lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

question: What market primarily uses ammonia production?, answer: the fertilizer market | question: Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen., answer: hydrocracking
Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

question: What is industrialization?, answer: social and economic change | question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?, answer: technological innovation | question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?, answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.

question: What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?, answer: Industrialized | question: What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?, answer: agrarian | question: In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?, answer: North and south of the tropics | question: What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?, answer: axial tilt
Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

question: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?, answer: the American Missionary Association | question: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?, answer: free secondary school | question: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?, answer: Charleston's African American population | question: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?, answer: William T. Sherman | question: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?, answer: war
Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children’s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants’ recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants’ recall memory.

question: Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?, answer: do not have the language ability to report on their memories | question: Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?, answer: , researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory. | question: How can a researcher study a childs memory?, answer: elicited imitation techniques
Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Entrance to the host at host-pathogen interface, generally occurs through the mucosa in orifices like the oral cavity, nose, eyes, genitalia, anus, or the microbe can enter through open wounds. While a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry, many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs. Some pathogens grow within the host cells (intracellular) whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids.

question: When does infection begin?, answer: when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. | question: What group is not easily infected?, answer: humans | question: What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?, answer: weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic | question: What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?, answer: Individuals who have a suppressed immune system | question: What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?, answer: intracellular
Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

question: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases?, answer: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person | question: What is a contagious disease a subset of?, answer: infectious disease | question: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?, answer: especially infective or easily transmitted | question: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?, answer: medical | question: What is not always respected in popular use?, answer: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"
Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.[citation needed]

question: When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?, answer: when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border | question: What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?, answer: a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids | question: What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?, answer: bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems | question: What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?, answer: tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.
Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours. Her video for "Hollywood" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work. Pop artist Andy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".

question: Whose art influence Madonna?, answer: Frida Kahlo | question: Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?, answer: Bedtime Story | question: Madonna collects whose painting?, answer: Tamara de Lempicka | question: Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?, answer: Guy Bourdin
Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago.

question: What gospel/R&B-influenced group released "Time Passes On" in 1993?, answer: Aly-us | question: who released the hit single "time for the perculator" in the us?, answer: Cajmere | question: what was cajmere's alternate name?, answer: Green Velvet | question: what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?, answer: Dance Mania | question: what was the prototype of ghetto house?, answer: "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere
Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.

question: Who defines informal learning?, answer: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) | question: Where does informal learning occur?, answer: home, work, and through daily interactions | question: What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?, answer: language acquisition, cultural norms and manners
Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.

question: Where does informal learning usually take place?, answer: outside educational establishments | question: What is not necessary for informal learning?, answer: to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects | question: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?, answer: unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

question: What can resources have to connect to other resources?, answer: hyperlinks
Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.

question: What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?, answer: loss of yardage | question: How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?, answer: five | question: How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?, answer: 15 | question: What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?, answer: first down
Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.

question: What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?, answer: Infrared cleaning | question: Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?, answer: green | question: Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?, answer: scaling | question: Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?, answer: infrared
Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

question: What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?, answer: night vision | question: What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?, answer: electrons | question: Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?, answer: electrical
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

question: What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?, answer: heat radiation | question: What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?, answer: 49% | question: What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers?, answer: 8 to 25 | question: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?, answer: visible
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.

question: What technology is used by night-vision devices?, answer: active near-infrared illumination | question: What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?, answer: Infrared astronomy | question: What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?, answer: red | question: What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?, answer: Infrared thermal-imaging cameras | question: Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?, answer: scientific
Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.

question: What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?, answer: Infrared reflectography | question: What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?, answer: carbon black | question: What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?, answer: pentimenti
Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

question: What is another term for infrared homing?, answer: Infrared tracking | question: What devices make use of infrared homing?, answer: Missiles | question: What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?, answer: heat-seekers | question: Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?, answer: vehicle engines | question: What does IR stand for?, answer: infrared
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

question: What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?, answer: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy | question: What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?, answer: it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency | question: What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?, answer: the frequencies of infrared light | question: What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?, answer: the mid-infrared