lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as India (where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78), into the 1960s. For example, Columbia Records' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records was an album called Young at Heart, issued November 1, 1954. As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. In the United Kingdom, the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular. The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s, as teenagers became increasingly affluent.

question: When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm, answer: 1950s | question: With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?, answer: teenagers | question: At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?, answer: about 1960 | question: On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?, answer: November 1, 1954. | question: What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?, answer: United Kingdom
The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, but mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta (dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later fully affected by the Bell Beaker culture. While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic façade of Western Europe, where a common elite's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age.

question: Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?, answer: Eirós Cave | question: Which municipality is this in?, answer: Triacastela | question: What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?, answer: Megalithic | question: Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?, answer: tin and gold
The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni-1 cave complex. The brain, estimated to be over 5,000 years old, was found in the skull of a 12 to 14-year-old girl. Although the brains were shriveled, they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave.

question: Where was the oldest brain that was found?, answer: Armenia | question: How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?, answer: over 5,000 years old | question: The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?, answer: 12 to 14-year-old | question: The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?, answer: girl
The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West.

question: In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?, answer: Somalia | question: From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?, answer: 4th millennium BC | question: At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?, answer: the Jalelo site | question: In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?, answer: northern
The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

question: Who is credited with the papermaking process?, answer: Cai Lun | question: What material did paper replace upon its invention?, answer: silk | question: Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?, answer: Golden Age | question: What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?, answer: 2nd
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

question: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group?, answer: shrewlike Juramaia sinensis | question: How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?, answer: 160 million years ago | question: In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?, answer: 125 million years ago | question: Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?, answer: placental
The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical, and until the middle of the 20th century, much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes. Neuroanatomists study the large-scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components, especially synapses. Among other tools, they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity. In recent years, the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes. Also, functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior.

question: The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?, answer: anatomical, | question: What do neuroanatomists study?, answer: the large-scale structure of the brain | question: What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?, answer: neuroanatomy | question: Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?, answer: the middle of the 20th century,
The oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres (4,409 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes on the isles, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC when Great Britain was still a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC.

question: What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?, answer: 2,700 million years old | question: What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?, answer: 1,344 metres (4,409 ft | question: What type of climate does this area have?, answer: temperate marine | question: Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?, answer: European continent. | question: When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?, answer: after 8000 BC
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?, answer: 13th century | question: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?, answer: Originates Livoniae | question: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?, answer: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia | question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?, answer: words and fragments of sentences.
The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.

question: How long did the armistice talks last?, answer: two years | question: What issues stalled the armistice talks?, answer: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation | question: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?, answer: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north | question: When was the armistice agreement finally signed?, answer: 27 July 1953 | question: What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?, answer: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,
The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators.

question: What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?, answer: reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color | question: Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?, answer: to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs | question: For what purpose were RLVs popular?, answer: making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators | question: What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?, answer: silver mirror
The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

question: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?, answer: Bayeux Tapestry | question: What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?, answer: a dozen | question: How was the community able to increase?, answer: endowments | question: What is adjacent the abbey?, answer: Palace of Westminster
The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars." When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because "this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences."

question: What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?, answer: excessive nationalism | question: How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?, answer: treats foreigners as enemies | question: What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?, answer: common frontiers | question: What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?, answer: Peace | question: Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?, answer: Rome
The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.

question: The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?, answer: bats | question: What is the national bird of Bermuda?, answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow | question: What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?, answer: Bermuda rock skink | question: What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?, answer: diamondback terrapin | question: What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?, answer: bats | question: What is the national bird of Bermuda?, answer: Bermuda petrel or cahow | question: Why is the National bird of importance?, answer: example of a Lazarus species | question: What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?, answer: Bermuda rock skink | question: Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?, answer: this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds
The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.

question: What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?, answer: Psalm 22 | question: What contradiction is found in this Psalm?, answer: verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew | question: What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?, answer: a proverbial saying in common usage | question: How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?, answer: theologically correct and reassuring | question: How does the sentence appear to historians?, answer: a genuine cry
The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. However, particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from IR lasers, IR LED sources, or from bright daylight with the visible light removed by colored gels) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Sources providing wavelengths as long as 1050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow in intense sources, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the Wood effect that consists of IR-glowing foliage.

question: At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?, answer: 700 nm | question: What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?, answer: near-IR | question: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?, answer: 780 nm | question: Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?, answer: 1050 nm | question: What objects are notably bright in near IR?, answer: Leaves
The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.

question: What is the most common symptom of MI?, answer: Chest pain | question: What does ischemia refer too?, answer: a lack of blood | question: What does the pain usually stem from with MI?, answer: left arm | question: What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?, answer: clenching their fists over their sternum
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

question: When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?, answer: by May | question: When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?, answer: since the early 1970s | question: How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?, answer: 51 °C | question: What was the record heat spike in Multan?, answer: 54 °C | question: When was the record heat spike in Multan?, answer: June 1993
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, with three successive Top 5 albums between 1980 and 1982.

question: Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?, answer: Bon Scott | question: Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?, answer: John Bonham | question: What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?, answer: Ronnie James Dio | question: What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?, answer: Blizzard of Ozz | question: What are some thrash metal bands?, answer: Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?, answer: the Byelaws | question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?, answer: the Byelaws | question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?, answer: the Privy Council's approval
The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.

question: Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?, answer: central processing unit (CPU)