lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.

question: What were the North and South considered as?, answer: dynasties | question: What continued to evolve stylistically?, answer: regular script | question: What script saw no more stages of evolution?, answer: mainstream
It was not until the end of the eighteenth century that migration as an explanation for the winter disappearance of birds from northern climes was accepted. Thomas Bewick's A History of British Birds (Volume 1, 1797) mentions a report from "a very intelligent master of a vessel" who, "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca, saw great numbers of Swallows flying northward", and states the situation in Britain as follows:

question: When was migration finally accepted?, answer: the end of the eighteenth century | question: Who wrote A History of British Birds?, answer: Thomas Bewick | question: What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?, answer: 1797 | question: Where were Swallows seen flying?, answer: between the islands of Minorca and Majorca | question: Which directions were the Swallows flying?, answer: northward
It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type. Also, a folded horn with an exponential taper was constructed inside the cabinet to provide better impedance matching to the air. As a result, playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio.

question: What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?, answer: Victor Orthophonic phonograph | question: What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?, answer: folded horn with an exponential taper | question: What adjustments were made to the orthophonic to accommodate electric recordings?, answer: mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type | question: Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?, answer: not unusual | question: How similar was the sound of a orthodontic record to a radio?, answer: sounded like
It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

question: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?, answer: the 1980s | question: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?, answer: 128 kilobits/s | question: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?, answer: the Media space | question: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?, answer: ISDN networks | question: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?, answer: PictureTel Corp.
It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefalù in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.

question: What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque?, answer: the pointed arch | question: What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?, answer: the flying buttresses | question: What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?, answer: traceried windows | question: What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?, answer: Durham Cathedral | question: What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?, answer: Cathedral of Cefalù
It was ten years after the inception of the youth program, La Masia, when the young players began to graduate and play for their first team. One of the first graduates, who would later earn international acclaim, was previous Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola. Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley, with a free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España trophies. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager at that point. He also became the club's longest consecutive serving manager, serving eight years. Cruyff's fortune was to change, and, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies and fell out with president Núñez, resulting in his departure. On the legacy of Cruyff's football philosophy and the passing style of play he introduced to the club, future coach of Barcelona Pep Guardiola would state, "Cruyff built the cathedral, our job is to maintain and renovate it."

question: How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?, answer: four | question: By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?, answer: Cruyff | question: For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?, answer: eight | question: What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?, answer: passing style | question: What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?, answer: win any trophies
It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.

question: In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?, answer: bring the beer out to the table | question: Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?, answer: taproom | question: What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?, answer: gin houses | question: In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?, answer: Brierley Hill | question: What do the locals call The Vine?, answer: The Bull and Bladder
It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.

question: Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?, answer: the "Kulluk" incident | question: In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?, answer: its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast | question: Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?, answer: the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic | question: Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?, answer: van Beurden | question: What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?, answer: the project is "under review" due to both market and internal issues.
It would appear that living organisms are remarkably inefficient (in the physical sense) in their use of the energy they receive (chemical energy or radiation), and it is true that most real machines manage higher efficiencies. In growing organisms the energy that is converted to heat serves a vital purpose, as it allows the organism tissue to be highly ordered with regard to the molecules it is built from. The second law of thermodynamics states that energy (and matter) tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe: to concentrate energy (or matter) in one specific place, it is necessary to spread out a greater amount of energy (as heat) across the remainder of the universe ("the surroundings").[note 3] Simpler organisms can achieve higher energy efficiencies than more complex ones, but the complex organisms can occupy ecological niches that are not available to their simpler brethren. The conversion of a portion of the chemical energy to heat at each step in a metabolic pathway is the physical reason behind the pyramid of biomass observed in ecology: to take just the first step in the food chain, of the estimated 124.7 Pg/a of carbon that is fixed by photosynthesis, 64.3 Pg/a (52%) are used for the metabolism of green plants, i.e. reconverted into carbon dioxide and heat.

question: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?, answer: The second law of thermodynamics | question: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?, answer: living organisms | question: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?, answer: ecological niches
It's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomenon. In many of these verses the study of nature is "encouraged and highly recommended," and historical Islamic scientists like Al-Biruni and Al-Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran. Mohammad Hashim Kamali has the stated that "scientific observation, experimental knowledge and rationality" are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran. Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science, by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon. "The 'scientific method,' as it is understood today, was first developed by Muslim scientists" like Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni, along with numerous other Muslim scientists.

question: Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?, answer: 750 | question: Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?, answer: Quran | question: Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?, answer: Mohammad Hashim Kamali | question: Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?, answer: Ziauddin Sardar | question: Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?, answer: Muslim
It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

question: What words are likely to have common origins?, answer: alb ("white") and albus | question: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?, answer: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow. | question: Alb can also mean what?, answer: white
Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

question: What is Italian Unification?, answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy | question: When did the Italian Unification occur?, answer: in the 19th century | question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?, answer: 1871 | question: In what year do most Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?, answer: 1815 | question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?, answer: World War I.
Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents.

question: Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?, answer: standard Italian
Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of the regional languages in Italy are in fact not actually "dialects" of standard Italian in the strict linguistic sense, as they are not derived from modern standard Italian but instead evolved locally from Vulgar Latin independent of standard Italian, with little to no influence from what is now known as "standard Italian." They are therefore better classified as individual languages rather than "dialects."

question: What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?, answer: dialetti | question: What language are many Italian dialects derived from?, answer: Vulgar Latin | question: What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?, answer: dialects | question: Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?, answer: they are not derived from modern standard Italian
Its average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). 22.8 °C (73.0 °F) during the day and 13.8 °C (56.8 °F) at night. In the coldest month – January, the maximum temperature typically during the day ranges from 13 to 21 °C (55 to 70 °F), the minimum temperature typically at night ranges from 4 to 12 °C (39 to 54 °F). In the warmest month – August, the maximum temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C (82–93 °F), about 23 °C (73 °F) at night. Generally, temperatures similar to those experienced in the northern part of Europe in summer last about 8 months, from April to November. March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.0 °C (66 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 7 °C (45 °F) at night. Valencia has one of the mildest winters in Europe, owing to its southern location on the Mediterranean Sea and the Foehn phenomenon. The January average is comparable to temperatures expected for May and September in the major cities of northern Europe.

question: What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?, answer: 18.4 °C | question: Which month is the hottest in Valencia?, answer: August | question: Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?, answer: January | question: In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?, answer: May and September | question: What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?, answer: 28–34 °C
Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

question: In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?, answer: 13th | question: Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?, answer: Baghdad | question: What name did the process take on in Baghdad?, answer: bagdatikos | question: In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?, answer: 19th | question: Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?, answer: Charles Fenerty
Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy – the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season. The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.

question: What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?, answer: The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. | question: Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?, answer: Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy | question: Where can the third lion be seen?, answer: the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season | question: What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?, answer: The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year. | question: The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?, answer: malachite | question: On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?, answer: silver | question: What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?, answer: the green field of play | question: How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?, answer: Two | question: Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?, answer: the captain of the title winning team
Its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal. In Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is also part of RIBA Enterprises.

question: What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?, answer: RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing | question: What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?, answer: RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal | question: What does NBS stand for?, answer: National Building Specification | question: How many people work for the NBS?, answer: 130 | question: Where is the NBS located?, answer: Newcastle
Its written transmission, along with the veneration bestowed on certain classical works, has led to the expectation that performers will play a work in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer. During the 19th century the details that composers put in their scores generally increased. Yet the opposite trend—admiration of performers for new "interpretations" of the composer's work—can be seen, and it is not unknown for a composer to praise a performer for achieving a better realization of the original intent than the composer was able to imagine. Thus, classical performers often achieve high reputations for their musicianship, even if they do not compose themselves. Generally however, it is the composers who are remembered more than the performers.

question: How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?, answer: in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer | question: When did details that composers put in their scores increase?, answer: the 19th century | question: Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?, answer: a better realization of the original intent than the composer | question: What do classical performers often achieve?, answer: high reputations for their musicianship