lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

question: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?, answer: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts | question: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?, answer: water-drinking | question: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?, answer: long-distance endurance | question: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?, answer: swelling of the brain | question: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?, answer: osmosis
Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of religio.

question: What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?, answer: superstitio | question: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?, answer: superstition | question: What was the basis of Roman religion?, answer: knowledge | question: Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?, answer: more than was necessary | question: What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?, answer: inappropriate
Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.

question: What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?, answer: degree 5 and higher | question: What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?, answer: Abstract properties of Galois groups | question: What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?, answer: radicals
Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

question: What road encircles Paris?, answer: Boulevard Périphérique | question: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?, answer: 2,300 km2 | question: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?, answer: 1860 | question: How many arrondissements are there?, answer: 20 | question: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed?, answer: 1929
Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

question: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?, answer: only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area | question: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?, answer: the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them | question: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?, answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived | question: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?, answer: recognise both | question: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?, answer: choose between them | question: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?, answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction | question: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?, answer: 1849 | question: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?, answer: when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction
Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

question: Who was executed on January 17, 1977?, answer: Gary Gilmore | question: By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?, answer: firing squad | question: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?, answer: ten | question: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?, answer: filing repeated writs of habeas corpus
Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN 2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria) 2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia) 1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) 1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?, answer: Rafael M. Salas | question: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?, answer: Nigeria | question: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?, answer: Thoraya Ahmed Obaid | question: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?, answer: Dr Nafis Sadik
Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.

question: The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?, answer: the monarch | question: Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?, answer: the Queen on the advice of the British Government. | question: Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?, answer: George Fergusson | question: Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?, answer: United Kingdom | question: What is Bermuda officially classified as?, answer: British Overseas Territory
Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

question: Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?, answer: Queen Elizabeth II | question: Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?, answer: the Governor | question: Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?, answer: the United Kingdom
Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

question: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?, answer: selling | question: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?, answer: Trump Taj Mahal | question: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?, answer: 2013 | question: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?, answer: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business | question: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?, answer: Executives
Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

question: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?, answer: professional athletes | question: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?, answer: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers | question: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?, answer: when it is dry and cold | question: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?, answer: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

question: What is Punjab's biggest festival?, answer: The national horse and cattle show | question: Where is the national horse and cattle show held?, answer: Lahore | question: What happens at the national horse and cattle show?, answer: sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions
Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

question: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?, answer: 1871 to 1886 | question: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?, answer: new research university | question: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?, answer: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition | question: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?, answer: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education | question: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?, answer: Expansion
Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.

question: When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?, answer: 2000 | question: By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?, answer: Emirates Stadium | question: What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?, answer: £100 million | question: Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?, answer: corporate sponsorship | question: What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?, answer: sponsorship deal
Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.

question: Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?, answer: the Abbot Suger | question: Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?, answer: Pseudo-Dionysius | question: What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?, answer: Expansive interior light | question: What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?, answer: The Celestial Hierarchy | question: Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?, answer: Pseudo-Dionysius
Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

question: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?, answer: Express highways | question: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?, answer: 140 mi | question: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?, answer: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong | question: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?, answer: in the city centre, Xinjiekou | question: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?, answer: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi
Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

question: What is found in Florida, answer: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs | question: What did the last glacial period provide, answer: lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. | question: What are the Everglades, answer: an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula | question: How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently, answer: Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010
Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).

question: How large is Switzerland?, answer: 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi) | question: What is the average population density of Switzerland?, answer: 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi) | question: What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?, answer: 27 /km² (70 /sq mi) | question: Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?, answer: southern | question: Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?, answer: Alps
Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

question: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?, answer: caution | question: When was the Battle of Agincourt?, answer: 25 October 1415 | question: When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?, answer: prior to 15 October 1582 | question: What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?, answer: Saint Crispin's Day | question: In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?, answer: 1 January
Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?, answer: cronyism | question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?, answer: Complicated | question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?, answer: privatization and deregulation | question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?, answer: Nordic | question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?, answer: rule of law