lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the six naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.

question: What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?, answer: U | question: What is the atomic number of uranium?, answer: 92 | question: What color is uranium?, answer: silvery-white | question: How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?, answer: 6 | question: Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?, answer: actinide
Uranium is a naturally occurring element that can be found in low levels within all rock, soil, and water. Uranium is the 51st element in order of abundance in the Earth's crust. Uranium is also the highest-numbered element to be found naturally in significant quantities on Earth and is almost always found combined with other elements. Along with all elements having atomic weights higher than that of iron, it is only naturally formed in supernovae. The decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium-40 in the Earth's mantle is thought to be the main source of heat that keeps the outer core liquid and drives mantle convection, which in turn drives plate tectonics.

question: Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?, answer: 51st | question: Where is uranium naturally formed?, answer: in supernovae | question: Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?, answer: thorium | question: In what state is the Earth's outer core?, answer: liquid
Uranium is more plentiful than antimony, tin, cadmium, mercury, or silver, and it is about as abundant as arsenic or molybdenum. Uranium is found in hundreds of minerals, including uraninite (the most common uranium ore), carnotite, autunite, uranophane, torbernite, and coffinite. Significant concentrations of uranium occur in some substances such as phosphate rock deposits, and minerals such as lignite, and monazite sands in uranium-rich ores (it is recovered commercially from sources with as little as 0.1% uranium).

question: Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?, answer: molybdenum | question: Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?, answer: antimony | question: What is the most prevalent uranium ore?, answer: uraninite | question: What mineral sometimes contains uranium?, answer: lignite | question: What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?, answer: phosphate
Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety. See Nuclear proliferation.

question: Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?, answer: orange-red | question: Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?, answer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth | question: Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?, answer: Eugène-Melchior Péligot | question: Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?, answer: Henri Becquerel | question: What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?, answer: Little Boy
Uranium metal heated to 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F) reacts with hydrogen to form uranium hydride. Even higher temperatures will reversibly remove the hydrogen. This property makes uranium hydrides convenient starting materials to create reactive uranium powder along with various uranium carbide, nitride, and halide compounds. Two crystal modifications of uranium hydride exist: an α form that is obtained at low temperatures and a β form that is created when the formation temperature is above 250 °C.

question: At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?, answer: 482 to 572 | question: What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?, answer: hydrogen | question: Above what temperature is the β form of uranium hydride created?, answer: 250 °C | question: Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?, answer: nitride | question: How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?, answer: Two
Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.

question: What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?, answer: noble gases | question: What coats uranium metal in air?, answer: uranium oxide | question: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?, answer: Hydrochloric | question: What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?, answer: uranium dioxide | question: What reacts with finely divided uranium?, answer: cold water
Uranium ore is mined in several ways: by open pit, underground, in-situ leaching, and borehole mining (see uranium mining). Low-grade uranium ore mined typically contains 0.01 to 0.25% uranium oxides. Extensive measures must be employed to extract the metal from its ore. High-grade ores found in Athabasca Basin deposits in Saskatchewan, Canada can contain up to 23% uranium oxides on average. Uranium ore is crushed and rendered into a fine powder and then leached with either an acid or alkali. The leachate is subjected to one of several sequences of precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion exchange. The resulting mixture, called yellowcake, contains at least 75% uranium oxides U3O8. Yellowcake is then calcined to remove impurities from the milling process before refining and conversion.

question: What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?, answer: 0.01 to 0.25% | question: Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?, answer: borehole | question: In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?, answer: Canada | question: In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?, answer: Saskatchewan | question: What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?, answer: 23%
Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.

question: What product of uranium was used as toner?, answer: nitrate | question: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?, answer: Uranyl acetate | question: What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?, answer: stage | question: Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?, answer: wood | question: In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?, answer: silk
Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.

question: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?, answer: 40 | question: How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?, answer: 1013 | question: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?, answer: phosphate fertilizers | question: What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?, answer: 3 parts per billion
Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

question: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?, answer: 235 | question: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?, answer: an explosion | question: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?, answer: two | question: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?, answer: neutron poison | question: What does a neutron poison absorb?, answer: free neutrons
Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.

question: What isotope of uranium has the most stability?, answer: Uranium-238 | question: About how old is the Earth?, answer: 4.468×109 years | question: What is the half-life of uranium-234?, answer: 2.48×105 years | question: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?, answer: one-fifth | question: What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?, answer: 49%
Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences, and therefore, the artists that are played on these stations are most often black, such as Des'ree, whose album I Ain't Movin' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience.

question: What age group is Urban AC focused towards?, answer: adult | question: What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?, answer: African-American | question: Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?, answer: Des'ree | question: What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?, answer: I Ain't Movin' | question: What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?, answer: black
Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?, answer: Empire of Brazil | question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?, answer: Lavalleja | question: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?, answer: National Party | question: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?, answer: Colorado Party
Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

question: Uses of sequences of events include what?, answer: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables | question: What may a sequence of events be used to describe?, answer: processes in science, technology, and medicine | question: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?, answer: a sequence of events | question: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?, answer: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?, answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people | question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?, answer: the affected s | question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?, answer: confusion | question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?, answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. | question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?, answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.

question: What's another word for "sputum"?, answer: phlegm | question: One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?, answer: Ziehl–Neelsen stain | question: What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?, answer: bright red | question: What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?, answer: acid-fast | question: If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?, answer: fluorescence
Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the "Chancel" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design.

question: What did Presbyterian churches have in them?, answer: communion table | question: What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?, answer: communion table | question: What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?, answer: Chancel | question: What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?, answer: Celtic cross | question: What did the Celtic Cross represent?, answer: the resurrection
Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.

question: When is a federation formed?, answer: two levels | question: What two levels equal a federation?, answer: the central government and the regions | question: Why is Brazil an exception?, answer: because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite | question: What is each state divided into?, answer: municipalities | question: What does each state have their own of?, answer: with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito
Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

question: What is the short term goal of open market operations?, answer: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target | question: What does the Federal Reserve target?, answer: federal funds rate | question: What is the federal funds rate?, answer: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight | question: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?, answer: Moral suasion | question: What does "open mouth operations" mean?, answer: talking monetary policy with the market