | question: When was the latest design intoduced?, answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911
Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The three existing service Ministers—the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air—remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

question: Who created the office of Minister of Defence?, answer: Winston Churchill | question: When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?, answer: 1946 | question: When did Winstron Churchill form his government?, answer: 1940 | question: The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?, answer: a seat in the Cabinet | question: Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?, answer: the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air
Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

question: What stopped ground operations during the winter?, answer: a deteriorating supply situation | question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?, answer: a storm | question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?, answer: a cargo of winter clothing | question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?, answer: A tramroad | question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?, answer: the frozen ground
Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day. The most recent snowfall was on February 20, 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city, the largest snowfall since 1987.

question: What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?, answer: between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C) | question: What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?, answer: between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C) | question: What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?, answer: the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C) | question: How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?, answer: 2.0 inches | question: When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?, answer: 1987
Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intelligence: adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group, and relative standing usually does not change—everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way.

question: How is wisdom defined?, answer: capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience | question: Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?, answer: twenty-five | question: Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?, answer: not | question: Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?, answer: not | question: What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?, answer: Wisdom
With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage.

question: What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?, answer: $18.8 million | question: Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?, answer: seventh largest | question: What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?, answer: The National Cable & Telecommunications Association | question: What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?, answer: Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee | question: How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?, answer: $3.7 million
With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.

question: What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?, answer: the Royal Veterinary College | question: What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools?, answer: University of London | question: From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?, answer: the London Business School | question: What is the average student population at the University of London?, answer: 120,000
With 19.48 inches of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was record flooding in the latter part of the month

question: When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?, answer: May 2015
With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).

question: How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?, answer: 39,000 acres | question: What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?, answer: north-central | question: The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?, answer: the world | question: How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?, answer: 14 | question: How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?, answer: nine
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.

question: What was the event called that caused Ayutthaya to reclaim lost territories ?, answer: the Chinese threat | question: In what year did Ayutthaya capture Lan Na ?, answer: 1776. | question: What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?, answer: Arakan | question: Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan, answer: King Bodawpaya
With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?, answer: Constantinople | question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?, answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin | question: When did the Ottoman empire decline?, answer: into the late nineteenth century | question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?, answer: Germany | question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?, answer: military setbacks against European powers
With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.

question: Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?, answer: Hannibal | question: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?, answer: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself | question: Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?, answer: Seleucids | question: Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?, answer: Seleucids | question: Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?, answer: Philip
With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

question: Who was the director of the CIA?, answer: Dulles | question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?, answer: Operation Ajax | question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?, answer: Pbsuccess | question: What company made the U-2?, answer: Lockheed | question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?, answer: John F. Kennedy
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?, answer: Mountbatten, | question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?, answer: Winston Churchill | question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?, answer: House of Windsor | question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?, answer: Mountbatten-Windsor | question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the surname?, answer: 1960
With French, Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa, the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "Scramble for Africa" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896, and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, but a British colony in reality.

question: Where did France try to invade in 1898?, answer: Fashoda | question: What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?, answer: Mahdist | question: When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?, answer: 1885 | question: What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?, answer: the "Scramble for Africa" | question: Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?, answer: Berlin
With Japanese and Allied forces occupying various parts of the island, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition on land, at sea, and in the sky. Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in numerous engagements with the Allied air forces based at Henderson Field as well as carrier based aircraft. Meanwhile, Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field, in which they suffered appalling casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys, termed the "Tokyo Express" by the Allies. The convoys often faced night battles with enemy naval forces in which they expended destroyers that the IJN could ill-afford to lose. Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as "Ironbottom Sound" from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides. However, the Allies were much better able to replace these losses. Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue, the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943. In the sixth month war of attrition, the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time.

question: Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?, answer: Guadalcanal | question: Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces, answer: Henderson Field | question: What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?, answer: "Tokyo Express" | question: What was the reason for the name "Ironbottom Sound" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?, answer: the multitude of ships sunk | question: When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?, answer: February 1943
With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

question: What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?, answer: Chinese New Year's Offensive | question: Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?, answer: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy | question: How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?, answer: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south | question: What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive, answer: Seoul | question: Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?, answer: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway
With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

question: What was the term used to describe military governors?, answer: daimyos | question: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?, answer: jito | question: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?, answer: Go-Toba
With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional reform, both aiming for the benefit of China's economy and populace. With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China.

question: Who led the Qing?, answer: Yuan Shikai | question: Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?, answer: Sun Yat-sen | question: Who led the Republic of China?, answer: Sun Yat-sen, | question: Who became the President?, answer: Yuan