lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

question: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?, answer: 2016 | question: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?, answer: 2023 | question: What was Izvestiya?, answer: Russian newspaper | question: Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?, answer: Murmansk | question: Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?, answer: Vladivostok
Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets" (JP 1-02).

question: What are Special Operations?, answer: operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments | question: What are the goals of Special Operations?, answer: achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives | question: What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ?, answer: indigenous or surrogate | question: What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?, answer: dependence on detailed operational intelligence
Special guest referees may be used from time to time; by virtue of their celebrity status, they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. Face special referees will often fight back against hostile heel wrestlers, particularly if the special referee is either a wrestler themselves or a famous martial artist (such as Tito Ortiz in the main event at TNA's THard Justice in 2005). They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.

question: What kind of referees are occasionally used?, answer: Special guest referees may be used from time to time; | question: What are famous referees directed to do?, answer: often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F | question: What do special referees have the ability to do?, answer: They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.
Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.

question: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?, answer: Tynwald | question: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?, answer: 1765 | question: What does the term the Revestment refer to?, answer: lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 | question: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?, answer: by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor | question: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?, answer: Order in Council
Special units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked out by parachute flares. Then bombers carrying SC 1000 (1,000 kg (2,205 lb)), SC 1400 (1,400 kg (3,086 lb)), and SC 1800 (1,800 kg (3,968 lb)) "Satan" bombs were used to level streets and residential areas. By December, the SC 2500 (2,500 kg (5,512 lb)) "Max" bomb was used.

question: What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?, answer: Beleuchtergruppe | question: The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?, answer: Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) | question: What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas?, answer: "Satan" | question: What was the weight of the "Max" bomb?, answer: 2,500 kg (5,512 lb)
Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

question: Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?, answer: magazines | question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?, answer: monthly or weekly | question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?, answer: weekly | question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?, answer: hundreds of pages
Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha × piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids. Angiosperms with monoecious flowers often have self-incompatibility mechanisms that operate between the pollen and stigma so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to germinate and produce male gametes. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be dioecious when referring to vascular plant sporophytes and dioicous when referring to bryophyte gametophytes.

question: Are plants able to mate across species?, answer: hybrids are often possible | question: What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?, answer: wheat | question: How do some plants avoid cross pollination?, answer: pollen either fails to reach the stigma | question: Do all plants have male and female parts?, answer: separate individuals
Species that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities.

question: What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?, answer: the waxwings Bombycilla | question: What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?, answer: winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food | question: Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?, answer: enhanced breeding opportunities
Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations.

question: What is one of the concerns of the Air Force?, answer: replace its aging fleet | question: How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet?, answer: cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets | question: How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet?, answer: $208 million
Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:

question: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?, answer: 2007 | question: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?, answer: Rębała | question: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?, answer: the Proto-Slavic homeland
Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to do. It uses external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and designs to derive test cases. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.

question: What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?, answer: Specification-based testing | question: What are the test cases built around?, answer: specifications and requirements | question: When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?, answer: functional
Speculation that the Ashkenazi arose from Khazar stock surfaced in the later 19th century and has met with mixed fortunes in the scholarly literature. In late 2012 Eran Elhaik, a research associate studying genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, argued for Khazar descent in his paper The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses. A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA found no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA, as would be predicted by the Khazar hypothesis.

question: When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?, answer: in the later 19th century | question: Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?, answer: argued for Khazar descent | question: What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?, answer: no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA
Spielberg and actor Tom Cruise collaborated for the first time for the futuristic neo-noir Minority Report, based upon the science fiction short story written by Philip K. Dick about a Washington D.C. police captain in the year 2054 who has been foreseen to murder a man he has not yet met. The film received strong reviews with the review tallying website Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 92% approval rating, reporting that 206 out of the 225 reviews they tallied were positive. The film earned over $358 million worldwide. Roger Ebert, who named it the best film of 2002, praised its breathtaking vision of the future as well as for the way Spielberg blended CGI with live-action.

question: What movie did Spielberg collaborate with Cruise for?, answer: Minority Report | question: When is Minority Report set?, answer: 2054 | question: What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report?, answer: 92% | question: How much did Minority Report earn?, answer: over $358 million worldwide | question: When was Minority Report released?, answer: 2002
Spielberg directed 2015's Bridge of Spies, a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident, and focusing on James B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. The film starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda, with a script by the Coen brothers. The film was shot from September to December 2014 on location in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland (which doubled for East Berlin), and was released by Disney on October 16, 2015. Bridge of Spies received positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

question: When was 'Bridge of Spies' released?, answer: October 16, 2015 | question: How many Oscar nominations did 'Bridge of Spies' get?, answer: six | question: When was 'Bridge of Spies' set?, answer: 1960 | question: Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed?, answer: New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland | question: Who played Donovan in 'Bridge of Spies'?, answer: Tom Hanks
Spielberg first met actress Amy Irving in 1976 at the suggestion of director Brian De Palma, who knew he was looking for an actress to play in Close Encounters. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, "I met a real heartbreaker last night.":293 Although she was too young for the role, she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved in to what she described as his "bachelor funky" house.:294 They lived together for four years, but the stresses of their professional careers took a toll on their relationship. Irving wanted to be certain that whatever success she attained as an actress would be her own: "I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend," she said, and chose not to be in any of his films during those years.:295

question: Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?, answer: Amy Irving | question: What was Amy Irving's career?, answer: actress | question: Who introduced Irving to Spielberg?, answer: Brian De Palma | question: How did Irving describe Spielberg's house?, answer: "bachelor funky" | question: Why did Irving not want to be in Spielberg's films while dating?, answer: "I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,"
Spielberg followed with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010. It was released just four days after The Adventures of Tintin, on December 25, 2011. The film, based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Morpurgo and published in 1982, follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I – the novel was also adapted into a hit play in London which is still running there, as well as on Broadway. The film was released and distributed by Disney, with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009. War Horse received generally positive reviews from critics, and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

question: Where was 'War Horse' filmed?, answer: England | question: When did 'War Horse' come out?, answer: December 25, 2011 | question: Who wrote the 'War Horse' book?, answer: Michael Morpurgo | question: When did the 'War Horse' book come out?, answer: 1982 | question: Who distributed 'War Horse'?, answer: Disney
Spielberg has filmed and is currently in post-production on an adaptation of Roald Dahl's celebrated children's story The BFG. Spielberg's DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, originally intending John Madden to direct. The film was written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison and is co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG is set to premiere out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2016, before its wide release in the US on July 1, 2016.

question: Who wrote 'The BFG'?, answer: Roald Dahl | question: Who wrote E.T.'s script?, answer: Melissa Mathison | question: What film festival will first air 'The BFG'?, answer: Cannes Film Festival | question: In what month is Cannes held?, answer: May | question: When will 'The BFG' be in most theaters?, answer: July 1, 2016
Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg.

question: Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?, answer: Daniel Day-Lewis | question: What book was 'Lincoln' based on?, answer: Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln | question: What part of Lincoln's life did the film cover?, answer: the final four months | question: Where was 'Lincoln' filmed?, answer: Richmond, Virginia | question: Who played Mary Todd Lincoln in 'Lincoln'?, answer: Sally Field
Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln. For cinematography, Allen Daviau, a childhood friend and cinematographer, shot the early Spielberg film Amblin and most of his films up to Empire of the Sun; Janusz Kamiński who has shot every Spielberg film since Schindler's List (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations); and the film editor Michael Kahn who has edited every film directed by Spielberg from Close Encounters to Munich (except E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial). Most of the DVDs of Spielberg's films have documentaries by Laurent Bouzereau.

question: Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?, answer: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial | question: Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg's films?, answer: Allen Daviau | question: Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on?, answer: Schindler's List | question: Which film did Daviau first work with Spielberg on?, answer: Amblin | question: Which film did Kahn first work with Spielberg on?, answer: Close Encounters
Spielberg served as an uncredited executive producer on The Haunting, The Prince of Egypt, Just Like Heaven, Shrek, Road to Perdition, and Evolution. He served as an executive producer for the 1997 film Men in Black, and its sequels, Men in Black II and Men in Black III. In 2005, he served as a producer of Memoirs of a Geisha, an adaptation of the novel by Arthur Golden, a film to which he was previously attached as director. In 2006, Spielberg co-executive produced with famed filmmaker Robert Zemeckis a CGI children's film called Monster House, marking their eighth collaboration since 1990's Back to the Future Part III. He also teamed with Clint Eastwood for the first time in their careers, co-producing Eastwood's Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima with Robert Lorenz and Eastwood himself. He earned his twelfth Academy Award nomination for the latter film as it was nominated for Best Picture. Spielberg served as executive producer for Disturbia and the Transformers live action film with Brian Goldner, an employee of Hasbro. The film was directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, and Spielberg continued to collaborate on the sequels, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In 2011, he produced the J. J. Abrams science fiction thriller film Super 8 for Paramount Pictures.

question: When was 'Men In Black' released?, answer: 1997 | question: Who wrote the book 'Memoirs of a Geisha' is based on?, answer: Arthur Golden | question: Who did Spielberg collaborate with in 2006?, answer: Robert Zemeckis | question: What film did Spielberg first collaborate with Zemeckis on?, answer: Back to the Future Part III | question: Which studio produced 'Super 8'?, answer: Paramount Pictures
Spielberg then revisited his Close Encounters project and, with financial backing from Columbia Pictures, released Close Encounters: The Special Edition in 1980. For this, Spielberg fixed some of the flaws he thought impeded the original 1977 version of the film and also, at the behest of Columbia, and as a condition of Spielberg revising the film, shot additional footage showing the audience the interior of the mothership seen at the end of the film (a decision Spielberg would later regret as he felt the interior of the mothership should have remained a mystery). Nevertheless, the re-release was a moderate success, while the 2001 DVD release of the film restored the original ending.

question: When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?, answer: 1980 | question: What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit?, answer: the interior of the mothership | question: What was the Close Encounters revisit called?, answer: Close Encounters: The Special Edition | question: Which studio funded Close Encounters?, answer: Columbia Pictures | question: When did a Close Encounters DVD come out?, answer: 2001