lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.

question: What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?, answer: scarring | question: What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?, answer: caseous necrotic material | question: What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?, answer: antibiotics | question: Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?, answer: living
In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal is charged for. Rubbish (except dangerous items, batteries etc.) is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase. This gives a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible, since recycling is free. Illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated but usually the enforcement of such laws is limited to violations that involve the unlawful disposal of larger volumes at traffic intersections and public areas. Fines for not paying the disposal fee range from CHF 200–500.

question: What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?, answer: Rubbish | question: What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?, answer: from CHF 200–500 | question: What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?, answer: free
In many situations it is desirable to consider two group elements the same if they differ by an element of a given subgroup. For example, in D4 above, once a reflection is performed, the square never gets back to the r2 configuration by just applying the rotation operations (and no further reflections), i.e. the rotation operations are irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed. Cosets are used to formalize this insight: a subgroup H defines left and right cosets, which can be thought of as translations of H by arbitrary group elements g. In symbolic terms, the left and right cosets of H containing g are

question: When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?, answer: irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed | question: What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?, answer: rotation operations | question: What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?, answer: Cosets
In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink. Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as playing cards, darts, or other pub games; attending beer festivals; engaging in zythology (the study of beer); visiting a series of pubs in one evening; visiting breweries; beer-oriented tourism; or rating beer. Drinking games, such as beer pong, are also popular. A relatively new profession is that of the beer sommelier, who informs restaurant patrons about beers and food pairings.

question: What is the term used for the study of beer?, answer: zythology | question: What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?, answer: beer sommelier | question: What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?, answer: beer pong | question: What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?, answer: beer
In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the elite class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction, and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low social status. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages:

question: With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?, answer: the elite class | question: What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with?, answer: low | question: What is another term for language varieties?, answer: dialects
In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas.

question: How many continents did Laurasia break into?, answer: three | question: In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?, answer: North America | question: What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?, answer: the Rocky Mountains | question: In which period did North and South america join?, answer: Neogene | question: Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?, answer: Tethys
In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain analogue service to Saint John. According to CBC's application for this transmitter to the CRTC, the population served by the digital transmitter would be 113,930 people versus 303,465 served by the existing analogue transmitter. In Victoria, the replacement of the Vancouver analogue transmitters with digital ones only allowed only some northeastern parts of the metropolitan area (total population 330,000) to receive either CBC or Radio-Canada.

question: How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?, answer: 113,930 people | question: How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?, answer: 303,465 | question: In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?, answer: only some northeastern parts
In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner. In championship matches, this means that, unlike one-on-one matches (where the champion can simply disqualify themselves or get themselves counted out to retain the title via the "champion's advantag"), the champion does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship. However, heel champions often find advantages, not in champion's advantage, but in the use of weapons and outside interference, as these poly-sided matches tend to involve no holds barred rules.

question: What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?, answer: is forced out of the match | question: What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?, answer: no holds barred rules | question: What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?, answer: to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner. | question: How can a champion lose a championship?, answer: does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship.
In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but the abstract formalization of the group axioms, detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation, applies much more widely. It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects. The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.

question: What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?, answer: a group | question: What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?, answer: group axioms | question: What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?, answer: abstract formalization of the group axioms
In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Sabian mathematician Al-Battani (850-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics, while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine.

question: What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?, answer: mathematician | question: Where does the word "algebra" come from?, answer: al-jabr | question: Where did Arabic numerals originate?, answer: India | question: What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?, answer: decimal point notation | question: What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?, answer: chemistry and medicine
In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

question: What has been the focus since 2011, answer: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies") | question: What models have been delivered, answer: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications | question: What is the purpose of the new overview, answer: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions | question: What did the foundation announce in 2011, answer: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

question: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?, answer: Soviet Union | question: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?, answer: dispatch troops to Sinai | question: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?, answer: Israeli-American | question: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?, answer: West Bank | question: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?, answer: US
In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

question: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?, answer: Mohamed Fawzi | question: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?, answer: three successive steps | question: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?, answer: Soviet Union i | question: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?", answer: 23 May
In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go, their largest offensive of World War II, with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based. During this time, many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi. Despite major tactical victories, the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area, and later come back to attack Japanese positions such as Battle of West Hunan. Japan was not any closer in defeating China after this operation, and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go.

question: What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?, answer: Operation Ichi-Go | question: Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?, answer: Guangxi | question: What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?, answer: Operation Ichi-Go | question: Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?, answer: Chinese Communist guerrillas | question: How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?, answer: about 100,000
In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

question: When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?, answer: They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | question: When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?, answer: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. | question: What was Gaddafi's coup called?, answer: Operation Jerusalem | question: What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?, answer: Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, | question: What did Hameidi do during the coup?, answer: Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. | question: What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?, answer: Turkey and Greece | question: What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?, answer: Operation Jerusalem | question: What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?, answer: Omar Meheisha | question: Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?, answer: Khweldi Hameidi | question: What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?, answer: Jalloud
In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. In November 2004, she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members, along with The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, and U2. In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song "Imagine" at Tsunami Aid. She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005.

question: When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?, answer: mid-2004 | question: HOw much did the tour earn?, answer: around $120 million | question: What was Madonna's documentary called?, answer: I'm Going to Tell You a Secret | question: When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?, answer: November 2004 | question: When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?, answer: July 2005.
In mid-2015 the government of Zhejiang recognised folk religion as "civil religion" beginning the registration of more than twenty thousand folk religious associations. Buddhism has an important presence since its arrival in Zhejiang 1,800 years ago.

question: What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?, answer: 2015 | question: When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?, answer: 1,800 years ago | question: What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?, answer: Buddhism | question: What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?, answer: mid | question: More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?, answer: twenty
In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.

question: Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia?, answer: Soviet NKVD | question: What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?, answer: Scheschupe area | question: Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?, answer: Latvia | question: How did these countries become part of the USSR?, answer: Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates
In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president.

question: When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?, answer: mid-November | question: The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?, answer: Gulag Camp No. 36 | question: Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?, answer: Perm in the Ural Mountains | question: Where were the activists reburied?, answer: Baikove Cemetery. | question: Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?, answer: Pope John Paul II
In military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the increase in siege warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries.[AB] The increasing use of crossbows during the 12th and 13th centuries led to the use of closed-face helmets, heavy body armour, as well as horse armour. Gunpowder was known in Europe by the mid-13th century with a recorded use in European warfare by the English against the Scots in 1304, although it was merely used as an explosive and not as a weapon. Cannon were being used for sieges in the 1320s, and hand-held guns were in use by the 1360s.

question: In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?, answer: 13th | question: Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?, answer: the English | question: Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?, answer: the Scots | question: In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?, answer: 1320s | question: What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?, answer: The increasing use of crossbows