lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites) who were to found several competing local powers including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and eventually Babylon. The last of these eventually came to dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized.

question: Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?, answer: 3rd | question: Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?, answer: Ur-Nammu and Shulgi | question: Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?, answer: more Semitic than Sumerian | question: What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?, answer: Amorites | question: How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?, answer: for as long as cuneiform was utilized.
Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.

question: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?, answer: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany | question: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?, answer: "any other parts of Germany" to join | question: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate?, answer: Saar Protectorate | question: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?, answer: the 16 German states
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

question: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?, answer: the 1960s and 1970s | question: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?, answer: removal of the dividing wall or partition
Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.

question: What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?, answer: homogeneous linear system of Gordan | question: What did von Neuman's method use?, answer: pivoting algorithm between simplices | question: What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?, answer: algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.
Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.

question: What is the name of lateral cut disc records?, answer: gramophone | question: What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially?, answer: poor sound quality | question: Where were lateral cut disc records developed?, answer: United States | question: What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?, answer: RCA Victor | question: Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?, answer: Montreal
Launched worldwide across 2005–2006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so-called "Red Ring of Death", necessitating an extension of the device's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013. As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history, and the highest-selling console made by an American company. Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox 360's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013. Microsoft has stated they plan to support the Xbox 360 until 2016. The Xbox One is also backwards compatible with the Xbox 360.

question: What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?, answer: 2005–2006 | question: What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?, answer: high failure rate | question: What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?, answer: Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 | question: As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?, answer: 84 million | question: When did the Xbox One launch?, answer: November 22, 2013
Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

question: How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?, answer: reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire
Law and finance have long been driving forces in the economy. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks, as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial, CapitalOne, Philip Morris USA, and numerous other banks and brokerages. Richmond is also home to four of the largest law firms in the United States: Hunton & Williams, McGuireWoods, Williams Mullen, and LeClairRyan. Another law firm with a major Richmond presence is Troutman Sanders, which merged with Richmond-based Mays & Valentine LLP in 2001.

question: What federal court is located in Richmond?, answer: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit | question: Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?, answer: Genworth Financial | question: What type of business is LeClairRyan?, answer: law firms | question: When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?, answer: 2001 | question: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?, answer: 12
Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

question: Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?, answer: Chu and Jin | question: What period was the Chu kingdom in?, answer: Spring | question: What period was the Jin kingdom in?, answer: Autumn | question: Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?, answer: Korea and Japan | question: What did ancient China call its police?, answer: prefects
Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

question: How are police usually paid?, answer: through taxes | question: When were police used to protect the class system?, answer: late 18th and early 19th centuries | question: What kind of service are police?, answer: public sector | question: What problem do many police forces have?, answer: corruption | question: How are police usually paid?, answer: through taxes | question: What kind of service are police?, answer: public sector | question: When were police used to protect the class system?, answer: late 18th and early 19th centuries | question: What problem do many police forces have?, answer: corruption
Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

question: What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?, answer: Hammurabi | question: What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?, answer: the Bible | question: Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?, answer: the Corpus Juris Civilis | question: Under what Emperor did this group sit?, answer: Justinian I | question: What empire did Justinian preside over?, answer: the Byzantine Empire
Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

question: Who is one advocate of copyleft?, answer: Lawrence Lessig | question: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?, answer: Stephan Kinsella | question: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?, answer: tangible | question: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?, answer: indefinitely
Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.

question: Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?, answer: National Security Act | question: What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?, answer: PL-110 | question: Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?, answer: Central Intelligence Agency Act
Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

question: What was the result of a child having an African mother?, answer: born into slavery | question: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?, answer: partus sequitur ventrem | question: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?, answer: Anita Florence Hemmings | question: What makes a person mulatto?, answer: parents were black and white | question: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?, answer: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white
Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?, answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. | question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?, answer: peasant and warrior alike. | question: Who did the Japanese form their military forces after?, answer: French military | question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?, answer: ketsu-eki | question: Where was the military academy located?, answer: Kyoto
Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]

question: A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?, answer: bit reservoir | question: What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?, answer: Layer III | question: What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?, answer: encoding delay | question: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?, answer: temporary | question: A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?, answer: constant bitrate
Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion, the Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aladura Church, the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth.

question: When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?, answer: Since the 1990s | question: What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?, answer: the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion | question: What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?, answer: the Nigerian Baptist Convention
Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

question: When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?, answer: Leading up to the American Civil War | question: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?, answer: the First Great Awakening | question: They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?, answer: paternalistic institution | question: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?, answer: The Baptists | question: What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?, answer: the Home Mission Society
Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage. A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting, causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube. In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red, or current limiting resistors to overheat, even fail. Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid-state (transistor) amplifiers, but owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric barriers this once-common problem has become relatively rare.

question: With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?, answer: Leakage | question: What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?, answer: Constant exposure to heat | question: What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?, answer: interstage coupling capacitors | question: What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?, answer: A leaky capacitor | question: If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?, answer: cause the plates to glow red
Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers—especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.

question: Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?, answer: Lee and Guenther | question: Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?, answer: prehistoric hunter-gatherers | question: What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?, answer: egalitarianism | question: Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?, answer: Wilmsen