lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

question: How long does it take glaciers to form?, answer: many years, often centuries | question: Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?, answer: only on land | question: Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?, answer: sea ice and lake ice | question: What causes glaciers to deform and flow?, answer: stresses induced by their weight | question: What are some distinguishing glacial features?, answer: crevasses, seracs
A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.

question: What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?, answer: among the top 30 | question: What is the economy of Boston?, answer: $363 billion | question: What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?, answer: sixth-largest | question: What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?, answer: 12th-largest
A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.

question: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?, answer: A global drop | question: During which period were epicontinental seas created?, answer: Carboniferous | question: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?, answer: lush coal swamps | question: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?, answer: a major marine extinction | question: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?, answer: Mississippian Period
A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

question: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?, answer: the Guardian | question: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?, answer: secret germ warfare tests | question: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?, answer: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps | question: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?, answer: between 1940 and 1979 | question: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?, answer: between 1961 and 1968
A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12", 10", 7"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP – long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm, SP – 78 rpm single, EP – 12-inch single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).

question: What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?, answer: long playing | question: What are common diameters found in phonograph records?, answer: 12", 10", 7" | question: What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?, answer: analogue sound storage medium | question: Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?, answer: near the periphery | question: In what method is the rotational speed measured in?, answer: rpm
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

question: What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?, answer: A great power | question: What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?, answer: military and economic strength | question: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?, answer: United Nations Security Council | question: What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?, answer: diplomatic and soft power influence | question: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?, answer: the G7 | question: What do great powers usually have?, answer: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence | question: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?, answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States | question: What are the countries in the G7?, answer: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America | question: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?, answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions
A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC, i.e. contains the elements ABC, ACB, ..., up to CBA, in total 6 (or 3 factorial) elements. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N (Cayley's theorem). Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above, S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle.

question: What does a finite group include?, answer: a finite number of elements | question: What is the number of elements in a group named?, answer: the order of the group | question: What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?, answer: fundamental | question: What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?, answer: S3
A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.

question: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?, answer: 1994 | question: How many companies developed USB's?, answer: seven | question: What was the goal for USB's?, answer: to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs | question: Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?, answer: Ajay Bhatt
A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.

question: How are gymnasts scored?, answer: from deductions taken from their start value | question: How is the start vaule determined?, answer: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements | question: What is this score called?, answer: D score | question: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?, answer: 10.0 | question: What were added to scoring in 2007?, answer: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score
A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

question: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries., answer: ranching and mining | question: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?, answer: working class | question: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?, answer: haciendas | question: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse., answer: proletariat
A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law. But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all. Borrowing records from libraries in England, Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels. Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature, indicating the general trend of declining religiosity.

question: Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?, answer: Malesherbes | question: The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?, answer: The Encyclopédie | question: What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?, answer: 70 | question: What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?, answer: 1
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

question: What does a higher flight phase result in?, answer: a higher vertical ground reaction force | question: What is vertical ground reaction force?, answer: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum | question: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?, answer: time the landing takes Gymnasts
A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.

question: What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?, answer: hunter-gatherer | question: What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?, answer: agricultural | question: What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?, answer: domesticated species
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

question: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US, answer: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels | question: What do these efforts include, answer: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs | question: how much did it spend in 2009, answer: It spent $373 million on education in 2009. | question: It was an early backer of what, answer: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

question: A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?, answer: a register | question: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?, answer: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from | question: What is a component that all CPUs have?, answer: the program counter
A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms: these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of "clock genes". The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution, but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock.

question: The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?, answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus | question: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?, answer: the hypothalamus | question: Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?, answer: the suprachiasmatic nucleus | question: The RHT is an abbreviation for what?, answer: retinohypothalamic tract | question: THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?, answer: the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT
A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?, answer: kickback | question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?, answer: bidder
A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular "solid" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood "flows" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood.

question: What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?, answer: knot | question: What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?, answer: strength | question: In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?, answer: longitudinally | question: Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?, answer: darker | question: The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?, answer: 90
A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August.

question: Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?, answer: language-independent | question: A knuckle count is a month of how many days?, answer: 31 | question: The space between knuckles is what kind of month?, answer: short month | question: What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?, answer: one's two fists
A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?, answer: 93rd Highlanders | question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?, answer: Kadikoi | question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form?, answer: a single line, two men deep | question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?, answer: Sir Colin Campbell | question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?, answer: Minie rifles
A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.

question: What is the name of the large shopping center, answer: Hoog Catharijne | question: how are the shopping center corridors treated, answer: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night | question: What is being recreated, answer: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated | question: what is located on the west side of the rail station, answer: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station