lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Following the Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West, particularly Italy, Central Europe, Germany and Russia. Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the Ottoman Empire, due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia, both in Northern Greece, and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, Constantinople. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied Yemen and Algeria, frequently as provincial governors.

question: When did the emperor Constantine lose rule over in 1453 ?, answer: Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 | question: What did the populace do in response to the loss ?, answer: many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West | question: What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?, answer: in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia | question: Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?, answer: men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy | question: What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?, answer: levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme.
Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the "Latins" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.

question: Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?, answer: 1204 | question: Constantinople once again became a capital in what year?, answer: 1261 | question: The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?, answer: Genoese and Venetian | question: In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?, answer: Byzantine
Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

question: When did the French obtain Algeria?, answer: 1833 | question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?, answer: Northern Catalonia and Minorca | question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?, answer: patuet | question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?, answer: around 100,000 | question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?, answer: 1962
Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

question: What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?, answer: Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone | question: In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?, answer: IG Farben Building | question: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?, answer: Frankfurt am Main | question: Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?, answer: Britain, France and the Soviet Union | question: What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?, answer: Geneva Convention
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the major port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. Southampton Castle was built in the 12th century and by the 13th century Southampton had become a leading port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth and wool.

question: In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?, answer: 1066 | question: What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?, answer: Winchester | question: Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?, answer: Normandy | question: In what century was Southampton Castle built?, answer: 12th | question: During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?, answer: French wine
Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130–43

question: The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?, answer: 1853 | question: What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?, answer: Omar Pasha | question: After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?, answer: Calafat | question: After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?, answer: Oltenița | question: What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?, answer: Chetatea or Cetate
Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

question: What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?, answer: local lords | question: Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?, answer: Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists | question: Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?, answer: Amish
Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36

question: What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?, answer: President's Committee on Civil Rights | question: What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?, answer: Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident | question: In which year were the "To Secure These Rights" findings published?, answer: 1947 | question: What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?, answer: the state of race relations | question: Who in the generation following the "To Secure These Rights" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?, answer: Lyndon B. Johnson
Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

question: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?, answer: Vienna | question: How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?, answer: 100,000 | question: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?, answer: 500 | question: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?, answer: 2 December | question: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?, answer: Moravia
Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. The region maintained its autonomy until 1951 when, following the Battle of Chamdo, Tibet became incorporated into the People's Republic of China, and the previous Tibetan government was abolished in 1959 after a failed uprising. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status and dissident groups that are active in exile. It is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured.

question: In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?, answer: 1959 | question: In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?, answer: 1912 | question: Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?, answer: western and central Tibet | question: Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?, answer: Battle of Chamdo
Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

question: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?, answer: United States | question: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?, answer: 390A(V) | question: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??, answer: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation | question: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?, answer: independence | question: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?, answer: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy
Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

question: How many people attended Nasser's funeral?, answer: at least five million | question: At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?, answer: the old RCC headquarters | question: Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?, answer: Saudi King Faisal | question: What leader twice fainted during the funeral?, answer: Muammar Gaddafi | question: Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?, answer: Alexei Kosygin
Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

question: Alexander III was the son of whom?, answer: Phillip II | question: Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?, answer: Persian | question: What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?, answer: 334 BC | question: The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?, answer: 330 BC | question: In which year did Alexander III die?, answer: 323 BC
Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.

question: What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?, answer: independent republic | question: When did communists take over Armenia?, answer: late 1920 | question: Who invaded Armenia in 1920?, answer: the Red Army | question: What part of the USSR did Armenia join?, answer: the Transcaucasian SFSR | question: When did Armenia leave the USSR?, answer: 1991
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

question: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?, answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis | question: In 1924, what was established?, answer: Second Hellenic Republic | question: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?, answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis | question: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?, answer: 1936 | question: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?, answer: 1924
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands of "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.

question: When did the first Gulf War begin?, answer: 1991 | question: How did the first Gulf War end?, answer: ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) | question: Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?, answer: Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population | question: Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?, answer: northern | question: Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?, answer: southern
Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

question: Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?, answer: University of Wisconsin–Madison | question: Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?, answer: Dean Mark Ingraham | question: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?, answer: 1942 | question: Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?, answer: Manhattan project
Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.

question: In what year did James II die?, answer: 1473 | question: Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?, answer: Republic of Venice | question: In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?, answer: 1489 | question: Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?, answer: Ottoman Empire | question: In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?, answer: 1539