lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5–2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.

question: When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?, answer: November 11, 2006 | question: What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?, answer: demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion | question: What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?, answer: $1.5–2 billion casino resort | question: Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?, answer: economic conditions and the late 2000s recession | question: Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?, answer: Pinnacle Entertainment
Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.

question: When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?, answer: electrons | question: When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?, answer: H+ | question: What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?, answer: Bronsted-Lowry
Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

question: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?, answer: 16:40 on 24 October | question: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?, answer: four | question: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?, answer: 1,000 | question: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?, answer: 17 | question: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?, answer: 63
PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

question: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?, answer: PAL LaserDiscs | question: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?, answer: two | question: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?, answer: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs
PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

question: What video frequency does NTSC use?, answer: 60 Hz | question: What video frequency does PAL use?, answer: 50 Hz | question: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?, answer: 16.7% slower | question: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?, answer: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions
PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?, answer: analogue standard | question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?, answer: digital or high definition | question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?, answer: 25/50 Hz | question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?, answer: 30/60 Hz
PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Another technique for applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber. The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board is rendered extremely difficult.

question: If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?, answer: conformal coating | question: The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?, answer: corrosion | question: A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?, answer: dipping | question: What material was first used for conformal coating?, answer: wax | question: What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?, answer: servicing
PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006", where it was criticized for being "Late, Expensive and Incompatible". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to "take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and — within the space of a year — turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet", but added that despite its problems the system has "untapped potential". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was "more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does".

question: What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?, answer: "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006" | question: What gaming website called PS3 "a hate object reviled by the entire internet"?, answer: GamesRadar | question: What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?, answer: "Late, Expensive and Incompatible" | question: How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?, answer: a year
PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.

question: What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?, answer: Yellow Dog Linux | question: What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?, answer: Terra Soft Solutions | question: What company bought RapidMind in 2009?, answer: Intel | question: How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?, answer: 8 | question: Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?, answer: the U.S. military
Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

question: What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar?, answer: Kingdom of Mrauk U | question: How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?, answer: 250 years | question: Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?, answer: Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind | question: Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?, answer: Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":

question: What was Isaac Newton's belief about God on the theory of natural law?, answer: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos | question: Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?, answer: Joseph Butler | question: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?, answer: John Herschel | question: In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?, answer: the second edition
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

question: What type of stimuli causes pain?, answer: intense or damaging | question: What type of feeling is pain?, answer: distressing | question: Why has defining pain been a challenge?, answer: complex, subjective phenomenon | question: What organization's definition is widely used?, answer: The International Association for the Study of Pain | question: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?, answer: a symptom
Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing.

question: What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?, answer: Pain | question: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?, answer: little difference in the effect | question: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?, answer: herbal | question: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?, answer: benefit | question: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?, answer: vitamin D
Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.

question: What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?, answer: Pain | question: How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?, answer: interfere | question: Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?, answer: Psychological | question: What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?, answer: end their lives
Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.

question: What is usually temporary?, answer: Pain | question: How long does pain tend to last?, answer: only until the noxious stimulus is removed | question: What is pain which resolves quickly called?, answer: acute | question: What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?, answer: interval of time from onset | question: What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?, answer: cancer pain
Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

question: Who designed the Palacio Salvo?, answer: Mario Palanti | question: What year was the Palacio Salvo completed?, answer: 1925 | question: How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?, answer: 100 metres (330 ft) high
Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island, was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts.

question: What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?, answer: Palawan | question: What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?, answer: Palawan | question: Where did the Eighth Army land?, answer: Puerto Princesa | question: Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?, answer: Filipino guerrillas | question: What is the western-most Philippine island?, answer: Palawan
Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.

question: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?, answer: Paleobotanists | question: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?, answer: cyanobacteria | question: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?, answer: evolutionary history of plants | question: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?, answer: Cyanobacteria
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

question: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders?, answer: winged | question: An insects hard body parts are called what?, answer: sclerites | question: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?, answer: abdomen | question: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?, answer: metamorphosis-based | question: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?, answer: related
Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

question: For what is Palermo known?, answer: history, culture, architecture and gastronomy | question: How old is the city of Palermo?, answer: 2,700 years old | question: On what island is Palermo located?, answer: Sicily
Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).

question: What is Palermo's climate classification?, answer: hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). | question: How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?, answer: one of the warmest cities in Europe | question: How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?, answer: eleven | question: How much sun does Palermo see each year?, answer: 2,530 hours