lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France.

question: What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?, answer: any form of surrender | question: On what date did president Trochu resign?, answer: 25 January | question: Who replaced President Trochu?, answer: Favre | question: In which French city was the surrender made official?, answer: Versailles | question: Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?, answer: Gambetta
Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the transient accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.

question: What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?, answer: sentiment of unity | question: What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?, answer: racial and colonial definitions | question: What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?, answer: no longer considered ideologically sound
Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that “adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.” Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts the adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet cafés seems only to affect boys academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online. The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents, as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities. However, the Internet can be significantly useful in educating teens because of the access they have to information on many various topics.

question: According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?, answer: negative | question: How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?, answer: easier to interact socially online | question: Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?, answer: time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities | question: Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?, answer: cyberbullying
Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2009, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). "About 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth."

question: How many transistors make up a logic gate?, answer: up to about twenty transistors | question: How many transistors make up a microprocessor?, answer: as many as 3 billion transistors | question: How many transistors were made in 2002?, answer: 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child | question: How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?, answer: over a billion | question: What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?, answer: IC, microchips or simply chips
Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He seems to have used terror as a matter of policy. Eannatum's Stele of the Vultures depicts vultures pecking at the severed heads and other body parts of his enemies. His empire collapsed shortly after his death.

question: What city-state was the rival of Lagash?, answer: Umma | question: What did Eannatum annex?, answer: practically all of Sumer | question: What is one of the first empires known in history?, answer: Eannatum of Lagash, | question: What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?, answer: terror | question: What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death?, answer: collapsed
Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?, answer: American Orthodox Jews | question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?, answer: New Jersey | question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?, answer: Rockland County | question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?, answer: New York State
Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.

question: What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?, answer: pope | question: What had Montini yet to become?, answer: a cardinal, | question: Who was elected pope in 1958?, answer: Angelo Roncalli | question: When did Montini finally become a cardinal?, answer: 15 December 1958 | question: What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?, answer: Ss. Silvestro e Martino
Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes, another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end, Stanley R. Larson (a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project – which he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by Joseph Smith to his scribes) and the Printer’s Manuscript (the copy Oliver Cowdery prepared for the Printer in 1829–1830), and compared them with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.

question: When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?, answer: the early 1970s | question: What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?, answer: digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes | question: How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?, answer: applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts | question: When did Larson finish his project?, answer: 1974 | question: Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?, answer: Larson
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.

question: What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?, answer: hunter-gatherers | question: What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?, answer: agricultural endowment | question: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?, answer: farming, hunting, and gathering | question: Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?, answer: indigenous | question: What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?, answer: aquaculture and agriculture
Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan, is consistent throughout. This is probably due to the long-standing influence of the Tibetan empire, whose rule embraced (and extended at times far beyond) the present Tibetan linguistic area, which runs from northern Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

question: What is written Tibetan base on?, answer: Classical Tibetan | question: What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?, answer: Tibetan empire | question: From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?, answer: ancient Indian Brāhmī script
Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research.

question: What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?, answer: Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center
Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against oracles—principles or mechanisms by which someone might recognize a problem. These oracles may include (but are not limited to) specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions of the same product, inferences about intended or expected purpose, user or customer expectations, relevant standards, applicable laws, or other criteria.

question: What can testing not completely find?, answer: all the defects | question: While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?, answer: furnishes a criticism or comparison | question: What does the software compare during testing against?, answer: oracles—principles or mechanisms | question: What make up the oracle during testing?, answer: specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions
Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?, answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg | question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?, answer: Kaliningrad | question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?, answer: violent and aggressive
Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

question: The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?, answer: the whole Bible | question: What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?, answer: Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups | question: What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?, answer: the 28 Fundamental Beliefs | question: What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?, answer: Biblical references | question: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?, answer: annihilation or eternal torment
Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create "a long-term plan to improve its economic model". In doing so, the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season, after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout. The AFL also became the third sports league to lose its postseason (the first being Major League Baseball, which lost its postseason in 1994 because of a strike). Efforts to reformat the league's business model were placed under the leadership of Columbus Destroyers owner Jim Renacci and interim commissioner Policy.

question: What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?, answer: tenth | question: In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?, answer: December 2008 | question: What National Hockey League season was cancelled?, answer: 2004-05 | question: What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?, answer: a lockout | question: Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?, answer: Jim Renacci
Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

question: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?, answer: hyperdulia | question: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?, answer: 787 | question: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?, answer: other saints and angels | question: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip?, answer: Sergei Bulgakov | question: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?, answer: latria
Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered "dynasties", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.

question: Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?, answer: Massachusetts | question: Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?, answer: 1994 | question: What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?, answer: Storm | question: What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?, answer: Orlando Predators | question: What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?, answer: San Jose SaberCats
Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.

question: What governs the ECB?, answer: European law | question: How does the ECB mimic a corporation?, answer: shareholders and stock capital | question: How much does the ECB have as capital?, answer: five billion euros | question: Who holds the ECB's capital?, answer: the national central banks of the member states as shareholders | question: What determined the ECB's initial capital?, answer: the basis of the states' population and GDP
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

question: Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?, answer: Germanic languages | question: What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?, answer: Low Saxon | question: When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?, answer: during the period of German rule | question: From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?, answer: High German | question: Standard German is part of what Germanic language?, answer: High German
Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.

question: What language does Estonian share similar words with?, answer: Germanic | question: What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?, answer: nearly one third | question: What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?, answer: High German | question: What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?, answer: about 15 percent
Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.

question: What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?, answer: phonemic principles | question: To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?, answer: one | question: What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?, answer: some historical and morphological deviations | question: On what occasions are š and ž replaced with sh and zh?, answer: Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž | question: What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?, answer: Pasha (pas-ha)