lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage." The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their "desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master." Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.

question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?, answer: The Flushing Remonstrance | question: What were the Remonstrance opposed to?, answer: religious persecution of any sort | question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?, answer: December 27, 1657 | question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?, answer: Quakers | question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?, answer: religions
The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.

question: What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?, answer: Canadian | question: What religion is the Flying Fathers team?, answer: Catholic | question: Who founded the Flying Fathers?, answer: Les Costello | question: What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?, answer: NHL | question: Where are the Saores based?, answer: Buffalo
The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 1999, and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore, appointed in November 1999. The former chairman and chief executive, John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.

question: How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) club have on issues?, answer: Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. | question: Who is the chairman of the FAPL and when was he appointed?, answer: The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 199 | question: Why did John Quinton and Peter Leaver resign as chairman and chief excutive?, answer: John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance. | question: Does the Football Association say about the management of the Premier League?, answer: has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league. | question: Who owns the Football Association Premier League?, answer: member clubs | question: How many votes do the member clubs of the Premier League have each?, answer: one | question: What do the people each club elect oversee?, answer: the daily operations of the league | question: Who is the current chairman of the Premier League?, answer: Sir Dave Richards | question: Who is the current CEO of the Premier League?, answer: Richard Scudamore
The Football League was founded in 1888, 16 years after the first FA Cup competition. Since the creation of The Football League, Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league "giant-killer" to win the Cup, taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United: although at that time, there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League, and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division (as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First.) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League: Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 (champions of the Football Alliance, a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division, which it formally became in 1892 – Wednesday being let straight into the First Division), and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 (in which years they were also Southern League champions, proving the strength of that league: again, they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time, but Southampton's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division.)

question: When was the football league founded?, answer: The Football League was founded in 1888 | question: Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?, answer: Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league "giant-killer" to win the Cup | question: What year did they win the cup?, answer: 1901 | question: Who did they delete for the cup?, answer: Sheffield United | question: How many clubs where in the football league?, answer: 36 clubs in the Football League
The Forbes 400 survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the Los Angeles Times. Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives, including his mother, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, who died in 2002. Forbes magazine (named for the Forbes family of publishers, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history, when adjusted for inflation. This assessment was based on Heinz and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when Berkshire Hathaway announced their intention to purchase the company.

question: What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?, answer: $750 million | question: What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth?, answer: from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion | question: What was Kerry's mother's name?, answer: Rosemary Forbes Kerry | question: When did Kerry's mother pass away?, answer: 2002 | question: Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation?, answer: third-richest
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

question: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?, answer: a Middle East and North Africa region | question: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?, answer: Near East | question: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?, answer: Their original Middle East
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.

question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?, answer: post-Civil War | question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?, answer: secure rights for former slaves | question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?, answer: incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states | question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?, answer: due process and equal protection clauses | question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?, answer: application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War (German: Deutsch-Französischer Krieg, lit. German-French War, French: Guerre franco-allemande, lit. Franco-German War), often referred to in France as the War of 1870 (19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871), was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The conflict was caused by Prussian ambitions to extend German unification. Some historians argue that the Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck planned to provoke a French attack in order to draw the southern German states—Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt—into an alliance with the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia, while others contend that Bismarck did not plan anything and merely exploited the circumstances as they unfolded.

question: What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?, answer: Franco-German War | question: What was the war often referred to in France as?, answer: the War of 1870 | question: In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?, answer: the Kingdom of Prussia | question: Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?, answer: Prussian ambitions | question: Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?, answer: Otto von Bismarck
The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?, answer: France and Prussia | question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?, answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. | question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?, answer: North German Confederation | question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?, answer: Alsace-Lorraine | question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?, answer: World War I.
The Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warfare was exploited by Pippin (d. 640), the Mayor of the Palace for Austrasia who became the power behind the Austrasian throne. Later members of his family inherited the office, acting as advisers and regents. One of his descendants, Charles Martel (d. 741), won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, halting the advance of Muslim armies across the Pyrenees.[K] Great Britain was divided into small states dominated by the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, which were descended from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Smaller kingdoms in present-day Wales and Scotland were still under the control of the native Britons and Picts. Ireland was divided into even smaller political units, usually known as tribal kingdoms, under the control of kings. There were perhaps as many as 150 local kings in Ireland, of varying importance.

question: Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?, answer: Burgundy | question: What dynasty ruled Neustria?, answer: Merovingian | question: From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?, answer: Clovis | question: What was the title of Pippin?, answer: Mayor of the Palace | question: What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?, answer: Charles Martel
The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

question: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?, answer: parliamentary democracy | question: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?, answer: General Naguib | question: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?, answer: exile | question: What did Nasser wear during the coup?, answer: civilian clothing | question: What day did the revolution begin?, answer: 22 July
The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;

question: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?, answer: 10 | question: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?, answer: October 2012 | question: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?, answer: Freeview HD | question: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?, answer: region by region
The French Army consisted in peacetime of approximately 400,000 soldiers, some of them regulars, others conscripts who until 1869 served the comparatively long period of seven years with the colours. Some of them were veterans of previous French campaigns in the Crimean War, Algeria, the Franco-Austrian War in Italy, and in the Franco-Mexican War. However, following the "Seven Weeks War" between Prussia and Austria four years earlier, it had been calculated that the French Army could field only 288,000 men to face the Prussian Army when perhaps 1,000,000 would be required. Under Marshal Adolphe Niel, urgent reforms were made. Universal conscription (rather than by ballot, as previously) and a shorter period of service gave increased numbers of reservists, who would swell the army to a planned strength of 800,000 on mobilisation. Those who for any reason were not conscripted were to be enrolled in the Garde Mobile, a militia with a nominal strength of 400,000. However, the Franco-Prussian War broke out before these reforms could be completely implemented. The mobilisation of reservists was chaotic and resulted in large numbers of stragglers, while the Garde Mobile were generally untrained and often mutinous.

question: In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?, answer: 400,000 | question: Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?, answer: the Franco-Austrian War | question: The "Seven Weeks War" was between which two countries?, answer: Prussia and Austria | question: Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?, answer: Marshal Adolphe Niel | question: If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?, answer: the Garde Mobile
The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war.

question: The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?, answer: French Army of Châlons | question: The French navy fell captive where?, answer: at Sedan | question: Who also was captured at Sedan?, answer: Napoleon III | question: The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?, answer: the North Sea | question: On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?, answer: September 1870
The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed in such secrecy, that little training with the weapon had occurred, leaving French gunners with no experience; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective. Worse still, once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties, there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse.

question: What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?, answer: longer range | question: What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun?, answer: the mitrailleuse | question: How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?, answer: thirty-seven barrels | question: What was the range of the mitrailleuse?, answer: 1,200 yd (1,100 m) | question: Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective, answer: artillery
The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

question: Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?, answer: 1592-1665 | question: René Descartes lived from what year to what year?, answer: 1596-1650 | question: abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?, answer: 1664-1729 | question: Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?, answer: 1713-1784 | question: William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?, answer: 1770-1850
The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.

question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?, answer: Papal Schism | question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?, answer: Avignon | question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?, answer: 1377 | question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?, answer: 1378–1417 | question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?, answer: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms
The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.

question: French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?, answer: Saltillo | question: Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?, answer: José María Patoni and Jesús González | question: The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?, answer: President Juárez | question: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?, answer: Chihuahua, Chihuahua | question: Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?, answer: Ángel Trías