lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge. As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish, learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members, and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe, and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century.

question: What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?, answer: transmission of knowledge | question: Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?, answer: to create knowledge | question: By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?, answer: 1789 | question: Who coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century?, answer: Bernard de Fontenelle
Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.

question: What is the criteria for copyright?, answer: if enough creativity/originality is provided | question: What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?, answer: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct | question: Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?, answer: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable | question: What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?, answer: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

question: What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?, answer: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour | question: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?, answer: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. | question: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?, answer: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences | question: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?, answer: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862 | question: Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?, answer: Henry Walter Bates
Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]

question: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?, answer: Scientists | question: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?, answer: genetic | question: What do lice require human clothing to do?, answer: survive | question: What may have the invention of clothing happened with?, answer: northward migration | question: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?, answer: the date
Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Oréal National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars.

question: Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?, answer: College of Engineering | question: What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?, answer: the electronic television | question: Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?, answer: Tracy Hall | question: What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?, answer: a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press | question: Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?, answer: Magnetic Lasso
Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.

question: Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?, answer: Scientists | question: Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?, answer: snowmaking in the ski resorts | question: What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?, answer: unknown
Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.

question: When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?, answer: 1976 | question: What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?, answer: Scotland's and Northern Ireland's
Scotland, meanwhile had remained an independent Kingdom. In 1603, that changed when the King of Scotland inherited the Crown of England, and consequently the Crown of Ireland also. The subsequent 17th century was one of political upheaval, religious division and war. English colonialism in Ireland of the 16th century was extended by large-scale Scottish and English colonies in Ulster. Religious division heightened and the King in England came into conflict with parliament. A prime issue was, inter alia, over his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism. The resulting English Civil War or War of the Three Kingdoms led to a revolutionary republic in England. Ireland, largely Catholic was mainly loyal to the king. Following defeat to the parliaments army, large scale land distributions from loyalist Irish nobility to English commoners in the service of the parliamentary army created the beginnings a new Ascendancy class which over the next hundred years would obliterate the English (Hiberno-Norman) and Gaelic Irish nobility in Ireland. The new ruling class was Protestant and British, whilst the common people were largely Catholic and Irish. This theme would influence Irish politics for centuries to come. When the monarchy was restored in England, the king found it politically impossible to restore all the lands of former land-owners in Ireland. The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 repeated similar themes: a Catholic king pushing for religious tolerance in opposition to a Protestant parliament in England. The king's army was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne and at the militarily crucial Battle of Aughrim in Ireland. Resistance held out, and a guarantee of religious tolerance was a cornerstone of the Treaty of Limerick. However, in the evolving political climate, the terms of Limerick were superseded, a new monarchy was installed, and the new Irish parliament was packed with the new elite which legislated increasing intolerant Penal Laws, which discommoded both Dissenters and Catholics.

question: Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?, answer: Crown of England | question: Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?, answer: his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism | question: What happened to Britain during the 17th century?, answer: political upheaval, religious division and war | question: Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?, answer: Protestant and British | question: The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?, answer: revolutionary republic in England
Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

question: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?, answer: increase in seafloor | question: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what element along the coasts?, answer: flooded coastal areas | question: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?, answer: Tethys Sea | question: What weather condition increased?, answer: Temperatures | question: As humidity increased what land area decreased?, answer: deserts
Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.

question: Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?, answer: The Arctic tern | question: Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?, answer: The Arctic tern | question: How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?, answer: three months | question: How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?, answer: 22,000 km | question: Where do tubenosed birds breed?, answer: the southern hemisphere
Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.

question: What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?, answer: squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass | question: What fruits are commonly used in foods?, answer: Cucumber and tomato | question: What is lountza?, answer: smoked pork loin | question: What is souvlaki?, answer: pork and chicken cooked over charcoal | question: What is sheftalia?, answer: minced meat wrapped in mesentery
Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called "early clerical" or "proto-clerical" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts – small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script – runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.

question: What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?, answer: Seal script | question: What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?, answer: clerical | question: What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?, answer: clerical script
Seattle (i/siˈætəl/) is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County. With an estimated 662,400 residents as of 2015[update], Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013 it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States, and remained in the top five in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015.

question: Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?, answer: King County | question: By 2015 what was Seattle's population?, answer: 662,400 | question: What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing?, answer: third largest | question: By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?, answer: July 2013 | question: How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?, answer: 100 miles
Seattle also has large lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. According to a 2006 study by UCLA, 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind San Francisco Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 per cent, surpassing San Francisco.

question: By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?, answer: 12.9% | question: How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?, answer: second-highest | question: What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?, answer: San Francisco | question: What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?, answer: 2.6 | question: What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?, answer: highest percentage
Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.

question: When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?, answer: 2001 | question: What poetry festival was first held in 1997?, answer: Poetry Circus | question: How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?, answer: biennial | question: How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?, answer: annually | question: To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?, answer: performance poets
Seattle experiences its heaviest rainfall during the months of November, December and January, receiving roughly half of its annual rainfall (by volume) during this period. In late fall and early winter, atmospheric rivers (also known as "Pineapple Express" systems), strong frontal systems, and Pacific low pressure systems are common. Light rain & drizzle are the predominant forms of precipitation during the remainder of the year; for instance, on average, less than 1.6 in (41 mm) of rain falls in July and August combined when rain is rare. On occasion, Seattle experiences somewhat more significant weather events. One such event occurred on December 2–4, 2007, when sustained hurricane-force winds and widespread heavy rainfall associated with a strong Pineapple Express event occurred in the greater Puget Sound area and the western parts of Washington and Oregon. Precipitation totals exceeded 13.8 in (350 mm) in some areas with winds topping out at 209 km/h (130 mph) along coastal Oregon. It became the second wettest event in Seattle history when a little over 130 mm (5.1 in) of rain fell on Seattle in a 24-hour period. Lack of adaptation to the heavy rain contributed to five deaths and widespread flooding and damage.

question: What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?, answer: half | question: What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?, answer: heaviest rainfall | question: What are atmospheric rivers called in the Seattle area?, answer: Pineapple Express | question: When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?, answer: December 2–4, 2007 | question: How many deaths occurred during the 2007 heavy rains?, answer: five deaths
Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States. The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.

question: How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?, answer: century | question: What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?, answer: PNB School | question: In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?, answer: Benaroya Hall | question: Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?, answer: McCaw Hall | question: What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?, answer: Seattle Opera House