lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Washington University in St. Louis (Wash. U., or WUSTL) is a private research university located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 15th by U.S. News and World Report. The university is ranked 32nd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.

question: When was Washington University founded?, answer: 1853 | question: How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University?, answer: Twenty-five | question: Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?, answer: 32nd | question: For whom is Washington University named?, answer: George Washington | question: How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University?, answer: 120
Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave., Lucas Place, and Locust Street. By the 1890s, owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings, the University began to move west. The University Board of Directors began a process to find suitable ground and hired the landscape architecture firm Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston. A committee of Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse found a site of 103 acres (41.7 ha) just beyond Forest Park, located west of the city limits in St. Louis County. The elevation of the land was thought to resemble the Acropolis and inspired the nickname of "Hilltop" campus, renamed the Danforth campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.

question: Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's., answer: downtown St. Louis | question: When did Washington University begin to expand west?, answer: the 1890s | question: What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University?, answer: Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston | question: Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?, answer: Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse | question: What nickname was given to the new campus site?, answer: "Hilltop" campus
Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed "WUPR"), a self-described "multipartisan" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.

question: How many media outlets does Washington University support?, answer: four | question: What is the official student radio station at Washington University?, answer: KWUR (90.3 FM) | question: What is the name of Washington University's political publication?, answer: Washington University Political Review | question: What is Washington University's closed circuit television network?, answer: WUTV | question: What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?, answer: The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine
Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University administrative departments are located at the North Campus location, including offices for Quadrangle Housing, Accounting and Treasury Services, Parking and Transportation Services, Army ROTC, and Network Technology Services. The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department. Renovations are still ongoing; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon Appétit Management Company, the University's on-campus food provider, completed during spring semester 2007, as well as the Family Learning Center, operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010.

question: Where is Washington University's north campus located?, answer: St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop | question: When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired?, answer: 2004 | question: What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?, answer: Angelica Uniform Factory | question: Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?, answer: Bon Appétit Management Company | question: For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage?, answer: Performing Arts Department
Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships— one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2008), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), and ten in women's volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009) – and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports. The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978. The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award, Schael has helped orchestrate the Bears athletics transformation into one of the top departments in Division III.

question: What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?, answer: the Bears | question: At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?, answer: Division III | question: How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?, answer: 19 | question: In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?, answer: 2008, 2009 | question: Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?, answer: John Schael
Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?, answer: James Madison | question: Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?, answer: Federalist No. 43 | question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?, answer: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District | question: What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?, answer: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac
Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

question: What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?, answer: "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No" | question: What does the phrase protest?, answer: their lack of Congressional representation | question: In what way has the phrase been spread wide?, answer: the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates | question: When did Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?, answer: at the beginning of his second term
Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc.

question: What is the largest Nigerian city?, answer: Lagos | question: What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?, answer: municipal councils | question: What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?, answer: Kubwa Community | question: What territory is Kubwa Community in?, answer: Federal Capital Territory
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 5] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".

question: Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?, answer: Jehovah's Witnesses | question: What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?, answer: world events | question: What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?, answer: to declare his will | question: What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: advance knowledge about Armageddon | question: What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?, answer: "beyond doubt"
Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

question: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?, answer: Water splitting | question: Where does water splitting occur?, answer: in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms | question: What organisms can form H2 gas?, answer: alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria | question: How are these gases formed?, answer: by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast
Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the Wonthaggi desalination plant and North–South Pipeline. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the Thomson River Dam, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity, while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam, Yan Yean Reservoir, and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.

question: Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?, answer: Melbourne Water | question: Who owns Melbourne Water?, answer: the Victorian Government | question: Which is Melbourne's largest dam?, answer: Thomson River Dam | question: Where is the Thomson River Dam located?, answer: Victorian Alps | question: How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?, answer: 60%
Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.

question: What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?, answer: Benguela | question: What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?, answer: north | question: Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?, answer: Atlantic | question: What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?, answer: Bergwind | question: What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?, answer: sand storms
Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.

question: A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?, answer: Web browsers | question: The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?, answer: functionalities
Web-based human translation is generally favored by companies and individuals that wish to secure more accurate translations. In view of the frequent inaccuracy of machine translations, human translation remains the most reliable, most accurate form of translation available. With the recent emergence of translation crowdsourcing, translation-memory techniques, and internet applications, translation agencies have been able to provide on-demand human-translation services to businesses, individuals, and enterprises.

question: What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?, answer: Web-based human translation | question: What reputation does machine translations have?, answer: frequent inaccuracy | question: What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?, answer: human | question: Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?, answer: on-demand human-translation services | question: Who purchases the services of translation agencies?, answer: businesses, individuals, and enterprises
Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.

question: What comics are on the Internet?, answer: Webcomics | question: Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?, answer: readers | question: With webcomics, readers have access to what?, answer: archived installments | question: Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?, answer: infinite canvas
Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.

question: Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?, answer: Google | question: Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor., answer: All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo | question: What company is Merit network?, answer: education computer network
Weeks after ending the Sex Pistols, Lydon formed the experimental group Public Image Ltd and declared the project to be "anti music of any kind". Public Image and other acts such as the Pop Group and the Slits had begun experimenting with dance music, dub production techniques and the avant-garde, while punk-indebted Manchester acts such as Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio developed unique styles which drew on a similarly disparate range of influences across music and modernist literature. Bands such as Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat incorporated Leftist political philosophy and their own art school studies in their work.

question: Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?, answer: Lydon | question: What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?, answer: Public Image Ltd | question: Where did Joy Division hail from?, answer: Manchester | question: What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?, answer: modernist | question: What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?, answer: Leftist | question: What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?, answer: Public Image Ltd | question: What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?, answer: "anti music of any kind" | question: Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?, answer: Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat | question: What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?, answer: Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio | question: Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?, answer: Pop Group and the Slits
Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 65–67; 105-106). Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an adolescent going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change. (Weinreich & Saunderson, 2003, pp 22–23).

question: Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?, answer: Weinreich's identity variant | question: Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?, answer: diffused | question: Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?, answer: foreclosed or defensive | question: An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?, answer: the identity variant | question: What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?, answer: an optimal level
Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?, answer: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. | question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?, answer: collapsing the two values into one final score | question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?, answer: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience | question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?, answer: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information | question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?, answer: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle