lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term "hydride" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H−, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH 2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH− 4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).

question: Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?, answer: Gilbert N. Lewis | question: What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?, answer: group II
Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.

question: What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?, answer: organocopper compounds | question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?, answer: copper(I) oxide | question: What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?, answer: Gilman reagent | question: Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?, answer: alkyl halides | question: Which form of copper is shock sensitive?, answer: Copper(I) acetylide
Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2×16 bit), or sometimes the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2×16 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with use of the term compression ratio for lossy encoders.

question: What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?, answer: bit rate | question: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?, answer: input | question: What does CD stand for?, answer: Compact Disc | question: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?, answer: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP | question: What can CD parameters be used as references for?, answer: compression ratios
Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

question: What helps reduce resource usage?, answer: Compression | question: What must be decompressed?, answer: compressed data | question: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off?, answer: Data compression | question: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?, answer: data compression
Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches: first, the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation. On one hand, it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks. On the other hand, it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating, or mathematically analyzing, the operations of simplified "units" that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity. The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists.

question: Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?, answer: the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation.
Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.

question: What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?, answer: Computer science | question: How has computer science helped science as a whole?, answer: by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data | question: What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?, answer: emphasising mathematical 'theory'
Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?, answer: secure procedures | question: What is computer security also known as?, answer: cybersecurity or IT security | question: What is the protection of information systems?, answer: Computer security | question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?, answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked | question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?, answer: Computer security
Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

question: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?, answer: CR-LF | question: How were the connections supported?, answer: by transmitting a standard text format over the network | question: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?, answer: The File Transfer Protocol | question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?, answer: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported | question: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?, answer: LF
Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

question: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?, answer: The Internet | question: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?, answer: the Stuxnet worm | question: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?, answer: 2014 | question: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?, answer: the Department of Homeland Security | question: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?, answer: via removable media
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

question: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?, answer: SAGE system | question: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?, answer: the 1950s
Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the "image of God" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear.

question: What is man always seen as?, answer: an image of God | question: What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?, answer: moral implications of image-bearing | question: What amends humanity to God's life?, answer: The process of Christ's life | question: The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?, answer: move toward God
Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. The election privilege was usually limited to elites.

question: What contributed to the long standing traditions?, answer: geography | question: What was governing the polish tribes?, answer: wiec | question: What was the wiec?, answer: an assembly of free tribesmen | question: When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?, answer: an elected prince | question: What was the governing position limited to?, answer: elites
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."

question: What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?, answer: may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution | question: What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?, answer: stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution" | question: What does the study say in regards to boycotts?, answer: that can actually harm rather than help the children involved."
Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?, answer: three | question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?, answer: ten years | question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?, answer: 16 | question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?, answer: 17 | question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?, answer: 2012
Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. In April 1865, after losing the Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense downriver.

question: What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?, answer: Army of Northern Virginia | question: How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?, answer: virtually all | question: What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?, answer: Bentonville | question: What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?, answer: General Joseph Johnston | question: What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?, answer: General William Tecumseh Sherman
Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.

question: Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?, answer: Sullivan County | question: Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?, answer: James Longstreet | question: Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?, answer: Grant | question: Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?, answer: Braxton Bragg | question: Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?, answer: Battle of Bean's Station
Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

question: How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?, answer: minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress | question: What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?, answer: point man" for Republican presidents | question: Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?, answer: will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party
Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

question: What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?, answer: Julius Caesar | question: In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans?, answer: 12 BC | question: The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle?, answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest | question: Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society?, answer: Christianity | question: Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine?, answer: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried | question: Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?, answer: Augustus | question: What religion did Germans adopt?, answer: Christianity | question: What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?, answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r
Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as "Athanasius Contra Mundum" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).

question: Athanasius began his leading role at what age?, answer: 27 | question: In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?, answer: 325 | question: Athanasius was also known as what?, answer: Athanasius Contra Mundum | question: How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?, answer: Three years | question: Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?, answer: Constantine | question: What conflict shaped his career?, answer: Conflict with Arius and Arianism | question: Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?, answer: Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father | question: Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?, answer: Athanasius Against the World | question: Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?, answer: the Arian position