lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.

question: Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?, answer: Christ | question: What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?, answer: neutral | question: What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?, answer: voting | question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?, answer: they consider to honor people other than Jesus | question: What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?, answer: Satan's control over the world
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?, answer: first-century Christianity | question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses?, answer: the Governing Body | question: Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?, answer: through publications published by the Watch Tower Society | question: How does God reveal his will and purpose?, answer: gradually | question: What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?, answer: divine guidance
Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". A former member of the church’s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children." Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.

question: What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?, answer: sexual abuse | question: Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?, answer: Jehovah's | question: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?, answer: pedophiles | question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?, answer: children | question: Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?, answer: children from parents
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.

question: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?, answer: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination | question: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?, answer: mainstream Christianity | question: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?, answer: more than 8.2 million | question: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?, answer: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses | question: Where are the group elders located?, answer: Brooklyn, New York
Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.

question: What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?, answer: Acts 15:28, 29 | question: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?, answer: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion | question: What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?, answer: non-blood alternatives | question: What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?, answer: information
Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.

question: Who was the first president of the AFL?, answer: Jerry Kurz | question: What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?, answer: commissioner | question: Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?, answer: Scott Butera | question: Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?, answer: Foxwoods | question: What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?, answer: CEO
Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.

question: Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?, answer: Jerusalem | question: Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?, answer: near Damascus Gate | question: What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?, answer: a vine with many branches | question: When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?, answer: 1894 | question: What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?, answer: mortuary chapel
Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

question: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?, answer: 1821 | question: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?, answer: Hugo O'Conor | question: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?, answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino | question: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?, answer: 7 | question: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?, answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino | question: What religion was Kino?, answer: Jesuit | question: What mission did Kino found?, answer: Mission San Xavier del Bac | question: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?, answer: 1700 | question: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?, answer: Hugo O'Conor
Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?, answer: how salvation is granted to humanity | question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?, answer: central importance | question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?, answer: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself | question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?, answer: an act of perfect obedience | question: What church is the sacrifice important to?, answer: the Roman Catholic church
Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players David Grisman, Sam Bush, and Mike Marshall, among others, have worked since the early 1970s to demonstrate the mandolin's versatility for all styles of music. Chris Thile of California is a well-known player, and has accomplished many feats of traditional bluegrass, classical, contemporary pop and rock; the band Nickel Creek featured his playing in its blend of traditional and pop styles, and he now plays in his band Punch Brothers. Most commonly associated with bluegrass, mandolin has been used a lot in country music over the years. Some well-known players include Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs.

question: What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?, answer: half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro | question: What type of music did Jethro Burns play?, answer: jazz mandolinist | question: Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?, answer: Tiny Moore | question: Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?, answer: Chris Thile of California is | question: Who are othe rwell know players?, answer: Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs
Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland. The rise of banking in Italy during the 13th century continued throughout the 14th century, fuelled partly by the increasing warfare of the period and the needs of the papacy to move money between kingdoms. Many banking firms loaned money to royalty, at great risk, as some were bankrupted when kings defaulted on their loans.[AE]

question: In what year were the Jews expelled from England?, answer: 1290 | question: What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?, answer: 1306 | question: Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?, answer: Poland | question: In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?, answer: 1492 | question: Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?, answer: Holland
Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

question: When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?, answer: third birthday | question: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?, answer: burned | question: What are grains and legumes known as?, answer: kitniyot | question: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?, answer: Ashkenazi | question: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?, answer: Talmud
Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants.[U] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe—pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe.

question: In what type of settlement did most Jews live?, answer: cities | question: In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?, answer: the 11th and 12th | question: What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?, answer: Christianity | question: In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?, answer: Eastern | question: What was the religion of the Slavs?, answer: pagan
Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. "Easterners", Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.

question: Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to., answer: Ashkenazim | question: Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?, answer: Sephardim | question: What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?, answer: Germany | question: What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?, answer: Mizrahim | question: What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?, answer: East
Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and the homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory.

question: Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?, answer: Jews | question: Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?, answer: Israelites | question: What were incoming nomadic groups known as?, answer: Hebrews | question: When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?, answer: during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel | question: What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?, answer: The Merneptah Stele
Jiangsu Art Gallery is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China; many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions.

question: What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?, answer: Jiangsu Art Gallery | question: What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?, answer: traditional and contemporary art pieces of China | question: What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?, answer: Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery | question: What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?, answer: their own special exhibitions
Jiangsu Province Kun Opera is one of the best theatres for Kunqu, China's oldest stage art. It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre.

question: What is the name of China's oldest stage art?, answer: Kunqu | question: What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?, answer: Jiangsu Province Kun Opera | question: What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?, answer: a conservative and traditional troupe | question: What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?, answer: Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing | question: What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?, answer: Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

question: What is Jidaigeki?, answer: historical drama | question: Who is Akira Kurosawa?, answer: One of Japan’s most renowned directors | question: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?, answer: Akira Kurosawa | question: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?, answer: Seven Samurai | question: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?, answer: The Magnificent Seven
Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

question: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?, answer: the National Football League | question: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?, answer: an indoor soccer match | question: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?, answer: Madison Square Garden | question: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?, answer: 1981 | question: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?, answer: NBC