lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A 2010 study by Bray et al., using SNP microarray techniques and linkage analysis found that when assuming Druze and Palestinian Arab populations to represent the reference to world Jewry ancestor genome, between 35 to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome can possibly be of European origin, and that European "admixture is considerably higher than previous estimates by studies that used the Y chromosome" with this reference point. Assuming this reference point the linkage disequilibrium in the Ashkenazi Jewish population was interpreted as "matches signs of interbreeding or 'admixture' between Middle Eastern and European populations". On the Bray et al. tree, Ashkenazi Jews were found to be a genetically more divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, Basques, Italians, Sardinians and Tuscans. The study also observed that Ashkenazim are more diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives, which was counterintuitive because Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset, of their assumed geographical source population. Bray et al. therefore postulate that these results reflect not the population antiquity but a history of mixing between genetically distinct populations in Europe. However, it's possible that the relaxation of marriage prescription in the ancestors of Ashkenazim that drove their heterozygosity up, while the maintenance of the FBD rule in native Middle Easterners have been keeping their heterozygosity values in check. Ashkenazim distinctiveness as found in the Bray et al. study, therefore, may come from their ethnic endogamy (ethnic inbreeding), which allowed them to "mine" their ancestral gene pool in the context of relative reproductive isolation from European neighbors, and not from clan endogamy (clan inbreeding). Consequently, their higher diversity compared to Middle Easterners stems from the latter's marriage practices, not necessarily from the former's admixture with Europeans.

question: What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?, answer: 35 to 55 percent | question: Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?, answer: admixture is considerably higher | question: Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?, answer: a genetically more divergent population | question: In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?, answer: more diverse | question: Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?, answer: Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset
A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry", as both groups – the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews – shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins.

question: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?, answer: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews | question: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?, answer: modern-day Italians | question: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?, answer: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire
A 2011 discovery in the Canadian province of New Brunswick uncovered the earliest known plants to have grown wood, approximately 395 to 400 million years ago. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species by dendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created.

question: What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?, answer: 2011 | question: In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?, answer: New Brunswick | question: If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?, answer: carbon dating | question: How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?, answer: 395 to 400
A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.

question: When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?, answer: Translational Genomics Research | question: What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?, answer: 47% | question: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?, answer: Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, | question: What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??, answer: a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present
A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

question: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?, answer: 2013 | question: How old was the young boy's remains?, answer: 24,000-year-old | question: What culture was the boy from?, answer: Mal'ta-Buret' | question: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?, answer: western Eurasians | question: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?, answer: 14 to 38 percent
A 2013 trans-genome study carried out by 30 geneticists, from 13 universities and academies, from 9 countries, assembling the largest data set available to date, for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. "Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region", the authors concluded.

question: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?, answer: 30 geneticists | question: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?, answer: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews | question: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?, answer: 13 universities and academies
A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script.

question: A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?, answer: a Samaritan synagogue | question: What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?, answer: typical Jewish symbols | question: What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?, answer: Greek | question: The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?, answer: cultic | question: The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?, answer: the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue
A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.

question: Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?, answer: on a swing arm | question: What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?, answer: 780 nm | question: What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?, answer: photodiode | question: In what pattern is data stored on a CD?, answer: spiral | question: What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?, answer: change in height between pits and lands
A Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach.

question: What is a person who follows Christianity called?, answer: Christian | question: Whose life do Christians learn from?, answer: Jesus Christ | question: What Greek word is Christian derived from?, answer: Christós | question: Christós is translated from what Biblical term?, answer: mashiach
A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS.

question: How long can it take to create a DBMS?, answer: thousands of human years | question: Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s., answer: Adabas, Oracle and DB2 | question: How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?, answer: spread over a large number of users | question: Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS., answer: an email system
A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotics were not effective. The report concluded that "it appears that the use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors have limited the epidemic spread and thus the number of these diseases which have occurred". The study further examined mortality rates for eight common diseases for which antibiotics offered effective therapy (syphilis, tuberculosis, dysentery, scarlet fever, whooping cough, meningococcal infections, and pneumonia), and found a 56% decline over the same period. Notable among these was a 75% decline in deaths due to tuberculosis.

question: What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?, answer: tuberculosis | question: What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?, answer: use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors | question: What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?, answer: 1946-1955 | question: Who issued the report in 1958?, answer: Federal Trade Commission | question: What were eight diseases examined for?, answer: mortality rates | question: How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?, answer: 56% | question: How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?, answer: 75% | question: Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?, answer: Federal Trade Commission | question: In what year was the FTC's report issued?, answer: 1958
A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

question: What's another term for "Frankish"?, answer: Franconian | question: What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?, answer: Tiel | question: To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?, answer: 5th | question: What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?, answer: vadam | question: What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?, answer: mudflat
A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received £2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'. The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of £5,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007. Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.

question: How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?, answer: £2,652 | question: Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?, answer: Common Agricultural Policy | question: What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?, answer: environmental improvements
A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating "the Germans" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum "King of the Germans" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher ("a German") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century.

question: What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?, answer: High Middle Ages | question: The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?, answer: East Francia | question: When was the Title King of the Germans first used?, answer: late 11th century | question: Who coined the phrase "king of the Germans", answer: chancery of Pope Gregory VII, | question: Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?, answer: Henry IV | question: When did a German ethnicity emerge?, answer: the Middle Ages | question: When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?, answer: the late 11th century | question: Who first used rex teutonicum?, answer: Pope Gregory VII | question: When is ein diutscher first used?, answer: 12th century | question: What does ein diutscher mean?, answer: a German
A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian islands, including the Marshalls, under the governor of German New Guinea.

question: What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?, answer: the Jaluit Gesellschaft | question: When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?, answer: 1905 | question: What document was signed in 1899?, answer: the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899 | question: Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?, answer: the Carolines | question: What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?, answer: the governor of German New Guinea
A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a "Superspeed+" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.

question: When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?, answer: January 2013 | question: What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?, answer: The group ended up creating a new USB version | question: When was USB 3.1 released?, answer: 31 July 2013 | question: What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?, answer: the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode
A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him. Planned surveillance of the U.S. fleet by long range seaplane did not happen (as a result of an abortive identical operation in March), so Fletcher's carriers were able to proceed to a flanking position without being detected. Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers, the U.S. 348 (115 land-based).

question: In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?, answer: Aleutian Islands | question: What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?, answer: capture of Midway | question: How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?, answer: 272 | question: How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?, answer: 348 | question: How many U.S. planes were land-based?, answer: 115
A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations might have later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English. Philosophus Autodidactus, continuing the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle from earlier ages, inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist.

question: Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?, answer: 1671 | question: Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?, answer: Daniel Defoe | question: Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?, answer: Edward Pococke the Younger | question: Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?, answer: 1708 | question: What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?, answer: The Aspiring Naturalist