lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.

question: How is data stored on DVDs?, answer: digital blocks which make up each independent frame | question: What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?, answer: the receiver | question: In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?, answer: low-contrast details like skin tones | question: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?, answer: comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail
LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

question: Where was LaserDisc first available?, answer: Atlanta, Georgia | question: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?, answer: two years | question: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?, answer: MCA DiscoVision | question: How did the first viewers refer to the media?, answer: "Video Long Play"
LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for "Special Edition" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first "Special Edition" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.

question: LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?, answer: "Special Edition" | question: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?, answer: the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane | question: What bonus features were available on the first home video "Special Edition"?, answer: interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs | question: What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?, answer: support for multiple audio tracks
LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.

question: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?, answer: LaserDiscs | question: Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?, answer: progressive wear with each use | question: Where do VHS tapes store their information?, answer: magnetic coating
LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.

question: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?, answer: cheaper | question: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?, answer: at least 14 | question: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?, answer: $5.00 per two-sided disc | question: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?, answer: as little as $1.00
Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.

question: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?, answer: green | question: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?, answer: 532 nm | question: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?, answer: diode pumped solid state | question: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?, answer: 501 nm to 543 nm
Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

question: When was the first ruby laser invented?, answer: 1960 | question: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?, answer: 1962 | question: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?, answer: Red helium–neon | question: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?, answer: a 660 nm laser | question: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?, answer: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers
Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

question: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?, answer: Supercapacitors | question: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?, answer: In 1957 | question: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?, answer: H. Becker | question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?, answer: in the carbon pores | question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?, answer: the pores of the etched foils
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

question: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?, answer: Early Permian | question: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?, answer: 55 to 70 | question: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism?, answer: oxygen | question: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun?, answer: 270 | question: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?, answer: Permian-Triassic | question: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?, answer: insect orders | question: The insect orders include both of what?, answer: extant groups | question: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?, answer: Paleozoic groups | question: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?, answer: dragonfly-like forms | question: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?, answer: 55 to 70 cm
Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

question: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?, answer: Impressionism | question: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?, answer: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution | question: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?, answer: 1889 Universal Exposition | question: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?, answer: Symbolism
Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.

question: What results from methods used to encode and decode data?, answer: Latency | question: What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?, answer: codecs | question: What creates segments called a "frame"?, answer: codecs
Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.

question: Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta., answer: Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") | question: Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?, answer: materialistic Cārvāka philosophy | question: What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?, answer: a digest of all philosophies | question: Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?, answer: Madhavacharya
Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.

question: What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?, answer: Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines | question: Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?, answer: John Herschel | question: What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?, answer: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations
Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen.

question: What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?, answer: fresco | question: When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?, answer: the 17th century | question: Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?, answer: Venetian craftsmen | question: What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?, answer: Alba Regia | question: Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?, answer: Székesfehérvár
Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?, answer: al-Razi | question: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?, answer: three | question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?, answer: al-Ghazali | question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?, answer: al-Tusi | question: What are Islamic schools also known as?, answer: madrasahs
Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

question: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?, answer: five days of artillery bombardment | question: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?, answer: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia | question: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?, answer: defeated a smaller Prussian force | question: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?, answer: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory | question: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?, answer: Sweden
Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.

question: Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?, answer: 711 | question: Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?, answer: Asturias | question: As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?, answer: Christian | question: Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?, answer: Coimbra
Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.

question: How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?, answer: more than 100 | question: Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?, answer: non-curriculum | question: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?, answer: just one | question: Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?, answer: Classical Greek
Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

question: What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?, answer: UEFA Super Cup | question: Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?, answer: Porto | question: How many total trophies did Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?, answer: 74 | question: What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?, answer: Real Madrid | question: Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?, answer: Josep Guardiola
Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

question: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?, answer: sculptor Patience Wright | question: What are the effigies made of?, answer: wax | question: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?, answer: some of his own clothes
Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

question: Attic Greek lenited to what?, answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives | question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?, answer: Medieval and Modern Greek