lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

question: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?, answer: the Red Shirts | question: What granted Freeman were American citizenship?, answer: federal constitutional amendments. | question: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?, answer: October 15 | question: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?, answer: September 6 | question: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?, answer: Wade Hampton
Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

question: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?, answer: Aeneid | question: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?, answer: Iliad and Odyssey | question: Who is the main character in the Aeneid?, answer: Aeneas | question: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?, answer: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy | question: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?, answer: Virgil
Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

question: Who was Virgil's editor?, answer: Varius | question: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?, answer: Servius and Donatus | question: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?, answer: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing | question: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?, answer: problematic
Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.

question: What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?, answer: PowerPC tri-core processor | question: How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?, answer: less than 24 months | question: Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?, answer: Cell BE microprocessor | question: Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?, answer: Toshiba, and Sony | question: What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?, answer: 2012
Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research.

question: How many schools does Washington University have?, answer: seven | question: What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?, answer: 60% | question: How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?, answer: one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation | question: Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?, answer: the Danforth Campus
Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first trophic level. The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany.

question: Why do food chains start with plants?, answer: energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil | question: What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?, answer: first trophic level | question: How can the yield of food plants be increased?, answer: plant breeding | question: Why would botanists study weeds?, answer: problem in agriculture
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.

question: Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?, answer: 87% | question: What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?, answer: paywall | question: In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?, answer: 750,000 | question: As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?, answer: 111,000
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

question: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?, answer: Visual arts by indigenous peoples | question: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples?, answer: indigenous | question: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?, answer: too many artists were posing as Native Americans | question: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?, answer: a state or federally recognized tribe | question: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?, answer: 2007
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

question: Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?, answer: Theria | question: Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?, answer: marsupial and placental | question: What is present in all non-placental mammals?, answer: epipubic bones
Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

question: What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?, answer: Novgorod | question: In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?, answer: Scandinavia | question: When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?, answer: 988 | question: Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?, answer: Princess Anna
Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

question: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?, answer: Dnieper River | question: What language did the church write the liturgy in?, answer: Cyrillic | question: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?, answer: facilitated the conversion to Christianity
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?, answer: polyphonic style | question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?, answer: masses | question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?, answer: opera
Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Mujāhid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven "ahruf" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi‘ al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.

question: The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?, answer: Vocalization markers | question: Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?, answer: Ibn Mujāhid | question: Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?, answer: 8th | question: Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?, answer: ʻAsim's | question: Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?, answer: Kufa
Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

question: What is not often aspirated?, answer: Voiced consonants | question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?, answer: breathy | question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?, answer: breathy-voiced
Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?, answer: Voiceless consonants | question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?, answer: voiced consonants | question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?, answer: Voiceless aspiration
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

question: Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?, answer: German | question: Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?, answer: Dutch | question: What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?, answer: seven | question: What's the German word for "seven"?, answer: sieben | question: Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?, answer: zeven
Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.

question: The United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?, answer: New Mexico | question: Von Braun and his associates were sent to United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?, answer: 1945 | question: The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?, answer: 1949 | question: The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?, answer: Huntsville, Alabama | question: What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?, answer: 1950
Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on "Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs–von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller–Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the "George" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs–von Neumann work was passed on, by Fuchs, to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller–Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, "John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made."

question: With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?, answer: Klaus Fuchs | question: What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?, answer: using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion | question: What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?, answer: Soviet Union
Von Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, "If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?"

question: Why did von Neumann join government work?, answer: felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism | question: How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?, answer: violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm | question: What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?, answer: Manhattan Project