lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

question: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?, answer: Portuguese | question: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?, answer: nine | question: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance?, answer: a painted float | question: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?, answer: a yearly prize | question: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated?, answer: three
Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. "The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%." Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. All animals' diets must provide sufficient amounts of the basic building blocks they need, up to the point where their particular biology can synthesize the rest. Animal tissue contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite).

question: Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?, answer: carbon | question: What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?, answer: 5% to 10% | question: What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?, answer: bacterial fermentation | question: Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?, answer: starch | question: Where can fatty acids be found?, answer: lipids
Carnivore was an electronic eavesdropping software system implemented by the FBI during the Clinton administration; it was designed to monitor email and electronic communications. After prolonged negative coverage in the press, the FBI changed the name of its system from "Carnivore" to "DCS1000." DCS is reported to stand for "Digital Collection System"; the system has the same functions as before. The Associated Press reported in mid-January 2005 that the FBI essentially abandoned the use of Carnivore in 2001, in favor of commercially available software, such as NarusInsight.

question: What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?, answer: Carnivore | question: What did Carnivore monitor?, answer: email and electronic communications | question: What was Carnivore renamed to?, answer: DCS1000 | question: When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?, answer: 2001 | question: What kind of software replaced Carnivore?, answer: commercially available
Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the energy of Irish Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Germanic styles of ornament with Mediterranean forms such as the book, and established many characteristics of art for the rest of the medieval period. Surviving religious works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and carved ivories, originally made for metalwork that has since been melted down. Objects in precious metals were the most prestigious form of art, but almost all are lost except for a few crosses such as the Cross of Lothair, several reliquaries, and finds such as the Anglo-Saxon burial at Sutton Hoo and the hoards of Gourdon from Merovingian France, Guarrazar from Visigothic Spain and Nagyszentmiklós near Byzantine territory. There are survivals from the large brooches in fibula or penannular form that were a key piece of personal adornment for elites, including the Irish Tara Brooch. Highly decorated books were mostly Gospel Books and these have survived in larger numbers, including the Insular Book of Kells, the Book of Lindisfarne, and the imperial Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram, which is one of the few to retain its "treasure binding" of gold encrusted with jewels. Charlemagne's court seems to have been responsible for the acceptance of figurative monumental sculpture in Christian art, and by the end of the period near life-sized figures such as the Gero Cross were common in important churches.

question: Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?, answer: illuminated manuscripts | question: What is a notable cross made during this era?, answer: the Cross of Lothair | question: Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?, answer: Nagyszentmiklós | question: What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?, answer: Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram | question: Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?, answer: Guarrazar
Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

question: What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?, answer: Carpet-weaving | question: When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?, answer: early 13th century | question: Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?, answer: the village of Banants (near Gandzak) | question: What is 'gorg'?, answer: the Armenian word for carpet | question: Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?, answer: in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh
Carriers have evolved since their inception in the early twentieth century from wooden vessels used to deploy balloons to nuclear-powered warships that carry dozens of aircraft, including fighter jets and helicopters. As of 3 March 2016, there are thirty-seven active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered carriers (known as supercarriers, carrying up to 90 aircraft each), the largest carriers in the world; the total deckspace is over twice that of all other nations' combined. As well as the supercarrier fleet, the US Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters (sometimes called helicopter carriers); these can also carry up to 25 fighter jets, and in some cases, are as large as some other nations' fixed-wing carriers.

question: What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?, answer: to deploy balloons | question: As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?, answer: thirty-seven | question: What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?, answer: supercarriers | question: How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?, answer: up to 90 | question: Who owns the largest carriers in the world?, answer: The United States Navy
Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as "war action": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that "Carthage" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian ("attic") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule.

question: What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?, answer: Treaties | question: What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?, answer: punic colonies | question: What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?, answer: punic cities | question: What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?, answer: complete surrender | question: Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?, answer: Rome
Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

question: In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?, answer: Sicilian Wars | question: Why did the Sicilian Wars end?, answer: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War | question: Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?, answer: Pyrrhus of Epirus | question: Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?, answer: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.
Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

question: Carthage was on the coast of what country?, answer: Tunisia | question: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?, answer: military | question: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?, answer: Mago I of Carthage | question: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?, answer: phalanx | question: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?, answer: Xanthippus of Carthage
Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.

question: What type of ink is often used in making comics?, answer: India ink | question: What method is mostly used in making comics?, answer: Cartooning | question: Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?, answer: digital technology | question: Motion lines and what are often used in comics?, answer: abstract symbols
Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F), before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.

question: What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?, answer: stillage | question: What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?, answer: 52–55 °F | question: What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?, answer: Cask-conditioned ales | question: How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?, answer: from several hours to several days | question: What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?, answer: a hand pump
Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

question: What place is Catalan named for?, answer: Catalonia | question: What type of language is Catalan?, answer: Romance language | question: What is Catalan called in Valencia?, answer: Valencian | question: Where is Catalan the only official language?, answer: Andorra
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

question: What is Catalan a variety of?, answer: Occitan language | question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?, answer: varying degrees | question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?, answer: differences | question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?, answer: many traits | question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?, answer: closely related
Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

question: What is the division of Catalan dialects?, answer: Eastern and Western | question: What is the basic difference between the dialects?, answer: pronunciation | question: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?, answer: different varieties | question: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?, answer: the same language | question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?, answer: two standard varieties
Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

question: From what language did Catalan come?, answer: Vulgar Latin | question: In what area did Catalan develop?, answer: eastern Pyrenees | question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?, answer: 9th century | question: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?, answer: Low Middle Ages | question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?, answer: 1479
Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

question: How many genders does Catalan have?, answer: two | question: What numbers does Catalan have?, answer: singular, plural | question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?, answer: inflectional | question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages?, answer: consonants
Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?, answer: suppletive couplets | question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?, answer: French | question: What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of couplets?, answer: Italian and Spanish | question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?, answer: French
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?, answer: Vulgar Latin | question: How many stressed phenoms are there?, answer: seven | question: Where is this a common feature?, answer: Western Romance | question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?, answer: Spanish | question: What differs in vowel reduction?, answer: Dialects | question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?, answer: Vulgar Latin | question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?, answer: seven | question: Where is this system common?, answer: Western Romance | question: What language is the exception?, answer: Spanish | question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?, answer: Dialects
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?, answer: treatment of unstressed a and e | question: How are a and e in western dialects?, answer: distinct | question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?, answer: merged
Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

question: What is this distinction similar to?, answer: all other Romance languages | question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?, answer: English | question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?, answer: formality
Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

question: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?, answer: many traits | question: Where is Catalonia located?, answer: Iberian Peninsula | question: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?, answer: Spanish and Portuguese | question: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?, answer: pronunciation | question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?, answer: Gallo-Romance