lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.

question: When does a party form an official opposition?, answer: When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government | question: What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?, answer: Westminster-based parties | question: When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?, answer: When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority | question: If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?, answer: leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation
When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.

question: A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?, answer: North German coasts | question: The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?, answer: only five | question: What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?, answer: SMS Arminius | question: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?, answer: 470 | question: In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?, answer: coal reserves
When the war had begun, European public opinion heavily favored the Germans; many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence and a Prussian diplomat visited Giuseppe Garibaldi in Caprera. Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means." Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, with which he operated around Dijon till the end of the war.

question: At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?, answer: the Germans | question: In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?, answer: Florence | question: What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?, answer: Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace | question: To whom is the quote, "Rescue the French Republic by every means" attributed?, answer: Garibaldi | question: What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?, answer: the Army of the Vosges
When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

question: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?, answer: the first rudiments of state organizations | question: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?, answer: When their migratory movements ended | question: Early state organizations where headed by what?, answer: a prince with a treasury and a defense force | question: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?, answer: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

question: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?, answer: When there is a potential difference across the conductors | question: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?, answer: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads | question: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors?, answer: when a capacitor is attached across a battery | question: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?, answer: no current can flow through the capacitor | question: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?, answer: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other
When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

question: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?, answer: the Rockingham Whigs | question: Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?, answer: Charles Watson-Wentworth | question: What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?, answer: "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed" | question: Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?, answer: remained out of power as a united opposition to government.
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

question: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?, answer: CPU | question: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?, answer: output devices
When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

question: What does the term "Count Noun" mean?, answer: a culture | question: What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?, answer: customs, traditions and values of a society or community | question: What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"?, answer: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism
When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal. Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant. The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very poor.

question: What will a motor do if the load is reduced?, answer: speed up | question: What will a motor do if the load is increased?, answer: slow down | question: Where are slip losses dissipated?, answer: secondary resistors | question: How efficient is such a design?, answer: very poor
When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons. Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.

question: Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?, answer: The Swiss | question: During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?, answer: Russian and Austrian | question: What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?, answer: Act of Mediation | question: What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?, answer: Swiss autonomy | question: How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?, answer: 19
When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

question: When did war with France break out?, answer: 1202 | question: When was John excommunicated?, answer: 1209 | question: When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?, answer: 1215 | question: Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?, answer: Henry III
Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.

question: What does every component state of federation possess?, answer: the same powers | question: Asymmetric federalism exist when?, answer: where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do | question: What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?, answer: Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians | question: Is Spain apart of federalism?, answer: Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.
Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.

question: Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?, answer: Anyone can do this | question: What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?, answer: professional archivists | question: What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?, answer: standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer | question: Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?, answer: without any further damage to the source recording | question: What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?, answer: manipulated to remove analog flaws
Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people."

question: Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?, answer: Nasrani | question: Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?, answer: Masihi | question: What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?, answer: Nasrani
Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Stephen Crane. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period." For works where an author's manuscript survived – a case Greg had not considered – Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:

question: Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?, answer: The principle is sound without regard for the literary period. | question: What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?, answer: the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text | question: What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?, answer: English Renaissance drama | question: What is the main criticism of Greg's work?, answer: works where an author's manuscript survived
Whereas SCIMs cannot turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency, universal motors can run at much higher speeds. This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, sanders, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm, while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm.

question: At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?, answer: 10,000 | question: At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?, answer: 30,000 | question: What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?, answer: SCIMs | question: What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?, answer: high speed and light weight
Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (σταυρός) and xylon (ξύλον). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.

question: What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?, answer: traditional two-beamed cross | question: What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?, answer: single upright stake | question: What causes the different accounts of the cross used?, answer: The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous | question: What latin word was used to describe the cross used?, answer: crux | question: Why was there doubt about the Latin word?, answer: crux was also applied to objects other than a cross
Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene-dense, those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function. Simple single-celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA, whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms, including humans, contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function. This DNA has often been referred to as "junk DNA". However, more recent analyses suggest that, although protein-coding DNA makes up barely 2% of the human genome, about 80% of the bases in the genome may be expressed, so the term "junk DNA" may be a misnomer.

question: What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?, answer: prokaryotes | question: Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?, answer: eukaryotes | question: What is referred to as "junk DNA"?, answer: DNA without an identified function | question: What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?, answer: barely 2% | question: What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA, answer: about 80%
Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole invisible church, but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters, namely the Papacy and central authority of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible ecclesiastical organization based on the 14th and 15th century Conciliar movement, rejecting the papacy and papal infallibility in favor of ecumenical councils, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the Council of Trent. Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.

question: Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?, answer: the ruling authorities | question: The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?, answer: Conciliar | question: What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?, answer: the five solas | question: What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?, answer: the Council of Trent | question: What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?, answer: invisible
Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue. There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis. The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."

question: What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?, answer: sea level | question: What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?, answer: 5 mm | question: What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?, answer: satellite | question: Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?, answer: pre-1993 | question: What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?, answer: degree of uncertainty