lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

question: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?, answer: Funafuti | question: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?, answer: volcanic island chain | question: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?, answer: 179°7'E and 8°30'S | question: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?, answer: 607 | question: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?, answer: 66
Funafuti is the only port but there is a deep-water berth in the harbour at Nukufetau. The merchant marine fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships Nivaga III and Manu Folau. These ships carry cargo and passengers between the main atolls and travel between Suva, Fiji and Funafuti 3 to 4 times a year. The Nivaga III and Manu Folau provide round trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. The Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel that was a gift from Japan to the people of Tuvalu. In 2015 the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire MV Talamoana, a 30-metre vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands. In 2015 the Nivaga III was donated by the government of Japan; it replaced the Nivaga II, which had serviced Tuvalu from 1989.

question: Where is Tuvalu's only port?, answer: Funafuti | question: Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?, answer: Nukufetau | question: Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?, answer: two | question: What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?, answer: Nivaga III | question: What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?, answer: cargo and passengers
Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the cremation. For the less well-off, inhumation with "a libation of wine, incense, and fruit or crops was sufficient". Ceres functioned as an intermediary between the realms of the living and the dead: the deceased had not yet fully passed to the world of the dead and could share a last meal with the living. The ashes (or body) were entombed or buried. On the eighth day of mourning, the family offered further sacrifice, this time on the ground; the shade of the departed was assumed to have passed entirely into the underworld. They had become one of the di Manes, who were collectively celebrated and appeased at the Parentalia, a multi-day festival of remembrance in February.

question: What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?, answer: Funeral and commemorative | question: What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?, answer: sow | question: What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?, answer: less well-off | question: What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead?, answer: Parentalia | question: What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living?, answer: Ceres
Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

question: Why do fungi communicate?, answer: to coordinate and organize their growth and development | question: How do fungi communicate with insects?, answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin | question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?, answer: five | question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?, answer: interpretation processes | question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?, answer: similar molecules without biotic content
Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

question: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?, answer: socially valuable | question: What is an example of socially valuable goods?, answer: life-saving medicines | question: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?, answer: the marginal cost of production | question: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?, answer: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product
Further claims were made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching. In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1788, Edward Gibbon wrote: "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother." That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother, not of her own virginal conception of Jesus, is shown by his footnote: "In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty." In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854, this charge was repeated: "Strange as it may appear, that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated, with so much pomp and ceremony, 'for the destruction of all heresies, and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents', should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon, and Sale, and Forster, and Gagnier, and Maracci, leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact."

question: What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?, answer: The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother | question: Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?, answer: Edward Gibbon | question: What was the group of volumes titled ?, answer: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | question: Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?, answer: Mohametan Bible
Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

question: What is OAS?, answer: Organization of American States | question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?, answer: the African Union | question: What organization joined at the universal level?, answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption | question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?, answer: 2003
Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine."[nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, Eleanor, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions.

question: Who did John attempt to convince?, answer: Pope Innocent III | question: Where was Arthur imprisoned?, answer: Falaise | question: Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?, answer: Eleanor
Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.

question: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?, answer: Moisture content | question: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?, answer: glue | question: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?, answer: tire | question: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?, answer: high strength fabrics | question: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?, answer: modify wood
Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

question: When does differentiation appear fully developed?, answer: by mid-adolescence | question: Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?, answer: distress | question: When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?, answer: differentiation
Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.

question: Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?, answer: Sovetashen | question: Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?, answer: Armenia | question: When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?, answer: 17 March 1991
Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the "Kulluk" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.

question: What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?, answer: difficult weather | question: What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?, answer: the "Kulluk" incident | question: What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?, answer: nearly US$5 billion | question: In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?, answer: 2012
Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"

question: What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?, answer: a social construct | question: What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?, answer: The Science wars | question: What was positivism called after it was revived?, answer: scientism | question: What did scientism aim to do?, answer: settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies
Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rate serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bitrate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.

question: Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?, answer: second suite | question: What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?, answer: MPEG-2 | question: At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?, answer: half | question: Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?, answer: bitrate | question: Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?, answer: MPEG-2 Part 3
Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.

question: What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?, answer: confused potential buyers | question: What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?, answer: Macintosh clones | question: What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?, answer: cheaper hardware | question: What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?, answer: market share | question: Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?, answer: Apple
Furthermore, even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations. So, brain models that don't reflect this are arguably too abstractive to be representative of brain operation; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources. However, having said this, the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic, detailed computational model of the entire human brain. It remains to be seen what level of success they can achieve in the time frame of the project and the wisdom of it has been publicly contested, with high-profile scientists on both sides of the argument.

question: What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?, answer: the Human Brain Project
Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.

question: What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?, answer: holocene megafauna | question: What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?, answer: Younger Dryas impact event | question: What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?, answer: extinction of the Australian megafauna | question: When was Australian's megafauna widespread?, answer: prior to human occupation | question: What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?, answer: hunting | question: What replaced the holocene megafauna?, answer: smaller herbivores | question: What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction?, answer: Younger Dryas impact event | question: What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?, answer: humans
Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, over all universities and courses. In 2012, the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market. In May 2014, the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies.

question: What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?, answer: average starting salary | question: Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?, answer: Computing graduates | question: Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?, answer: Sunday Times | question: Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?, answer: New York Times | question: In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?, answer: 2014
Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?, answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" | question: which outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?, answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism | question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?, answer: Cordon Sanitarian