lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements. The Independent reported in June 2012 that "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol." The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of the Government of Myanmar on 5 July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would "signal a transformation." In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers. According to Samantha Power, a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012. However, she did not comment on the government's progress towards reform in this area.

question: How are children used in the conflicts in Burma?, answer: Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements. | question: How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ?, answer: Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol | question: How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?, answer: the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers
Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

question: Where do African children find their first jobs?, answer: home | question: What do African children do primarily while working at home?, answer: help their parents run the family farm | question: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?, answer: estimated five million | question: How many children in Africa pick coffee?, answer: 30 percent | question: How many children work year round in Africa?, answer: estimated 25,000
China also began suffering from mounting overpopulation during this period. Population growth was stagnant for the first half of the 17th century due to civil wars and epidemics, but prosperity and internal stability gradually reversed this trend. The introduction of new crops from the Americas such as the potato and peanut allowed an improved food supply as well, so that the total population of China during the 18th century ballooned from 100 million to 300 million people. Soon all available farmland was used up, forcing peasants to work ever-smaller and more intensely worked plots. The Qianlong Emperor once bemoaned the country's situation by remarking "The population continues to grow, but the land does not." The only remaining part of the empire that had arable farmland was Manchuria, where the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang had been walled off as a Manchu homeland. The emperor decreed for the first time that Han Chinese civilians were forbidden to settle. Mongols were forbidden by the Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing.

question: What crops helped the Chinese?, answer: potato and peanut | question: What led to overpopulation in China?, answer: prosperity and internal stability | question: How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?, answer: 100 million | question: How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?, answer: 300 million | question: What was the last part of China with farmland left?, answer: Manchuria
China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.

question: China is the largest what?, answer: China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area | question: What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?, answer: decentralization | question: Why is China's government similar to unity structure?, answer: Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs | question: How long has China been with centralized power?, answer: centuries
China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title "emperor" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202–195 BC). Chang'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.

question: With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?, answer: conquest | question: Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?, answer: Xiang Yu | question: Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?, answer: Qin Shi Huangdi | question: What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?, answer: rebellion | question: Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?, answer: his followers
China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?, answer: February 27, 2014 | question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?, answer: enhanced national security capabilities. | question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??, answer: China
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recognized "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers.

question: What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?, answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States | question: How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?, answer: five | question: What other countries are referred to as middle powers?, answer: China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom | question: What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?, answer: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.

question: What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?, answer: Chinese character dictionaries | question: What lists Chinese characters in radical order?, answer: Korean dictionaries | question: What is grouped together by radicals?, answer: characters
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.

question: What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?, answer: Hanzi | question: What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?, answer: Chinese characters
Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.

question: What are primarily morphosyllabic?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What are written with a single character?, answer: Chinese morphemes | question: What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?, answer: 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú
Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.

question: What number in the tens of thousands?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?, answer: literacy in written Chinese | question: Which are identical to Chinese forms?, answer: kyūjitai
Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.

question: What represent words of the language using several strategies?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What were most words written in?, answer: rebus principle | question: What are some words expressed in?, answer: compound ideograms
Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values. Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement. The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms, including China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs, the Zongli Yamen; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service; the formation of modernized armies, such as the Beiyang Army, as well as a navy; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories.

question: Who put down the rebellions?, answer: Zuo Zongtang | question: How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?, answer: five | question: What year did Tongzhi take power?, answer: 1861 | question: What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?, answer: western military technology | question: What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?, answer: Beiyang Army
Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

question: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?, answer: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories | question: Who imported Chinese laborers?, answer: white planters | question: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?, answer: the Chinese Exclusion Act | question: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?, answer: they did not take white spouses | question: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?, answer: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South
Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?, answer: Chinese political philosophy | question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?, answer: 6th century BC | question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?, answer: the social and political breakdown of the country | question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?, answer: Mohism
Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops.

question: Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?, answer: Chinese troops | question: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?, answer: called a conference in Shenyang | question: What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?, answer: discuss the PVA's logistical problems | question: Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?, answer: These commitments did little to directly address the problems
Chip E.'s 1985 recording "It's House" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that DJ Knuckles played at the Warehouse nightclub were labelled in the store "As Heard At The Warehouse", which was shortened to simply "House". Patrons later asked for new music for the bins, which Chip E. implies was a demand the shop tried to meet by stocking newer local club hits.

question: what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?, answer: "It's House" | question: when was Chip E's hit "It's House" released?, answer: 1985 | question: the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?, answer: Importes Etc
Chivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the chansons de geste, or "songs of great deeds", such as The Song of Roland or The Song of Hildebrand. Secular and religious histories were also produced. Geoffrey of Monmouth (d. c. 1155) composed his Historia Regum Britanniae, a collection of stories and legends about Arthur. Other works were more clearly history, such as Otto von Freising's (d. 1158) Gesta Friderici Imperatoris detailing the deeds of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, or William of Malmesbury's (d. c. 1143) Gesta Regum on the kings of England.

question: What does chansons de geste mean in English?, answer: songs of great deeds | question: Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?, answer: The Song of Hildebrand | question: Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?, answer: Geoffrey of Monmouth | question: What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?, answer: Arthur | question: Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?, answer: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.

question: What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?, answer: Christian | question: Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?, answer: northern | question: What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?, answer: Islamic | question: When did Nigeria receive independence?, answer: 1960 | question: When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?, answer: 1936