lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the nonzero integers under multiplication (Z ∖ {0}, ·), see above. There is a general method to formally add inverses to elements to any (abelian) monoid, much the same way as (Q ∖ {0}, ·) is derived from (Z ∖ {0}, ·), known as the Grothendieck group. Groupoids are similar to groups except that the composition a • b need not be defined for all a and b. They arise in the study of more complicated forms of symmetry, often in topological and analytical structures, such as the fundamental groupoid or stacks. Finally, it is possible to generalize any of these concepts by replacing the binary operation with an arbitrary n-ary one (i.e. an operation taking n arguments). With the proper generalization of the group axioms this gives rise to an n-ary group. The table gives a list of several structures generalizing groups.

question: What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?, answer: monoid | question: What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?, answer: natural numbers N (including 0) | question: What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?, answer: the Grothendieck group | question: What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?, answer: the binary operation
In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

question: Who cast the two service bells?, answer: Robert Mot | question: When were the two service bells cast?, answer: 1585 and 1598 | question: When was the Sanctus bell cast?, answer: 1738 | question: Who cast the Sanctus bell?, answer: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester | question: Where is the "dish bell" kept?, answer: in the refectory
In addition to Celine Dion, who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain. Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time.

question: What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?, answer: multiple number ones | question: Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?, answer: Jewel | question: On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?, answer: AC
In addition to Mesa, the club has held spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896–1900), (1909–1910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911–1912); Champaign, Illinois (1901–02, 1906); Los Angeles (1903–04, 1948–1949), Santa Monica, California (1905); French Lick, Indiana (1908, 1943–1945); Tampa, Florida (1913–1916); Pasadena, California (1917–1921); Santa Catalina Island, California (1922–1942, 1946–1947, 1950–1951); Rendezvous Park in Mesa (1952–1965); Blair Field in Long Beach, California (1966); and Scottsdale, Arizona (1967–1978).

question: Where is Rendezvous Park?, answer: Mesa | question: Where is Blair Field?, answer: Long Beach, California | question: Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?, answer: (1967–1978)
In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than Cézanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art.

question: Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?, answer: in the two distinct tendencies of Cézanne's later work | question: Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?, answer: Cézanne | question: Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how?, answer: all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time.
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in both Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education. Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the Arab League.

question: Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?, answer: Arabic | question: To what language family does Arabic belong?, answer: Afro-Asiatic | question: In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?, answer: Djibouti | question: What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?, answer: the Arab League | question: For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?, answer: centuries
In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.

question: What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?, answer: New York, Los Angeles and Chicago | question: What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?, answer: Ant-Man | question: The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?, answer: the Marvel Universe | question: Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?, answer: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four
In addition to Virginia and Confederate government offices and hospitals, a railroad hub, and one of the South's largest slave markets, Richmond had the largest factory in the Confederacy, the Tredegar Iron Works, which turned out artillery and other munitions, including the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia, the world's first ironclad used in war, as well as much of the Confederates' heavy ordnance machinery. The Confederate Congress shared quarters with the Virginia General Assembly in the Virginia State Capitol, with the Confederacy's executive mansion, the "White House of the Confederacy", located two blocks away. The Seven Days Battles followed in late June and early July 1862, during which Union General McClellan threatened to take Richmond but ultimately failed.

question: What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?, answer: Tredegar Iron Works | question: What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?, answer: CSS Virginia | question: What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?, answer: White House of the Confederacy | question: How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?, answer: two blocks | question: Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?, answer: McClellan
In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.

question: How many regional dialects does Czech have?, answer: several | question: Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?, answer: rural areas | question: What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?, answer: lower class | question: What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?, answer: considerable | question: What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?, answer: Common
In addition to all of the above, the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system, which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the "smooth" muscles of the gut. The autonomic nervous system affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal, and several other processes. Most of its functions are not under direct voluntary control.

question: The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?, answer: autonomic nervous system | question: What system in the body controls heart rate?, answer: autonomic nervous system | question: What system in the body controls salivation?, answer: autonomic nervous system | question: Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?, answer: not under direct voluntary control | question: Which system in the body controls urination?, answer: The autonomic nervous system
In addition to and independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading. The 30 juz' (plural ajzāʼ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month. Some of these parts are known by names—which are the first few words by which the juzʼ starts. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb (plural aḥzāb), and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al-ahzab. The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manzil (plural manāzil), for it to be recited in a week.

question: What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading?, answer: juz' | question: How many ajzā cover the entire Quran?, answer: 30 | question: How many ahzab are in a juz'?, answer: two | question: What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?, answer: rubʻ al-ahzab | question: What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?, answer: manzil
In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or "pocket rocket"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year.

question: What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment?, answer: various badges | question: What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF?, answer: merit-based or service-based awards | question: What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF?, answer: Shields of USAF Fire Protection | question: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation?, answer: at least one year
In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.

question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?, answer: Boston | question: As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?, answer: state politics | question: What is the MWRA?, answer: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority | question: What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?, answer: Massport
In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to "fair trade" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.

question: What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?, answer: child | question: What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing?, answer: exposure to pesticides | question: What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?, answer: Uzbekistan | question: Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?, answer: third largest | question: What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?, answer: fair trade
In addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the debate quite frequently upheld the status quo. From a historical standpoint, one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public; women attended and even participated in almost every debating society, which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee. Once inside, spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas.

question: From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?, answer: openness to the public | question: Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?, answer: all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee | question: What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?, answer: politics and the role of women
In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included "Asian Images on Film" in 2008, "Native American Images on Film" in 2010, "Black Images on Film" in 2006 "Latino Images on Film" in 2009 and "Arab Images on Film" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.

question: In what year did Screened Out appear?, answer: 2007 | question: What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?, answer: 2005 | question: What series premiered in 2011?, answer: AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration | question: In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?, answer: 2011 | question: What was the topic of Screened Out?, answer: history and depiction of homosexuality in film
In addition to having evolved, for the most part, separately from one another and with distinct individual histories, the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy are also better classified as separate languages rather than true "dialects" due to the often high degree in which they lack mutual intelligibility. Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which the regional Italian languages are mutual unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages, with some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each other or closer to each other on the dialect continuum being more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely Eastern Lombard, a language in Northern Italy's Lombardy region that includes the Bergamasque dialect, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely standard Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a speaker of a pure Sicilian language variant. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with a Occitan, Catalan, or French speaker than a standard Italian or Sicilian language speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian language speaker would have an greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language.

question: What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?, answer: they lack mutual intelligibility | question: From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?, answer: Lombardy | question: What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?, answer: Gallo-Italic | question: What type of language is Sicilian?, answer: Neapolitan | question: What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?, answer: Sicilian Gallo-Italic
In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the main deities known as the Five Powers, and the spirits (shen 神) of mountains and rivers. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual, ethics, and morals, he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts.

question: Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period?, answer: the emperor | question: What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?, answer: earthquakes | question: What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?, answer: the Five Powers | question: How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?, answer: three realms | question: What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?, answer: locusts
In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended.

question: What does the USB specification limit?, answer: the inrush current | question: When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?, answer: when the device is first connected | question: What are USB devices required to enter?, answer: ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended | question: Many USB host interfaces do not what?, answer: cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended
In addition to membership, as of 2010[update] there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona. Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016. The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.

question: How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?, answer: 1,335 | question: What are the fan clubs called?, answer: penyes | question: How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?, answer: over 90 million | question: What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?, answer: Pope John Paul II | question: What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona?, answer: Borussia Dortmund
In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United States Department of Homeland Security was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.[citation needed]

question: What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?, answer: Department of Homeland Security | question: When was the DHS created?, answer: November 2002 | question: What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?, answer: the Department of Defense | question: What did the DHS focus on?, answer: domestic efforts to prevent future attacks
In addition to professional team sports, North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year. Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams, including Hendrick Motorsports, Roush Fenway Racing, Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, and Chip Ganassi Racing. Numerous other tracks around North Carolina host races from low-tier NASCAR circuits as well.

question: What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?, answer: Charlotte Motor Speedway | question: Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?, answer: Concord | question: What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame?, answer: Charlotte | question: What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams?, answer: Concord