lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy producing colored vases and similar pieces, often in cameo glass, and also using luster techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in stained glass, both secular and religious, and his famous lamps. The early 20th-century saw the large-scale factory production of glass art by firms such as Waterford and Lalique. From about 1960 onwards there have been an increasing number of small studios hand-producing glass artworks, and glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and their works as part fine arts.

question: What famous lampmaker used glass?, answer: Louis Comfort Tiffany | question: When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?, answer: 1960 | question: What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?, answer: cameo glass | question: When did mass production of glass art begin?, answer: early 20th-century | question: What early civilization made cameo glass?, answer: Roman Empire
From the 2000 census[update], 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another church. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question. On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.

question: What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?, answer: 24.5% | question: How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?, answer: .25% | question: How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?, answer: 4,907 | question: How much of the population had no religion?, answer: 12.72%
From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.

question: When did the Slavs invade Greece?, answer: 7th century | question: What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century., answer: Barbarian | question: After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?, answer: islands and coastal areas
From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.

question: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?, answer: three | question: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?, answer: 6th century | question: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?, answer: Prithvi Raj Chauhan | question: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?, answer: 11th century | question: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri Karkota dynasty?, answer: Lalitaditya Muktapida
From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]

question: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?, answer: 9th century | question: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?, answer: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus | question: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?, answer: 968 | question: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?, answer: Byzantine Empire
From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion.

question: Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?, answer: Seljuk | question: What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?, answer: Haghpat and Haritchavank | question: When was there an Armenian architecture revival?, answer: From the 9th to 11th century | question: What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?, answer: Bagratid Dynasty | question: What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?, answer: Armenian Khachkars
From the American Civil War until the mid-20th century, Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party, which arose from the staunch pro-Northern views of Philadelphia residents during and after the war (Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856). After the Great Depression, Democratic registrations increased, but the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 (in which Pennsylvania was one of the few states won by Republican Herbert Hoover). Four years later, however, voter turnout surged and the city finally flipped to the Democrats. Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote in 1936. The city has remained loyally Democratic in every presidential election since. It is now one of the most Democratic in the country; in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote.

question: What party dominated until the mid-20th century, answer: Republican Party | question: What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?, answer: Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856 | question: When did the Democrats take the city?, answer: 1936 | question: Who won the most votes in the city in '08?, answer: Barack Obama
From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-Gerät beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Gerät, whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät.

question: How many sorties were flown in March 1941?, answer: 4,000 | question: When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?, answer: only on moonlit nights | question: Why were ports better targets?, answer: Ports were easier to find | question: How did the Germans confuse the British?, answer: radio silence was observed until the bombs fell | question: Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more?, answer: British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät
From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

question: Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?, answer: inside chapels | question: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?, answer: master of the King's Works | question: Henry Purcell was buried where?, answer: in the abbey
From the Rigveda until the time of Pāṇini (fourth century BCE) the development of the early Vedic language can be observed in other Vedic texts: the Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Brahmanas, and Upanishads. During this time, the prestige of the language, its use for sacred purposes, and the importance attached to its correct enunciation all served as powerful conservative forces resisting the normal processes of linguistic change. However, there is a clear, five-level linguistic development of Vedic from the Rigveda to the language of the Upanishads and the earliest sutras such as the Baudhayana sutras.

question: When was the time of Panini?, answer: fourth century BCE | question: What type of text is the Samaveda?, answer: Vedic texts | question: What was Sanskrit used for?, answer: sacred purposes | question: How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?, answer: conservative | question: To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?, answer: change
From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").[citation needed]

question: Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?, answer: 17th century | question: With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?, answer: middle classes began to speak and write French | question: What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?, answer: standard German
From the beginning of 2014, Madonna began to make multiple media appearances. She appeared at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014, performing "Open Your Heart" alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert, who sang their single "Same Love", as 33 couples were wed onstage, officiated by Queen Latifah. Days later, she joined singer Miley Cyrus on her MTV Unplugged special, singing a mash-up of "Don't Tell Me" and Cyrus' single "We Can't Stop" (2013). She also extended her business ventures and in February 2014 the singer premiered MDNA Skin, a range of skin care products, in Tokyo, Japan. After visiting her hometown of Detroit during May 2014, Madonna decided to contribute funds to three of the city's organizations, to help eliminate poverty from there. The singer released a statement saying that she was inspired by their work, adding that "it was obvious to me that I had to get involved and be part of the solution to help Detroit recover".

question: What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in?, answer: 56th Annual Grammy Awards | question: What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?, answer: Open Your Heart | question: Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?, answer: Miley Cyrus | question: When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?, answer: February 2014 | question: Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?, answer: Detroit
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

question: When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?, answer: 711 | question: What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?, answer: 759 | question: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?, answer: Marwan ibn Muhammad | question: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?, answer: Franks | question: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?, answer: 739
From the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other changes, liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries. The demise of the political Near East now left a gap where it had been, into which stepped the Middle East.

question: What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?, answer: new nations | question: What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?, answer: the Republic of Turkey | question: How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?, answer: with the west | question: Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?, answer: Mustafa Kemal | question: Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?, answer: Mustafa Kemal
From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres Cathedral and Reims Cathedral in France as well as Salisbury Cathedral in England. Stained glass became a crucial element in the design of churches, which continued to use extensive wall-paintings, now almost all lost.

question: In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?, answer: 12th | question: In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?, answer: 16th | question: Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?, answer: Chartres | question: What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?, answer: Salisbury Cathedral | question: Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?, answer: French
From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

question: When did the Russo-Persian War begin?, answer: 1826 | question: When did the Russo-Persian War end?, answer: 1828 | question: What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?, answer: Treaty of Turkmenchay | question: When was the Peace of Amasya?, answer: mid 16th century | question: When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?, answer: In the late 1820s
From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German Würzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions.

question: How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?, answer: eight | question: Where was the Observer Corps based?, answer: Britain | question: When was the Observer Corps formed?, answer: 1925 | question: What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?, answer: hostile aircraft flying over Britain | question: What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?, answer: radar
From the early Qing, the central government was characterized by a system of dual appointments by which each position in the central government had a Manchu and a Han Chinese assigned to it. The Han Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule. The distinction between Han Chinese and Manchus extended to their court costumes. During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back, whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem.

question: What shape of emblem signified a Han official?, answer: square emblem | question: What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?, answer: circular | question: Which two ethnicities made up each position in government?, answer: Manchu and a Han Chinese
From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.

question: Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?, answer: Celsus | question: What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?, answer: Panthera | question: Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?, answer: Alexandria | question: In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?, answer: 2nd | question: For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?, answer: to challenge the divinity of Jesus
From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

question: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?, answer: the Department of External Affairs | question: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?, answer: one fifth | question: What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?, answer: New Zealand | question: During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?, answer: 1918–1919 | question: What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?, answer: Department of Island Territories