lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé's government of conducting a "witch hunt" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government's erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patassé's administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA).

question: When was the new constitution for CAR approved?, answer: 28 December 1994 | question: When did a mutiny form against Patasse?, answer: In 1996–1997 | question: The mutinies caused what effects on the country?, answer: widespread destruction of property | question: What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?, answer: The Bangui Agreements | question: Where did the peace corps evacuate to?, answer: Cameroon
Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).

question: What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?, answer: Patent infringement | question: Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?, answer: in the US | question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?, answer: civil | question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?, answer: criminal | question: What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?, answer: criminal
Patents have been criticized in the developing world, as they are thought to reduce access to existing medicines. Reconciling patents and universal access to medicine would require an efficient international policy of price discrimination. Moreover, under the TRIPS agreement of the World Trade Organization, countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented. In 2001, the WTO adopted the Doha Declaration, which indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies: via compulsory licensing or parallel imports, even before patent expiration.

question: Who adopted the Doha Declaration?, answer: World Trade Organization | question: What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?, answer: countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented | question: Why are patents criticized?, answer: thought to reduce access to existing medicines | question: What did the Doha Declaration do?, answer: indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies | question: When was the Doha Declaration adopted?, answer: 2001 | question: What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?, answer: Patents | question: The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?, answer: compulsory licensing or parallel imports | question: When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?, answer: 2001
Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents.

question: Who was the Oklahoma Cities first female mayor?, answer: Patience Latting | question: When was Patience Latting elected?, answer: 1971
Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

question: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?, answer: Patronage | question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?, answer: Romania
Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation that partially accounts for the appearance of Light skin in humans (people who migrated out of Africa northward into what is now Europe) which they estimate occurred 20,000 to 50,000 years ago. The East Asians owe their relatively light skin to different mutations. On the other hand, the greater the number of traits (or alleles) considered, the more subdivisions of humanity are detected, since traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to the same geographical location. Or as Ossorio & Duster (2005) put it:

question: What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?, answer: the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. | question: What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?, answer: mutation | question: What mutation did scientists discover?, answer: skin-lighting | question: What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?, answer: different mutations | question: Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?, answer: geographical
Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

question: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?, answer: Papal Tiara | question: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?, answer: Archdiocese of Milan | question: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?, answer: Washington, DC | question: Who was the last pope to be crowned?, answer: Paul VI | question: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?, answer: Papal Coronation
Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

question: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?, answer: army | question: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?, answer: Paul VI | question: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?, answer: world | question: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?, answer: bishops | question: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?, answer: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.

question: What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?, answer: Church | question: What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?, answer: religious freedom | question: What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?, answer: Mary | question: Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?, answer: papacy | question: In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?, answer: 1964
Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

question: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?, answer: eighty | question: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?, answer: 75 | question: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?, answer: 75 | question: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?, answer: papal elections | question: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?, answer: 1966
Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour." He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.

question: Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?, answer: Protestant Bible societies | question: Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?, answer: Cardinal Augustin Bea | question: In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?, answer: 1967 | question: What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?, answer: Protestants
Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet." His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.

question: To whom did Paul VI tell "not to be afraid" when the church released its statement on birth control?, answer: Edouard Gagnon | question: What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?, answer: prophet | question: To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?, answer: Pope John Paul II | question: Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?, answer: Pope John Paul II | question: To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?, answer: the encyclical
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that "by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you." The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.

question: Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?, answer: Paul VI | question: Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?, answer: Michael Ramsey | question: How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?, answer: three | question: What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?, answer: Anglican Centre | question: In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?, answer: Rome
Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

question: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?, answer: Paul's Christology | question: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?, answer: directly related | question: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?, answer: the cross of Christ | question: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?, answer: based on the plan of God | question: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?, answer: power of the cross
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. The 18th century saw England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.

question: Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?, answer: France | question: When did England and the Netherlands make peace?, answer: 1688 | question: In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?, answer: Nine Years' War | question: In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?, answer: 18th
Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

question: Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?, answer: the Congress of Paris | question: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?, answer: 1856 | question: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?, answer: the Tsar and the Sultan | question: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?, answer: the Ottoman Empire | question: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?, answer: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey
Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock.

question: What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?, answer: Houillière zone | question: What are more common in the Western Alps?, answer: High "massifs" | question: When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?, answer: Eastern Alps
Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord.

question: How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?, answer: 700 | question: What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?, answer: military service | question: In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?, answer: 9th | question: Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?, answer: law codes | question: What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?, answer: archaeology
Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

question: Who was the 'father of modern policing'?, answer: Peel | question: Whose philosophy influenced Peel?, answer: Jeremy Bentham | question: What political position did Bentham think police should have?, answer: neutral | question: How did Peel standardize police?, answer: as an official paid profession | question: How did Peel organize police?, answer: in a civilian fashion
Peer acceptance and social norms gain a significantly greater hand in directing behavior at the onset of adolescence; as such, the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped largely by the substance use of friends and other classmates. In fact, studies suggest that more significantly than actual drug norms, an individual's perception of the illicit drug use by friends and peers is highly associated with his or her own habits in substance use during both middle and high school, a relationship that increases in strength over time. Whereas social influences on alcohol use and marijuana use tend to work directly in the short term, peer and friend norms on smoking cigarettes in middle school have a profound effect on one's own likelihood to smoke cigarettes well into high school. Perhaps the strong correlation between peer influence in middle school and cigarette smoking in high school may be explained by the addictive nature of cigarettes, which could lead many students to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence.

question: What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?, answer: the substance use of friends and other classmates | question: What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?, answer: addictive nature of cigarettes | question: Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?, answer: significantly greater