lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?, answer: high school graduation | question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?, answer: reading | question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance?, answer: Jehovah's Witnesses | question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?, answer: politics | question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?, answer: a graduate degree
A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

question: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?, answer: sound generated | question: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?, answer: numerous | question: Harmonics are an important class of what?, answer: overtones | question: Integer multiples are collectively called?, answer: the partials
A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

question: Who created El Colegio Nacional?, answer: Miguel Alemán Valdés | question: Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?, answer: El Colegio Nacional | question: What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?, answer: publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events | question: What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?, answer: College of France
A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

question: How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?, answer: two ways | question: What federal program is used to list a species?, answer: candidate assessment program | question: How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list, answer: 90-day screening period | question: In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?, answer: a "distinct population segment."
A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

question: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?, answer: A squab | question: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?, answer: rock pigeon (Columba livia) | question: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?, answer: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop | question: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?, answer: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

question: How many periods are in a standard football match?, answer: two | question: How long are each period in a standard football match?, answer: 45 | question: What are the periods in a football match called?, answer: halves | question: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?, answer: referee | question: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?, answer: 1891
A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.

question: What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?, answer: standard language | question: The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?, answer: institutions | question: Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?, answer: textbooks | question: Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?, answer: English | question: Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?, answer: government
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.

question: What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?, answer: mercado | question: What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?, answer: aguas frescas and atole | question: What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets, answer: mercado | question: The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?, answer: omnipresent
A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.

question: What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?, answer: own conduct | question: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?, answer: the truth | question: What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?, answer: A state's consent | question: An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?, answer: formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent | question: What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?, answer: an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation
A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.

question: How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?, answer: 1 mm or less | question: What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?, answer: wax or resin | question: The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?, answer: in the 12th century | question: What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?, answer: private devotion
A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

question: When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?, answer: 1911 | question: What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?, answer: The St. Olaf College Choir | question: Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?, answer: other regional conductors | question: How many singers are typically in the choirs?, answer: 40 to 80
A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.

question: Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?, answer: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG | question: What camera style does Spielberg often use?, answer: low height camera tracking shots | question: What are some Spielberg films that included kids?, answer: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park | question: How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?, answer: from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming | question: Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?, answer: Frank
A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

question: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?, answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga | question: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?, answer: Hōgen Rebellion | question: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?, answer: Taira and Minamoto | question: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?, answer: 1159 | question: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?, answer: Taira
A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.

question: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?, answer: 762,191 | question: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?, answer: 7% | question: From where did most non-citizen residents come?, answer: Eastern European countries | question: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?, answer: 600,000
A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?, answer: economics | question: In which year did Long publish his study?, answer: 2007 | question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?, answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools | question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?, answer: white students | question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?, answer: 14
A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." "Past research found that 50–80 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East," Richards said.

question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?, answer: Middle Eastern peoples | question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?, answer: uncommon in the general European population | question: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?, answer: the Middle East
A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.

question: What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?, answer: dopamine | question: What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?, answer: 2013 | question: What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?, answer: beer | question: How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?, answer: 49
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor. Another type, for low load torque, has flats ground onto a conventional squirrel-cage rotor to create discrete poles. Yet another, such as made by Hammond for its pre-World War II clocks, and in the older Hammond organs, has no rotor windings and discrete poles. It is not self-starting. The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back, while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring-loaded manually operated switch.

question: How much slip does a synchronous motor have?, answer: zero | question: How does an induction motor produce torque?, answer: slip | question: Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?, answer: manually | question: How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?, answer: DC field | question: How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?, answer: Slip rings and brushes