lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Bilateral treaties are concluded between two states or entities. It is possible, however, for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties; consider for instance the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) following the Swiss rejection of the European Economic Area agreement. Each of these treaties has seventeen parties. These however are still bilateral, not multilateral, treaties. The parties are divided into two groups, the Swiss ("on the one part") and the EU and its member states ("on the other part"). The treaty establishes rights and obligations between the Swiss and the EU and the member states severally—it does not establish any rights and obligations amongst the EU and its member states.[citation needed]

question: Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?, answer: two | question: Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?, answer: It is possible | question: The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?, answer: the European Economic Area agreement | question: Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?, answer: it does not | question: The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?, answer: bilateral
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

question: What is the largest private foundation in the world?, answer: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world | question: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based?, answer: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington
Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn 3N 2, Zn 3P 2, Zn 3As 2 and Zn 3Sb 2), the peroxide (ZnO 2), the hydride (ZnH 2), and the carbide (ZnC 2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF 2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl 2, ZnBr 2, and ZnI 2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.

question: What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?, answer: noble gases | question: ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?, answer: strong basic and acidic solutions | question: What applications do chalcogenides have?, answer: electronics and optics.
Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration ("bioprospecting") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.

question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?, answer: Biodiversity | question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?, answer: at least 50% | question: What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?, answer: bionics | question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?, answer: about 80%
Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with changes in biodiversity (e.g. changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources etc.) This is because the species most likely to disappear are those that buffer against infectious disease transmission, while surviving species tend to be the ones that increase disease transmission, such as that of West Nile Virus, Lyme disease and Hantavirus, according to a study done co-authored by Felicia Keesing, an ecologist at Bard College, and Drew Harvell, associate director for Environment of the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future (ACSF) at Cornell University.

question: What is becoming an international political issue?, answer: Biodiversity's relevance to human health | question: What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?, answer: climate change | question: What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?, answer: changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources | question: What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?, answer: those that buffer against infectious disease transmission
Biodiversity, a contraction of "biological diversity," generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time, but will be likely to slow in the future.

question: What term refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth?, answer: Biodiversity | question: What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?, answer: genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation | question: What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?, answer: Terrestrial biodiversity | question: Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?, answer: It is richest in the tropics. | question: Where is sea surface temperature the highest?, answer: along coasts in the Western Pacific
Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad "I'll Remember" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You'll See", "One More Chance", and a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Want You".

question: Which biographer described her song "I'll Remember" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?, answer: J. Randy Taraborrelli | question: The song "I'll Remember" was recorded for which film?, answer: With Honors | question: What was Madonna's sixth album named?, answer: Bedtime Stories | question: The single "Take A Bow" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?, answer: seven weeks | question: Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?, answer: Carlos Leon
Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that he was "a populist at heart." Throughout Libya, crowds of supporters would turn up to public events at which he appeared; described as "spontaneous demonstrations" by the government, there are recorded instances of groups being coerced or paid to attend. He was typically late to public events, and would sometimes not show up at all. Although Bianco thought he had a "gift for oratory", he was considered a poor orator by biographers Blundy and Lycett. Biographer Daniel Kawczynski noted that Gaddafi was famed for his "lengthy, wandering" speeches, which typically involved criticising Israel and the U.S.

question: Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?, answer: Blundy and Lycett | question: Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?, answer: Bianco | question: Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?, answer: Daniel Kawczynski
Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.

question: What is one problem with biomass?, answer: material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants | question: What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?, answer: First-generation biomass technologies | question: What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?, answer: Biomass for heat and power
Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of humans and animals through effective yet consistent research, (AAAAI, 2013). The most important thing about being immunologists is the research because it is the biggest portion of their jobs.

question: What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?, answer: Bioscience | question: Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?, answer: bioscience | question: The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?, answer: humans and animals | question: The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?, answer: research | question: What two conditions apply to good immunological study?, answer: effective yet consistent research
Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n–p–n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p–n–p transistor). This construction produces two p–n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).

question: What gives bipolar transistors their name?, answer: they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers | question: What was the first mass-produced transistor?, answer: bipolar junction transistor | question: What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?, answer: two junction diodes | question: What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?, answer: n–p–n transistor | question: What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?, answer: p–n–p transistor
Bird eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; albatross nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival, and feathers are often used for nest insulation. Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting common guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male emperor penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in ground-nesting species where the newly hatched young are precocial.

question: Where do birds usually lay their eggs?, answer: nest | question: What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?, answer: cliff-nesting common guillemot | question: Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs?, answer: between their body and feet | question: Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground?, answer: albatross
Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts.

question: How do penguins migrate?, answer: by swimming | question: How far do penguins travel when they migrate?, answer: over 1,000 km | question: How do Dusky grouse migrate?, answer: mostly by walking | question: How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?, answer: on foot | question: Where are Emus from?, answer: Australia
Bird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, among (pelagic) seabirds, species of the Southern Hemisphere are more likely to migrate. This is because there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere, and more islands suitable for seabirds to nest.

question: In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?, answer: Northern | question: Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?, answer: south | question: Why do birds migrate south in winter?, answer: food becomes scarce | question: Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?, answer: species of the Southern Hemisphere | question: Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?, answer: there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea.

question: Where does migration mainly occur?, answer: the northern hemisphere | question: Why do birds primarily migrate?, answer: availability of food | question: Which birds migrate?, answer: Many species | question: What is bird migration?, answer: the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds | question: What is a cause of death to birds during migration?, answer: humans
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.

question: What is the oldest way to study migration?, answer: marking | question: How have swans been marked?, answer: a nick on the beak | question: Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?, answer: Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen | question: Since when have swans been marked?, answer: 1560 | question: What are other forms of studying migration?, answer: radar and satellite tracking
Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

question: What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?, answer: Birds | question: What is the smallest bird?, answer: bee hummingbird | question: What is the largest bird?, answer: ostrich | question: What is the size of the smallest bird?, answer: 5 cm (2 in) | question: What is the size of the largest bird?, answer: 2.75 m (9 ft)
Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.

question: What are often important to island ecology?, answer: Birds | question: In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?, answer: moas | question: What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?, answer: Nesting seabirds
Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

question: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?, answer: skeletons | question: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?, answer: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus | question: What kind of birds fly low over water?, answer: Seabirds | question: What altitude range is most migration recorded?, answer: 150 to 600 m | question: Where do most in air collisions occur?, answer: below 600 m
Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.

question: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?, answer: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction | question: What moves through the arteries?, answer: Blood | question: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?, answer: Capillaries | question: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?, answer: vasodilation