lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.

question: What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?, answer: physician | question: How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?, answer: requiring physicians to wash their hands | question: What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?, answer: the germ theory of disease | question: What did Joseph Lister prove?, answer: antisepsis | question: Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?, answer: Louis Pasteur
In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

question: In what year did Horne began doing business?, answer: 1849 | question: In what city did Horne begin their operations?, answer: Pittsburgh | question: What company purchased Horne's in 1972?, answer: Associated Dry Goods | question: How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?, answer: ten
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.

question: Who created the safety elevator in 1852?, answer: Elisha Otis | question: What feature did the safety elevator display?, answer: prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke | question: What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?, answer: knurled roller(s) | question: At what location was it first presented?, answer: New York exposition in the Crystal Palace | question: Where was the first safety elevator installed?, answer: 488 Broadway in New York City
In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.

question: When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?, answer: 1853 | question: When was the Crimean War?, answer: 1853–1856 | question: During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?, answer: the Ottoman Empire | question: What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?, answer: the incursions of the Russian Empire | question: The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?, answer: the Balkan region
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?, answer: Leopold | question: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?, answer: chloroform | question: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?, answer: post-natal depression | question: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?, answer: thought it dangerous | question: What did Albert complain about Victoria?, answer: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle" | question: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?, answer: Leopold | question: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?, answer: post-natal depression | question: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?, answer: chloroform | question: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?, answer: 1857 | question: What was the name of Victoria's final child?, answer: Beatrice | question: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?, answer: 1853 | question: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?, answer: Leopold | question: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?, answer: chloroform. | question: What year was victorias final child born?, answer: 1857 | question: What was the name of Victorias final child?, answer: Beatrice | question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?, answer: Leopold | question: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born?, answer: 1857 | question: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths?, answer: chloroform | question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform?, answer: considered it against biblical teaching | question: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children?, answer: loss of self-control | question: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?, answer: Leopold | question: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?, answer: chloroform | question: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?, answer: Beatrice | question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?, answer: considered it against biblical teaching | question: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?, answer: post-natal depression
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

question: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?, answer: twenty-two | question: What is the current area of Mexico City?, answer: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) | question: How large was Mexico City at its largest?, answer: 1,700 km2 | question: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted?, answer: 1902 | question: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?, answer: Antonio López de Santa Anna
In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:

question: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?, answer: 1855 | question: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?, answer: Thomas Taylor Meadows | question: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?, answer: the suggestion by another interpreter
In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

question: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?, answer: Napoleon III | question: What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?, answer: 1858 | question: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?, answer: Napoleon I | question: Who has authority over Longwood house?, answer: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

question: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?, answer: elementary ideas | question: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?, answer: Adolf Bastian | question: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?, answer: Franz Boas
In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

question: How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?, answer: 57,913 | question: The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?, answer: the great European immigration | question: What happened to the population by the year 1880?, answer: had quadrupled | question: What had the population grown to in 1908?, answer: 309,331 inhabitants
In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of "last to join the Confederacy" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861.

question: What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?, answer: one-third | question: North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?, answer: South Carolina | question: When was North Carolinas official secession?, answer: May 20 | question: When was Tennessees informal secession?, answer: May 7, 1861 | question: When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?, answer: June 8, 1861
In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.

question: Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?, answer: 1777 | question: What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?, answer: Civil War | question: Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?, answer: War of 1812 | question: The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?, answer: "not worth a continental" | question: The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?, answer: article 1
In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?, answer: 1863 | question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?, answer: C. W. Alcock | question: When did the inaugural FA cup tournament take place?, answer: November 1871 | question: Who won the first and second cups?, answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners | question: When was the modern cup established?, answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.

question: Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?, answer: Andrew Johnson | question: Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?, answer: Tennessee | question: On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?, answer: July 24, 1866 | question: Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?, answer: Fourteenth | question: In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?, answer: 1865
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward "Ted," was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A.G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.

question: In what year did the Bell's move to London?, answer: 1865 | question: Where did Bell go in work in 1865?, answer: Weston House | question: What building was Bell in?, answer: Somerset College | question: How did Bell sign his letters?, answer: A.G. Bell | question: In what year did Bell move home?, answer: 1867
In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.

question: When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?, answer: 1866 | question: in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?, answer: (Battle of Königgrätz | question: What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?, answer: Little Germany | question: What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?, answer: non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire | question: When did Austria and Prussia go to war?, answer: 1866 | question: Who won the battle of Koniggratz?, answer: Prussia | question: What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?, answer: Little Germany | question: What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??, answer: North German Confederation
In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.

question: in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?, answer: 1867 | question: what was the main settlement named?, answer: Edinburgh of the Seven Seas | question: who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?, answer: Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson
In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.

question: When was did Washington University open its law school?, answer: 1867 | question: Who was Robert Somers Brookings?, answer: the president of the Board of Trustees | question: When did Washington University establish its medical school?, answer: 1891 | question: When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?, answer: 1891
In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

question: What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?, answer: 1868 | question: What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated?, answer: 1868 | question: What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated?, answer: 1869 | question: What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed?, answer: 1878
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (£340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.

question: When did the Suez Canal open?, answer: 1869 | question: Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?, answer: Indian Ocean | question: Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?, answer: Napoleon III | question: How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?, answer: £4 million | question: The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?, answer: Convention of Constantinople