lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder–Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.

question: Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?, answer: Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) | question: What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?, answer: emulsion speeds | question: What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?, answer: comparing with competing products | question: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?, answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems | question: What eliminated comparability?, answer: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

question: When was the system originally supposed to be released?, answer: spring of 1985 | question: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?, answer: New York City | question: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?, answer: February 1986 | question: When was the nationwide release of the NES?, answer: September 1986
The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

question: What year did the video game market crash?, answer: 1983 | question: The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?, answer: marketing | question: What specifically was misrepresented on game products?, answer: artwork | question: Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?, answer: confidence
The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

question: What class was slackta in Poland?, answer: noble class | question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?, answer: King Casimir III the Great | question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?, answer: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland | question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?, answer: 1569–1795 | question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith., answer: Ducal Prussia
The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called?, answer: Sarmatism | question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?, answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians | question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?, answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility | question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?, answer: peace and pacifism | question: What languages were freely mixed?, answer: Polish and Latin
The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists "slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social". The idea of taste (le goût) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works.

question: Who was the target audience of natural history?, answer: French polite society | question: Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?, answer: erudition | question: The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?, answer: taste (le goût) | question: Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?, answer: specific discourse of the genre
The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.

question: What year was the U.S. army organized?, answer: 1775 | question: What group combined with the U.S. Army?, answer: United States Volunteers | question: Who raised the United States Volunteers?, answer: various state governments
The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. A further place in the UEFA Europa League is also available via the Fair Play initiative. If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.

question: What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?, answer: The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League | question: What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?, answer: Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; | question: Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?, answer: will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round | question: If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?, answer: that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. | question: How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?, answer: Two | question: To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?, answer: UEFA Europa League | question: The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?, answer: first
The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)

question: When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?, answer: 1876 | question: What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official?, answer: 1903 season | question: What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?, answer: Atlanta Braves
The team's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson. The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians. Joe Carter (who was with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs at the time) and center fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back-up catcher Ron Hassey (.333 with Cubs in 1984). Sutcliffe (5–5 with the Indians) immediately joined Sanderson (8–5 3.14), Eckersley (10–8 3.03), Steve Trout (13–7 3.41) and Dick Ruthven (6–10 5.04) in the starting rotation. Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16–1 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award.

question: When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?, answer: June 15 | question: Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?, answer: due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5–5) and Sanderson | question: Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?, answer: Rick Sutcliffe | question: Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?, answer: the Cleveland Indians
The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

question: When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?, answer: 1970s | question: How many apparatuses are used?, answer: only four types | question: What are the types of apparatuses used?, answer: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs | question: What apparatuses do groups use?, answer: Groups do not use any apparatus | question: When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?, answer: November 27–29, 2003
The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?, answer: Early Modern | question: The 1800"s are referred to as?, answer: time of the late Enlightenment | question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and 'Modern Ages" originate from?, answer: European history | question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?, answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery. | question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?, answer: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment | question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?, answer: 1930s | question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?, answer: 1800 | question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?, answer: European history | question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?, answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
The term "Enlightenment" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term 'Lumières' (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay "Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?" ("Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?") the German term became 'Aufklärung' (aufklären = to illuminate; sich aufklären = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like "les Lumières" (French), "illuminismo" (Italian), "ilustración" (Spanish) and "Aufklärung" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about "the Enlightenment."

question: In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?, answer: 1733 | question: What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?, answer: Aufklärung | question: In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?, answer: 19th | question: What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?, answer: illuminismo | question: Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?, answer: overlapping
The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.

question: What type of description did the term "Gothic architecture" originate as?, answer: a pejorative description | question: Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?, answer: Giorgio Vasari | question: Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?, answer: "the Goths" | question: How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?, answer: a century | question: In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived?, answer: the Renaissance
The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.

question: what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?, answer: "Great Plains | question: who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?, answer: Nevin Fenneman's | question: what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?, answer: 1916 | question: what was theregion called before "the great plans"?, answer: the High Plains
The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who consider themselves to be of distinct races (Black, White, Amerindian, Asian, and mixed groups). However, there is a common misconception in the US that Hispanic/Latino is a race or sometimes even that national origins such as Mexican, Cuban, Colombian, Salvadoran, etc. are races. In contrast to "Latino" or "Hispanic", "Anglo" refers to non-Hispanic White Americans or non-Hispanic European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not necessarily of English descent.

question: When did the term "Hispanic" begin being used?, answer: the 20th century | question: What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for?, answer: Hispanic | question: How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?, answer: non-race specific | question: What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?, answer: races | question: Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?, answer: of English descent
The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release. Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps", "Windows 8-style apps" and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps. An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.

question: What does immersive app stand for?, answer: the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8 | question: What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?, answer: Metro-style apps | question: Who is Soma Somasegar?, answer: vice president of Microsoft's development software division | question: When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?, answer: September 12, 2012
The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed

question: What is the meaning of Islamic education?, answer: education in the light of Islam itself | question: What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?, answer: Quran | question: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?, answer: Muslim education | question: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?, answer: monotheism
The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?, answer: 19th century | question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?, answer: 1913 | question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?, answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky
The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?, answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages | question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?, answer: 1442 | question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?, answer: tripartite periodization | question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire, answer: Flavio Biondo | question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?, answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period