lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
J'ouvert, or "Dirty Mas", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means ""opening of the day". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. "Clean Mud" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is "Jab-jabs" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.

question: When does Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?, answer: before dawn | question: What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?, answer: current affairs, | question: What is "Clean Mud"?, answer: clay | question: What are "jab-jabs"?, answer: devils | question: How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?, answer: based on their witty political/social messages
J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"

question: Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?, answer: J. Brent Walker | question: What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?, answer: supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent | question: Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?, answer: Champions of religious liberty | question: Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?, answer: tap into the public till to support its parochial schools | question: What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?, answer: religious bigotry
J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.

question: Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?, answer: J. Edgar Hoover | question: How many years was Hoover the FBI director?, answer: 48 | question: What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?, answer: Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory | question: What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?, answer: FBI Laboratory | question: When did the FBI laboratory open?, answer: 1932
J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart "thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it". For McTaggart "philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?

question: With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?, answer: Cambridge | question: In what year was The Nature of Existence published?, answer: 1927 | question: According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?, answer: minds | question: What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?, answer: unreal | question: How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?, answer: love
Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call "Hey Hey!" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. "Whoo-boy!" and "Wheeee!" and "Oh, brother!" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor.

question: Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?, answer: Jack Brickhouse | question: What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?, answer: Hey Hey! | question: What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?, answer: he personally recommended his successor
James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

question: What institution does James Liebman work for?, answer: Columbia Law School | question: What does James Liebman teach?, answer: law | question: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?, answer: 40 | question: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?, answer: 47 | question: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?, answer: 1996
James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for "heroic achievement", for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.

question: What boat was Rassmann on?, answer: PCF-94 | question: Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?, answer: James Rassmann | question: What was Rassmann's job?, answer: a Green Beret advisor | question: What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?, answer: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" | question: What does the Combat V mean?, answer: heroic achievement
James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

question: When was the Philadelphia Convention?, answer: 1787 | question: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?, answer: James Wilson | question: What was John Marshall's title?, answer: Chief Justice | question: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?, answer: declare an unconstitutional law void
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

question: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?, answer: Dutch | question: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?, answer: 1556 | question: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?, answer: Yayousu | question: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?, answer: a Red Seal Ship | question: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?, answer: drowned after his ship ran aground
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

question: Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?, answer: Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur | question: In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?, answer: Connaught Place | question: The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?, answer: 13 | question: What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?, answer: Jantar Mantar | question: What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?, answer: compile astronomical tables
Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.

question: What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?, answer: Japan and Germany | question: Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?, answer: UN Security Council | question: What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?, answer: middle powers
Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

question: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?, answer: Korea and Formosa | question: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong?, answer: Collaborationist units | question: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?, answer: Philippines | question: What French forces assisted Japan?, answer: Vichy | question: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?, answer: Korea and Formosa | question: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?, answer: ex-colonial police
Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

question: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?, answer: Satellaview | question: What service did the Satellaview connect to?, answer: the St.GIGA satellite radio station | question: When did the Satellaview begin operation?, answer: April 23, 1995 | question: When did the Satellaview end operation?, answer: June 30, 2000 | question: What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?, answer: XBAND
Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.

question: Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?, answer: Chiang Kai-shek | question: When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?, answer: January 1941 | question: Did Japan support rival governments?, answer: supporting several | question: When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?, answer: January 1941 | question: What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?, answer: puppet | question: What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?, answer: Nationalist government
Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

question: By what name was the war with Japan referred?, answer: Greater East Asia War | question: What did Japanese officials call the war?, answer: Japan–China Incident | question: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?, answer: achieving their independence from the Western powers | question: What date was the new name of the war released?, answer: 12 December | question: What name did Japan call the war?, answer: Greater East Asia War | question: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?, answer: 10 December 1941 | question: What was Japan's publicised war goal?, answer: independence from the Western powers | question: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?, answer: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | question: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?, answer: by a cabinet decision
Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

question: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?, answer: Japanese (Famicom) | question: Which interface did the NES use?, answer: 72-pin | question: Which interface did Famicom use?, answer: 60-pin | question: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?, answer: develop their own customized chips
Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?, answer: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books | question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?, answer: woodblock prints
Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were beaten back by Allied (primarily Australian Army) forces.

question: What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?, answer: Owen Stanley Ranges | question: What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions?, answer: Second Australian Imperial Force | question: In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?, answer: Milne Bay | question: Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?, answer: eastern tip | question: What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?, answer: Mediterranean
Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International.

question: Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?, answer: Jared Diamond | question: What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?, answer: Evil Quartet | question: What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?, answer: HIPPO | question: What is the most authoritative classification in use today?, answer: IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats | question: What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?, answer: the World Wildlife Fund
Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.

question: Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?, answer: Jean Macfarlane | question: What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?, answer: 1927 | question: What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?, answer: Institute of Child Welfare | question: What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?, answer: 1931 | question: What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?, answer: 1981
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.

question: Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?, answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau | question: Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?, answer: Albrecht von Haller | question: When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?, answer: After the end of the Napoleonic Wars | question: What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?, answer: the sublime effects of monumental nature