lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lemaître.

question: What science subject explains anomalous results?, answer: quantum theories | question: What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?, answer: 1915 | question: Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?, answer: quantum mechanics | question: Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?, answer: Edwin Hubble | question: Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?, answer: the Big Bang theory
The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?, answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC | question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?, answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) | question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?, answer: wild cereals | question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?, answer: The Natufian period
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

question: What unit is named after Bell?, answer: The bel | question: What does the bel and decibel measure?, answer: sound intensity | question: What lab invented the term "bel.", answer: Bell Labs | question: In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?, answer: telecommunications | question: What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?, answer: 1976
The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

question: When were the bells overhauled?, answer: 1971 | question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?, answer: Ten | question: When were the ten bells cast?, answer: 1971 | question: Who cast the abbey bells?, answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry
The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The original concept is derived from a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian fantasy tales tend to be called Arabian Nights stories when translated into English, regardless of whether they appear in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights or not. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba.

question: What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?, answer: One Thousand and One Nights | question: Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?, answer: Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) | question: In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?, answer: 14th century | question: When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?, answer: 18th century | question: Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?, answer: Antoine Galland
The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui). In the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone).

question: What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?, answer: Tubo | question: When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?, answer: 7th century | question: Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?, answer: William H. Baxter
The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph Bédier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.

question: When was the term copy-text introduced?, answer: 1904 | question: What was the initial definition of copy-text?, answer: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine | question: Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method, answer: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt.
The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition.

question: What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?, answer: National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México) | question: How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?, answer: 2,500,000 | question: When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?, answer: 1875
The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

question: What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?, answer: Mulatto | question: What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census?, answer: Negro | question: How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census?, answer: Neg | question: What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?, answer: one-drop rule | question: Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census?, answer: their father
The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil's motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues. In Eclogues 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom, but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (Ecl. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, Ecl. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (Ecl. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. The ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (Ecl. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (Ecl. 3). Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called "Messianic Eclogue" uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of Daphnis in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of Silenus; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. Virgil is credited[by whom?] in the Eclogues with establishing Arcadia as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts and setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, and later writers.

question: Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?, answer: Theocritus | question: Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?, answer: Octavian | question: Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?, answer: Eclogues | question: To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?, answer: Asinius Pollio | question: Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?, answer: Ecl. 2
The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits. Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers.

question: What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?, answer: bipolar junction transistor | question: Why were BJTs so popular?, answer: their greater linearity and ease of manufacture | question: What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?, answer: transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers | question: What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?, answer: MOSFETs
The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space.

question: When was the bipolar transistor created?, answer: 1947. | question: When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?, answer: 1955
The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merca, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.

question: What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?, answer: Red Sea | question: In what location was Islam born?, answer: the Arabian Peninsula | question: What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?, answer: Berberi | question: What was another name for Mogadishu?, answer: the City of Islam | question: The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?, answer: gold
The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?, answer: Kristjan Jaak Peterson | question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?, answer: patriotic and philosophical | question: When was Peterson born?, answer: March 14 | question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?, answer: Mother Tongue Day | question: What university did Peterson attend?, answer: German-language University of Dorpat
The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Traces of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Remediation and testing are ongoing, however according to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.

question: What location is the birthplace of IBM?, answer: Endicott | question: How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?, answer: 4,100 gallons | question: How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?, answer: more than two decades | question: Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?, answer: 78,000 gallons | question: IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?, answer: Department of Environmental Conservation
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) to convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to "the theory of radiation and quanta". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta".

question: Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?, answer: Rayleigh and Jeans | question: Who came up with the term, "ultraviolet catastrophe"?, answer: Paul Ehrenfest | question: When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name "ultraviolet catastrophe"?, answer: 1911 | question: When was the first Solvay Conference held?, answer: 1911 | question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?, answer: Max Planck | question: What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?, answer: classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum | question: What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?, answer: the "ultraviolet catastrophe" | question: When was the first Solvay Conference held?, answer: 1911 | question: What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?, answer: "the theory of radiation and quanta" | question: In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?, answer: 1918
The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scientific activities. After the 10th century, Persian language, alongside Arabic, was used for the scientific, philosophical, historical, musical, and medical works, whereas the important Iranian writers, such as Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb od Din Shirazi, and Biruni, had major contributions in the scientific writing.

question: What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?, answer: the Islamic Golden Age | question: When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?, answer: by the 10th and 11th centuries | question: Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?, answer: scientific writing | question: Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?, answer: Iran
The blue and red colours of the shirt were first worn in a match against Hispania in 1900. Several competing theories have been put forth for the blue and red design of the Barcelona shirt. The son of the first president, Arthur Witty, claimed it was the idea of his father as the colours were the same as the Merchant Taylor's School team. Another explanation, according to author Toni Strubell, is that the colours are from Robespierre's First Republic. In Catalonia the common perception is that the colours were chosen by Joan Gamper and are those of his home team, FC Basel. The club's most frequently used change colours have been yellow and orange. An away kit featuring the red and yellow stripes of the flag of Catalonia has also been used.

question: When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?, answer: 1900 | question: When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?, answer: Hispania | question: What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?, answer: flag of Catalonia | question: What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?, answer: yellow and orange | question: From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?, answer: Joan Gamper
The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, William Gray, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, Michael A. Miles, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[citation needed]

question: Who is the founder of Dell?, answer: Michael Dell | question: How many board members does Dell have?, answer: nine | question: How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?, answer: five | question: Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?, answer: Audit Committee | question: Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?, answer: Antitrust Compliance Committee