lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable. As sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions, self-identities, and social institutions.

question: What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?, answer: race | question: Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized?, answer: perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation | question: What promotes stereotypes?, answer: use of racial categories | question: Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?, answer: social scientists | question: What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions?, answer: sociological factors
In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent.

question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?, answer: Soviet Union | question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?, answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe | question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?, answer: forces in the field | question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?, answer: A surface-based air defence capability
In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to apply to any such copying, even from file-sharing networks. However, in April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated." Thus, in the Netherlands, for example, downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal.

question: What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?, answer: was obtained legitimately | question: What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?, answer: Netherlands | question: When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?, answer: April 2014 | question: In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?, answer: Netherlands
In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world countries, however, entomophagy (the eating of insects), is taboo. Since it is impossible to entirely eliminate pest insects from the human food chain, insects are inadvertently present in many foods, especially grains. Food safety laws in many countries do not prohibit insect parts in food, but rather limit their quantity. According to cultural materialist anthropologist Marvin Harris, the eating of insects is taboo in cultures that have other protein sources such as fish or livestock.

question: Insects are considered as what in some cultures?, answer: delicacies | question: What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?, answer: cicadas | question: Insects have what kind of protein content?, answer: high | question: What is the term for eating insects?, answer: entomophagy | question: Where is eating insects considered taboo?, answer: first-world countries
In some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years after manufacture and show as a yellow or brownish stain. A knot primer paint or solution, correctly applied during preparation, may do much to reduce this problem but it is difficult to control completely, especially when using mass-produced kiln-dried timber stocks.

question: What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces?, answer: interest | question: What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?, answer: bleed | question: Is bleed easy or difficult to control?, answer: difficult | question: The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?, answer: yellow | question: In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?, answer: preparation
In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature.

question: Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?, answer: Hellenistic Greeks | question: What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?, answer: Alexandria | question: Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?, answer: Alexandria
In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "copyright troll." Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.

question: Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?, answer: third party | question: What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?, answer: to identify and exact settlements | question: What do critics usually call these lawyers?, answer: copyright troll | question: What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?, answer: mixed results
In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character 青 (pronounced qīng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of "青". In more contemporary terms, they are 藍 (lán, in Mandarin) and 綠 (lǜ, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, 緑 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru "to be in leaf, to flourish" in reference to trees) and グリーン (guriin, which is derived from the English word "green"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, "aoi", because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word "aoi". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da trời (azure, lit. "sky blue"), lam (blue), and lục (green; also xanh lá cây, lit. "leaf green").

question: How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?, answer: two | question: What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?, answer: xanh | question: What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?, answer: the same colors that other countries have
In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?, answer: allophonic | question: How are stops distinguished?, answer: voicing | question: Voiceless stops are at times what?, answer: aspirated | question: Voiced stops are most often what?, answer: unaspirated
In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

question: What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?, answer: Sharia law | question: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?, answer: Salman Rushdie
In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agreement or by playing different powers against each other.

question: In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?, answer: Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China | question: What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?, answer: the intricacies of European diplomatic customs | question: Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?, answer: the impact of European colonization | question: In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?, answer: by playing different powers against each other | question: Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?, answer: overstepping
In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.

question: Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?, answer: senators | question: Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?, answer: high-ranking chiefs | question: What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?, answer: the right to cover their upper body | question: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?, answer: China | question: What can peer pressure influence?, answer: clothing choice
In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, other members of the same species—usually close relatives of the breeding pair, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting is particularly common among the Corvida, which includes such birds as the true crows, Australian magpie and fairy-wrens, but has been observed in species as different as the rifleman and red kite. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a division of labour in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.

question: Alloparenting is particulary common with what species?, answer: Corvida | question: True crows belong to what group?, answer: Corvida | question: What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?, answer: male parental care
In some team matches, only one entrant from each team may be designated as the "legal" or "active" wrestler at any given moment. Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. This is known as a "tag", with the participants "tagging out" and "tagging in". Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring, whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.

question: What does a "tag" entail?, answer: Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. | question: What are two things that can be done with tagging?, answer: "tagging out" and "tagging in". | question: How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?, answer: has a 5-second count to leave the ring | question: How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in?, answer: the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.
In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself, but cannot read vertically modulated information. This excludes grooved recordings such as cylinders and some radio transcriptions that feature a hill-and-dale format of recording, and stereophonic or quadraphonic grooved recordings, which utilize a combination of the two as well as supersonic encoding for quadraphonic.

question: Who is Irene?, answer: scanning machine for disc records | question: Where was IRENE developed?, answer: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories | question: What is the primary use of IRENE?, answer: retrieve the information | question: Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?, answer: cannot read vertically modulated information | question: Does IRENE require the ability to touch the media?, answer: without touching the medium
In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?, answer: Hong Kong | question: What schools required child labour?, answer: Christian mission schools | question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?, answer: provided religious education | question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?, answer: stipulated jail terms
In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (La Hoguette). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Starčevo-Körös (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, and Vinča. Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing, the Vinča signs, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in the Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to c. 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and showing a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.

question: When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?, answer: 7th millennium BC | question: Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?, answer: Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania | question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?, answer: Anthropomorphic figurines | question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC?, answer: cultural diffusion and migration of peoples | question: Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?, answer: The Vinča culture
In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding. The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced. The Ottoman navy recovered quickly, persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573, allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa.

question: Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?, answer: Philip II | question: What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?, answer: Battle of Lepanto | question: What siege occurred in 1565?, answer: Siege of Malta | question: In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?, answer: 1573 | question: After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?, answer: North Africa
In species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that a dramatic color difference does not mean a dramatic difference in the mechanical properties of heartwood and sapwood, although there may be a dramatic chemical difference.

question: When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?, answer: heartwood | question: What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?, answer: chemical substances | question: Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?, answer: conspicuous | question: What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?, answer: mechanical | question: Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?, answer: chemical
In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.

question: Are records generally out of print as of date?, answer: Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today | question: Are albums ever reproduced?, answer: Many popular new albums are given releases | question: What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?, answer: Old records and out-of-print recordings | question: Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?, answer: records still have enthusiastic supporters
In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

question: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?, answer: Anglo-French naval squadron | question: What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?, answer: Azov Sea | question: Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?, answer: the Kerch Strait | question: What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?, answer: the seaport of Taganrog | question: The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?, answer: Rostov on Don