lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?, answer: Sidney Ells | question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?, answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark | question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?, answer: 1915 | question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?, answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons | question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?, answer: roofs
The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?, answer: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time | question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?, answer: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. | question: What did Diamond find about the women?, answer: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, | question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?, answer: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour | question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?, answer: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed
The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splügen Pass.

question: What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?, answer: The variances in nomenclature | question: Who came up with the general classification?, answer: geologist Stefan Schmid | question: Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?, answer: Splügen Pass
The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.

question: During what century did gold coinage cease?, answer: 7th | question: Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?, answer: silver | question: What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?, answer: penny | question: What was another name for the denarius?, answer: denier | question: In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?, answer: Southern Europe
The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

question: The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?, answer: Greco-Macedonian political elite | question: What are Seleucid garrisons called?, answer: choria | question: What are Seleucid military colonies called?, answer: katoikiai | question: Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?, answer: Ptolemy IV | question: What year did Ptolemy IV die?, answer: 204
The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities.

question: What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?, answer: Sunni | question: What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?, answer: Maliki school of jurisprudence | question: What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?, answer: Sharia | question: What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?, answer: Kano
The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so are classified as "Class 2". The opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) of 2010, on the health issues concerning LEDs, suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2, especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children. In general, laser safety regulations—and the "Class 1", "Class 2", etc. system—also apply to LEDs.

question: How are most LEDs classified?, answer: Class 1 LED product | question: What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?, answer: safe under all conditions of normal use | question: What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?, answer: extremely bright LEDs | question: Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?, answer: French | question: What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?, answer: Class 2
The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

question: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?, answer: long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | question: What does DNA consist of?, answer: a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits | question: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?, answer: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose) | question: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?, answer: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine | question: Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?, answer: a phosphate group
The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises.

question: Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?, answer: Troyes, France | question: For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?, answer: largely rural and semi-literate | question: Which two influential periodicals were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714?, answer: The Tatler and The Spectator | question: What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?, answer: Bibliothèque Bleue
The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.

question: Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?, answer: the European continent | question: How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?, answer: 12.7 million | question: What is the single nation with the most visitors?, answer: United Kingdom | question: Which part of Greece is the most visited?, answer: Central Macedonia | question: Northern Greece gets how many visitors?, answer: 6.5 million
The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

question: From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?, answer: verbal system | question: What is used in place of the future tense?, answer: present tense | question: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?, answer: special forms
The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb jít (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chodívat (to go regularly).

question: How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?, answer: two ways | question: What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?, answer: an added prefix | question: What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?, answer: different infinitive ending | question: What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?, answer: further morphology | question: What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?, answer: repeated or regular action
The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone (1949–52) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).

question: To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?, answer: Etonians who had died in the Boer War | question: What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?, answer: A bomb | question: Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?, answer: Evie Hone
The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

question: Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?, answer: Germaine of Foix | question: When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?, answer: 1520–1522 | question: What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?, answer: comuneros | question: Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?, answer: 800 | question: Whom did the comuneros rebel against?, answer: Charles
The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan—because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.

question: Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?, answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan | question: What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?, answer: League of Nations Council | question: Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?, answer: against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League | question: When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?, answer: 19 March 1920
The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.

question: The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?, answer: ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities | question: What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: no sacramental ministerial priesthood | question: What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?, answer: ordinances and doctrines | question: What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?, answer: Eastern Orthodox | question: What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: true apostolic succession
The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

question: What are Akathists?, answer: standing hymns | question: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?, answer: Five | question: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?, answer: the Akathist Hymn | question: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?, answer: Sunday of Orthodoxy
The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language.

question: What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?, answer: South Slavic Old Church Slavonic | question: What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?, answer: mainly abstract and literary words | question: What word forms are used together in some cases?, answer: East Slavic and the Church Slavonic