lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

question: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?, answer: 1935 | question: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?, answer: New York Times | question: Which name is officially used politically?, answer: Iran | question: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?, answer: Professor Ehsan Yarshater
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

question: In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?, answer: First | question: What was created in Bell's image in 1940?, answer: commemorative stamp | question: Bell's stamp is part of which line?, answer: Famous Americans Series | question: On what date was the stamp officially released?, answer: October 28 | question: In which city was the stamp officially released?, answer: Boston
In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. However, it would seem the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground-support operations (direct or indirect) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek. These men were long-time professional airmen involved in German air services since early in their careers. The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army, or because it was led by ex-army personnel. It was instead a mission that suited the Luftwaffe's existing approach to warfare; a culture of joint inter-service operations, rather than independent strategic air campaigns.

question: How did Wever die?, answer: air crash | question: What year did Wever die?, answer: 1936 | question: Who took over for Wever after his death?, answer: Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff | question: What two men were the most important in ground support?, answer: Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek | question: What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?, answer: German air services
In 1936, when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow, he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later erased.

question: Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?, answer: Moscow | question: When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?, answer: 1936 | question: What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?, answer: Lucia Bauer | question: When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer?, answer: 1936 | question: Tito's marriage to what person was later erased in records?, answer: Lucia Bauer
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.

question: Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?, answer: S.E. Massengill Company | question: What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?, answer: explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims | question: What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?, answer: 1938 | question: What drug killed 100 people in 1937?, answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide | question: What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?, answer: antifreeze | question: What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide?, answer: S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee | question: What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?, answer: Elixir Sulfanilamide | question: Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?, answer: antifreeze | question: What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?, answer: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 | question: The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?, answer: ethanol
In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary Dehomag. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort (M1 Carbine, and Browning Automatic Rifle). IBM provided translation services for the Nuremberg Trials. In 1947, IBM opened its first office in Bahrain, as well as an office in Saudi Arabia to service the needs of the Arabian-American Oil Company that would grow to become Saudi Business Machines (SBM).

question: What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?, answer: Dehomag | question: Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?, answer: 26 million | question: What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?, answer: translation services | question: What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?, answer: 1947 | question: What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?, answer: Saudi Business Machines
In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s–1970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).

question: What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?, answer: flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda | question: What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?, answer: regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes | question: What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?, answer: international business
In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

question: What was Nasser's goal?, answer: a military career | question: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?, answer: Royal Military Academy | question: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?, answer: record of anti-government protest | question: Where did Nasser attend law school?, answer: King Fuad University | question: How long did Nasser attend law school?, answer: one semester
In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

question: Where did Popper move in 1937?, answer: New Zealand | question: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?, answer: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand | question: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?, answer: John Carew Eccles | question: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?, answer: logic and scientific method | question: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?, answer: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft
In 1937, the Empire of Japan started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (often considered a theatre of World War II). Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal Nanking Massacre (the "Rape of Nanking"). Even children, the elderly, and nuns are reported to have suffered at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Army. The total death toll, including estimates made by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, was between 300,000 and 350,000. The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

question: When did Japan invade Manchuria?, answer: 1931 | question: When did Japan invade all of China?, answer: 1937 | question: Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?, answer: the Imperial Japanese Army | question: How many died in the Nanking Massacre?, answer: between 300,000 and 350,000 | question: When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?, answer: 1985
In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb. Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called "Big Science", requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments, who recognized that the support of "basic" research could often lead to technologies useful to both military and industrial applications. Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two.

question: Who discovered nuclear fission?, answer: Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann | question: Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?, answer: Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler | question: What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?, answer: World War II | question: The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?, answer: Big Science | question: What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?, answer: inconsistent with each other
In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

question: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?, answer: 1938 | question: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?, answer: 1,500 | question: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?, answer: sent to concentration camps
In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?, answer: 2.49 million | question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?, answer: 85% | question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?, answer: 3,000 | question: What happened to those Jews who remained?, answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.
In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]

question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?, answer: 1939 | question: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?, answer: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein | question: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?, answer: reunification with Germany
In 1939, the Bureau began compiling a custodial detention list with the names of those who would be taken into custody in the event of war with Axis nations. The majority of the names on the list belonged to Issei community leaders, as the FBI investigation built on an existing Naval Intelligence index that had focused on Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the West Coast, but many German and Italian nationals also found their way onto the secret list. Robert Shivers, head of the Honolulu office, obtained permission from Hoover to start detaining those on the list on December 7, 1941, while bombs were still falling over Pearl Harbor. Mass arrests and searches of homes (in most cases conducted without warrants) began a few hours after the attack, and over the next several weeks more than 5,500 Issei men were taken into FBI custody. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. FBI Director Hoover opposed the subsequent mass removal and confinement of Japanese Americans authorized under Executive Order 9066, but Roosevelt prevailed. The vast majority went along with the subsequent exclusion orders, but in a handful of cases where Japanese Americans refused to obey the new military regulations, FBI agents handled their arrests. The Bureau continued surveillance on Japanese Americans throughout the war, conducting background checks on applicants for resettlement outside camp, and entering the camps (usually without the permission of War Relocation Authority officials) and grooming informants in order to monitor dissidents and "troublemakers." After the war, the FBI was assigned to protect returning Japanese Americans from attacks by hostile white communities.

question: When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?, answer: 1939 | question: When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?, answer: in the event of war with Axis | question: Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?, answer: Issei community leaders | question: When was Pearl Harbor bombed?, answer: December 7, 1941 | question: What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?, answer: Japanese Americans
In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

question: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?, answer: Neville Chamberlain | question: What position did Churchill hold?, answer: Prime Minister | question: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?, answer: Tuesday | question: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?, answer: Lord Beaverbrook
In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.

question: When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?, answer: 1950 | question: Why did the population decline after this time?, answer: the loss of many middle-class union jobs | question: What is the main driver of the economy now?, answer: service businesses | question: How much of the population left after 1950?, answer: one-quarter | question: What is another large industry?, answer: a tourist destination
In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?, answer: 1941 | question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?, answer: instructor | question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?, answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson | question: What political group was Nasser associated with?, answer: nationalist | question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?, answer: Amer
In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.

question: When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?, answer: 1941 | question: Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?, answer: his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi | question: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?, answer: the Persian Corridor | question: Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?, answer: the Soviet Union | question: What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?, answer: the Iran crisis of 1946