lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.

question: Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?, answer: pathos | question: Character is called what in Hellenistic art?, answer: ethos | question: Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?, answer: Zeuxis | question: The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?, answer: passion | question: What painting epitomized the female nude?, answer: Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles
Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.

question: The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?, answer: Hellenistic | question: What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?, answer: Alexandria | question: What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?, answer: 3rd
Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

question: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?, answer: Hellenistic | question: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?, answer: Hellenistic | question: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?, answer: Hellenistic
Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

question: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?, answer: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres | question: Who invented the Polybolos?, answer: Dionysios of Alexandria | question: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?, answer: ballista | question: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?, answer: 160 ton | question: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?, answer: 12-month
Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

question: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?, answer: kings | question: Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?, answer: Callimachus | question: Who said "Big book, big evil"?, answer: Callimachus | question: What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?, answer: Pinakes | question: Who wrote Argonautica?, answer: Apollonius of Rhodes
Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

question: Philip II used a dense military formation called what?, answer: Macedonian Phalanx | question: Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?, answer: larger | question: The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?, answer: Thureos | question: From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?, answer: Mauryan empire | question: What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?, answer: African elephant
Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were "deaf mute" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the "New World". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.

question: What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?, answer: South Kensington | question: What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?, answer: deaf | question: Who died in 1870?, answer: Melville | question: Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?, answer: Newfoundland | question: What did Bell help his final student get rid of?, answer: lisp
Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. When this stage is complete, the insect makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, which makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest.:142

question: Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?, answer: Hemimetabolous | question: What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?, answer: incomplete | question: Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?, answer: gradually | question: Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?, answer: molts | question: Insect's molt when they outgrow what?, answer: exoskeleton
Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in the potential marriage alliance, Henry II transferred the castles of Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau into John's name; as John was only five years old his father would continue to control them for practical purposes. Henry the Young King was unimpressed by this; although he had yet to be granted control of any castles in his new kingdom, these were effectively his future property and had been given away without consultation. Alais made the trip over the Alps and joined Henry II's court, but she died before marrying John, which left the prince once again without an inheritance.

question: Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?, answer: Aquitaine | question: Who was Alais?, answer: the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy | question: What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?, answer: Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau
Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

question: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?, answer: Edward the Confessor | question: When did George II of Great Britain die?, answer: 1760 | question: Who was Edward the Confessor?, answer: a royal saint | question: Where was Henry VI buried?, answer: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle | question: Where was Richard III buried?, answer: Leicester Cathedral
Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

question: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?, answer: Henry VII | question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?, answer: Blessed Virgin Mary | question: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?, answer: Caen | question: Where did the Portland stone come from?, answer: Isle of Portland | question: When was the Lady Chapel added?, answer: 1503
Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

question: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?, answer: 1539 | question: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?, answer: Henry VIII | question: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?, answer: destruction | question: What did changing the status of the abbey create?, answer: the Diocese of Westminster
Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

question: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?, answer: Henry VIII | question: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?, answer: the basement of Main Building | question: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?, answer: 1514–1516 | question: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?, answer: brick | question: When was the cellar relocated?, answer: 1949
Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

question: Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?, answer: Richard | question: How did Henry the Young King die?, answer: dysentery | question: Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?, answer: John | question: When did the war end?, answer: 1184
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

question: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?, answer: 60 years | question: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?, answer: Diamond Jubilee | question: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?, answer: 2012 | question: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?, answer: United Kingdom | question: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting?, answer: 1781
Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989). In True Blue, she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music. Like a Prayer introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, funk, R&B and gospel music. Her versatility was further shown on I'm Breathless, which consists predominantly of the 1940s Broadway showtune-flavoured jazz, swing and big band tracks. Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994). Both albums explored element of new jack swing, with Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly saying that "she could actually be viewed as new jack swing's godmother." She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and hip hop into her music. With Ray of Light, Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene.

question: Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?, answer: True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989) | question: True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?, answer: classical | question: Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?, answer: Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994) | question: Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?, answer: electronic music
Her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. It was acclaimed by critics, with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commenting that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop." The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album. Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, "Hung Up", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in Guinness World Records. The song contained a sample of ABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)", only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA songwriter Björn Ulvaeus remarked "It is a wonderful track—100 per cent solid pop music." "Sorry", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number-one single in the UK.

question: What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?, answer: Confessions on a Dance Floor | question: When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?, answer: November 2005 | question: Which award the the album win?, answer: Grammy Award | question: Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!, answer: ABBA | question: What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?, answer: Sorry
Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.

question: What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?, answer: melanistic, black fallow deer | question: When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?, answer: each November and February | question: Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?, answer: to take advantage of the London's green spaces | question: Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?, answer: red and fallow deer
Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

question: What is heresy mainly at odds with?, answer: established beliefs or customs | question: What is a person called is practicing heresy?, answer: A heretic
Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".

question: After a flood in what year did Hyderabad expand?, answer: 1908 | question: Which river flooded in 1908, preceding the expansion of Hyderabad?, answer: Musi River | question: The Mir Osman Ali Khan had a title, what was it?, answer: the VIIth Nizam | question: What did India declare Hyderabad om 2012?, answer: Best heritage city of India | question: What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad?, answer: Indo-Islamic architecture
Herman Goldstine wrote: "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminution in speed from its original language into English. On one occasion I tested his ability by asking him to tell me how A Tale of Two Cities started. Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes." Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.

question: What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?, answer: One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. | question: Could von Neumann recall written text much later?, answer: he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes. | question: What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?, answer: von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.