lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters. For example, a Latin small letter "i" with an ogonek, a dot above, and an acute accent, which is required in Lithuanian, is represented by the character sequence U+012F, U+0307, U+0301. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode.

question: What is an ogonek?, answer: a dot above | question: How does Unicode encode characters?, answer: associating an abstract character with a particular code point | question: How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?, answer: a sequence of two or more characters
The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

question: What are parapodia?, answer: limbs | question: What do chetoblast cells do?, answer: hair-forming | question: What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?, answer: microvilli | question: What are setae?, answer: bristles
The settlements at Tilsit gave Napoleon time to organize his empire. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British. He decided to focus his attention on the Kingdom of Portugal, which consistently violated his trade prohibitions. After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. At first, John VI agreed to close his ports to British trade. The situation changed dramatically after the Franco-Spanish defeat at Trafalgar; John grew bolder and officially resumed diplomatic and trade relations with Britain.

question: Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?, answer: Tilsit | question: One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?, answer: the British | question: Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?, answer: the Kingdom of Portugal | question: In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?, answer: 1801 | question: After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?, answer: Britain
The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol.

question: Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied?, answer: the 18th century | question: Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?, answer: the weather patterns | question: What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?, answer: Numerous weather stations | question: Where is the Aosta valley located?, answer: Italy | question: Where is the Valais located?, answer: Switzerland
The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's "center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.

question: Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?, answer: Raja Ampat | question: Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?, answer: Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. | question: Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?, answer: The Coral Triangle | question: Name the largest species of fish in the world., answer: The whale shark
The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.

question: Animals without a spine are called what?, answer: invertebrates
The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept. Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.

question: What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?, answer: shelter | question: What era consisted of people living temporary homes?, answer: paleolithic | question: What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?, answer: mud brick houses | question: What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?, answer: The growth of agriculture | question: Where were entrances located in early homes?, answer: Doorways were made on the roof
The shift in the Cubs' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the "NBC Saturday Game of the Week" contest against the St. Louis Cardinals. it has since been dubbed simply "The Sandberg Game." With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed, Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one, but two game-tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter. With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East. No one would catch them, except the Padres in the playoffs.

question: What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes?, answer: NBC Saturday Game of the Week | question: What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?, answer: The Sandberg Game | question: How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?, answer: two
The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. However, its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed.

question: What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?, answer: RMS Saint Helena | question: What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?, answer: 2010 | question: What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?, answer: the airport
The signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.

question: Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?, answer: the parties' representatives | question: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?, answer: in a collection of treaties currently in effect | question: Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?, answer: an editor | question: Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?, answer: ratified the treaty | question: Even if signed and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?, answer: came into effect
The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslováci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, "Czechoslovak" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.

question: Who called themselves "Czechoslavs"?, answer: a group of 19th-century scholars | question: Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?, answer: The similarities | question: When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?, answer: 1918–1938 | question: What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?, answer: literary Czech | question: When was the Prague Spring?, answer: 1968
The simplest known circadian clock is that of the prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (KaiA, KaiB, KaiC) of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of ATP. Previous explanations of the prokaryotic circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[citation needed]

question: What has the simplest known circadian clock?, answer: prokaryotic cyanobacteria | question: With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?, answer: three proteins | question: What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?, answer: DNA | question: How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?, answer: 22-hour | question: What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?, answer: KaiA, KaiB, KaiC
The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.

question: What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?, answer: hobbyists | question: If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?, answer: Heat | question: Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?, answer: long | question: What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?, answer: bubble etching | question: What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?, answer: spray etching
The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ = ±Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ/ε. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates

question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?, answer: permittivity ε | question: What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?, answer: ±ρ = ±Q/A | question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?, answer: much greater than their separation d | question: Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?, answer: E = ρ/ε | question: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?, answer: The voltage
The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) files. The idea behind this is that, in any piece of audio, some parts will be much easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few instruments, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will vary the bit rate accordingly. Users who know a particular "quality setting" that is transparent to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate.

question: How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?, answer: one | question: What does CBR stand for?, answer: Constant Bit Rate | question: What does VBR stand for?, answer: Variable Bit Rate | question: Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?, answer: music containing only a few instruments | question: What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?, answer: quality setting
The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed. Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the brain consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter, with a lighter color. Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another.

question: The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?, answer: visual inspection | question: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?, answer: alcohol | question: The two main areas of the brain are what colors?, answer: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter | question: What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?, answer: microscope | question: Grey matter of the brain is what color?, answer: dark color
The single "Killer Queen" from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts, and became their first US hit, reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It combines camp, vaudeville, and British music hall with May's guitar virtuosity. The album's second single, "Now I'm Here", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker "Stone Cold Crazy" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, Classic Rock ranked it number 28 in "The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever", and in 2007, Mojo ranked it No.88 in "The 100 Records That Changed the World". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

question: Which song was Queen's first US hit?, answer: Killer Queen | question: Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?, answer: eleven | question: What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?, answer: Stone Cold Crazy | question: What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?, answer: British music hall | question: Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?, answer: 12
The single most important piece of Byzantine Christian mosaic art in the East is the Madaba Map, made between 542 and 570 as the floor of the church of Saint George at Madaba, Jordan. It was rediscovered in 1894. The Madaba Map is the oldest surviving cartographic depiction of the Holy Land. It depicts an area from Lebanon in the north to the Nile Delta in the south, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Eastern Desert. The largest and most detailed element of the topographic depiction is Jerusalem, at the center of the map. The map is enriched with many naturalistic features, like animals, fishing boats, bridges and palm trees

question: What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?, answer: the Madaba Map | question: When was the the Madaba Map made?, answer: between 542 and 570 | question: Where is the church of Saint George?, answer: Madaba, Jordan | question: When was the Madaba Map rediscovered?, answer: 1894 | question: The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?, answer: Lebanon
The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance, e.g., grams per millilitre (g/cm3 or g/ml). The terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used. Upon drying, wood shrinks and its density increases. Minimum values are associated with green (water-saturated) wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity (Timell 1986).

question: Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?, answer: specific gravity | question: In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?, answer: pulp yield | question: What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?, answer: density | question: When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?, answer: increases | question: When wood is described as "green," what does "green" mean?, answer: water-saturated
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

question: Richmond was an important city of what confederacy?, answer: the Powhatan Confederacy | question: Richmond was briefly settled by whom?, answer: English colonists from Jamestown | question: When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?, answer: 1609, and in 1610–1611 | question: When was present day Richmond founded?, answer: 1737 | question: what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?, answer: Give me liberty or give me death | question: When was Richmond first settled?, answer: 1609 | question: When was the City of Richmond founded?, answer: 1737 | question: What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond? Where?, answer: Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church | question: What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?, answer: Confederate | question: Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?, answer: Thomas Jefferson | question: What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?, answer: English | question: In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?, answer: 1737 | question: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?, answer: Give me liberty or give me death | question: In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?, answer: St. John's Church | question: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?, answer: Thomas Jefferson