lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.

question: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?, answer: their respective governments | question: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?, answer: Thailand | question: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?, answer: colonial powers
The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands, following the invasion of the Netherlands by France. British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and with several African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852–77; 1881–1902) and the Orange Free State (1854–1902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War (1899–1902).

question: When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?, answer: 1652 | question: Which entity founded the Cape Colony?, answer: The Dutch East India Company | question: When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?, answer: 1806 | question: What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?, answer: Boers | question: When did the Second Boer War end?, answer: 1902
The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

question: Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?, answer: The Dutch Republic | question: What year did the Dutch abandon the island?, answer: 1651 | question: Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?, answer: Cape of Good Hope.
The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.

question: What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?, answer: theudisk | question: What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?, answer: Latin | question: The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?, answer: 784 | question: What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?, answer: 842 | question: What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?, answer: teudisca
The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.

question: What's the Dutch word for "my"?, answer: mijn | question: Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?, answer: 100 years | question: What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?, answer: pronouns | question: Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?, answer: Nouns and adjectives | question: In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?, answer: 15th
The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?, answer: monopolies | question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?, answer: 17 | question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato., answer: Chihuahua | question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?, answer: telephone lines | question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?, answer: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.
The ECB's first supplementary longer-term refinancing operation (LTRO) with a six-month maturity was announced March 2008. Previously the longest tender offered was three months. It announced two 3-month and one 6-month full allotment of Long Term Refinancing Operations (LTROs). The first tender was settled 3 April, and was more than four times oversubscribed. The €25 billion auction drew bids amounting to €103.1 billion, from 177 banks. Another six-month tender was allotted on 9 July, again to the amount of €25 billion. The first 12-month LTRO in June 2009 had close to 1100 bidders.

question: What is an LTRO?, answer: longer-term refinancing operation | question: How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?, answer: six-month | question: When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?, answer: March 2008 | question: How long had the time to maturity been previously?, answer: three months | question: How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?, answer: close to 1100 bidders
The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.

question: Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?, answer: the elderly | question: Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?, answer: Pregnant | question: How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?, answer: 300 mL/day | question: Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?, answer: To compensate for additional fluid output | question: How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?, answer: 700 mL/day
The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat. As a result, few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats, especially in Hawaii, California and other western states. Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat, primarily on rivers and coastlines. As of December, 2006, the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended. Nonetheless, the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing.

question: What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?, answer: within one year | question: Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?, answer: the Reagan Administration | question: After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?, answer: Hawaii, California and other western states | question: Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?, answer: primarily on rivers and coastlines
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.

question: Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?, answer: the Lamb and Flag | question: Where is the Eagle and Child located?, answer: Oxford | question: Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?, answer: C. S. Lewis | question: Where is the Eagle pub located?, answer: Cambridge | question: On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?, answer: 28 February 1953
The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

question: What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?, answer: 145 million to 100 million years | question: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?, answer: expansion of seaways | question: What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?, answer: Ichthyosaurs | question: What species dominated the seas?, answer: Mosasaurs | question: What dinosaur spread to every continent?, answer: Iguanodon
The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

question: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?, answer: 200 million years to 175 million | question: Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?, answer: Plesiosaurs | question: What was the highest order of species n land?, answer: Dilophosaurus | question: What other order evolved during the Jurassic?, answer: true mammals | question: What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?, answer: more humid
The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony. Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot. Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.

question: What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?, answer: monasticism | question: Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?, answer: Pachomius | question: Who composed the Benedictine Rule?, answer: Benedict of Nursia | question: From what part of England did Bede come?, answer: northern | question: What was the title of the leader of a monastery?, answer: abbot
The Early Triassic was between 250 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing but arid. The Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life went extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, Labyrinthodont, and Euparkeria along with many other creatures that managed to survive the Great Dying. Temnospondyli evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic.

question: What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?, answer: Early Triassic | question: What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?, answer: deserts | question: What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?, answer: Pangaea | question: What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??, answer: 95% | question: What species had evolved after the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?, answer: Temnospondyli
The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.

question: How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?, answer: 434 billion | question: What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?, answer: 47% | question: In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?, answer: furniture | question: About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?, answer: 3.5 | question: In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?, answer: abundant
The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

question: During what time period was the Archean era?, answer: 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago | question: During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?, answer: Archean | question: It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?, answer: crustal material | question: What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?, answer: cratonisation and continent formation | question: What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?, answer: erosion and subsequent tectonic events
The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England).

question: The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?, answer: lion | question: in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws, answer: crown | question: how many lions were on the EIC arms, answer: Two | question: what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?, answer: 1698
The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42–43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (蒲奴), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.

question: On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?, answer: 5 August 25 | question: Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?, answer: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam | question: Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?, answer: Goguryeo | question: In what year did Ma Yuan die?, answer: AD 49 | question: Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?, answer: Bi
The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks., answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, | question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?, answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) | question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?, answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language. | question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?, answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" | question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?, answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks