lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.

question: Where are France's highest courts located?, answer: Paris | question: What is the highest court in the judicial order?, answer: Court of Cassation | question: Where does the Constitutional Council meet?, answer: Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal | question: Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?, answer: Palais de Justice | question: Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?, answer: Palais-Royal
France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon Marché in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette.

question: What are two main department stores in France?, answer: Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps | question: What year was the first department store open in France?, answer: 1852 | question: Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?, answer: LVMH | question: What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005?, answer: La Samaritaine | question: What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?, answer: BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)
Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

question: What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?, answer: fled | question: Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?, answer: Give us Athanasius | question: Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?, answer: Bishops had nothing better | question: Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?, answer: called Athanasius
Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.

question: Who said that virtue provides "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?, answer: Francis Hutcheson | question: Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?, answer: David Hume | question: Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?, answer: Adam Smith | question: Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?, answer: Francis Hutcheson | question: Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?, answer: David Hume and Adam Smith | question: The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?, answer: the scientific method | question: What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?, answer: moral | question: In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?, answer: skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions
Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.

question: What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?, answer: doctoral degree | question: Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?, answer: Franklin S. Harris | question: What was purchased to accommodate more students?, answer: an Air Force Base | question: Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?, answer: Ernest L. Wilkinson | question: How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?, answer: nearly five times | question: What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?, answer: doctoral | question: Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?, answer: Franklin S. Harris | question: What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?, answer: the Second World War had just ended | question: How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?, answer: six times | question: How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?, answer: over 100
Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

question: Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?, answer: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 | question: What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?, answer: a severe drought | question: Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?, answer: Australian Democrats | question: Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?, answer: Bob Hawke
Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

question: How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?, answer: he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony | question: What country was Saxony aligned with?, answer: Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria | question: Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?, answer: pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia | question: What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?, answer: he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia | question: What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?, answer: to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense
Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

question: What book did Frederick Lynch author?, answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action | question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?, answer: reverse discrimination | question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?, answer: against affirmative action | question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?, answer: enforcing equal opportunity
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.

question: What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?, answer: Saxony and Polish west Prussia | question: What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?, answer: could not expect French support | question: What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?, answer: he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack | question: What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?, answer: the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia | question: Who was Poland's ancient ally?, answer: Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,
Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit."

question: Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?, answer: Frederick the Great | question: Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?, answer: Voltaire | question: Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?, answer: Frederick the Great,
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

question: What are free ISPs?, answer: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge | question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?, answer: advertisements | question: What are free ISPs similar to?, answer: commercial television | question: How are freenets run?, answer: on a nonprofit basis
Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.

question: Who founded the Free Software Foundation?, answer: Richard Stallman | question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?, answer: Richard Stallman | question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?, answer: Richard Stallman | question: How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?, answer: in the singular
Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

question: Where are the origins of Freemasonry?, answer: local fraternities of stonemasons | question: What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?, answer: regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients | question: Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?, answer: the three grades of medieval craft guilds | question: What are the degrees of Freemasonry?, answer: Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason | question: Freemasons trace their origins to what?, answer: the local fraternities of stonemasons | question: How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?, answer: three grades | question: Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?, answer: Blue Lodge | question: Members of Craft Masonry are called what?, answer: Freemasons or Masons
Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.

question: How large is the membership of Freemasonry?, answer: around six million worldwide | question: What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?, answer: United Grand Lodge of England | question: How many members does the UGLE have?, answer: around a quarter million | question: What are the membership numbers of the United States?, answer: just under two million | question: How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?, answer: 150,000 | question: How many members are in Freemasonry?, answer: around six million worldwide | question: What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?, answer: the United Grand Lodge of England | question: How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?, answer: around a quarter million | question: The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?, answer: approximately 150,000 members | question: The United States has how many Freemason members?, answer: just under two million
French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.

question: What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?, answer: Tunisia | question: Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?, answer: François Darlan | question: Who killed François Darlan?, answer: Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle | question: Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?, answer: Henri Giraud | question: On what day did Darlan die?, answer: December 24
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

question: What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?, answer: 1715 | question: Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?, answer: scientific revolution | question: A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?, answer: the Enlightenment. | question: What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?, answer: The Philosophes | question: In what year did Louis XIV die?, answer: 1715 | question: In what year did the French Revolution begin?, answer: 1789 | question: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?, answer: 1620s
French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet, the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) with a short reloading time. French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting—the so-called feu de bataillon. The artillery was equipped with rifled, muzzle-loaded La Hitte guns. The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun: the mitrailleuse, which could unleash significant, concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile, and thus prone to being easily overrun. The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon.

question: What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?, answer: Chassepot rifle | question: What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?, answer: 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) | question: In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?, answer: trench-warfare | question: What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?, answer: the mitrailleuse | question: On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?, answer: on an artillery gun carriage