lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.

question: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?, answer: cathedrals and great churches | question: Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?, answer: the landmark building | question: What is another name for the pointed arch?, answer: the ogival | question: What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?, answer: the ribbed vault | question: What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?, answer: the buttress
While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

question: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?, answer: evidence | question: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?, answer: Saturnalia | question: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?, answer: with their deaths | question: What is the gift of King Carnival?, answer: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life | question: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?, answer: Jews
While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食.

question: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?, answer: standard designated | question: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?, answer: a particular morpheme | question: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?, answer: etymological or phono-semantic | question: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?, answer: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters
While most artists became established in other formats before moving to adult contemporary, Michael Bublé and Josh Groban started out as AC artists. Throughout this decade, artists such as Nick Lachey, James Blunt, John Mayer, Bruno Mars, Jason Mraz, Kelly Clarkson, Adele, Clay Aiken and Susan Boyle have become successful thanks to a ballad heavy sound. Much as some hot AC and modern rock artists have crossed over into each other, so too has soft AC crossed with country music in this decade. Country musicians such as Faith Hill, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood have had success on both charts.

question: Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?, answer: Michael Bublé | question: What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?, answer: ballad heavy | question: Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?, answer: Carrie Underwood | question: What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with?, answer: country
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

question: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?, answer: Cyprus and Crete | question: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?, answer: 1797 | question: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?, answer: United Kingdom | question: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?, answer: Aegean islands | question: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?, answer: Cyprus and Crete
While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.

question: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?, answer: characters | question: What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?, answer: symbols | question: What can be difficult to represent on a computer?, answer: characters
While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.

question: What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?, answer: Basil Wolverton | question: What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?, answer: "Powerhouse Pepper" | question: What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?, answer: Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal | question: What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?, answer: Miss America | question: The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?, answer: "big three"
While not in Oklahoma City proper, other large employers within the MSA region include: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800).

question: How many universities are within the MSA region?, answer: 2 | question: What hospital is in the MSA region, answer: Norman Regional Hospital | question: How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?, answer: 27,000 | question: How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?, answer: 2,800 | question: How many people work in University of Oklahoma?, answer: 11,900
While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ryōmin (良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.

question: What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?, answer: rice | question: What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?, answer: Ryōmin | question: Currency gradually disappeared around what year?, answer: 1000 | question: What crop became the primary unit of exchange?, answer: rice
While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband." The adoption was finalized in May 2008.

question: What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?, answer: Raising Malawi initiative | question: When did Madonna adopt David Banda?, answer: October 2006 | question: What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?, answer: pneumonia | question: What was the name of Banda's biological father?, answer: Yohane | question: When was the adoption finalized?, answer: May 2008
While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.

question: Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?, answer: Rare | question: How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?, answer: 6.1 million | question: What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?, answer: SGI workstations | question: How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?, answer: detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music | question: When was Donkey Kong Country released?, answer: November 1994
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".

question: What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?, answer: aether | question: Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?, answer: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris | question: Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?, answer: Henry Pickering | question: Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?, answer: outer space | question: What was ether originally thought to be made of?, answer: rigid indestructible material
While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.

question: Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?, answer: 1979 | question: Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?, answer: Dan Gilroy | question: What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?, answer: Breakfast Club | question: When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?, answer: 1980 or 1981 | question: After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?, answer: Stephen Bray
While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a "soap opera for males", it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre; a synthesis of classical heroics, commedia dell'arte, revenge tragedies, morality plays, and burlesque. The characters and storylines portrayed by a successful promotion are seen to reflect the current mood, attitudes, and concerns of that promotion's society (and can, in turn, influence those same things). Wrestling's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime.

question: What is wrestling sometimes called?, answer: "soap opera for males" | question: What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?, answer: vicarious outlet for aggression | question: What role does wrestling fill?, answer: past forms of literature and theatre;
While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

question: Who was Feynman's wife?, answer: Arline Greenbaum | question: Which disease did Arline succumb to?, answer: tuberculosis | question: In which year did his wife die?, answer: 1945 | question: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?, answer: Feynman's daughter, Michelle | question: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?, answer: Infinity
While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.

question: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?, answer: 1708 | question: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?, answer: George III | question: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?, answer: refused his Assent to Laws | question: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?, answer: 1708 | question: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?, answer: the British government | question: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?, answer: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.

question: How does short term memory encode information?, answer: acoustically | question: What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?, answer: recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings | question: How does long term memory encode information?, answer: semantically | question: What is episodic memory?, answer: "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where' | question: If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?, answer: episodic memory,
While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases.

question: In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?, answer: 33 | question: Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?, answer: eastern Tidewater | question: What type of land did the slaves live on?, answer: plantations | question: How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?, answer: 30,463 | question: Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?, answer: eastern coastal plain
While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.

question: What are the principal benefits of flocking?, answer: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency | question: What is a cost of flocking?, answer: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds | question: What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?, answer: Defence against predators