lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.

question: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?, answer: John of Damascus | question: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?, answer: Roman | question: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?, answer: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam
Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.

question: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?, answer: Albert Einstein | question: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?, answer: 113 | question: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?, answer: nine
Many Sanskrit dramas also indicate that the language coexisted with Prakrits, spoken by multilingual speakers with a more extensive education. Sanskrit speakers were almost always multilingual. In the medieval era, Sanskrit continued to be spoken and written, particularly by learned Brahmins for scholarly communication. This was a thin layer of Indian society, but covered a wide geography. Centres like Varanasi, Paithan, Pune and Kanchipuram had a strong presence of teaching and debating institutions, and high classical Sanskrit was maintained until British times.

question: What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?, answer: Sanskrit dramas | question: What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?, answer: multilingual | question: For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?, answer: scholarly communication | question: Until what period was high Sanskrit used?, answer: British times | question: How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?, answer: thin layer
Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, with a larger proportion derived from Arabic. Similarly, Philippine languages such as Tagalog have some Sanskrit loanwords, although more are derived from Spanish. A Sanskrit loanword encountered in many Southeast Asian languages is the word bhāṣā, or spoken language, which is used to refer to the names of many languages.

question: Tagalog is what kind of language?, answer: Philippine | question: From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?, answer: Spanish | question: What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?, answer: bhāṣā | question: What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword "bhāṣā?", answer: spoken language | question: What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?, answer: Malay | question: Where were many Sanskrit words found?, answer: Austronesian languages | question: In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?, answer: Javanese | question: What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?, answer: bhāṣā | question: What is the meaning of bhasa?, answer: spoken language | question: Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?, answer: Sanskrit
Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1, answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties | question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1, answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed | question: The county was base for what in WW2, answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings | question: What is the Tauton stop line, answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion
Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 clubs in the League A, which is the most attended league in Europe. In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time. It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport, and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, and most recently, Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams. Swiss professional wrestler Claudio Castagnoli is currently signed with WWE, and is a former United States champion.

question: What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?, answer: IIHF World Championship | question: What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?, answer: Alinghi | question: Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?, answer: Claudio Castagnoli | question: Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?, answer: Alinghi
Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.

question: What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?, answer: US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based | question: Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry ?, answer: reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. | question: Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?, answer: Human Rights Watch | question: What did the group advised based on the information's results ?, answer: encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based | question: Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ?, answer: the ruling junta
Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music, any convenient tuning maintaining these relative pitch intervals between the strings can be used. Another prevalent tuning with these intervals is C-G-C-G, which corresponds to Sa-Pa-Sa-Pa in the Indian carnatic classical music style. This tuning corresponds to the way violins are tuned for carnatic classical music. This type of mandolin is also used in Bhangra, dance music popular in Punjabi culture.

question: Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music?, answer: Indian Carnatic | question: What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?, answer: E-B-E-B. | question: There is no concept of what in Indian music?, answer: absolute pitch | question: What is another popular madonlin tuning?, answer: C-G-C-G | question: These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called?, answer: Bhangra
Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.

question: How many legs do adult insects contain?, answer: six | question: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?, answer: tripedal | question: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?, answer: rapid | question: Insects can adopt how many gaits?, answer: a variety | question: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?, answer: limbs
Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of "Eureka!" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.

question: Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?, answer: purely aesthetic purposes | question: Red gold is made by combining gold with?, answer: copper | question: Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?, answer: 250 BC | question: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?, answer: Archimedes | question: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?, answer: less valuable substances
Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.

question: Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?, answer: Qur'an | question: Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?, answer: biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original | question: Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?, answer: the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed | question: What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an, answer: Sana'a manuscripts | question: When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?, answer: possibly date back to the 7–8th centuries.
Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

question: How does peristalsis work?, answer: waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body | question: Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?, answer: the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments | question: What are phrynges?, answer: throats | question: What are cilia?, answer: fine muscle-powered hairs
Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, held at the end of June. Other annual events include the Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.

question: What is the largest annual event held in Houston?, answer: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo | question: How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?, answer: 20 days | question: When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?, answer: the end of June | question: What is some other annual events held in Houston?, answer: Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival | question: What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?, answer: the Bayou City Art Festival | question: What event is the longest running in Houston?, answer: Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo | question: When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?, answer: March | question: When is the Houston Pride Parade held?, answer: end of June | question: What form of car parade is held in Houston?, answer: Art Car Parade | question: Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?, answer: one of the top five
Many applications of silicate glasses derive from their optical transparency, which gives rise to one of silicate glasses' primary uses as window panes. Glass will transmit, reflect and refract light; these qualities can be enhanced by cutting and polishing to make optical lenses, prisms, fine glassware, and optical fibers for high speed data transmission by light. Glass can be colored by adding metallic salts, and can also be painted and printed with vitreous enamels. These qualities have led to the extensive use of glass in the manufacture of art objects and in particular, stained glass windows. Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable, and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making cultures. Because glass can be formed or molded into any shape, and also because it is a sterile product, it has been traditionally used for vessels: bowls, vases, bottles, jars and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms it has also been used for paperweights, marbles, and beads. When extruded as glass fiber and matted as glass wool in a way to trap air, it becomes a thermal insulating material, and when these glass fibers are embedded into an organic polymer plastic, they are a key structural reinforcement part of the composite material fiberglass. Some objects historically were so commonly made of silicate glass that they are simply called by the name of the material, such as drinking glasses and reading glasses.

question: What ingredient makes glass colorful?, answer: metallic salts | question: What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?, answer: organic polymer plastic | question: What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?, answer: transparency | question: What type of glass products can be used for sending information?, answer: optical fibers | question: In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?, answer: thermal insulating material
Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts.

question: What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?, answer: screw base | question: What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?, answer: bayonet base | question: What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?, answer: allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament | question: What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?, answer: 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts | question: Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?, answer: automotive and special purpose lamps
Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]

question: What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?, answer: European cultures | question: What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?, answer: Latin | question: From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?, answer: Greeks | question: What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?, answer: Latin
Many assembled PCBs are static sensitive, and therefore must be placed in antistatic bags during transport. When handling these boards, the user must be grounded (earthed). Improper handling techniques might transmit an accumulated static charge through the board, damaging or destroying components. Even bare boards are sometimes static sensitive. Traces have become so fine that it's quite possible to blow an etch off the board (or change its characteristics) with a static charge. This is especially true on non-traditional PCBs such as MCMs and microwave PCBs.

question: What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?, answer: antistatic bags | question: What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?, answer: static charge | question: What's another term for "grounded" in the context of PCBs?, answer: earthed | question: Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board?, answer: MCMs | question: What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones?, answer: non-traditional
Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

question: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?, answer: diploids (pairs) | question: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?, answer: Filamentous bacteria | question: What well known bacteria structure chains?, answer: Streptococcus | question: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?, answer: clusters | question: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?, answer: branched filaments
Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

question: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?, answer: 63.9% | question: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?, answer: Crown Holdings | question: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?, answer: 2010 | question: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?, answer: "skunked" beer | question: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?, answer: quality