lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.

question: What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?, answer: Lenape | question: What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?, answer: Iroquois | question: What disease killed the most Lenape?, answer: smallpox | question: Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?, answer: upper Ohio River basin | question: Where do the Lenape reside today?, answer: Oklahoma
Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.

question: The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?, answer: musical entertainments | question: Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?, answer: Felix Mendelssohn | question: Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?, answer: Alice Polka | question: Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?, answer: lavish costume balls | question: Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?, answer: musical entertainments | question: Which composer played there on three occasions?, answer: Felix Mendelssohn | question: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?, answer: Johann Strauss II | question: What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?, answer: lavish costume balls
Before World War II, Guam and three other territories – American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines – were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.

question: Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?, answer: American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines | question: What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?, answer: December 7, 1941 | question: What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?, answer: Guam was captured by the Japanese | question: How long did the Japanese occupation last?, answer: thirty months
Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.

question: When was oil discovered in the city limits?, answer: 1928 | question: What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?, answer: I-35, I-40 and I-44
Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

question: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?, answer: West Germany | question: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?, answer: the USSR
Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown).

question: Which genre did Madonna started out in?, answer: rock music | question: When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?, answer: 12-14 | question: Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?, answer: Madonna | question: What is Madonna's second album?, answer: Like a Virgin
Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh "Freddie" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested "Queen" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004–09) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.

question: What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?, answer: Smile | question: What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?, answer: Freddie Mercury | question: What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?, answer: Queen Forever | question: What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?, answer: News of the World | question: In what year did Freddie Mercury die?, answer: 1991
Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.

question: What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?, answer: characteristic "V" shape | question: What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation?, answer: eroding water | question: How is a fjord formed?, answer: a glacial valley runs into a large body of water | question: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?, answer: "U"-shaped
Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

question: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?, answer: the Congress of Erfurt | question: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?, answer: 1808 | question: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?, answer: France | question: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?, answer: Finland | question: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?, answer: January 1809
Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.

question: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?, answer: literature was copied by hand | question: Are printed editions immune to variation?, answer: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph | question: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?, answer: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph | question: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?, answer: eclectic.
Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore chose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh, muhaqqaq, rayḥānī and, on rarer occasions, the thuluth script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Spain, the Maghribī style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. Nastaʻlīq style was also rarely used in Persian world.

question: Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?, answer: calligraphers and copyists | question: What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?, answer: Kufic scripts | question: Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?, answer: naskh | question: Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?, answer: North Africa and Spain | question: Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?, answer: Bihari
Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

question: What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?, answer: 24 yards | question: What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?, answer: line of scrimmage | question: How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?, answer: seven | question: How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?, answer: one yard
Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985–1995 and 2004–2012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as "Steve Stone's favorite team." The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs.

question: When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?, answer: 2012 | question: The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?, answer: Peoria Chiefs | question: When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?, answer: September 16, 2014
Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as "big box" by physical layout and "department store" by merchandise).

question: What is one type of competition department stores face?, answer: specialist stores | question: What types of stores have created even more competition?, answer: superstores | question: What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?, answer: residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs | question: In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?, answer: 2003
Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.

question: In what century was the term matter defined excluding energy phenomena like light and sound?, answer: 20th | question: What term is used for the substance that composes all observable physical objects?, answer: matter | question: The mass of an object can come from the motion of its constituents or what other source?, answer: interaction energies | question: What term is used to describe the type of definition that matter would have if all scientists could agree on its definition?, answer: universal | question: Prior to the 20th century, the definition of matter included any object that had mass even when it was in what state?, answer: at rest
Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.

question: Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?, answer: on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin | question: What happened after the French and Indian War?, answer: the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains | question: What was the general opinion of the law?, answer: it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians | question: What did the law likely lead to?, answer: the American Revolutionary War | question: What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?, answer: their settlement of Kentucky
Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

question: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?, answer: Crimean | question: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?, answer: Bosporan | question: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?, answer: Pontic-Caspian steppe | question: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?, answer: Greeks of Bactria | question: Hellenized Scythians were known as?, answer: young Scythians