lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

question: What is federalism?, answer: mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments | question: What features are distinctive of federalism?, answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government | question: What is federlism defined as?, answer: a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status | question: What document exemplified modern federalist government?, answer: Constitution of 1789 | question: What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?, answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established | question: Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government?, answer: there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status. | question: Federalism combines what two types of government?, answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments | question: What is federalism?, answer: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government | question: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal?, answer: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status | question: What type of governments are included in federalism?, answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments | question: How many governments are apart of federalism?, answer: relationship of parity between the two levels of government
Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

question: What is federalism seen as?, answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries | question: What does federalism allow?, answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level | question: What do scholars think of federalism?, answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries
Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.

question: Boston is split between how many congressional districts?, answer: two | question: What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?, answer: the 7th district | question: Who represents the 7th district?, answer: Mike Capuano | question: What year was Capuano elected?, answer: 1998 | question: What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?, answer: the 8th district
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

question: What does federations often employ?, answer: union of states | question: What is federalist paper no. 39?, answer: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both | question: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?, answer: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.. | question: What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?, answer: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

question: What does federations have for amendments of the constitution?, answer: special procedures | question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?, answer: federal structure | question: What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?, answer: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole
Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.

question: What does 'everted' mean?, answer: turned inside out to extend | question: What part of a polychaete can be everted?, answer: pharynx | question: What types of annelids have evolved jaws?, answer: Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae | question: What do annelids use jaws for?, answer: seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter | question: What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?, answer: palps covered in cilia
Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.

question: How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?, answer: lack of apostolic work | question: What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?, answer: chanted the Divine Office | question: What did the sisters not have?, answer: government of their own | question: Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?, answer: friars | question: What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?, answer: teachers
Ferdinand refused and went to Valencia instead of Madrid. Here, on 17 April, General Elio invited the King to reclaim his absolute rights and put his troops at the King's disposition. The king abolished the Constitution of 1812. He followed this act by dissolving the two chambers of the Spanish Parliament on 10 May. Thus began six years (1814–1820) of absolutist rule, but the constitution was reinstated during the Trienio Liberal, a period of three years of liberal government in Spain from 1820–1823.

question: Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?, answer: Valencia | question: How long did absolutist rule last?, answer: six years | question: When was the Trieno Liberal?, answer: 1820–1823 | question: When was the Constitution abolished?, answer: 1812 | question: Who offered troops to the King?, answer: General Elio
Fetuvalu offers the Cambridge syllabus. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, set by the Fiji-based exam board SPBEA. Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the government of Tuvalu. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.

question: Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?, answer: Funafuti | question: What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?, answer: government of Tuvalu | question: Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?, answer: outside of Tuvalu | question: Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?, answer: Sixth form | question: In what educational institution is the program found?, answer: University of the South Pacific
Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), the loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants—while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.

question: When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?, answer: September 1931 | question: Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?, answer: ex-Qing emperor Puyi | question: What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?, answer: loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, | question: In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify?, answer: 1940 | question: What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist?, answer: neutralize the spread of Communist influence.
Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilica is the use of a transept, or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building.

question: When were the Constantinian basilicas built?, answer: 4th century | question: In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?, answer: the west end | question: What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?, answer: the basilica | question: What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?, answer: transept | question: How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?, answer: perpendicular
Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wildcats, most shrews, moles, water voles, roe deer and common toads also being absent from Ireland. This pattern is also true for birds and insects. Notable exceptions include the Kerry slug and certain species of wood lice native to Ireland but not Great Britain.

question: Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?, answer: European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake | question: What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?, answer: Kerry slug | question: Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?, answer: none are native to Ireland | question: What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?, answer: water voles, roe deer and common toads
Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

question: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?, answer: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out | question: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?, answer: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies | question: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?, answer: depression | question: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?, answer: error on his part
Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "merely respectable" according to biographer James Gleick. When he turned 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite series, analytic geometry, and both differential and integral calculus. In high school he was developing the mathematical intuition behind his Taylor series of mathematical operators. Before entering college, he was experimenting with and deriving mathematical topics such as the half-derivative using his own notation.

question: What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?, answer: 123 | question: What high school did Feynman go to?, answer: Far Rockaway High School | question: What did Feyman derive before he went to college?, answer: half-derivative | question: Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?, answer: 15 | question: What burrough was Feynman's high school in?, answer: Queens
Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

question: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?, answer: sober narrative | question: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?, answer: What Do You Care What Other People Think? | question: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?, answer: 1 in 200 | question: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?, answer: NASA | question: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?, answer: Christa McAuliffe
Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

question: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?, answer: string theory and M-theory | question: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?, answer: tubes | question: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?, answer: they don't check their ideas | question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?, answer: 'Well, it still might be true.'"
Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?, answer: ants and Martians | question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?, answer: Mathematics | question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?, answer: parallel computing | question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?, answer: Don Quixote | question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?, answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

question: Which nickname did Feynman receive?, answer: Great Explainer | question: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?, answer: fully understood | question: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?, answer: antiparticles | question: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?, answer: light cone