lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".

question: What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?, answer: scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. | question: What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?, answer: a variorum | question: What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?, answer: Worldwide commemorations | question: What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?, answer: They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".
Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events.

question: What can cause a person to have fake memories?, answer: repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced | question: Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?, answer: Goff and Roediger | question: What did a similar study done by Garry find?, answer: researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children
Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning of new information. Knowing Latin, for instance, can help an individual learn a related language such as French – this phenomenon is known as positive transfer.

question: What trouble can interference cause?, answer: can hamper memorization and retrieval | question: What is retroactive interference?, answer: when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information | question: What is proactive interference?, answer: where prior learning disrupts recall of new information | question: What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?, answer: positive transfer.
Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male.

question: When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale?, answer: 1990s | question: Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?, answer: Chyna | question: What was the record before it was stripped?, answer: 478 days | question: Who stripped the previous record?, answer: Brooke Hogan
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68–74

question: When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?, answer: 1688 | question: In what years was there intermittent war fare?, answer: July 23, 1670 until July 1695 | question: What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?, answer: 50,000 to 10,000 | question: What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?, answer: Juan de Santiago
Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.

question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?, answer: trees | question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?, answer: domes | question: What often topped pilasters of columns?, answer: pediment | question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?, answer: geometrical or plant-based | question: What aspect of buildings became very rare?, answer: Internal courtyards
Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

question: What made identifying House leadership difficult?, answer: Internal party disunity | question: How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?, answer: at least twenty different candidates | question: From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?, answer: two of these seven Congresses
Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot. Alternatively, disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console; hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed.

question: How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?, answer: by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot | question: How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?, answer: disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip | question: What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?, answer: hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed
International friendlies give team managers the opportunity to experiment with team selection and tactics before the tournament proper, and also allow them to assess the abilities of players they may potentially select for the tournament squad. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from future international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a player's career records. In 2004, FIFA ruled that substitutions by a team be limited to six per match in international friendlies, in response to criticism that such matches were becoming increasingly farcical with managers making as many as 11 substitutions per match.

question: What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?, answer: team selection and tactics | question: What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?, answer: suspended from future international matches | question: What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?, answer: career | question: When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?, answer: 2004 | question: What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?, answer: 11
International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes, "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity." In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons.

question: What are the names of some of the human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations., answer: Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science | question: In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military?, answer: The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity | question: How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes?, answer: In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held
International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

question: When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?, answer: 1924 | question: What did the international acts do?, answer: encouraged major changes to the workforce | question: What is the age limit now in India for child workers?, answer: 14 | question: What child working conditions are they protected from?, answer: hazardous conditions
International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress).

question: What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?, answer: 7 | question: What Democracy Score does Armenia have?, answer: 5.21 | question: What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?, answer: Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime | question: What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?, answer: polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places
International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting.

question: How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?, answer: 37% | question: How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?, answer: 180,000 | question: How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?, answer: 50,000 | question: In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?, answer: 1975 | question: Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?, answer: using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974
International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator". Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would "enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations", while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez described him as "a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr." Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during "the darkest moments of our struggle". Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was "a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa." The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was "martyr or villain."

question: Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?, answer: Hugo Chávez | question: Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?, answer: Nelson Mandela | question: Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?, answer: David Cameron | question: In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?, answer: Sierra Leone | question: Who said something about tyranny?, answer: Barack Obama
International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons, not between them. This has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly.

question: What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?, answer: the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments | question: Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?, answer: national squads | question: What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?, answer: club league seasons | question: What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?, answer: availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued
International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.

question: What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?, answer: substantial disputes over treaty interpretations | question: What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?, answer: International tribunals and arbiters | question: In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?, answer: the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty | question: For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?, answer: To establish the meaning in context | question: In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?, answer: the final, signed treaty itself
International-level sportspeople from Hyderabad include: cricketers Ghulam Ahmed, M. L. Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, V. V. S. Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Syed Abid Ali and Noel David; football players Syed Abdul Rahim, Syed Nayeemuddin and Shabbir Ali; tennis player Sania Mirza; badminton players S. M. Arif, Pullela Gopichand, Saina Nehwal, P. V. Sindhu, Jwala Gutta and Chetan Anand; hockey players Syed Mohammad Hadi and Mukesh Kumar; rifle shooters Gagan Narang and Asher Noria and bodybuilder Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan.

question: Ghulam Ahmed and Shivlal Yadav are what kind of sportsmen?, answer: cricketers | question: What sport does Sania Mirza play?, answer: tennis | question: Who is a notable bodybuilder from Hyderabad?, answer: Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan | question: Gagan Narang does what sporting activity?, answer: rifle shooters | question: Pullela Gopichand and Saina Nehwal are known in Hyderabad for being what?, answer: badminton players
Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419, a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "Nigerian scam", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.

question: What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?, answer: Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code | question: What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?, answer: the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission | question: When was the Nigerian EFCC created?, answer: 2003 | question: What type of scam is the 419 scam?, answer: advance fee fraud | question: What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?, answer: bank
Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.

question: What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?, answer: Treaty of Tartu | question: Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?, answer: Irish Republic
Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.

question: What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?, answer: a desktop program and a touch-optimized app | question: What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?, answer: a "Compatibility View" whitelist | question: Where can Adobe Flash now be used?, answer: most sites by default | question: What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?, answer: increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration
Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through "lock-in" to Microsoft's browser.

question: What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?, answer: Internet Explorer | question: Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?, answer: sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users | question: What other OS could use Internet Explorer?, answer: Mac