lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite partisan. Six months later in the same year, in the interest of peace, Hasan ibn Ali, highly regarded for his wisdom and as a peacemaker, and the Second Imam for the Shias, and the grandson of Muhammad, made a peace treaty with Muawiyah I. In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya on the condition that he be just to the people and keep them safe and secure, and after his death he not establish a dynasty. This brought to an end the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs for the Sunnis, and Hasan ibn Ali was also the last Imam for the Shias to be a Caliph. Following this, Mu'awiyah broke the conditions of the agreement and began the Umayyad dynasty, with its capital in Damascus.

question: In what year was Ali killed?, answer: 661 | question: Who killed Ali?, answer: Kharijite partisan | question: Who made peace with Muawiyah I?, answer: Hasan ibn Ali | question: Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?, answer: Damascus
All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company's collapse. As a result of Setanta Sports's demise, England's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay-per-view basis via the internet only. This one-off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way. The number of subscribers, paying between £4.99 and £11.99 each, was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000.

question: Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?, answer: BBC Radio 5 Live | question: What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?, answer: 2008–09 | question: What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?, answer: STV | question: In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?, answer: 2009 | question: Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?, answer: 500,000
All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

question: All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?, answer: Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry | question: The initiations are part allegory and part what?, answer: lecture | question: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?, answer: Master Mason | question: Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?, answer: Hiram Abiff | question: How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?, answer: at least two
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.

question: War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?, answer: 1877 | question: A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?, answer: Crete | question: In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?, answer: 1881
All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.

question: What is another name for unicode?, answer: the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set | question: Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?, answer: diacritics | question: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?, answer: Unicode
All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all.

question: Who do Muslims believe said "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?, answer: Muhammad | question: How many books can this quote be found?, answer: 45 | question: What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?, answer: the word 'Mawla' | question: What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?, answer: beloved | question: What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?, answer: Lord and Master
All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.

question: What do all Protestantism denominations reject?, answer: the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal | question: What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?, answer: transubstantiation, | question: What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?, answer: sola fide | question: What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?, answer: the Bible | question: What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?, answer: Five solae
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.

question: What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?, answer: 12 hours | question: When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?, answer: 15 minutes | question: When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?, answer: March 2006 | question: in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?, answer: unauthorized uploads | question: What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?, answer: 20 GB
All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993.

question: When were the algorithms approved?, answer: 1991 | question: When were the approved algorithms finalized?, answer: 1992 | question: What was the first started suite by MPEG?, answer: MPEG-1 | question: What was the official name of the internation standard?, answer: ISO/IEC 11172-3 | question: When was the international standard published?, answer: 1993
All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the rías. These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among the most important of these are the archipelagos of Cíes, Ons, and Sálvora. Together with Cortegada Island, these make up the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park. Other significant islands are Islas Malveiras, Islas Sisargas, and, the largest and holding the largest population, Arousa Island.

question: The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?, answer: 316 | question: Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?, answer: Cortegada
All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

question: What type of cells do all animals have?, answer: eukaryotic | question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?, answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins | question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified?, answer: shells, bones, and spicules | question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?, answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes | question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?, answer: cell walls
All armies soon deployed AA guns often based on their smaller field pieces, notably the French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm, typically simply propped up on some sort of embankment to get the muzzle pointed skyward. The British Army adopted the 13-pounder quickly producing new mountings suitable for AA use, the 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III was issued in 1915. It remained in service throughout the war but 18-pdr guns were lined down to take the 13-pdr shell with a larger cartridge producing the 13-pr QF 9 cwt and these proved much more satisfactory. However, in general, these ad-hoc solutions proved largely useless. With little experience in the role, no means of measuring target, range, height or speed the difficulty of observing their shell bursts relative to the target gunners proved unable to get their fuse setting correct and most rounds burst well below their targets. The exception to this rule was the guns protecting spotting balloons, in which case the altitude could be accurately measured from the length of the cable holding the balloon.

question: What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?, answer: French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm | question: What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?, answer: 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III | question: What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?, answer: 18-pdr guns | question: What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?, answer: get their fuse setting correct | question: Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?, answer: well below their targets
All assets of the Arena Football League were put up for auction. On November 11, 2009, the new league announced its intention to purchase the entire assets of the former AFL; the assets included the team names and logos of all but one of the former AFL and af2 teams. The lone exception was that of the Dallas Desperados; Desperados owner Jerry Jones had purposely designed the Desperados' properties around those of the Dallas Cowboys, making the two inseparable. The auction occurred on November 25, 2009. The assets were awarded to Arena Football 1 on December 7, 2009, with a winning bid of $6.1 million.

question: Who owned the Dallas Desperados?, answer: Jerry Jones | question: When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?, answer: November 11, 2009 | question: When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?, answer: November 25, 2009 | question: Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?, answer: Arena Football 1 | question: What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?, answer: $6.1 million
All birds lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay camouflaged eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting nightjars have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of brood parasites have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts.

question: What kind of eggs to all birds lay?, answer: amniotic eggs | question: All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what?, answer: calcium carbonate | question: What type of birds lay white or pale eggs?, answer: Hole and burrow nesting species | question: What kind of eggs do open nesters lay?, answer: camouflaged eggs
All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?, answer: noble mother and father | question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?, answer: special services to the state | question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?, answer: Polish king | question: What is another name for ennoblement?, answer: nobilitacja | question: WHat is another name for polish noble?, answer: indygenat
All current USB On-The-Go (OTG) devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a micro-AB receptacle. Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle, due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line. The micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both micro-A and micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the micro-USB specification. Prior to the development of micro-USB, USB On-The-Go devices were required to use mini-AB receptacles to perform the equivalent job.

question: What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?, answer: one, and only one, USB connector | question: Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?, answer: the micro-AB receptacle | question: Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?, answer: power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line
All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations. Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes, critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves.

question: How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?, answer: require a federal permit | question: What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?, answer: land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves | question: What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?, answer: federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats
All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

question: According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?, answer: rule of law | question: What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?, answer: the Constitution | question: What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?, answer: the Constitution | question: According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?, answer: the rule of any human leader | question: What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?, answer: executive branch | question: What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?, answer: legislative branch | question: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?, answer: judicial branch
All graphic, format, and private use characters have a unique and immutable name by which they may be identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy. In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal alias may be defined, and applications are encouraged to use the formal alias in place of the official character name. For example, U+A015 ꀕ YI SYLLABLE WU has the formal alias yi syllable iteration mark, and U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET (sic) has the formal alias presentation form for vertical right white lenticular bracket.

question: What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?, answer: Name Stability policy | question: What happens when a name is defective or misleading?, answer: a formal alias may be defined | question: How long has this name immutability been guaranteed?, answer: since Unicode version 2.0
All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.

question: When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington?, answer: 1905 | question: In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?, answer: 1990 | question: How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time?, answer: four | question: By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations?, answer: 2015
All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

question: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?, answer: pop-up blockers
All modern birds lie within the crown group Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the Palaeognathae, which includes the flightless ratites (such as the ostriches) and the weak-flying tinamous, and the extremely diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given the rank of superorder, although Livezey and Zusi assigned them "cohort" rank. Depending on the taxonomic viewpoint, the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800 to 10,050.

question: All modern birds lie within which crown group?, answer: Aves | question: What is another name for Aves?, answer: Neornithes | question: The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?, answer: Aves | question: What is the number range of living bird species?, answer: 9,800 to 10,050