lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.

question: Who discovered uranium?, answer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth | question: In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?, answer: 1789 | question: In what city was uranium discovered?, answer: Berlin | question: What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?, answer: sodium diuranate | question: Who discovered the planet Uranus?, answer: William Herschel
The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the "Dean Scream" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous "scream" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.

question: Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?, answer: Gephardt | question: Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?, answer: Howard Dean | question: The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?, answer: whether Dean was the victim of media bias | question: What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?, answer: "Dean Scream" | question: Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the "Dean Scream"?, answer: they were not aware
The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.

question: In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?, answer: 1966 | question: Which group led the first 1966 coup?, answer: Igbo soldiers | question: Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?, answer: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | question: Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?, answer: Ahmadu Bello | question: Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?, answer: Ladoke Akintola
The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all. On the previous day, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers – including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes – to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.

question: On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?, answer: December 26, 1991 | question: What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?, answer: Commonwealth of Independent States | question: Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?, answer: Mikhail Gorbachev, | question: Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?, answer: Boris Yeltsin | question: Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?, answer: pre-revolutionary Russian flag.
The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

question: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?, answer: buses | question: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?, answer: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport | question: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation., answer: Mexico City International Airport
The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.

question: What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?, answer: their extreme length | question: What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature?, answer: double transepts | question: What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?, answer: very large | question: Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?, answer: the transept gables | question: On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?, answer: at the crossing
The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.

question: What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?, answer: their impression of verticality | question: How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?, answer: three portals | question: How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?, answer: two large towers | question: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?, answer: The east end is polygonal | question: What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?, answer: transepts
The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.

question: What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?, answer: their spatial complexity | question: What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?, answer: very tall arcades | question: What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula?, answer: Islamic architecture | question: What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?, answer: a French west front | question: What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?, answer: German style
The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "armonìa", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.

question: What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?, answer: the use of polychrome decoration | question: What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?, answer: the columns may be painted red | question: What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?, answer: they loved flamboyant arches | question: Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?, answer: occular or wheel windows | question: What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?, answer: the fresco
The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In one incident on 28/29 April, Peter Stahl of KG 30 was flying on his 50th mission. He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. He roused them, ensured they took oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets, then completed the mission.

question: How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?, answer: two or three sorties | question: What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?, answer: Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly | question: What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?, answer: woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. | question: What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?, answer: oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets
The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws.

question: What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?, answer: a non-self-executing treaty | question: A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?, answer: pass the necessary domestic laws | question: What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?, answer: its legislature | question: The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?, answer: politicized | question: A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?, answer: not clear
The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

question: In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?, answer: due to similar styles of liturgy | question: When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?, answer: the 1490s | question: Where are the Teimanim from?, answer: Yemen
The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?, answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus | question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?, answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother | question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?, answer: since the 4th century | question: When were contradictory views to the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?, answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, | question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?, answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time. There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression: "Believe in God and the last day". A number of suras such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations. Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day. For instance, the first verses of Sura 22, which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day, represent this style of divine address: "O People! Be respectful to your Lord. The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing."

question: What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?, answer: one-third | question: What general topic is eschatology about?, answer: the final fate of the universe | question: Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?, answer: earthquake | question: What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?, answer: afterlife
The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

question: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?, answer: 1950 | question: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?, answer: Munificentissimus Deus | question: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?, answer: Pope Pius XII | question: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?, answer: Eastern Orthodox Church | question: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?, answer: Dormition
The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992, pp. 183–185).

question: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?, answer: documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure | question: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?, answer: Middle Ages and in the early modern period | question: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?, answer: the ius militare, | question: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?, answer: define knightly status
The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

question: What was the look of the dollar based on?, answer: Spanish dollar | question: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?, answer: 16th | question: When was the United States Mint founded?, answer: 1792 | question: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?, answer: Peru | question: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?, answer: 1857
The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.

question: What caused a major increase in social inequality?, answer: domestication of large animals | question: What started competition between families for wealth?, answer: Possession of livestock | question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?, answer: Neolithic pastoralists | question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?, answer: Catal Huyuk