lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process." The specification also shows that the "recommended" "Manufacturer's logo" ("engraved" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, "The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process." However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is "visible" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.

question: What is difficult to do with a USB plug?, answer: to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly | question: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?, answer: embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug | question: How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?, answer: adjacent | question: Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?, answer: to be visible during the mating process
By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in Ottoman administrators could not have comprehended or seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.

question: The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?, answer: commercial centres and routes | question: What dominated all economic and political interests?, answer: interests of the state | question: What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?, answer: capitalist and mercantile economies | question: The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?, answer: developing commercial centres and routes
By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.

question: What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?, answer: the War of 1812 | question: What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?, answer: a major war with Napoleon's France | question: What uprising did Britain support in North America?, answer: Indian insurrection | question: What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?, answer: the United Kingdom | question: What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?, answer: invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip
By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.

question: What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?, answer: intelligent test scenarios | question: What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?, answer: an isolated testing environment | question: What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?, answer: SQL statements
By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

question: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?, answer: USS Lexington | question: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?, answer: Admiral Fletcher | question: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?, answer: May 1942 | question: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?, answer: Shōhō | question: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?, answer: Lexington
By mid-1950, North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks, who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, 200 artillery pieces, 110 attack bombers, some 150 Yak fighter planes, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft. In addition to the invasion force, the North KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea. Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.

question: How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?, answer: 10 | question: What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?, answer: 200,000 | question: How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?, answer: 30,000 | question: What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?, answer: small warships
By mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids. The London docks and railways communications had taken a heavy pounding, and much damage had been done to the railway system outside. In September, there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain, and at one period, between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs. But the great bulk of the traffic went on; and Londoners—though they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the buses—still got to work. For all the destruction of life and property, the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale. More than 13,000 civilians had been killed, and almost 20,000 injured, in September and October alone, but the death toll was much less than expected. In late 1940, Churchill credited the shelters:

question: In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?, answer: no less than 667 | question: By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?, answer: 1,000,000 | question: What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?, answer: the slightest sign of a break in morale | question: What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?, answer: Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool | question: About how many civilians were injured in September and October?, answer: 20,000
By spring 1950, Stalin believed the strategic situation had changed. The Soviets had detonated their first nuclear bomb in September 1949; American soldiers had fully withdrawn from Korea; the Americans had not intervened to stop the communist victory in China, and Stalin calculated that the Americans would be even less willing to fight in Korea—which had seemingly much less strategic significance. The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the US to communicate with the US embassy in Moscow, and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation. Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments, including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty.

question: When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?, answer: 1949 | question: What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?, answer: Sino–Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty | question: What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?, answer: US | question: Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?, answer: Stalin | question: Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?, answer: Asia
By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.

question: What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?, answer: doughboys | question: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?, answer: American Expeditionary Forces | question: Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?, answer: John J. Pershing | question: When did fighting on the western front end?, answer: November 11, 1918 | question: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?, answer: the Armistice
By summer of 2003, Howard Dean had become the apparent front runner for the Democratic nomination, performing strongly in most polls and leading the pack with the largest campaign war chest. Dean's strength as a fund raiser was attributed mainly to his embrace of the Internet for campaigning. The majority of his donations came from individual supporters, who became known as Deanites, or, more commonly, Deaniacs. Generally regarded as a pragmatic centrist during his time as governor, Dean emerged during his presidential campaign as a left-wing populist, denouncing the policies of the Bush administration (especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq) as well as fellow Democrats, who, in his view, failed to strongly oppose them. Senator Lieberman, a liberal on domestic issues but a hawk on the War on Terror, failed to gain traction with liberal Democratic primary voters.

question: Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?, answer: Howard Dean | question: Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?, answer: a fund raiser | question: What did Dean's backers become known as?, answer: Deaniacs | question: What government position has Howard Dean previously held?, answer: governor | question: Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?, answer: the 2003 invasion of Iraq
By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.

question: How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?, answer: one hour | question: In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?, answer: winter | question: Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?, answer: after | question: What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?, answer: Standard Time
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?, answer: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born | question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?, answer: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. | question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?, answer: 1835, | question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?, answer: the African Methodist Episcopal Church | question: What terms did African Americans use instead?, answer: "Negro" or "colored"
By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital."

question: Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?, answer: King Edward the Confessor | question: By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?, answer: the 11th century | question: What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?, answer: Romanesque | question: What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?, answer: Frank Stenton | question: Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?, answer: Winchester
By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.

question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?, answer: Norman architecture | question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?, answer: the 12th century | question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period?, answer: the Medieval period | question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?, answer: the cathedral church | question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?, answer: the palace
By the 1500s, Ismail I from Ardabil, established the Safavid Dynasty, with Tabriz as the capital. Beginning with Azerbaijan, he subsequently extended his authority over all of the Iranian territories, and established an intermittent Iranian hegemony over the vast relative regions, reasserting the Iranian identity within large parts of the Greater Iran. Iran was predominantly Sunni, but Ismail instigated a forced conversion to the Shia branch of Islam, by which the Shia Islam spread throughout the Safavid territories in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. As a result, thereof, the modern-day Iran is the only official Shia nation of the world, with it holding an absolute majority in Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, having there the 1st and 2nd highest number of Shia inhabitants by population percentage in the world.

question: Who established the Safavid Dynasty?, answer: Ismail I from Ardabil | question: What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?, answer: Tabriz | question: Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?, answer: Shia Islam | question: What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?, answer: Iran
By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.

question: What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?, answer: longer, stronger fibers | question: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?, answer: India | question: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?, answer: Caribbean | question: By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?, answer: mid-19th century | question: What was cotton called in the 19th century?, answer: King Cotton
By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire – like the Holy Roman Empire – was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire ("Second Reich") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.

question: Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?, answer: Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire | question: When was the German Empire created?, answer: 1871 | question: Who was Wilhelm I?, answer: head of a union of German-speaking states | question: What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?, answer: influence and territory | question: Which empire was a multi ethnic state?, answer: The Austrian Empire