lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

question: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?, answer: 1796 | question: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?, answer: Vienna | question: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?, answer: the Battle of Tarvis | question: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?, answer: March 1797 | question: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?, answer: 100 km
The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojtyła was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."[citation needed]

question: How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?, answer: three | question: Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?, answer: Joseph Ratzinger | question: What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?, answer: Karol Wojtyła | question: In what year did Paul VI die?, answer: 1978 | question: What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?, answer: John Paul I
The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]

question: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?, answer: Ceylon | question: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?, answer: port of Surat | question: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?, answer: French | question: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?, answer: internal conflicts | question: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?, answer: British
The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.

question: Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?, answer: Warner Music Group | question: Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?, answer: Maverick | question: Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?, answer: Madonna and Ronnie Dashev | question: Maverick became a wholly owned subsidiary of which company?, answer: Warner Music
The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life.

question: What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?, answer: 1977 | question: In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?, answer: 2009
The nickname culé for a Barcelona supporter is derived from the Catalan cul (English: arse), as the spectators at the first stadium, Camp de la Indústria, sat with their culs over the stand. In Spain, about 25% of the population is said to be Barça sympathisers, second behind Real Madrid, supported by 32% of the population. Throughout Europe, Barcelona is the favourite second-choice club. The club's membership figures have seen a significant increase from 100,000 in the 2003–04 season to 170,000 in September 2009, the sharp rise being attributed to the influence of Ronaldinho and then-president Joan Laporta's media strategy that focused on Spanish and English online media.

question: What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?, answer: culé | question: How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?, answer: 25% | question: How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?, answer: 32% | question: What was the club membership in 2003-04?, answer: 100,000 | question: What did the club membership grow to by 2009?, answer: 170,000
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

question: What elements can transfer to plant cells?, answer: Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids | question: Where do transferred genes enter?, answer: the plant cell nucleus | question: What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?, answer: opines | question: What happens to infected plant cells?, answer: end | question: What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?, answer: The Ti and Ri plasmids
The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.

question: Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?, answer: the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio | question: What is the noise-based speed?, answer: the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels | question: How are the two ratios found?, answer: subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance | question: What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?, answer: the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels | question: What factors influence the noise-based speed?, answer: the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter
The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

question: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?, answer: charitable | question: Who does an NPO usually serve?, answer: member-serving or community-serving | question: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?, answer: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally | question: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?, answer: by directly supporting them | question: What are community serving NPOs focused on?, answer: a helping service for fellow citizens
The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus (needle) placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed. Generally, the outer and inner parts of the groove bear no intended sound (an exception is Split Enz's Mental Notes).

question: In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?, answer: outside edge towards the center | question: How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?, answer: by fine variations | question: Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?, answer: correct speed | question: Do all grooves bear data?, answer: no
The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

question: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?, answer: six | question: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?, answer: Radio Free Somalia | question: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?, answer: Galkayo | question: What province is Galkayo located in?, answer: Mudug province | question: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?, answer: one
The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Läänemaa and Pärnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.

question: What dialect is also known as the central dialect?, answer: the keskmurre | question: What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?, answer: the idamurre or eastern dialect | question: What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?, answer: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa | question: What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?, answer: the läänemurre
The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.

question: What notable theater is present in Overtown?, answer: Lyric | question: After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?, answer: Adrienne Arsht | question: In what part of Miami is Midtown?, answer: northern | question: What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?, answer: MiMo | question: What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?, answer: Little Haiti
The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the fourth largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers. Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States. Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack. Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool. The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.

question: When did NYC buy land for its parks?, answer: 1888 | question: How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?, answer: 28 | question: How large is Crotona Park's lake?, answer: 3.3-acre | question: When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?, answer: in the 1890s | question: What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?, answer: the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county
The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

question: during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?, answer: Eocene | question: In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?, answer: Tethys Sea | question: The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?, answer: Tethys Sea | question: What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?, answer: huge lakes | question: Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?, answer: the Himalayan orogeny
The northwestern part of the South Asia, including Punjab, was repeatedly invaded or conquered by various foreign empires, such as those of Tamerlane, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan. Having conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan in ten days, Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush and was thus fully informed of the magnificence of the country and its riches in gold, gems and pearls. However, Alexander had to encounter and reduce the tribes on the border of Punjab before entering the luxuriant plains. Having taken a northeasterly direction, he marched against the Aspii (mountaineers), who offered vigorous resistance, but were subdued.[citation needed] Alexander then marched through Ghazni, blockaded Magassa, and then marched to Ora and Bazira. Turning to the northeast, Alexander marched to Pucela, the capital of the district now known as Pakhli. He entered Western Punjab, where the ancient city of Nysa (at the site of modern-day Mong) was situated. A coalition was formed against Alexander by the Cathians, the people of Multan, who were very skilful in war. Alexander invested many troops, eventually killing seventeen thousand Cathians in this battle, and the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot) was razed to the ground. Alexander left Punjab in 326 B.C. and took his army to the heartlands of his empire.[citation needed]

question: Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?, answer: Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan | question: From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?, answer: northeasterly | question: What wealth did Alexander hope to find?, answer: riches in gold, gems and pearls | question: Who were the Aspii?, answer: mountaineers | question: Who were the Cathians?, answer: the people of Multan
The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

question: Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan?, answer: The northwestern portion | question: Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?, answer: the Thar Desert | question: What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?, answer: Jodhpur | question: What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?, answer: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour | question: Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?, answer: 400 mm
The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources.

question: What is the "Land of Israel" known as in Hebrew?, answer: Eretz Yisrael | question: According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?, answer: three | question: When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?, answer: early 2nd millennium BCE
The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying:

question: What was the notion for all polish nobles?, answer: social equals | question: What ethnic saying is this traditional from?, answer: Polish saying | question: Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?, answer: regardless of their financial status
The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code. Sets of three nucleotides, known as codons, each correspond to a specific amino acid.:6 Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons) and only 20 standard amino acids; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid. The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms.

question: What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?, answer: The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA | question: What are sets of three nucleotides known as?, answer: codons | question: What does each codon correspond to?, answer: a specific amino acid | question: What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?, answer: a "start codon", and three "stop codons" | question: How many possible codons are there?, answer: There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)