lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1986, the Goldwater–Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense.

question: Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?, answer: The Chief of Staff | question: Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?, answer: Secretary of the Army | question: How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?, answer: four | question: In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?, answer: 1986
The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensated for by the famous Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons being issued to Prussian artillery batteries. Firing a contact-detonated shell, the Krupp gun had a longer range and a higher rate of fire than the French bronze muzzle loading cannon, which relied on faulty time fuses.

question: In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?, answer: Battle of Königgrätz | question: At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?, answer: 25-year-old design | question: What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?, answer: 600 m (2,000 ft) | question: What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?, answer: Krupp | question: What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?, answer: a contact-detonated shell
The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818–58) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.

question: What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?, answer: Seminoles | question: During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?, answer: 1818–58 | question: What state were the Seminoles moved to?, answer: Oklahoma | question: What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?, answer: winter food supply | question: During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?, answer: eighteenth
The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform, and ambulance, among many other roles. While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank, while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle. Other vehicles include the Stryker, and the M113 armored personnel carrier, and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.

question: What does HMMWV stand for?, answer: High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle | question: What is the HMMWV also known as?, answer: Humvee | question: The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?, answer: battle tank | question: What does MRAP stand for?, answer: Mine Resistant Ambush Protected
The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates.

question: What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?, answer: microfarads and less | question: How are larger value capacitors often constructed?, answer: multiple stacks of plates and disks | question: What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?, answer: impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space | question: Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?, answer: To reduce the series resistance and inductance | question: How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?, answer: metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film
The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it."

question: Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?, answer: Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne | question: What does Cooper say is the first Cubist picture?, answer: The Demoiselles | question: Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles?, answer: although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.
The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia (carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing), and was eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia. Turks used carpets, rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room, but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.

question: Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?, answer: carpet weaving | question: What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?, answer: it was customary to remove one's shoes | question: Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?, answer: the nomadic cultures of central Asia | question: Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?, answer: Anatolia | question: Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?, answer: walls and doorways
The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious.

question: Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen?, answer: MIT | question: The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year?, answer: 1927 | question: The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom?, answer: H. W. Nieman
The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.

question: What is the art of writing Chinese characters?, answer: Chinese calligraphy | question: What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?, answer: Chinese calligraphy | question: What is not required?, answer: strict regularity
The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.

question: Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?, answer: into their court | question: Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?, answer: Apsara Dance | question: The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?, answer: Indian Hinduism
The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal.

question: To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?, answer: Occitano-Romance | question: Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?, answer: linguists | question: What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?, answer: Spanish ones
The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes, the voting would end. While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians (the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome). They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly. This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.

question: How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?, answer: 35 tribes | question: How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?, answer: geographical subdivisions | question: What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?, answer: the Comitia Tributa | question: When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?, answer: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes | question: Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?, answer: a plebeian
The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the "Salle 41" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the "Salle 41" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, František Kupka, Diego Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin, André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were "later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation."

question: Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism?, answer: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler | question: In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?, answer: early as 1920 | question: When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?, answer: 1950s and 1960s, | question: Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism?, answer: Clement Greenberg. | question: Who's work undermined Douglass Coopers terms describing Cubism?, answer: Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger
The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?, answer: as steps toward modernization | question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?, answer: 1911 | question: What is the May Forth Movement?, answer: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China | question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy?, answer: Marxist-Leninist thought | question: During what event was Legalism abolished?, answer: the Cultural Revolution
The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.

question: How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?, answer: three nails | question: According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?, answer: 14 nails | question: What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?, answer: artistic depictions of the crucifixion | question: What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?, answer: Nails are almost always depicted | question: Jesuits claim how many nails were used?, answer: three nails
The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that "white hot" is hotter than "red hot". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).

question: What do scientists assume black body radiation is?, answer: thermal | question: What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to?, answer: accurate | question: What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object's temperature changes?, answer: colour | question: What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object?, answer: Stefan–Boltzmann law | question: What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?, answer: thermal | question: What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?, answer: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule | question: What about a hot object changes with the temperature?, answer: the colour of the light | question: What color is hotter than "red hot"?, answer: white hot | question: What did Wilhelm Wien discover?, answer: the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures | question: What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?, answer: the Stefan–Boltzmann law | question: What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?, answer: the colour of the light given off | question: Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?, answer: Wilhelm Wien | question: The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?, answer: Wien's displacement law | question: Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?, answer: at low frequencies (long wavelength)
The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.

question: Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?, answer: Aristarchus of Samos | question: Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?, answer: Eratosthenes | question: Who made the first catalog of stars?, answer: Hipparchus | question: When was the Antikythera mechanism used?, answer: 150-100 BC | question: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?, answer: the Antikythera mechanism
The astrophysicist Nidhal Guessoum while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran, has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing "the concept of knowledge.". He writes: "The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence (And follow not that of which you have not the (certain) knowledge of... 17:36) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs (Say: Bring your proof if you are truthful 2:111), both in matters of theological belief and in natural science." Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of "proof" according the Quran being "clear and strong... convincing evidence or argument." Also, such a proof cannot rely on an argument from authority, citing verse 5:104. Lastly, both assertions and rejections require a proof, according to verse 4:174. Ismail al-Faruqi and Taha Jabir Alalwani are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran; however, the biggest obstacle on this route is the "centuries old heritage of tafseer (exegesis) and other classical disciplines" which inhibit a "universal, epidemiological and systematic conception" of the Quran's message. The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, considered the Quran's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational.

question: Which astrophysicist has written about the ways the Quran encourages scientific thinking?, answer: Nidhal Guessoum | question: Verse 2:111 of the Quran supports which aspect of scientific thought and practice?, answer: proof | question: Whose scholarship on the concept of proof in the Quran does Guessoum cite?, answer: Ghaleb Hasan | question: Which philosopher believed the Quran had a rational and empirical basis like science?, answer: Muhammad Iqbal
The atmosphere is severely dry nine months of the year, and average annual snowfall is only 18 inches (46 cm), due to the rain shadow effect. Western passes receive small amounts of fresh snow each year but remain traversible all year round. Low temperatures are prevalent throughout these western regions, where bleak desolation is unrelieved by any vegetation bigger than a low bush, and where wind sweeps unchecked across vast expanses of arid plain. The Indian monsoon exerts some influence on eastern Tibet. Northern Tibet is subject to high temperatures in the summer and intense cold in the winter.

question: What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?, answer: 18 inches | question: What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?, answer: Indian monsoon | question: What are winters like in Tibet?, answer: intense cold