lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

question: Who identified the active substance?, answer: John Abel | question: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?, answer: Jokichi Takamine | question: Who marketed epinephrine?, answer: Parke Davis | question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?, answer: Adrenalin | question: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?, answer: nasal congestion | question: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?, answer: Jokichi Takamine | question: What could epinephrine treat?, answer: nasal congestion | question: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?, answer: 2011 | question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?, answer: Adrenalin | question: In what year was epinephrine discovered?, answer: 1897 | question: What was the trade name of epinephrine?, answer: Adrenalin | question: Who first discovered epinephrine?, answer: John Abel | question: What is epinephrine used to treat?, answer: asthma attacks | question: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?, answer: 2011
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

question: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?, answer: By the 1900s | question: What term replaced negro as mainstream?, answer: colored | question: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?, answer: "black" | question: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?, answer: the African-American Civil rights movement | question: Who led the Civil Rights movement?, answer: Reverend Martin Luther King
By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).

question: By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete?, answer: 50s | question: Analog computers remain in use in what industries?, answer: education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule).
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.

question: When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?, answer: the 1980s | question: How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?, answer: mostly negative | question: Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?, answer: Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins | question: What did they fear would happen?, answer: a loss in political and economic power
By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

question: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?, answer: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits | question: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?, answer: 1992 | question: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?, answer: Los Angeles | question: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution?, answer: 1990s | question: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?, answer: WHO
By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million between the years 200 CE – 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.

question: Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?, answer: Babylonia | question: Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?, answer: 200 CE – 500 CE | question: Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?, answer: conversion
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

question: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?, answer: 6.2% | question: How much identified as mixed race?, answer: 40% | question: How much identified as white?, answer: 55% | question: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?, answer: 29%
By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as "corrupt and contented", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.

question: Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?, answer: Republican | question: What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?, answer: corrupt and contented | question: When did the first major political reform occur?, answer: 1917
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]

question: What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?, answer: middle-class | question: What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?, answer: working class | question: In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?, answer: 4 | question: What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?, answer: spit and sawdust | question: What is another name for the lounge bar?, answer: saloon
By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

question: What language did Catalan descend from?, answer: Vulgar Latin | question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?, answer: 9th century | question: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?, answer: Hispania Tarraconensis | question: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?, answer: Catalan counts | question: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?, answer: 988
By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.

question: How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?, answer: nine | question: Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?, answer: John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards | question: Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?, answer: Dean | question: Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?, answer: Dean and Gephardt | question: Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?, answer: Bob Graham
By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

question: Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?, answer: the Pope | question: During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?, answer: Kingdoms of England and Scotland | question: What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?, answer: Church of England | question: Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?, answer: King Henry VIII
By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.

question: By what time period had many of the Jewish population joined the Holy Roman Empire?, answer: Middle Ages | question: The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language?, answer: Yiddish | question: What cause the tolerance and mixing into German Society to end for the Jews?, answer: Crusades | question: What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades?, answer: German | question: What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?, answer: Judeo-French | question: After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?, answer: Yiddish. | question: When did Jewish assimilation end?, answer: during the Crusades | question: What happened to the Jews during the crusades?, answer: forcefully expelled from Germany
By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

question: what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?, answer: 1763 | question: The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?, answer: five | question: The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?, answer: Bengal | question: in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big military presences?, answer: French Revolutionary Wars
By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the king himself. Winston Churchill, for example, argued that "[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns".

question: Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?, answer: James Ramsay | question: What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?, answer: Domesday Book and Magna Carta | question: What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?, answer: Victorian
By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.

question: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?, answer: 85,050 | question: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?, answer: 13 | question: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?, answer: 37.9 | question: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?, answer: Wall Street of Black America | question: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?, answer: Maggie L. Walker
By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.

question: How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?, answer: 5,129,416 | question: What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?, answer: Lancashire | question: When was the administrative county abolished?, answer: 1 April 1974 | question: What incorporated the Furness exclave?, answer: Cumbria | question: What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?, answer: Merseyside and Greater Manchester
By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of some language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languages.

question: According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?, answer: everybody
By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.

question: What was an issue in the early 1800's, answer: Indian removal was a significant issue | question: What did congress pass in 1830, answer: In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act | question: Who did Seminoles harbor, answer: runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles | question: What was the name of the treaty of 1832, answer: Treaty of Payne's Landing | question: What did Paynes Landing promiss, answer: the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.