lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.

question: What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?, answer: biodiversity | question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?, answer: biodiversity | question: What influences richness of biodiversity?, answer: the climatic conditions and area of the region | question: What term describes all the species of plants in existence?, answer: flora
The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same?, answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years | question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?, answer: 660 clubs entered the competition | question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?, answer: 674 | question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?, answer: 687 | question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?, answer: 731
The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.

question: When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?, answer: 2007 | question: In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?, answer: 1982 | question: Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?, answer: gastro-pubs | question: What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?, answer: supermarkets
The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly in the last 10 years. Shooting incidents peaked in 2006 when 1,857 shootings were recorded. That number has dropped 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014. Similarly, major crimes in the city has decreased gradually in the last ten years since its peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. In the past three years, the number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent to a total of 68,815. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in the past three years with a reported 15,771 occurrences in 2014. Based on the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 people or more, Philadelphia was ranked as the 54th most dangerous city in 2015.

question: When did shootings peak in the city?, answer: 2006 | question: How many shootings were there in that year?, answer: 1,857 | question: Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?, answer: fell | question: What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S.?, answer: 54th
The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Great Lakes region and the lion fish along the North American Atlantic coast). Some evidence suggests that invasive species are competitive in their new habitats because they are subject to less pathogen disturbance. Others report confounding evidence that occasionally suggest that species-rich communities harbor many native and exotic species simultaneously while some say that diverse ecosystems are more resilient and resist invasive plants and animals. An important question is, "do invasive species cause extinctions?" Many studies cite effects of invasive species on natives, but not extinctions. Invasive species seem to increase local (i.e.: alpha diversity) diversity, which decreases turnover of diversity (i.e.: beta diversity). Overall gamma diversity may be lowered because species are going extinct because of other causes, but even some of the most insidious invaders (e.g.: Dutch elm disease, emerald ash borer, chestnut blight in North America) have not caused their host species to become extinct. Extirpation, population decline, and homogenization of regional biodiversity are much more common. Human activities have frequently been the cause of invasive species circumventing their barriers, by introducing them for food and other purposes. Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.

question: What century started the increase of species invasions?, answer: 1900s | question: Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?, answer: humans | question: What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?, answer: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer | question: What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?, answer: lion fish
The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss or 11,000 species of pteridophytes, showing that the flowering plants are much more diverse. The number of families in APG (1998) was 462. In APG II (2003) it is not settled; at maximum it is 457, but within this number there are 55 optional segregates, so that the minimum number of families in this system is 402. In APG III (2009) there are 415 families.

question: What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?, answer: 250,000 to 400,000 | question: How many species of moss is there?, answer: 12,000 | question: What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?, answer: diverse | question: What are the minimum number of families in the APG system?, answer: 402 | question: How many families are in AGP III?, answer: 415
The numbered streets carry crosstown traffic. In general, even-numbered streets are one-way eastbound and odd-numbered streets are one-way west. Several exceptions reverse this. Most wider streets carry two-way traffic, as do a few of the narrow ones.

question: Which streets are one-way eastbound?, answer: even-numbered | question: Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction?, answer: west | question: Do most wide streets carry one-way or two-way traffic?, answer: two-way
The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in coves and on gentle slopes, have dominantly white and northern red oaks, while the driest sites are dominated by chestnut oak, or sometimes by scarlet or northern red oaks. In the northern Appalachians the oaks, except for white and northern red, drop out, while the latter extends farthest north.

question: What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?, answer: black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks | question: What other tree is common there?, answer: hickories | question: What trees are located in drier portions?, answer: chestnut oak
The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumption is incorrect, as once solidified, glass stops flowing. The reason for the observation is that in the past, when panes of glass were commonly made by glassblowers, the technique used was to spin molten glass so as to create a round, mostly flat and even plate (the crown glass process, described above). This plate was then cut to fit a window. The pieces were not absolutely flat; the edges of the disk became a different thickness as the glass spun. When installed in a window frame, the glass would be placed with the thicker side down both for the sake of stability and to prevent water accumulating in the lead cames at the bottom of the window. Occasionally such glass has been found installed with the thicker side at the top, left or right.

question: What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?, answer: stability | question: Who used to make window panes?, answer: glassblowers | question: What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?, answer: crown glass process | question: The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?, answer: liquid | question: When does glass stop moving like a liquid?, answer: once solidified
The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.

question: When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?, answer: 1964 | question: Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?, answer: Fourteenth | question: When were Borough Presidents created?, answer: 1898 | question: When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?, answer: 1989 | question: Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?, answer: Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".

question: In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?, answer: president | question: When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?, answer: 1972 | question: When did Knorr die?, answer: 1977 | question: Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?, answer: traveling overseers | question: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?, answer: Don A. Adams
The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub, named Clark, described by the team's press release as a young and friendly Cub. Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13, 2014, the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club's first ever official physical mascot. The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team's name to the Chicago Bears, due to the Cubs allowing the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s.

question: What is the official Cubs team mascot?, answer: a young bear cub | question: What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?, answer: Clark | question: When did Clark make his debut?, answer: January 13, 2014
The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.

question: What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?, answer: the Big Dipper constellation | question: What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?, answer: Běidǒu | question: What does Běidǒu translate as?, answer: Northern Dipper | question: Who named the constellation Běidǒu?, answer: ancient Chinese astronomers | question: What was the Běidǒu constellation used for?, answer: to locate the North Star Polaris
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

question: When was the metric system officially introduced?, answer: September 1799 | question: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?, answer: the metric system | question: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?, answer: 1812 | question: How many grams were in the livre metrique?, answer: 500 | question: How many grams were in the livre du roi?, answer: 489.5
The official language of Bern is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the Alemannic Swiss German dialect called Bernese German.

question: What is the official language of Bern?, answer: German | question: What is the main language spoken in Bern?, answer: Bernese German | question: What dialect is Bernese German?, answer: Alemannic Swiss | question: What is the official language of Bern?, answer: German
The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the "lingua franca" of the city.

question: What is official language of Egypt?, answer: Modern Standard Arabic | question: What are main laguages of immigrants?, answer: Greek, Armenian and Italian | question: In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?, answer: Alexandria | question: What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?, answer: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)
The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

question: Who did the government want raised as white?, answer: "half-caste" individuals | question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?, answer: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white" | question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?, answer: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs | question: What was this process referred to?, answer: the Stolen Generation
The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands.

question: Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?, answer: not an ally | question: What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?, answer: blackmail | question: Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?, answer: the same way | question: According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?, answer: Thailand | question: What nations were occupied by the Axis?, answer: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands | question: After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?, answer: not as a former enemy | question: Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?, answer: Japanese troops
The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.

question: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?, answer: those who submit reports for their personal ministry | question: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?, answer: active | question: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?, answer: low | question: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: 37%
The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

question: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?, answer: corn | question: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?, answer: G. Casavantes | question: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?, answer: Governor Trías | question: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?, answer: water | question: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?, answer: Díaz
The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself. However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.

question: Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?, answer: Pythia | question: Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?, answer: Sibyl | question: What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?, answer: existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves