lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third most populous city of Spain as its population tripled, rising from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Valencia was also third in industrial and economic development; notable milestones include urban expansion of the city in the latter 1800s, the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900, construction of the Central and Columbus markets, and the construction of the Gare du Nord railway station, completed in 1921. The new century was marked in Valencia with a major event, the Valencian regional exhibition of 1909 (La Exposición Regional Valenciana de 1909), which emulated the national and universal expositions held in other cities. This production was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (Mercantile Athenaeum of Valencia), especially by its chairman, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown; it was officially inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII himself.

question: What was Valencia's population in 2000?, answer: 739,014 | question: Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?, answer: third | question: Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?, answer: third | question: When was the Gare du Nord station finished?, answer: 1921 | question: When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?, answer: 1909
During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo Méndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gráfica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. José Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.

question: Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?, answer: José Luis Cuevas | question: When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?, answer: 20th century | question: Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?, answer: Leopoldo Méndez | question: What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?, answer: help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art | question: What nationality was Remedios Varas?, answer: Catalan
During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

question: When did the county become more urbanised?, answer: 20th century | question: Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?, answer: the southern part | question: When was Warrington added to Lancashire?, answer: 1900 | question: When was Southport added?, answer: 1905 | question: When was Blackpool added to the county?, answer: 1904
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India.

question: In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?, answer: 15th and 16th centuries | question: Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?, answer: Portugal and Spain | question: When did England become Great Britain?, answer: 1707 | question: Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?, answer: England, France, and the Netherlands | question: Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?, answer: Scotland
During the Age of Enlightenment, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. they promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment, and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century. They fostered new codes of conduct – including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability – "liberty, fraternity, and equality" Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism. Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France – by 1789, there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations. The Freemasons displayed a passion for secrecy and created new degrees and ceremonies. Similar societies, partially imitating Freemasonry, emerged in France, Germany, Sweden and Russia. One example was the "Illuminati" founded in Bavaria in 1776, which was copied after the Freemasons but was never part of the movement. The Illuminati was an overtly political group, which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not.

question: Where did Freemasonry originate?, answer: Scotland | question: Where did Freemasonry first spread?, answer: England | question: In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?, answer: France | question: What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?, answer: Freemasonry | question: Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?, answer: Illuminati
During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

question: Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?, answer: Allied military governments | question: No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?, answer: 30% | question: After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?, answer: seven | question: Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?, answer: Polish or Soviet administration | question: How many made to establish new states in the territories lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?, answer: no attempts
During the American Civil War, American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports, and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. This prompted the main purchasers of cotton, Britain and France, to turn to Egyptian cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.

question: What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?, answer: Union blockade | question: When did the American cotton industry fail?, answer: American Civil War | question: To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?, answer: Egyptian | question: What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?, answer: cheap | question: What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?, answer: bankruptcy
During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Watauga at Sycamore Shoals (in present-day Elizabethton) was attacked (1776) by Dragging Canoe and his warring faction of Cherokee who were aligned with the British Loyalists. These renegade Cherokee were referred to by settlers as the Chickamauga. They opposed North Carolina's annexation of the Washington District and the concurrent settling of the Transylvania Colony further north and west. The lives of many settlers were spared from the initial warrior attacks through the warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin, Nancy Ward. The frontier fort on the banks of the Watauga River later served as a 1780 staging area for the Overmountain Men in preparation to trek over the Appalachian Mountains, to engage, and to later defeat the British Army at the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina.

question: What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?, answer: the Chickamauga | question: Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?, answer: Dragging Canoe | question: What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?, answer: Nancy Ward | question: Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?, answer: Overmountain Men | question: Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?, answer: the British Army
During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

question: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?, answer: indigenous tribes | question: How many military colonies were established by the state?, answer: 18 | question: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?, answer: presidios | question: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?, answer: six men
During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular, and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became more common. Vocalists began adding embellishments to melodies. Instrumental ensembles began to distinguish and standardize by size, giving rise to the early orchestra for larger ensembles, with chamber music being written for smaller groups of instruments where parts are played by individual (instead of massed) instruments. The concerto as a vehicle for solo performance accompanied by an orchestra became widespread, although the relationship between soloist and orchestra was relatively simple.

question: Keyboard music became popular during what era?, answer: Baroque | question: The violin family is what type of instrument?, answer: stringed | question: Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?, answer: staged musical drama | question: What became more common during the Baroque era?, answer: vocal forms | question: What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?, answer: embellishments
During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.

question: What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?, answer: famines | question: How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?, answer: 6.1 million to 10.3 million | question: When did the Great Famine happen?, answer: 1876–78 | question: How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?, answer: 1.25 to 10 million | question: What killed 10 million people in India?, answer: Third Plague Pandemic
During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.

question: What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?, answer: mild | question: In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?, answer: Northern | question: Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?, answer: equator | question: What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?, answer: cooler | question: Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?, answer: South Pole
During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.

question: In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?, answer: 1873 | question: Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?, answer: General Martinez-Campos | question: Who became king in 1874?, answer: Alfonso XII | question: When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?, answer: 11 January 1875 | question: Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?, answer: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

question: about how long ago did the climate become favorable?, answer: about 25 million years ago | question: what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?, answer: mammals | question: what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?, answer: grazing diets | question: the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?, answer: development of grazers
During the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, huge stockpiles of uranium were amassed and tens of thousands of nuclear weapons were created using enriched uranium and plutonium made from uranium. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, an estimated 600 short tons (540 metric tons) of highly enriched weapons grade uranium (enough to make 40,000 nuclear warheads) have been stored in often inadequately guarded facilities in the Russian Federation and several other former Soviet states. Police in Asia, Europe, and South America on at least 16 occasions from 1993 to 2005 have intercepted shipments of smuggled bomb-grade uranium or plutonium, most of which was from ex-Soviet sources. From 1993 to 2005 the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program, operated by the federal government of the United States, spent approximately US $550 million to help safeguard uranium and plutonium stockpiles in Russia. This money was used for improvements and security enhancements at research and storage facilities. Scientific American reported in February 2006 that in some of the facilities security consisted of chain link fences which were in severe states of disrepair. According to an interview from the article, one facility had been storing samples of enriched (weapons grade) uranium in a broom closet before the improvement project; another had been keeping track of its stock of nuclear warheads using index cards kept in a shoe box.

question: Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?, answer: United States | question: How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?, answer: 40,000 | question: What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?, answer: US $550 million | question: What is another term for uranium that is enriched?, answer: weapons grade | question: Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?, answer: 16
During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea, and later, to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides, and the PRC People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953.

question: What year did the Korean War start?, answer: 1950 | question: Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?, answer: the Soviets | question: In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?, answer: Korea and Vietnam | question: In what year did the Korean war end?, answer: 1953
During the Cold War, the Asian power of Japan and the European powers of the United Kingdom, France, and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defence budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.

question: During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?, answer: United Kingdom, France, and West Germany | question: By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?, answer: 1949 | question: When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?, answer: 1971
During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

question: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?, answer: the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise | question: When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?, answer: October 1800 | question: What family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?, answer: the Bourbon family | question: What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?, answer: Dagger plot | question: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?, answer: Baden