lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?, answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research | question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?, answer: Tuva | question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?, answer: The day after he died | question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?, answer: Genghis Blues | question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?, answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle
Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

question: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?, answer: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom | question: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?, answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics | question: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?, answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! | question: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___, answer: lectures | question: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?, answer: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

question: Which society was Feynman elected to?, answer: Royal Society | question: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?, answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics | question: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?, answer: connections to drugs and rock and roll | question: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?, answer: drums | question: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?, answer: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
Feynman's other work at Los Alamos included calculating neutron equations for the Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how close an assembly of fissile material was to criticality. On completing this work he was transferred to the Oak Ridge facility, where he aided engineers in devising safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents (for example, due to sub-critical amounts of fissile material inadvertently stored in proximity on opposite sides of a wall) could be avoided. He also did theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which later proved not to be feasible.

question: What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?, answer: nuclear reactor | question: Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?, answer: Oak Ridge facility | question: What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?, answer: safety procedures | question: Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?, answer: uranium hydride bomb | question: Where did Feynman work on the "Wateer Boiler"?, answer: Los Alamos
Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

question: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?, answer: Prime Minister | question: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?, answer: life | question: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?, answer: 1963 | question: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?, answer: Malietoa Tanumafili II | question: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?, answer: constitutional monarchy
Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or "VC", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war.

question: What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?, answer: RVN | question: What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?, answer: NVA | question: By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?, answer: Viet Cong | question: The VC operated in what geographic area?, answer: South Vietnam | question: The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?, answer: Soviet Union and China
Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.

question: How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?, answer: nine | question: Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?, answer: Wellington College | question: Who described outreach events at Eton as "unfair and indefensible?", answer: Labour MP David Lammy | question: In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?, answer: 37
Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the “speed point” m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:

question: What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?, answer: the D–log H curve or Hurter–Driffield curve | question: How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?, answer: five | question: What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?, answer: a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film | question: What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?, answer: The exposure Hm, in lux-s | question: What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?, answer: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region
Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a "stop". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc.

question: What is the effective f-number proportional to?, answer: the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter | question: What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?, answer: Film speed | question: What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?, answer: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time) | question: A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?, answer: twice as much | question: In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?, answer: "stop"
Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometers in length. They are distributed over the surface of the cell, and resemble fine hairs when seen under the electron microscope. Fimbriae are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens. Pili (sing. pilus) are cellular appendages, slightly larger than fimbriae, that can transfer genetic material between bacterial cells in a process called conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or "sex pili" (see bacterial genetics, below). They can also generate movement where they are called type IV pili (see movement, below).

question: What are fimbriae?, answer: fine filaments of protein | question: What are fimbriae liable for?, answer: involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells | question: What is the diameter of fimbriae?, answer: 2–10 nanometres | question: What are pili?, answer: cellular appendages
Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.

question: What is Germany's constitution called?, answer: the Grundgesetz | question: What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?, answer: Bundesverfassungsgericht | question: The english translation of this court and its duties is what?, answer: Federal Constitutional Court | question: What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?, answer: the power and authority to outlaw political parties | question: Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?, answer: it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution
Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.

question: What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?, answer: an introduced species | question: Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?, answer: In Belgium | question: What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?, answer: leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive | question: What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?, answer: endemic and other local species | question: What types of new species can be introduced?, answer: The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites
Finally, hysteresis synchronous motors typically are (essentially) two-phase motors with a phase-shifting capacitor for one phase. They start like induction motors, but when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM. The rotor material, like that of a common nail, will stay magnetized, but can also be demagnetized with little difficulty. Once running, the rotor poles stay in place; they do not drift.

question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?, answer: becomes temporarily magnetized | question: When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?, answer: stay in place | question: What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?, answer: induction motors | question: How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?, answer: a smooth cylinder | question: What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?, answer: PMSM
Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

question: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?, answer: 1990s | question: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?, answer: desktop | question: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?, answer: 1992 | question: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?, answer: 1995 | question: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?, answer: Cape Town
Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

question: How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?, answer: 6 | question: What month did France sue for peace?, answer: June | question: How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?, answer: Two days
Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "cash for peerages" scandal under Blair resulted in the drying up of many major sources of donations. Declining party membership, partially due to the reduction of activists' influence upon policy-making under the reforms of Neil Kinnock and Blair, also contributed to financial problems. Between January and March 2008, the Labour Party received just over £3 million in donations and were £17 million in debt; compared to the Conservatives' £6 million in donations and £12 million in debt.

question: How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?, answer: £3 million | question: How far was the party in debt for the same time period?, answer: £17 million | question: How far was the Conservative party in debt?, answer: £12 million
Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.

question: What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?, answer: Financial problems and a reduction in tourism | question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?, answer: greater welfare benefits | question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?, answer: islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare | question: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?, answer: replace self-government with a local council | question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?, answer: 68%
Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[›] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.

question: What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?, answer: Mathieu groups | question: What is used for error correction of transferred data?, answer: coding theory | question: What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?, answer: differential Galois theory | question: What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?, answer: invariant theory
Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

question: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?, answer: the motherboard | question: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?, answer: BIOS set up
First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a "quantum" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself. The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle, as opposed to an electromagnetic wave. It was eventually called the photon.

question: What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?, answer: value E | question: In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy?, answer: 1905 | question: Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy?, answer: Einstein | question: What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments?, answer: neutral particle | question: What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy?, answer: neutral | question: What is energy abbreviated to in science?, answer: E | question: What is frequency also known as in science?, answer: f | question: What term describes a small amount of element?, answer: quantum | question: What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?, answer: an electrically neutral particle | question: What was later termed the photon?, answer: The light quantum | question: When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?, answer: 1900 | question: Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?, answer: Einstein | question: Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?, answer: an electrically neutral particle | question: What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?, answer: the photon