lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds and overtones cut on the records. This was in spite of some carbon microphones used, which had resonances that colored the recorded tone. The double button carbon microphone with stretched diaphragm was a marked improvement. Alternatively, the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech, but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones.

question: What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?, answer: Western Electric licensed recording method | question: At at time was radio gaining popularity?, answer: 1925 | question: What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?, answer: carbon microphones used, | question: What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?, answer: brilliant midrange | question: What was a benefit of early radio recordings?, answer: microphones and amplifiers
Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.

question: What was a drawback of early home recording systems?, answer: high cost | question: What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?, answer: US$95 to US$300 | question: What year was the Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?, answer: 1925 | question: What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?, answer: $20 | question: What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?, answer: cabinetry
Electricity in the Richmond Metro area is provided by Dominion Virginia Power. The company, based in Richmond, is one of the nation's largest producers of energy, serving retail energy customers in nine states. Electricity is provided in the Richmond area primarily by the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station and Surry Nuclear Generating Station, as well as a coal-fired station in Chester, Virginia. These three plants provide a total of 4,453 megawatts of power. Several other natural gas plants provide extra power during times of peak demand. These include facilities in Chester, and Surry, and two plants in Richmond (Gravel Neck and Darbytown).

question: Who is Richmond's electricity supplier?, answer: Dominion Virginia Power | question: How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?, answer: nine | question: Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?, answer: North Anna Nuclear Generating Station | question: In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?, answer: Chester | question: What type of power plant is Darbytown?, answer: natural gas
Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the growth of conductive metal filaments on or in a printed circuit board (PCB) under the influence of a DC voltage bias. Silver, zinc, and aluminum are known to grow whiskers under the influence of an electric field. Silver also grows conducting surface paths in the presence of halide and other ions, making it a poor choice for electronics use. Tin will grow "whiskers" due to tension in the plated surface. Tin-Lead or solder plating also grows whiskers, only reduced by the percentage Tin replaced. Reflow to melt solder or tin plate to relieve surface stress lowers whisker incidence. Another coating issue is tin pest, the transformation of tin to a powdery allotrope at low temperature.

question: What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?, answer: Electrochemical migration | question: Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?, answer: zinc | question: In addition to "whiskers," what does silver sprout around ions like halide?, answer: conducting surface paths | question: What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?, answer: tin pest | question: What's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments?, answer: tension
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.

question: What was a common nickname for the electric chair?, answer: Old Sparky | question: What color was Alabama's electric chair?, answer: Yellow | question: What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?, answer: Florida | question: Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?, answer: lethal injection | question: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?, answer: Electrocution
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

question: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?, answer: British | question: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?, answer: Electroluminescence | question: When was Electroluminescence discovered?, answer: 1907 | question: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?, answer: Oleg Losev | question: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?, answer: cat's-whisker
Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.

question: What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?, answer: aluminum | question: What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?, answer: an oxide dielectric layer | question: What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?, answer: drops at low temperatures | question: How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?, answer: by gradually applying the operating voltage | question: Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?, answer: these produce full output voltage even with reduced input
Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education, but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy. In 2009, the board's chairman also became the "chief executive officer" for the state's school system. North Carolina has 115 public school systems, each of which is overseen by a local school board. A county may have one or more systems within it. The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Guilford County Schools, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, and Cumberland County Schools. In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charter schools. North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan.

question: What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?, answer: North Carolina Department of Public Instruction | question: Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?, answer: the board | question: What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?, answer: 2009 | question: How many public school systems does North Carolina have?, answer: 115 | question: What is the largest school system in North Carolina?, answer: Wake County Public School System
Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally. Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab.

question: How do most elevator doors work?, answer: have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally | question: What is a single panel door referred to as?, answer: "slab" door | question: What design allows wider entryways within limited space?, answer: a cascading telescopic configuration | question: The single door is sometimes located where?, answer: on the shaft way | question: What do elevator doors protect riders from?, answer: falling into the shaft
Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.

question: The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?, answer: social protocols | question: The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?, answer: Berlin | question: This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?, answer: press the buttons | question: Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?, answer: Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator
Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines.

question: "Compensation" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?, answer: Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel | question: "Compensation" consists of what?, answer: a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab | question: What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains?, answer: a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines | question: What exactly does this system compensate for?, answer: the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab
Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. They had been betrothed since September 1855, when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen and Prince Albert until the bride was 17. The Queen and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state. Victoria felt "sick at heart" to see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really makes me shudder", she wrote to Princess Victoria in one of her frequent letters, "when I look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, and think I must give them up too – one by one." Almost exactly a year later, Princess Victoria gave birth to the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the last German Kaiser.

question: Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?, answer: Prince Frederick William of Prussia | question: Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?, answer: London | question: How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?, answer: 14 | question: How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?, answer: 17 | question: Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?, answer: Germany | question: Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17?, answer: Prince Frederick William of Prussia | question: How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick?, answer: 14 | question: Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage?, answer: Germany | question: What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild?, answer: Wilhelm | question: What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany?, answer: last German Kaiser | question: When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?, answer: Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt | question: How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?, answer: 17 | question: What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?, answer: liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state | question: Who was the Queen's first grandchild?, answer: Wilhelm | question: What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?, answer: the last German Kaiser
Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the "Lithuanian Strip") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:

question: After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?, answer: Germany | question: What was the amended joint agreement called?, answer: German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation | question: How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?, answer: Eleven days
Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.

question: Who were the “intelligentia?”, answer: Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists | question: How long did liquidation occur?, answer: fall of 1939 till spring of 1940 | question: How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?, answer: 16,000 members
Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.

question: What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?, answer: Harriet Martineau | question: What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?, answer: atheistic | question: What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?, answer: religion of humanity | question: What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?, answer: altruism
Elizabeth I of England, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to Levant Company, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship The Great Susan transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the Ottoman Porte (government of the Ottoman Empire) at Constantinople. Compared to Anatolia, Levant also means "land of the rising sun," but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The East India Company (short for a much longer formal name) was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies.

question: Where was Elizabeth I from?, answer: England | question: What was Elizabeth primarily interested in?, answer: trade with the east | question: Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?, answer: English merchants | question: What was the goal of the first trading companies?, answer: obtain trading concessions by treaty | question: What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?, answer: The East India Company
Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.

question: When were Elizabeth and Philip married?, answer: 20 November 1947 | question: At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?, answer: Westminster Abbey | question: How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?, answer: 2500 | question: Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?, answer: Norman Hartnell | question: What former King was not invited to the wedding?, answer: Duke of Windsor
Elizabeth has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is Sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and has received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms she has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Jamaica and her other realms and territories in Jamaica, Queen of Australia and her other realms and territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.

question: What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?, answer: similar formula | question: What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?, answer: Crown dependencies | question: What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?, answer: Duke of Normandy | question: What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?, answer: Lord of Mann | question: Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?, answer: Ma'am