lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210×10^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.

question: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?, answer: extremely viscous | question: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?, answer: modern oil refineries | question: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?, answer: cost is lower | question: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?, answer: 65%
Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the only other country to have hosted a high-level Canadian football game. The CFL's controversial "South Division" as it would come to be officially known attempted to put CFL teams in the United States playing under Canadian rules between 1992 and 1995. The move was aborted after three years; the Baltimore Stallions were the most successful of the numerous Americans teams to play in the CFL, winning the 83rd Grey Cup. Continuing financial losses, a lack of proper Canadian football venues, a pervasive belief that the American teams were simply pawns to provide the struggling Canadian teams with expansion fee revenue, and the return of the NFL to Baltimore prompted the end of Canadian football on the American side of the border.

question: Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?, answer: United States | question: In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?, answer: 1992 | question: Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?, answer: Baltimore Stallions | question: The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?, answer: Baltimore | question: How many years did the CFL South Division last?, answer: three
Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League, formed May 8, 1974, and Quebec Junior Football League are leagues for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years. Great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

question: On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?, answer: May 8, 1974 | question: How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?, answer: 18–22 | question: What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?, answer: Vanier Cup | question: What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?, answer: Canadian Football Hall of Fame
Cancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, and parasitic infections that attack organs." Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco. Developed countries "tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a 'Western lifestyle' — cancers of the colon, rectum, breast and prostate — that can be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, diet and age."

question: Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?, answer: Cancer | question: Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?, answer: International Agency for Research on Cancer | question: What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?, answer: consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods | question: The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?, answer: tobacco | question: Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?, answer: Western
Candidates for Freemasonry will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining before they are initiated. The process varies between jurisdictions, but the candidate will typically have been introduced by a friend at a Lodge social function, or at some form of open evening in the Lodge. In modern times, interested people often track down a local Lodge through the Internet. The onus is on candidates to ask to join; while candidates may be encouraged to ask, they are never invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, an interview usually follows to determine the candidate's suitability. If the candidate decides to proceed from here, the Lodge ballots on the application before he (or she, depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction) can be accepted.

question: How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?, answer: they are never invited | question: How does one become a Freemason?, answer: The onus is on candidates to ask to join | question: Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?, answer: depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction | question: How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?, answer: track down a local Lodge through the Internet | question: Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated?, answer: will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining | question: Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?, answer: a friend | question: Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?, answer: the Internet | question: Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?, answer: never invited | question: What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?, answer: an interview
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?, answer: Canon law | question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?, answer: Christian | question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?, answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches | question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?, answer: church council | question: What does canon law consist of?, answer: canons
Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?, answer: Aristotelian-Thomistic | question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?, answer: Aquinas | question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?, answer: law | question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?, answer: the common good | question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?, answer: a rule of conduct
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery.

question: Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?, answer: to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits | question: How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?, answer: as a local reserve for the DC power source | question: What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?, answer: the inductance | question: What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?, answer: resistance | question: What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver "clean" power for control circuits?, answer: conceal current fluctuations
Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation.

question: What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?, answer: can be assumed to be linear | question: What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?, answer: virtual components | question: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?, answer: The usual methods of network analysis | question: What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?, answer: normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used | question: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?, answer: temperature dependence
Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of "dielectric absorption" or "soakage". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous.

question: After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?, answer: hysteresis in the dielectric | question: What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?, answer: time-dependent | question: What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display?, answer: very high absorption | question: What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?, answer: very small levels of absorption | question: What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous?, answer: over 10 joules of energy
Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.

question: What could cause the failure of a capacitor?, answer: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating | question: What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?, answer: overheat | question: What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?, answer: violently explode | question: What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?, answer: High voltage vacuum capacitors | question: What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?, answer: preventive maintenance
Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body – the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.

question: What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?, answer: axially | question: What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?, answer: radially | question: Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?, answer: Radial | question: How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?, answer: on a common axis | question: How could radial leads be more correctly described?, answer: as tandem
Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.

question: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?, answer: over 15 joules of energy | question: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?, answer: over 300 volts | question: What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?, answer: a Brinkley stick | question: How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?, answer: with the terminals shorted | question: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?, answer: from static charges
Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.

question: What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?, answer: microphonic effect | question: What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates?, answer: the capacitance | question: What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?, answer: AC current | question: In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?, answer: audio applications | question: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?, answer: the reverse microphonic effect
Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

question: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?, answer: government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations | question: What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?, answer: external funding | question: What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?, answer: unreliable funding, long hours and low pay | question: What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?, answer: Nonprofit Capacity Building Program | question: When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?, answer: 2010
Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia) capital punishment unconstitutional, there were no further executions. Capital punishment was restarted in 1978, although those prisoners awaiting execution between 1960 and 1978 had their sentences mostly commuted to life in prison. From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates. For a variety of reasons there were no further executions until 2000. Since 2000, Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row (as of April 2015).

question: What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?, answer: hanging | question: In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?, answer: 1916 | question: How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?, answer: six | question: How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?, answer: 73 | question: How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?, answer: 125
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

question: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?, answer: 1972 | question: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?, answer: Furman v. Georgia | question: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?, answer: Luis Monge | question: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?, answer: Eighth | question: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?, answer: 1976