lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The "visitation" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales—Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.

question: What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?, answer: Oxford | question: Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?, answer: the Blessed Virgin Mary | question: What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?, answer: natural philosophy | question: What was the most important subject for Dominican students?, answer: theology | question: By what year was the school in Oxford completed?, answer: 1265
The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the "virtuosi", who conducted their research on some of the resulting premises. According to Cowan, "the coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial."

question: Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?, answer: Oxford | question: According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?, answer: less | question: What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?, answer: penny universities
The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ("Islands of the Lateen sails"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name "Island of Sails", but he also writes that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on", including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.":129 "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ("Islands of thieves").":131

question: What was the nationality of Magellan?, answer: Portuguese | question: What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?, answer: 1521 | question: What were the name of outrigger canoes?, answer: Proas
The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego.

question: Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?, answer: Sebastián Vizcaíno | question: Who was the harbor named for?, answer: Catholic Saint Didacus | question: Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?, answer: Friar Antonio de la Ascensión | question: What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?, answer: San Salvador | question: Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?, answer: Navidad, New Spain
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

question: What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from?, answer: Portuguese | question: When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia?, answer: 1486 | question: When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?, answer: 1485 | question: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?, answer: Angola | question: Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?, answer: Germany
The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

question: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?, answer: GLE | question: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?, answer: 24 June 1717 | question: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?, answer: 17 July 1751 | question: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?, answer: 27 December 1813 | question: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?, answer: the Moderns
The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.

question: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?, answer: 1990 | question: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?, answer: FIFA World Cup | question: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?, answer: mid-1990s | question: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?, answer: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second?, answer: around 1850 | question: The 19th century was also known as?, answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. | question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?, answer: separate Technical Revolution | question: What caused technological and economical progress?, answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways
The first Jewish congregation in Richmond was Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom. Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom was the sixth congregation in the United States. By 1822 K.K. Beth Shalom members worshipped in the first synagogue building in Virginia. They eventually merged with Congregation Beth Ahabah, an offshoot of Beth Shalom. There are two Orthodox Synagogues, Keneseth Beth Israel and Chabad of Virginia. There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K–12 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy, which also includes a post high-school program. There are two Conservative synagogues, Beth El and Or Atid. There are three Reform synagogues, Bonay Kodesh, Beth Ahabah and Or Ami. Along with such religious congregations, there are a variety of other Jewish charitable, educational and social service institutions, each serving the Jewish and general communities. These include the Weinstein Jewish Community Center, Jewish Family Services, Jewish Community Federation of Richmond and Richmond Jewish Foundation.

question: Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?, answer: Keneseth Beth Israel | question: What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?, answer: K–12 | question: What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?, answer: Orthodox | question: What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?, answer: Beth El and Or Atid | question: How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?, answer: three
The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the traditional Hanafi school of thought and shuns Salafist / Wahabi teachings. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute.

question: When was the first madrasa started in North America?, answer: 1983 | question: What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?, answer: US | question: Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?, answer: Cornwall, Ontario | question: What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?, answer: AlMaghrib Institute
The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part's mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine.

question: If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?, answer: wave soldering machine | question: Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?, answer: through-hole | question: In through-hole construction, what are the leads on the front attached to on the back?, answer: copper traces | question: For boards with two sides, to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally?, answer: 90 degrees | question: What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs?, answer: mechanical strength
The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.

question: Who was the first president of the ECB?, answer: Wim Duisenberg | question: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?, answer: former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute | question: Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?, answer: Jean-Claude Trichet | question: Why did the French want a French bank president?, answer: since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French | question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?, answer: Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet
The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities, both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers. Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC, the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Battle of Aricia, and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii.

question: In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?, answer: the Battle of Lake Regillus | question: What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?, answer: 496 BC | question: In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?, answer: 477 BC | question: What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?, answer: the Battle of Corbione | question: Who initially had control over the Sabines?, answer: Etruscan control
The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

question: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?, answer: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company | question: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?, answer: 1947 | question: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized?, answer: 1995 | question: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia?, answer: pinned onto the coat
The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

question: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?, answer: 4 August 1870 | question: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?, answer: Bavarian and two Prussian corps | question: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border?, answer: General Douay of I Corps | question: Douay's initial success was credited by what?, answer: long-range fire of the Chassepots | question: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?, answer: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians
The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.

question: What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?, answer: South African Beechcraft King Air 200 | question: What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?, answer: 15 September 2015 | question: What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?, answer: the airport's radio navigation equipment.
The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?, answer: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" | question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?, answer: "establishment clause" | question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?, answer: "free exercise clause" | question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?, answer: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. | question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?, answer: a faith
The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.

question: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?, answer: Carboniferous | question: From which group did amniotes descendents of?, answer: reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods | question: Two important Amniotes lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?, answer: the synapsids | question: Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?, answer: turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds | question: What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?, answer: single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull
The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.

question: What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?, answer: Julius Caesar | question: What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?, answer: divine monarchy | question: To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult?, answer: Augustus | question: By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?, answer: Imperial cult | question: For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?, answer: integrated