lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885

question: What is the male reproductive system called?, answer: testis | question: Where is tracheae located?, answer: the body cavity | question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?, answer: testes | question: What are inside male testes?, answer: sperm tubes | question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?, answer: the vas deferens
For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?, answer: gain legal privileges over their peers | question: What were most szlachtas class?, answer: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates | question: What is another name for magnates?, answer: Crimsons | question: A proper magnates own what?, answer: own at least 20 villages or estates. | question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?, answer: magnates
For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before.

question: During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?, answer: 1969–70 season | question: When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?, answer: 1969–70 season | question: For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?, answer: 1971 FA Cup Final | question: What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?, answer: lucky | question: What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?, answer: darker shade
For maximum life, capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system will experience. An AC circuit will experience 100% voltage reversal, while under-damped DC circuits will experience less than 100%. Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric, causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors, and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor. Reversal ratings will often affect the design considerations for the capacitor, from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used.

question: What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?, answer: 100% voltage reversal | question: What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?, answer: excess electric fields | question: What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?, answer: less than 100% | question: What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?, answer: heating of both the dielectric and the conductors | question: When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?, answer: Reversal ratings
For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106

question: What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?, answer: forward rifle pits and defensive positions | question: What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?, answer: September | question: Who captured Malakoff?, answer: the French | question: Who failed to take back Malakoff?, answer: the Russian defences | question: Who took control of the Great Redan?, answer: the British
For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (e.g. disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. His research findings led him to classify six emotions as basic: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

question: Who has argued that emotions are discrete?, answer: Paul Ekman | question: How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?, answer: six | question: Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?, answer: surprise
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.

question: What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation?, answer: the military junta | question: Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?, answer: Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule. | question: What type of government is now established in Myanmar?, answer: a nominally civilian government | question: Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?, answer: former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country | question: What major conflict is Myanmar known for?, answer: one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.
For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as "Russia," even though technically "Russia" was only one republic within the larger union—albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed.

question: What was the common name of the Soviet Union?, answer: Russia | question: Technically, what type of state was Russia?, answer: republic | question: What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?, answer: Russia
For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops.

question: What has the color of the Arsenal home shirts been?, answer: bright red | question: In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?, answer: charitable donation | question: What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?, answer: Dial Square | question: Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?, answer: Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates | question: What was the color of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?, answer: white
For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as "fags", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, "Boy, Up!" or "Boy, Queue!", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s. Captains of House and Games still sometimes give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail from School Office.[citation needed]

question: What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?, answer: "fags" | question: What were common duties of younger servant students?, answer: cleaning, cooking, and running errands | question: What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?, answer: "Boy, Up!" or "Boy, Queue!" | question: Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?, answer: The last boy to arrive | question: What year was "fagging" phased out of most houses?, answer: 1970s
For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows". A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia. While newer homes are scattered throughout the city, much of the housing is from the early 20th century or older. The great age of the homes has created numerous problems, including blight and vacant lots in many parts of the city, while other neighborhoods such as Society Hill, which has the largest concentration of 18th-century architecture in the United States, have been rehabilitated and gentrified.

question: What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?, answer: row house | question: What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?, answer: Philadelphia rows | question: How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?, answer: early 20th century or older | question: Name a type of row house in the city?, answer: Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia | question: Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?, answer: Society Hill
For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.

question: How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?, answer: It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help | question: Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?, answer: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult | question: Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?, answer: several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative | question: How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?, answer: France had few counterbalancing European successes. | question: In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make., answer: in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.
For multicellular organisms, typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism. However, the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases.

question: For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?, answer: multicellular organisms | question: What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?, answer: gene therapy techniques | question: What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?, answer: the embryo | question: What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?, answer: the genomes of cells | question: What can be treated using genetic engineering?, answer: genetic diseases
For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini in the epics are generally considered to be on account of interference from Prakrits, or innovations, and not because they are pre-Paninian. Traditional Sanskrit scholars call such deviations ārṣa (आर्ष), meaning 'of the ṛṣis', the traditional title for the ancient authors. In some contexts, there are also more "prakritisms" (borrowings from common speech) than in Classical Sanskrit proper. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is a literary language heavily influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, based on early Buddhist Prakrit texts which subsequently assimilated to the Classical Sanskrit standard in varying degrees.

question: What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?, answer: the Ramayana and Mahabharata | question: What are prakritisms?, answer: borrowings from common speech | question: Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?, answer: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit | question: How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?, answer: 2000 years | question: What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?, answer: Ramayana and Mahabharata | question: Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?, answer: Indian epic poetry | question: Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?, answer: Prakrits | question: What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?, answer: prakritisms
For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated "Wild Fields" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)

question: For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?, answer: Wild Fields | question: Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?, answer: to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy | question: Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?, answer: Ukrainian Cossacks | question: Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?, answer: Orthodox Christians | question: During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?, answer: New Russia
For over 40 years, the FBI crime lab in Quantico believed lead in bullets had unique chemical signatures. It analyzed the bullets with the goal of matching them chemically, not only to a single batch of ammunition coming out of a factory, but also to a single box of bullets. The National Academy of Sciences conducted an 18-month independent review of comparative bullet-lead analysis. In 2003, its National Research Council published a report whose conclusions called into question 30 years of FBI testimony. It found the analytic model used by the FBI for interpreting results was deeply flawed, and the conclusion, that bullet fragments could be matched to a box of ammunition, was so overstated that it was misleading under the rules of evidence. One year later, the FBI decided to stop doing bullet lead analysis.

question: What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?, answer: single box of bullets | question: How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?, answer: 18-month | question: What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?, answer: deeply flawed | question: Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?, answer: National Research Council
For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.

question: What is the name given to the celebrated date of 23 April 1775 in New Haven?, answer: Powder House Day | question: Who was the captain of New Haven's Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard?, answer: Benedict Arnold | question: How long did the march from New Haven to Cambridge, Massachusetts take Arnold and his men?, answer: a three-day march | question: Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer?, answer: General David Wooster | question: What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven?, answer: 23 April 1775 | question: What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British?, answer: Governor's Foot Guard | question: Under whose leadership did the Governor's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves?, answer: Captain Benedict Arnold | question: Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident?, answer: Cambridge, Massachusetts | question: Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven?, answer: 23 April | question: What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day?, answer: Benedict Arnold | question: Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven?, answer: Cambridge | question: What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day?, answer: Governor's Foot Guard | question: Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies?, answer: uniforms.
For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

question: What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere?, answer: 750 K | question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?, answer: atmospheric interaction with ions | question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate?, answer: in the atmosphere | question: What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of?, answer: carbon dioxide and water