lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117–118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need. Although the stress of the war resulted in many anxiety attacks, eating disorders, fatigue, weeping, miscarriages, and other physical and mental ailments, society did not collapse. The number of suicides and drunkenness declined, and London recorded only about two cases of "bomb neuroses" per week in the first three months of bombing. Many civilians found that the best way to retain mental stability was to be with family, and after the first few weeks of bombing avoidance of the evacuation programs grew.:80–81 Glover speculated that the knowledge that the entire country was being attacked, that there was no way to escape the bombs, forced people to accept and deal with the situation.:118

question: Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?, answer: widespread shell shock | question: Why did the psychiatric clinics close?, answer: lack of need | question: What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?, answer: suicides and drunkenness | question: The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?, answer: accept and deal
Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms. Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, "jumping genes" were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.

question: Does inheritance work differently in plants?, answer: same fundamental principles of genetics | question: What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?, answer: Pisum sativum (peas) | question: What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?, answer: maize | question: Are plants and animals genetically the same?, answer: distinctive genetic differences
Inimitability of the Quran (or "I'jaz") is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form. The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims, effective until the Day of Resurrection—and, thereby, the central proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status. The concept of inimitability originates in the Quran where in five different verses opponents are challenged to produce something like the Quran: "If men and sprites banded together to produce the like of this Quran they would never produce its like not though they backed one another." So the suggestion is that if there are doubts concerning the divine authorship of the Quran, come forward and create something like it. From the ninth century, numerous works appeared which studied the Quran and examined its style and content. Medieval Muslim scholars including al-Jurjani (d. 1078) and al-Baqillani (d. 1013) have written treatises on the subject, discussed its various aspects, and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran. Others argue that the Quran contains noble ideas, has inner meanings, maintained its freshness through the ages and has caused great transformations in individual level and in the history. Some scholars state that the Quran contains scientific information that agrees with modern science. The doctrine of miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran.

question: What term indicates that the contents of the Quran cannot be reproduced in speech?, answer: I'jaz | question: Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect?, answer: Day of Resurrection | question: In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die?, answer: 1013 | question: Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran's inimitability until his death in 1078?, answer: al-Jurjani
Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

question: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?, answer: one | question: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?, answer: 1955 | question: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?, answer: February 1956 | question: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?, answer: Robert B. Anderson | question: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?, answer: Adlai Stevenson
Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

question: In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?, answer: traces | question: What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?, answer: photomask | question: What were traces originally made out of?, answer: self-adhesive tape | question: Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?, answer: common component footprints | question: What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?, answer: copper
Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

question: When were sensors initially developed?, answer: during the First World War | question: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?, answer: optronics | question: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?, answer: Britain | question: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?, answer: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command | question: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?, answer: NATO
Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

question: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?, answer: democratic socialism | question: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?, answer: reading von Mises' book Socialism | question: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?, answer: Eric Voegelin | question: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?, answer: classical liberalism | question: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?, answer: Carl Menger
Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight. Overall Loge had cost the Luftwaffe 41 aircraft; 14 bombers, 16 Messerschmitt Bf 109s, seven Messerschmitt Bf 110s and four reconnaissance aircraft. Fighter Command lost 23 fighters, with six pilots killed and another seven wounded. Another 247 bombers from Sperrle's Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) attacked that night. On 8 September, the Luftwaffe returned. This time 412 people were killed and 747 severely wounded.

question: The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?, answer: 1,600 | question: How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?, answer: around 400 | question: How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?, answer: 41 | question: How many German pilots were killed?, answer: six | question: How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night?, answer: 247
Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

question: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?, answer: 16:9 | question: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?, answer: the IWP11/6 working party | question: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?, answer: widescreen cinema | question: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?, answer: MBAFF | question: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?, answer: 5:3
Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner". The events of 5–6 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable". On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt" but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same month he described France as "a country undone". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:

question: Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?, answer: King Louis XVI | question: What was Burke's son's name?, answer: Richard Burke | question: Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?, answer: Charles-Jean-François Depont | question: When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?, answer: 9 February 1790
Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the Kármán line, and he used the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a "warmonger" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology.

question: A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?, answer: September 20, 1956
Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.

question: Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?, answer: Turkish Cypriots | question: Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?, answer: British | question: What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?, answer: 20% | question: What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?, answer: "Partition or Death"
Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.

question: Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?, answer: Connie Francis | question: What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?, answer: instrumental | question: What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?, answer: big band-era recordings
Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).

question: What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?, answer: Injective mappings | question: A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?, answer: Shift-JIS or EUC-JP | question: what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?, answer: U+FF5E
Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.

question: What is the toughest footrace around the world?, answer: Namibian ultra marathon | question: Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?, answer: Women's inline hockey National Team | question: What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?, answer: Inline hockey | question: Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?, answer: Frankie Fredericks | question: What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?, answer: sprinter
Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?, answer: Innate bisexuality | question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?, answer: all humans are born bisexual | question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?, answer: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality | question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?, answer: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures | question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?, answer: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders
Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

question: What style is the octagonal chapter house?, answer: Geometrical Gothic style | question: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?, answer: crypt | question: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?, answer: vaulted | question: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?, answer: 4-light quatre-foiled windows | question: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?, answer: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England.

question: Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?, answer: 1209 | question: When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?, answer: 1212 | question: What threat was John worried about?, answer: French invasion
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

question: Where is an inn typically located?, answer: in the country or along a highway | question: In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?, answer: community gathering places | question: How old are some of the inns in Europe?, answer: several centuries | question: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?, answer: food and drink | question: What road is an inn often located near?, answer: highway | question: How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?, answer: two | question: About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?, answer: several centuries | question: What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?, answer: community gathering places