lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

question: Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?, answer: Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret | question: How are oaths taken?, answer: on a Volume of Sacred Law | question: In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?, answer: Progressive continental Freemasonry | question: What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?, answer: whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother | question: Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?, answer: have broken the law | question: Most lodges have the oath taken on what?, answer: Volume of Sacred Law | question: Mason swear at each degree to do what?, answer: keep the contents of that degree secret
The idea of building a tunnel under the Irish Sea has been raised since 1895, when it was first investigated. Several potential Irish Sea tunnel projects have been proposed, most recently the Tusker Tunnel between the ports of Rosslare and Fishguard proposed by The Institute of Engineers of Ireland in 2004. A rail tunnel was proposed in 1997 on a different route, between Dublin and Holyhead, by British engineering firm Symonds. Either tunnel, at 50 mi (80 km), would be by far the longest in the world, and would cost an estimated £15 billion or €20 billion. A proposal in 2007, estimated the cost of building a bridge from County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway in Scotland at £3.5bn (€5bn).

question: The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?, answer: 1895 | question: What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?, answer: Tusker Tunnel | question: Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?, answer: The Institute of Engineers of Ireland | question: What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?, answer: £15 billion or €20 billion | question: In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?, answer: 2007
The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.

question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?, answer: adolescents | question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?, answer: self-concept | question: How do children tend to define themselves?, answer: by physical traits | question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?, answer: cognitive
The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set of components is not fixed, either by human evolutionary history or by social norms and roles. Instead, the emotional episode is assembled at the moment of its occurrence to suit its specific circumstances. One implication is that all cases of, for example, fear are not identical but instead bear a family resemblance to one another.

question: What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?, answer: psychological construction | question: At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?, answer: at the moment of its occurrence | question: What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?, answer: fear
The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not – as previously believed – the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.

question: What was the focus of paintings in Italy?, answer: idealized compositions | question: Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?, answer: the Netherlands | question: What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?, answer: Jan van Eyck | question: Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?, answer: great realism and minute detail
The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי (Notzri—"Nazarene"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים (Yehudim Meshihi'im—"Messianic Jews").

question: Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?, answer: Messiah | question: What village did Jesus come from?, answer: Galilean village | question: Where was the Galilean village?, answer: Nazareth | question: Where is Nazareth located?, answer: northern Israel
The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap, and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in Babylon.

question: The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?, answer: Interpretatio graeca | question: Who wrote the story of Crassus?, answer: Plutarch | question: Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?, answer: The Bacchae | question: A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?, answer: Ai-Khanoum
The immediate cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause. Whole villages have been "decimated". Over 300 houses and a number of public buildings have been razed. According to Tun Khin, the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), as of 28 June 2012, 650 Rohingyas have been killed, 1,200 are missing, and more than 80,000 have been displaced. According to the Myanmar authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It displaced more than 52,000 people.

question: What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?, answer: many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine | question: How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?, answer: It displaced more than 52,000 people | question: Who is the president of the BROUK's UK division?, answer: Tun Khin | question: How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?, answer: 1,200 are missing
The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France.

question: In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?, answer: Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | question: What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?, answer: encirclement | question: Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?, answer: Otto von Bismarck | question: What was the name of the famous telelgram?, answer: Ems Dispatch | question: What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?, answer: inflamed public opinion
The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?, answer: 1854 | question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?, answer: Napoleon III | question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?, answer: Charles de La Valette | question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?, answer: clerical party | question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?, answer: ambassador to the Porte
The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

question: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?, answer: 1979 | question: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?, answer: in a violent manner | question: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?, answer: non-Islamist | question: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?, answer: were executed
The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.

question: What does OCF stand for?, answer: Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain | question: What does PXFM stand for?, answer: Perceptual Transform Coding | question: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?, answer: ASPEC | question: Which competition did ASPEC win?, answer: quality | question: What was the first practical implementation based on?, answer: Motorola 56000 DSP chips
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.

question: Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ?, answer: approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton | question: Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?, answer: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton | question: How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?, answer: more than fifty years | question: What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?, answer: National League for Democracy (NLD) party
The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

question: When did Quebec land in British hands?, answer: 1763 | question: When did Ontario land in British hands?, answer: 1763 | question: During which the US invade Canada?, answer: the War of 1812 | question: What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?, answer: annexing Canada
The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or "dirty work" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that "individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a "preferred organizational self" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of "glorified maids" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). "The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices." Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. "Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered "dirty" by societal standards" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). "In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. "If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33).

question: Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?, answer: the lens of identity | question: What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?, answer: glorified maids | question: The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?, answer: occupational settings | question: What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?, answer: an identity they can live with | question: What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?, answer: workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life
The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.

question: What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?, answer: P&O Cruises | question: Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?, answer: 175th | question: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?, answer: seven | question: Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?, answer: Ventura | question: Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?, answer: Oceana
The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain.

question: The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?, answer: heavy cavalry | question: What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?, answer: Anglo-Saxon England | question: What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?, answer: the crossbow | question: Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?, answer: the stirrup | question: Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?, answer: infantry
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:

question: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?, answer: factual knowledge | question: What era utilized Greek theories?, answer: the Hellenistic age | question: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?, answer: the Socratic method | question: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?, answer: the Ancient Greeks | question: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?, answer: deliberate empirical research
The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

question: What was made illegal in 1792?, answer: importation of slaves | question: What year did Coolie labourers arrive?, answer: 1810 | question: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?, answer: 600 | question: What was the population of the island in 1814?, answer: 3,507