lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".

question: What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?, answer: closer ties with the Nordic countries | question: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?, answer: December 1999 | question: Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"?, answer: Toomas Hendrik Ilves | question: What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?, answer: 2003
An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

question: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?, answer: academic freedom | question: What was the first university?, answer: University of Bologna | question: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?, answer: the Constitutio Habita | question: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?, answer: unhindered passage in the interests of education | question: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?, answer: 18 September 1988
An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).

question: What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?, answer: phonemes | question: What is another word for variations?, answer: allophones | question: What is the opposite of aspirated?, answer: unaspirated
An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom's Diner", the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.

question: What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?, answer: The Ghost in the MP3 | question: What did the study aim to isolate?, answer: sounds lost during MP3 compression | question: What is the track "moDernisT" an anagram of?, answer: Tom's Diner | question: Where was an account of the study published?, answer: International Computer Music Conference | question: Which year was the study published?, answer: 2014
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

question: What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?, answer: electric current | question: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?, answer: wire filament | question: What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?, answer: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass | question: What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?, answer: a socket | question: Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?, answer: incandescent light bulb
An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.

question: What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?, answer: surprisingly resilient | question: As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?, answer: unlimited | question: How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?, answer: fill in a form | question: What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?, answer: were modified
An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ricky Steamboat), or may change from time to time to better suit the demands of the audience or company. Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company, forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave (although a simple typeset change, such as changing Rhyno to Rhino, can usually get around this), and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler. Sometimes, a wrestler may change their legal name in order to obtain ownership of their ring name (examples include Andrew Martin and Warrior). Many wrestlers (such as The Rock and The Undertaker) are strongly identified with their character, even responding to the name in public or between friends. It's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names, unless otherwise introduced. A professional wrestling character's popularity can grow to the point that it makes appearances in other media (see Hulk Hogan and El Santo) or even give the performer enough visibility to enter politics (Antonio Inoki and Jesse Ventura, among others).

question: What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?, answer: by their stage names/characters | question: Other than a company, who else can own a character?, answer: the wrestler | question: How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?, answer: typeset change | question: What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?, answer: change their legal name
An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007 indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.

question: What insect was detected in 2007?, answer: coconut rhinoceros beetle | question: What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?, answer: American Samoa | question: Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?, answer: Southern Asia
An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of morphophonology, although this concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the archiphoneme. Another important figure in the Prague school was Roman Jakobson, who was one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century.

question: What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?, answer: Principles of Phonology | question: When was Principles of Phonology published?, answer: 1939 | question: What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?, answer: morphophonology | question: What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?, answer: the Prague school. | question: What was Trubetzkoy's title?, answer: Prince
An influx of interstate and overseas migrants, particularly Irish, German and Chinese, saw the development of slums including a temporary "tent city" established on the southern banks of the Yarra. Chinese migrants founded the Melbourne Chinatown in 1851, which remains the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World. In the aftermath of the Eureka Stockade, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including changes to working conditions across local industries including mining, agriculture and manufacturing. The nationalities involved in the Eureka revolt and Burke and Wills expedition gave an indication of immigration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.

question: What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?, answer: tent city | question: In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?, answer: 1851 | question: Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?, answer: Irish, German and Chinese | question: Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?, answer: Melbourne Chinatown | question: During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?, answer: second half of the nineteenth century
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years.

question: What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?, answer: phonological theory | question: What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?, answer: synchronic and diachronic accounts | question: When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?, answer: recent years. | question: What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?, answer: integrated
An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes. European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo, who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin. Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, European university put many works about the natural world and the study of nature at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."

question: When were medieval universities created?, answer: the 12th century | question: Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?, answer: Raymond of Toledo | question: At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?, answer: Latin | question: Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?, answer: Michael Scotus
An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly have paid billions of dollars in federal settlements over allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses. Some prominent medical schools have since tightened rules on faculty acceptance of such payments by drug companies.

question: Who conduced an investigation on doctors?, answer: ProPublica | question: Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?, answer: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly | question: How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?, answer: more than $500,000 | question: What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?, answer: allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses | question: How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?, answer: at least 21 | question: A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?, answer: more than $500,000 | question: Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?, answer: psychiatry | question: Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?, answer: $2 billion
An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks.

question: Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?, answer: compromise security | question: Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?, answer: standard security measures | question: Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?, answer: attacks | question: An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?, answer: directly download data from it
An unconventional power succession system was established (rota system) whereby power was transferred to the eldest member of the ruling dynasty rather than from father to son, i.e. in most cases to the eldest brother of the ruler, fomenting constant hatred and rivalry within the royal family.[citation needed] Familicide was frequently deployed in obtaining power and can be traced particularly during the time of the Yaroslavichi rule (sons of Yaroslav) when the established system was skipped in the establishment of Vladimir II Monomakh as the Grand Prince of Kiev,[clarification needed] in turn creating major squabbles between Olegovichi from Chernihiv, Monomakhs from Pereyaslav, Izyaslavichi from Turov/Volhynia, and Polotsk Princes.[citation needed]

question: What did the rota system do?, answer: power was transferred to the eldest member | question: What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?, answer: rota system | question: What was often deployed when trying to gain power?, answer: Familicide
An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?, answer: higher | question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?, answer: before dawn | question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?, answer: air pollution
An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

question: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?, answer: unholy alliance | question: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?, answer: patronage
An upgrade to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013. Following a presentation devoted to the upgrade at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013. Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013. Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability." However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.

question: When was Windows 8.1 introduced?, answer: May 14, 2013 | question: When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?, answer: June 26, 2013 | question: When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?, answer: September 9, 2013
An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents.

question: What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?, answer: Slice Magazine | question: What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?, answer: Back40
An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.

question: What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?, answer: 500 BCE | question: What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to their crops?, answer: digging tunnels | question: How many towns are believed to be found by Archaeologists?, answer: eight major towns | question: What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes civilization?, answer: depleted available water
An urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water, while bio-swales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater supply. The groundwater supply in turn plays an important role in the city's Sustainable Water Master Plan, whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100% water independence by 2020. The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate of $1.50 per square foot for those who convert water intensive lawns to more local drought-tolerant gardens that require less water.

question: What is the name of the urban runoff facility?, answer: (SMURFF) | question: How many gallons of water does (SMURFF) treat every week?, answer: 3.5 million | question: How much money do residents get back for participating in water conservation per square foot?, answer: $1.50 | question: Santa Monica plans on water independence by what year?, answer: 2020 | question: If (SMURFF) did not collect water where would it go?, answer: into the bay
Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.

question: W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?, answer: analog HD | question: What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?, answer: Analog tape | question: In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?, answer: expensive and scarce