lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Both intensive and free-range farming have animal welfare concerns. In intensive systems, cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common, with some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure. Diseases can also be common and spread rapidly through the flock. In extensive systems, the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare. In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza.

question: What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?, answer: cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common | question: What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?, answer: some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure | question: What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?, answer: the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds. | question: How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?, answer: In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza. | question: What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?, answer: Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare.
Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?, answer: Afrikaans speakers | question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?, answer: less complex | question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"?, answer: vogel | question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?, answer: reën | question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?, answer: difficult
Both low-cost and luxury housing were built by the government in the Brasília. The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras ("superblocks"): groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces. At the northern end of Lake Paranoá, separated from the inner city, is a peninsula with many fashionable homes, and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore. Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake, but during early development private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water. Set well apart from the city are satellite cities, including Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina. These cities, with the exception of Gama and Sobradinho were not planned.

question: What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?, answer: groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces | question: Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?, answer: the northern end of Lake Paranoá | question: What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?, answer: extensive public areas | question: What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?, answer: private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants | question: What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?, answer: Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina
Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.

question: Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?, answer: large production companies | question: What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?, answer: Partner Program | question: What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?, answer: $12 million | question: Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?, answer: 90.3% | question: Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?, answer: Billboard
Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death. Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. This policy of mass murder of civilians occurred in Nanjing.

question: Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?, answer: the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king | question: When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?, answer: 1864 | question: How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?, answer: over 100,000 | question: Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?, answer: Taiping | question: Who was the leader of the Qing troops?, answer: Zeng Guofan
Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2013).

question: When is Tucson's city council primary?, answer: September | question: How long are Tucson's city council terms?, answer: four-year | question: When is Tucson's city council general election?, answer: November | question: Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?, answer: 1, 2, and 4 | question: Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?, answer: 3, 5, and 6
Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an actual contact with the earth.

question: Are basic antennas expensive?, answer: relatively inexpensive | question: What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?, answer: dipole antenna | question: What category do vertical antennas fall under?, answer: monopole antenna | question: What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?, answer: large conductive surface
Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. The process is repeated until the components at the top of the hierarchy are tested. This approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.[citation needed] This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage.[citation needed]

question: What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?, answer: modules, procedures, and functions | question: Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?, answer: the testing of higher level components | question: What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?, answer: makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage
Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

question: What are the two types of group boundaries?, answer: inclusive or exclusive | question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?, answer: exclusive | question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?, answer: inclusive | question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?, answer: language
Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" or "an author's uninfluenced intentions." This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former", not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change.

question: Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?, answer: Bowers and Tanselle | question: Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?, answer: Tanselle | question: Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?, answer: a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former | question: What idea did Tanselle champion?, answer: unconstrained authorial intention
Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire – both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.

question: What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?, answer: remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions | question: What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?, answer: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896 | question: What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?, answer: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own | question: What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?, answer: his judgment | question: I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?, answer: 1896 | question: What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?, answer: to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, | question: What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?, answer: to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention | question: What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?, answer: to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions | question: When was Maggie first published?, answer: 1893
Bradley was the apparent target of G. E. Moore's radical rejection of idealism. Moore claimed that Bradley did not understand the statement that something is real. We know for certain, through common sense and prephilosophical beliefs, that some things are real, whether they are objects of thought or not, according to Moore. The 1903 article The Refutation of Idealism is one of the first demonstrations of Moore's commitment to analysis. He examines each of the three terms in the Berkeleian aphorism esse est percipi, "to be is to be perceived", finding that it must mean that the object and the subject are necessarily connected so that "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" are identical - "to be yellow" is "to be experienced as yellow". But it also seems there is a difference between "yellow" and "the sensation of yellow" and "that esse is held to be percipi, solely because what is experienced is held to be identical with the experience of it". Though far from a complete refutation, this was the first strong statement by analytic philosophy against its idealist predecessors, or at any rate against the type of idealism represented by Berkeley. This argument did not show that the GEM (in post–Stove vernacular, see below) is logically invalid.

question: Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?, answer: Moore | question: In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?, answer: Bradley | question: Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?, answer: Berkeley
Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.

question: Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?, answer: between the fourth and eighth centuries | question: What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?, answer: Kharosthi | question: Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?, answer: Śāradā | question: In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?, answer: 11th or 12th century | question: Which script replaced the Gupta script?, answer: Devanagari | question: What were used to write Sanskrit?, answer: Brahmic scripts | question: Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?, answer: Gupta | question: What script was used in the northwest of India?, answer: Kharosthi | question: From what was Gupta derived?, answer: Brahmi | question: What script evolved from the Gupta script?, answer: Śāradā
Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression.

question: What role does the amygdala play in memory?, answer: thought to be involved in emotional memory | question: Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories., answer: it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions | question: What changes can be linked to learning and memory?, answer: neuronal synapses, | question: What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?, answer: believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning
Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume, so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals. The need to limit body weight in order, for example, to fly, has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species, such as bats. Most of the brain's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge (membrane potential) of neurons. Most vertebrate species devote between 2% and 8% of basal metabolism to the brain. In primates, however, the percentage is much higher—in humans it rises to 20–25%. The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET, fMRI, and NIRS. The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose (i.e., blood sugar), but ketones provide a major alternative source, together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids (caprylic and heptanoic acids), lactate, acetate, and possibly amino acids.

question: Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?, answer: glucose (i.e., blood sugar | question: The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?, answer: 20–25% | question: Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?, answer: ketones | question: Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?, answer: 2% and 8%
Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size. The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species. As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion. In general, smaller animals tend to have larger brains, measured as a fraction of body size. For mammals, the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula describes the central tendency, but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree, in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size.

question: Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?, answer: larger | question: In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?, answer: 0.75 | question: Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?, answer: primates
Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?, answer: the Renaissance | question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?, answer: the hurdy-gurdy | question: The virginal is what type of instrument?, answer: Keyboard instruments with strings | question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?, answer: Percussion | question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?, answer: Woodwind