lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.

question: What party regained power in Britain in 1951?, answer: Conservative Party | question: Which party was Winston Churchill in?, answer: Conservative Party | question: Who ruled Egypt in 1952?, answer: Gamal Abdul Nasser | question: When did Sudan receive independence?, answer: 1 January 1956 | question: Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?, answer: Middle East
In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension".

question: Who discovered Hydralazine?, answer: researchers at Ciba | question: Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?, answer: the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension | question: Who developed Chlorothiazide?, answer: Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co | question: What is Chlorothiazide used to treat?, answer: hypertension | question: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?, answer: lost its effectiveness over time | question: What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?, answer: hydralazine | question: What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?, answer: chlorothiazide | question: Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?, answer: Public Health Lasker Award | question: In what year was hydralazine discovered?, answer: 1952 | question: Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?, answer: hypertension
In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

question: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?, answer: Thomas J. Watson, Jr | question: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?, answer: 1952 | question: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?, answer: sex, national origin, and age | question: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these., answer: IBM Fellows | question: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?, answer: 34
In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

question: Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?, answer: 1952 | question: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?, answer: artificial intelligence | question: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?, answer: an IBM 704 | question: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?, answer: FORmula TRANslation | question: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?, answer: Albert L. Williams
In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

question: How did Baden-Württemberg form?, answer: following a referendum | question: When did the the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic?, answer: German reunification | question: What was it called when East Germany joined the republic?, answer: German reunification | question: What states formed Berlin in 1990?, answer: West and East Berlin | question: Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996?, answer: Brandenburg | question: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?, answer: Baden-Württemberg | question: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?, answer: 1952 | question: In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?, answer: Saarland | question: When did the German reunification take place?, answer: 1990 | question: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?, answer: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg
In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.

question: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?, answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower | question: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?, answer: the United Nations | question: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?, answer: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) | question: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?, answer: United States | question: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?, answer: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

question: Who began developing the R-7 Semyorka rocket?, answer: Korolev | question: R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?, answer: German G-4 | question: When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?, answer: August 21, 1957 | question: The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?, answer: R-7 Semyorka rocket
In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

question: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?, answer: Yalta | question: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?, answer: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch | question: What world leader died in March of 1953?, answer: Joseph Stalin | question: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?, answer: Chance for Peace | question: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?, answer: Stephen Ambrose
In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?, answer: Mexico | question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?, answer: Southeast Asia | question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?, answer: 1954 | question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?, answer: West Germany | question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?, answer: Vietnam
In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

question: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?, answer: Novi Sad Agreement | question: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?, answer: equal status | question: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?, answer: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska
In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

question: What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954?, answer: Richard C. Lee | question: What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?, answer: Interstate 95 | question: What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?, answer: The Oak Street Connector | question: What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?, answer: the city's western suburbs | question: What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?, answer: a boulevard | question: What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?, answer: Richard C. Lee | question: What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?, answer: construction of Interstate 95 | question: During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?, answer: becoming a boulevard
In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

question: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?, answer: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections | question: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?, answer: London | question: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?, answer: Eisenhower | question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?, answer: Austria | question: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?, answer: Open Skies
In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].

question: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed?, answer: 1955 | question: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?, answer: John Paul Nafe | question: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?, answer: nerve fibers | question: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?, answer: identical | question: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?, answer: superseded by more modern theories of pain
In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

question: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?, answer: 1955 | question: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?, answer: Louis Marchand | question: What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?, answer: arsenic poisoning | question: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?, answer: Sten Forshufvud | question: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?, answer: well preserved
In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.

question: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?, answer: 1955 | question: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?, answer: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery | question: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?, answer: relative inaccuracy of the missile | question: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?, answer: Oppenheimer
In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)

question: In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?, answer: 1955 | question: From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?, answer: died within two weeks | question: How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?, answer: eighteen months
In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.

question: Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?, answer: James C. Hagerty | question: The starting date for the Space Race was which date?, answer: August 30, 1955