lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.

question: What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?, answer: became more independent | question: Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?, answer: it controlled trade routes | question: In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?, answer: 1169
In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

question: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?, answer: Grand Duchy of Moscow | question: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?, answer: Rostov | question: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?, answer: In 1299
In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual — i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5–10%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.

question: Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?, answer: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953 | question: What where people asked to do in these research studies?, answer: people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. | question: What did KInsey find during these studies ?, answer: that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual | question: In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?, answer: (5–10% | question: Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?, answer: the randomness of his sample population,
In the original city plan, the interstate buses should also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Brasília (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária), located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Saída Sul (South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall and with its metro station, and it's also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the Federal District.

question: What is the older interstate bus station called?, answer: Rodoferroviária | question: What mall is Brasilia's newest bus station near?, answer: Parkshopping Mall | question: Where did Brasilia's plan want interstate buses to stop?, answer: Central Station | question: Where is the older interstate bus station?, answer: the western end of the Eixo Monumental | question: What street is Brasilia's newest bus station on?, answer: Saída Sul
In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:

question: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?, answer: Ritch Savin-Williams | question: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?, answer: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction | question: What did he propose to measure attraction?, answer: that biological measures should be developed and used. | question: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?, answer: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether | question: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?, answer: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated
In the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The well-established "Nanjing 1912" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs. There are two major areas where bars are densely located; one is in 1912 block; the other is along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood. Both are popular with international residents of the city.

question: When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?, answer: In the past 20 years | question: What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing?, answer: the nightlife has become more diverse | question: What area has lots of types of recreational outlets?, answer: "Nanjing 1912" | question: Other than at "Nanjing 1912", where else are there a lot of bars?, answer: along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood | question: The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?, answer: international residents of the city
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.

question: Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?, answer: Forbes | question: For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?, answer: sharply rising land values | question: What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?, answer: greenbelt plan
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Nizams attracted artists, architects and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani Urdu literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.

question: What are mushairas?, answer: poetic symposia | question: Which dynasty supported the Deccani Urdu literature movement?, answer: The Qutb Shahi dynasty | question: When was Lazzat Un Nisa completed?, answer: the 15th century | question: At what location did Lazzat Un Nisa get compiled?, answer: Qutb Shahi courts | question: Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa?, answer: Mah Laqa Bai
In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding wealth and nobility). The szlachta included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals with a noble lineage, no land, no castle, no money, no village, and no peasants.:xvi

question: Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?, answer: included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals | question: Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?, answer: szlachta
In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement in countries that allow software patents was a common feature of the early stages of adoption of the technology.

question: What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?, answer: legal threats | question: Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?, answer: which patents must be licensed | question: What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?, answer: patent infringement | question: At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?, answer: early stages
In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers. In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism".

question: What were new students once called by others?, answer: 'Jews' | question: What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?, answer: applicant's father being British by birth | question: For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?, answer: "suspected a whiff of anti-semitism" | question: Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?, answer: A. J. Ayer
In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed "splat cooling" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the order of millions of degrees per second is sufficient to impede the formation of crystals, and the metallic atoms become "locked into" a glassy state. Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. More recently a number of alloys have been produced in layers with thickness exceeding 1 millimeter. These are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal Technologies sell a number of zirconium-based BMGs. Batches of amorphous steel have also been produced that demonstrate mechanical properties far exceeding those found in conventional steel alloys.

question: Who coined the term "splat cooling"?, answer: W. Klement | question: What are thick alloys made in layers called?, answer: bulk metallic glasses | question: What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?, answer: zirconium | question: What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?, answer: amorphous steel | question: At what university was Klement a student?, answer: Caltech
In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.

question: What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?, answer: Nasrani | question: What does the term refer to now?, answer: the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia
In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a "compulsory gymnast," default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.

question: What is the floor exercise events performed on now?, answer: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood | question: What was the floor exercise even on before?, answer: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats | question: Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?, answer: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor | question: What is the maximum for floor events?, answer: up to 90 seconds
In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.

question: What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?, answer: not eligible for public education | question: Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?, answer: physicians or special tutors | question: Who were some of these early physicians?, answer: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet | question: What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?, answer: people with severe disabilities
In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

question: What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?, answer: copra | question: What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?, answer: natural rubber | question: What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?, answer: bananas | question: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?, answer: New Zealand | question: Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?, answer: China
In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

question: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?, answer: grandiose | question: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?, answer: 1808 | question: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?, answer: historians | question: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?, answer: his empire
In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?, answer: affirmative action policies | question: Who does the term "black" people include?, answer: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians" | question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?, answer: a "Non-racial democracy" | question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?, answer: ANC (African National Congress) | question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies?, answer: "Africans
In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

question: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?, answer: private | question: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?, answer: bureaucracy | question: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?, answer: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations | question: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?, answer: competition
In the race for individual contributions, economist Lyndon LaRouche dominated the pack leading up to the primaries. According to the Federal Election Commission statistics, LaRouche had more individual contributors to his 2004 presidential campaign than any other candidate, until the final quarter of the primary season, when John Kerry surpassed him. As of the April 15 filing, LaRouche had 7834 individual contributions, of those who have given cumulatively, $200 or more, as compared to 6257 for John Kerry, 5582 for John Edwards, 4090 for Howard Dean, and 2744 for Gephardt.

question: Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?, answer: Lyndon LaRouche | question: Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?, answer: John Kerry | question: Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?, answer: Gephardt | question: What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?, answer: Federal Election Commission