lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The January daily average is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 °F (15 °C) to 64.5 °F (18 °C).

question: What is the average January temp?, answer: 33.0 °F | question: What is the July average temp?, answer: 78.1 °F | question: What is the average time for freezing temps?, answer: November 6 thru April 2 | question: How long does the grow season last on average?, answer: 217 | question: Which month is the driest?, answer: February
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

question: What was built around Hakata Bay?, answer: a great stone barrier | question: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?, answer: 1276 | question: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?, answer: 1277 | question: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?, answer: 20 kilometers | question: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?, answer: executed
The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.

question: What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?, answer: Matrilineality | question: What system of social organization was used in Japan?, answer: the Japanese Patriarchal system | question: On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?, answer: March 27, 1933 | question: What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?, answer: Japanese | question: Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?, answer: Catholic
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

question: Who first sold a million copies on CD?, answer: Dire Straits | question: Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?, answer: David Bowie | question: What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?, answer: 1985 | question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?, answer: 15 | question: How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?, answer: 400 million | question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?, answer: 15
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

question: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?, answer: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. | question: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?, answer: impossible | question: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?, answer: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest | question: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?, answer: impossible | question: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?, answer: Japanese hegemony in Asia | question: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?, answer: canceled | question: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?, answer: historical experiences
The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March, across the mountainous and densely forested frontier. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed, despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters. Although several units of the British Fourteenth Army had to fight their way out of encirclement, by early April they had concentrated around Imphal in Manipur state. A Japanese division which had advanced to Kohima in Nagaland cut the main road to Imphal, but failed to capture the whole of the defences at Kohima. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal failed, while fresh Allied formations drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured at Kohima.

question: What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?, answer: March | question: Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?, answer: Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi | question: Where had the Japanese advanced to?, answer: Kohima in Nagaland | question: What did the Japanese cut?, answer: main road to Imphal | question: What had the Japanese failed to capture?, answer: defences at Kohima
The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.

question: Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?, answer: Jawa Dwipa Hindu | question: What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?, answer: Indian | question: What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?, answer: China | question: How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?, answer: 3rd century BCE | question: What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?, answer: Buddhism | question: Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?, answer: Jawa Dwipa | question: Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?, answer: Indian traders | question: The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?, answer: abundant forest and maritime products | question: Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?, answer: Hinduism and Buddhism | question: Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?, answer: merchants from China
The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

question: What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?, answer: 1891 | question: What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?, answer: donations of musical instruments | question: What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?, answer: Daniel J. Jenkins | question: Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?, answer: Avery Institute Graduates | question: What city was Louis Armstrong from?, answer: New Orleans
The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute. Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.

question: Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?, answer: Joseph Needham | question: What type of bridge originated in China?, answer: suspension | question: What type of map originated in China?, answer: raised-relief | question: What type of fan originated in China?, answer: rotary | question: What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?, answer: water-powered celestial
The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.

question: What is the Jewish Legion?, answer: a group primarily of Zionist volunteers | question: When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?, answer: 1922 | question: What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?, answer: The Defense
The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.

question: What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?, answer: Jordan Rift Valley | question: What does the tectonic disposition lead to?, answer: high seismic activity in the region | question: The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?, answer: Mw~7.4.
The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques. The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures 40 by 8 kilometers (25 by 5 mi). A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.

question: What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?, answer: Jordan River | question: What is the largest makhtesh in the world?, answer: Ramon Crater | question: Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?, answer: plant species
The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

question: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?, answer: The Jugurthine War | question: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?, answer: treachery | question: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?, answer: Jugurtha | question: When did the Jugurthine War end?, answer: 104 BC | question: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?, answer: the Romans
The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

question: During what years was the Jurassic period?, answer: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. | question: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?, answer: Pangaea | question: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?, answer: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula | question: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?, answer: Cretaceous Period | question: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?, answer: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen
The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the 'President JK Bridge' or the 'JK Bridge', crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasília. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to "...outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation".

question: What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?, answer: The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge | question: What does the JK Bridge cross?, answer: Lake Paranoá | question: Who was the JK Bridge named for?, answer: Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira | question: Who was de Oliveira?, answer: former president of Brazil | question: Who designed the JK Bridge?, answer: architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde
The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized, answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences | question: What are several of the gates backed policies, answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes | question: Have the policies been criticized, answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm | question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show, answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.

question: What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?, answer: ABET | question: On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?, answer: main campus | question: When was KU's engineering school established?, answer: 1891 | question: When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?, answer: 1873 | question: What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?, answer: public
The KU men's basketball team has fielded a team every year since 1898. The Jayhawks are a perennial national contender currently coached by Bill Self. The team has won five national titles, including three NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, and 2008. The basketball program is currently the second winningest program in college basketball history with an overall record of 2,070–806 through the 2011–12 season. The team plays at Allen Fieldhouse. Perhaps its best recognized player was Wilt Chamberlain, who played in the 1950s. Kansas has counted among its coaches Dr. James Naismith (the inventor of basketball and only coach in Kansas history to have a losing record), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Phog Allen ("the Father of basketball coaching"), Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Roy Williams of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and former NBA Champion Detroit Pistons coach Larry Brown. In addition, legendary University of Kentucky coach and Basketball Hall of Fame inductee Adolph Rupp played for KU's 1922 and 1923 Helms National Championship teams, and NCAA Hall of Fame inductee and University of North Carolina Coach Dean Smith played for KU's 1952 NCAA Championship team. Both Rupp and Smith played under Phog Allen. Allen also coached Hall of Fame coaches Dutch Lonborg and Ralph Miller. Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), which started what is now the NCAA Tournament. The Tournament began in 1939 under the NABC and the next year was handed off to the newly formed NCAA.

question: What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?, answer: 1898 | question: Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?, answer: Bill Self | question: How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?, answer: five | question: Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?, answer: Wilt Chamberlain | question: In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?, answer: 1939