lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

question: What color is zinc?, answer: bluish-white | question: Is iron more dense than zinc?, answer: It is somewhat less dense than iron | question: At what temperature does the metal become malleable?, answer: 100 and 150 °C | question: At what temperature to zinc become brittle?, answer: 210 °C | question: What is the boiling point of zinc?, answer: 907 °C | question: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?, answer: bluish-white | question: What is the crystalline structure of sync?, answer: hexagonal | question: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?, answer: becomes malleable | question: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?, answer: 210 °C
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

question: What is the symbol for Zinc?, answer: Zn | question: What is the atomic number for Zinc?, answer: 30 | question: What is zinc chemically close to?, answer: magnesium | question: What is the oxidation state for zinc?, answer: +2 | question: How many stable isotopes does zinc have?, answer: five | question: What is the symbol for zinc?, answer: Zn | question: What is zinc's atomic number?, answer: 30 | question: What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?, answer: magnesium | question: What is the most common zinc ore?, answer: sphalerite | question: What is used to extract zinc during the production process?, answer: electricity
Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

question: How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?, answer: two billion | question: What can consumption of excess zinc cause?, answer: ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency | question: Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?, answer: biochemistry, | question: What can a lack of zinc cause in children?, answer: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea | question: What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?, answer: Zinc | question: What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?, answer: Zinc deficiency | question: In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?, answer: alcohol dehydrogenase | question: What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?, answer: excess zinc
Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

question: What consumable product is zinc included in?, answer: vitamin and mineral supplements | question: What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?, answer: antioxidant | question: What is the benefit of zinc after injury?, answer: speed up the healing
Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.

question: What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?, answer: iron or steel | question: What forms as zinc corrodes?, answer: protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate | question: How is zinc applied?, answer: electrochemically or as molten zinc | question: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?, answer: Galvanization
Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO 2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).

question: What is used to produce the metal zinc?, answer: extractive metallurgy. | question: What is froth flotation used for?, answer: get an ore concentrate | question: What is the first step in zinc metal production?, answer: grinding the ore | question: What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?, answer: 50%
Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

question: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?, answer: structural | question: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?, answer: transcription factors, | question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?, answer: four | question: What does the transcription factor wrap around?, answer: DNA helix
Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

question: What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?, answer: bulky ligands | question: What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?, answer: [Zn2]2+ | question: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?, answer: diamagnetic nature of the ion | question: When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?, answer: yellow glass
^1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language). ^5 Also considered Poles. ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?, answer: the Lemkos | question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?, answer: Transcarpathia and abroad | question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?, answer: Czechs | question: What group is considered part of the Poles?, answer: Silesians
^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.

question: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?, answer: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes | question: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?, answer: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians
^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.

question: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?, answer: Bosniak | question: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?, answer: Bosniak and Muslim | question: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?, answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina
^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.

question: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?, answer: Yugoslav republics | question: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?, answer: USA and Canada
^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)

question: Where are Bunjevci located?, answer: Bačka | question: Where are Šokci located?, answer: Slavonia and Vojvodina | question: Where are Janjevci located?, answer: Kosovo | question: Where are Burgenland Croats located?, answer: Austria | question: Where are Krashovans located?, answer: Romania
^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."

question: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?, answer: worshipping God | question: When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?, answer: 1789 | question: What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?, answer: attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment | question: What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?, answer: No one religious society | question: What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?, answer: any civil right
^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.

question: When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?, answer: 1776 | question: What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?, answer: Protestants | question: What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?, answer: Christians | question: What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?, answer: Article VI, Section 8 | question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable?, answer: 1961
al-Qarawīyīn University in Fez, Morocco is recognised by many historians as the oldest degree-granting university in the world, having been founded in 859 by Fatima al-Fihri. While the madrasa college could also issue degrees at all levels, the jāmiʻahs (such as al-Qarawīyīn and al-Azhar University) differed in the sense that they were larger institutions, more universal in terms of their complete source of studies, had individual faculties for different subjects, and could house a number of mosques, madaris, and other institutions within them. Such an institution has thus been described as an "Islamic university".

question: When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?, answer: 859 | question: Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?, answer: Fatima al-Fihri | question: What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?, answer: all levels | question: What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?, answer: mosques | question: What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?, answer: individual faculties for different subjects
along with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate. Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann.

question: In von Neumann's model what does p represent?, answer: p represents the prices of the goods | question: In von Neumann's model what does q represent?, answer: q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run | question: What is the rate of qrowth equal to?, answer: rate of growth equals the interest rate | question: Was the economic model successful?, answer: proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann
and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

question: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?, answer: silver | question: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?, answer: 300 years | question: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?, answer: 1692 | question: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?, answer: Chihuahua City | question: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?, answer: El Paso Del Norte
and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention.

question: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?, answer: Immanuel Kant | question: Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?, answer: Sir Arthur Eddington | question: Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?, answer: Arthur Fine | question: Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?, answer: Musgrave | question: What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?, answer: Postmodernist
eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.

question: eSATA does not supply power to what?, answer: external devices | question: Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?, answer: advancing and external drives gradually need less power | question: On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?, answer: 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD
for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is central to generalize the above sketched connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions. An advanced generalization of this idea, adapted to the needs of algebraic geometry, is the étale fundamental group.

question: What concepts are fundamental to number theory?, answer: adele rings and adelic algebraic groups | question: What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?, answer: the absolute Galois group | question: What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?, answer: Krull topology | question: What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?, answer: the étale fundamental group
human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

question: What activities from these mammals will likely affect habitat areas?, answer: human activities | question: What underground items have lead to soil degradation?, answer: irrigated water pumped | question: What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?, answer: natural resources
where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(ω) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(ω) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.)

question: How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?, answer: Z(ω) | question: How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?, answer: C0 | question: Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?, answer: even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior | question: Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?, answer: in terrestrial vacuum | question: How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?, answer: Ccmplx(ω)