lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

question: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?, answer: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago | question: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?, answer: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs | question: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty?, answer: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place | question: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?, answer: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. | question: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?, answer: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally
The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

question: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?, answer: gymnosperms | question: What is an example of a gymnosperm?, answer: conifers | question: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?, answer: angiosperms | question: When did the Ginkgo evolve?, answer: Mesozoic | question: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?, answer: Sequoia
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?, answer: 13th century to 1918 | question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?, answer: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia | question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?, answer: Estonia | question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?, answer: indigenous literacy
The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

question: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?, answer: when it is important to see the work | question: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?, answer: directly controlling the final result of the work | question: When was the double indirect method invented?, answer: 1989 | question: Who invented the double indirect method?, answer: Maurizio Placuzzi | question: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?, answer: sticky plastic
The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.

question: What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?, answer: liberalized electricity markets | question: What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?, answer: RES Directive | question: In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?, answer: Green-e program
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

question: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?, answer: William Hogarth | question: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?, answer: The Gin Act 1736 | question: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated?, answer: 1742 | question: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?, answer: The Gin Act 1751
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

question: Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?, answer: Orange River | question: What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?, answer: southern Namibia | question: When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?, answer: 18th century | question: When did the Nama-Herero war begin?, answer: 1880 | question: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?, answer: Imperial Germany
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

question: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?, answer: 14th century | question: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?, answer: 1884 | question: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?, answer: end of World War I | question: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?, answer: 1920 | question: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?, answer: 1948
The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.:20

question: The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?, answer: molecular inheritance | question: Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?, answer: cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells | question: In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?, answer: In asexually reproducing organisms | question: In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?, answer: In sexually reproducing organisms | question: What are the gametes produced by females called?, answer: eggs or ova
The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.

question: Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?, answer: Russian | question: When was the Tientsin Massacre?, answer: 1870 | question: When was the Cochinchina Campaign?, answer: 1858 | question: Which territory did France control?, answer: Indochina | question: What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?, answer: murder of French nuns
The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.

question: How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?, answer: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese | question: Did the country have lasting monarchs?, answer: Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century | question: Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?, answer: The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley | question: In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?, answer: In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations, and in places such as Taiwan, the Qing so-called internal foreign policy closely resembled colonial policy and control.

question: Who started the Manchun dynasty?, answer: Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan | question: Where did this dynasty form?, answer: Manchuria | question: Name a peasant rebel leader?, answer: Li Zicheng | question: Where was the ming capital?, answer: Beijing | question: What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?, answer: Shanhai Pass
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.

question: What are early Greek philosophers known as?, answer: pre-Socratics | question: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?, answer: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be? | question: Who was named "the father of science"?, answer: Thales | question: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?, answer: Poseidon | question: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?, answer: Samos
The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?, answer: Amdo region | question: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?, answer: western Tibet | question: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?, answer: Zhang Zhung | question: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?, answer: Drigum Tsenpo | question: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?, answer: Songtsän Gampo
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

question: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?, answer: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC | question: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?, answer: 10th to 8th millennium BC | question: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?, answer: the Zagros region | question: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?, answer: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran
The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.

question: When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?, answer: 164 million years ago | question: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?, answer: 1950s | question: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?, answer: Jurassic
The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.

question: What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?, answer: oracle bones | question: Where were the symbols carved on?, answer: pieces of bone and turtle shell | question: Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?, answer: village near Anyang in Henan Province
The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?, answer: four canonical gospels | question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?, answer: New Testament epistles | question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?, answer: three | question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?, answer: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection | question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?, answer: hour-by-hour account
The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a "dirty" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.

question: What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?, answer: hard rubber | question: What was the standard material for discs around 1895?, answer: a shellac-based compound | question: What company was known for laminate construction of discs?, answer: Columbia Records | question: What material give the vinyl records their known black color?, answer: carbon | question: What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?, answer: lubricant