lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters?, answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations | question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?, answer: limited | question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail?, answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life | question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help?, answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 °C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

question: When will a person or animal lose consciousness when exposed to a vacuum?, answer: after a few seconds | question: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?, answer: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) | question: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?, answer: ebullism | question: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?, answer: tissues are elastic and porous
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.

question: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?, answer: Humans | question: What are space suits an example of a solution to?, answer: environmental hazards | question: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?, answer: social | question: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?, answer: protective | question: Why are some parts of the body covered?, answer: social norms
Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

question: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?, answer: insecticides | question: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?, answer: terrestrial | question: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?, answer: Silkworms | question: What insect is known to consume carrion?, answer: blow-flies | question: Humans consider most insects as what?, answer: pests | question: Humans can control insects using what?, answer: insecticides | question: Insects have the potential to damage what?, answer: crops | question: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?, answer: leaves | question: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?, answer: silk
Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".

question: What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?, answer: uncomplicated language | question: What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?, answer: miracles | question: According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?, answer: good will | question: What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?, answer: sad
Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

question: Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?, answer: Humbert of Romans | question: What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?, answer: 1254 to 1263 | question: What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?, answer: the sisters in the order were given official membership | question: What did subject did Humbert love very much?, answer: languages | question: What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?, answer: Arabic
Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.

question: What did Humboldtian science aim to do?, answer: combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals | question: Who was the model for Humboldtian science?, answer: Alexander von Humboldt | question: What idea did positivism provide?, answer: the only valid knowledge is scientific
Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.

question: The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?, answer: Hume | question: Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?, answer: Hume | question: Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?, answer: Dugald Stewart
Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.

question: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?, answer: relations of ideas and matters of fact | question: What type of human knowledge is math?, answer: relations of ideas | question: What type of human knowledge is observing the world?, answer: matters of fact | question: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?, answer: matters of fact | question: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?, answer: their "impressions"
Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

question: What did Hume think our beliefs are?, answer: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences | question: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?, answer: reason | question: What did Hume think is a circular argument?, answer: the justification for inductive reasoning | question: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?, answer: that the sun will continue to rise in the East | question: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?, answer: because it has repeatedly done so in the past
Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like dolmens, menhirs and megalithics Tumulus were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia, amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, menhirs like the "Lapa de Gargñáns". From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of Hill forts, few of them excavated like Baroña, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de Lás and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, castra, city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge of Ponte Vella. It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense. Perhaps the best-known examples are the Roman Walls of Lugo and the Tower of Hercules in A Coruña.

question: Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?, answer: Romans | question: Name two of these cities., answer: Lugo and Ourense
Hundreds of movies have been shot or set in part within the city of Santa Monica. One of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) which shows much of 2nd Street. The comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) included several scenes shot in Santa Monica, including those along the California Incline, which led to the movie's treasure spot, "The Big W". The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III (1982) shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach, and Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) includes Santa Monica settings. Henry Jaglom's indie Someone to Love (1987), the last film in which Orson Welles appeared, takes place in Santa Monica's venerable Mayfair Theatre. Heathers (1989) used Santa Monica's John Adams Middle School for many exterior shots. The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) is set entirely in Santa Monica, particularly the Palisades Park area, and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College. 17 Again (2009) was shot at Samohi. Other films that show significant exterior shots of Santa Monica include Fletch (1985), Species (1995), Get Shorty (1995), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). Richard Rossi's biopic Aimee Semple McPherson opens and closes at the beach in Santa Monica. Iron Man features the Santa Monica pier and surrounding communities as Tony Stark tests his experimental flight suit.

question: What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica?, answer: Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage | question: What does this iconic exterior shot display?, answer: much of 2nd Street | question: What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach?, answer: Rocky III | question: What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica?, answer: The Truth About Cats & Dogs | question: What movie was shot at Samohi?, answer: 17 Again
Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.

question: What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?, answer: temperature | question: What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?, answer: variability | question: What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?, answer: significant | question: What does temperature impact on tool kits?, answer: increased variability of tools | question: What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?, answer: risk of failure
Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.

question: What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?, answer: egalitarian | question: Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?, answer: Northwest Coast of North America | question: what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?, answer: African
Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gaspé Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.

question: Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?, answer: Great Plains | question: What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?, answer: stone tool production | question: What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?, answer: common style | question: Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?, answer: across the Americas | question: How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?, answer: 25 to 50 members
Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

question: What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?, answer: Hunter-gathering | question: Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?, answer: some tribal societies | question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?, answer: paleolithic hunting-gathering | question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?, answer: the Hadza of Tanzania | question: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?, answer: European Age of Discovery | question: What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?, answer: Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia | question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?, answer: Hadza of Tanzania
Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in 2002. Structures such as power lines, wind farms and offshore oil-rigs have also been known to affect migratory birds. Other migration hazards include pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction along migration routes, denying migrants food at stopover points. For example, in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, up to 65% of key intertidal habitat at the Yellow Sea migration bottleneck has been destroyed since the 1950s.

question: What threatens some bird species?, answer: Hunting along migration routes | question: What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?, answer: Siberian cranes | question: When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?, answer: 2002 | question: What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?, answer: migratory birds | question: What are other migration hazards?, answer: pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.

question: Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?, answer: the United States | question: What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?, answer: equipment or speciality tourism | question: "There's an app for that!", what have been different technologies been created to do?, answer: assist hunters | question: What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?, answer: economic, social, and cultural | question: How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?, answer: over $20.5 billion | question: What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?, answer: significant financial impact | question: What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?, answer: different technologies | question: One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?, answer: iPhone applications | question: How much did hunters spend in 2001?, answer: over $20.5 billion | question: What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?, answer: preservation of wildlife habitat
Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.

question: What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?, answer: Hunting and gathering | question: What was the first way humans used to find food?, answer: Hunting and gathering | question: What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?, answer: invention of agriculture | question: What are the basic types of agricultural groups?, answer: farming or pastoralist groups