lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

question: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?, answer: St Bernard of Clairvaux | question: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?, answer: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. | question: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting the a virgin conception of Mary ?, answer: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)? | question: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?, answer: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation | question: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?, answer: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See
It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of "ya" for "ä" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of Pärnu), "y" instead of "õ" (e.g., Pylva instead of Põlva) and "yu" instead of "ü" (e.g., Pyussi instead of Püssi). Even in the Encyclopædia Britannica one can find "ostrov Khiuma", where "ostrov" means "island" in Russian and "Khiuma" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of "Hiiumaa" (Hiiumaa > Хийума(а) > Khiuma).

question: In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?, answer: Russian | question: What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?, answer: Encyclopædia Britannica | question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?, answer: "ostrov Khiuma"
It should be noted that although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term, they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information. It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order - that is, recalling step 1 and then step 2. In other words, when asked to imitate a two-step action sequence (such as putting a toy car in the base and pushing in the plunger to make the toy roll to the other end), 9-month-olds tend to imitate the actions of the sequence in the correct order (step 1 and then step 2). Younger infants (6-month-olds) can only recall one step of a two-step sequence. Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months.

question: Does a 6 month old have short term memory?, answer: can recall information over the short-term | question: What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?, answer: 9 months of age | question: What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?, answer: one step of a two-step sequence | question: What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?, answer: the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed
It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force. Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army, while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son (a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa, who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army) were largely committed to the Western Army; the two opposing sides (so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders' domains) would later clash, most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces, paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

question: Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?, answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu | question: What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?, answer: Eastern Army | question: Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?, answer: Katō Kiyomasa | question: Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?, answer: Battle of Sekigahara | question: Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?, answer: Eastern Forces
It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

question: When did the abbey suffer damage?, answer: 1640s | question: Who attacked the abbey?, answer: Puritan iconoclasts | question: What protected the abbey?, answer: ties to the state during the Commonwealth | question: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?, answer: Oliver Cromwell | question: When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?, answer: January 1661
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911. Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Lord Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.

question: Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?, answer: 20 years | question: The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition?, answer: British Classical/Palladian | question: What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi?, answer: E.B. Havell | question: Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi?, answer: Viceroy Lord Hardinge | question: Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources?, answer: indigenous
It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).

question: What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du "Cubsime"?, answer: public anger | question: Who published Du "Cubisme"?, answer: Eugène Figuière | question: In what year was Du "Cubisme" published?, answer: 1912
It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–2005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. After the CBC threatened legal action, both sides eventually came to an agreement under which early-round rights reverted to TSN. On June 15, 2006, the CCA announced that TSN would obtain exclusive rights to curling broadcasts in Canada as of the 2008-09 season, shutting the CBC out of the championship weekend for the first time in 40-plus years.

question: CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?, answer: Curling | question: What is CBC Country Canada now called?, answer: Cottage Life Television | question: Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?, answer: TSN | question: On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?, answer: June 15, 2006
It was announced in summer of 2012 that Tito Vilanova, assistant manager at FC Barcelona, would take over from Pep Guardiola as manager. Following his appointment, Barcelona went on an incredible run that saw them hold the top spot on the league table for the entire season, recording only two losses and amassing 100 points. Their top scorer once again was Lionel Messi, who scored 46 goals in the League, including two hat-tricks. On 11 May 2013 Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play. Ultimately Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March. They reached the semifinal stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively. On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month medical leave in December 2012.

question: When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?, answer: 2012 | question: Who did Vilanova replace as manager?, answer: Pep Guardiola | question: How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?, answer: 100 | question: Who was Barcelona's top scorer?, answer: Lionel Messi | question: When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?, answer: 11 May 2013
It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?, answer: 19 March 2015 | question: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?, answer: a local council | question: From what state did the proposed council come from?, answer: New South Wales | question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?, answer: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare | question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?, answer: Australian income tax
It was announced on December 12, 2012, that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor, renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League. The redesigned website showed the new logo which incorporated the current AFL logo with the one from NET10 Wireless. The title sponsorship agreement ended in 2014 after a two-year partnership.

question: On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?, answer: December 12, 2012 | question: What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?, answer: NET10 Wireless | question: What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?, answer: NET10 Wireless Arena Football League | question: When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?, answer: 2014 | question: How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?, answer: two
It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.

question: How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?, answer: Between 750 and 1,000 | question: What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?, answer: Port Said | question: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?, answer: shattered | question: Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?, answer: British-French forces
It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West or Mount Penglai. Han-era Daoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques and use of medical elixirs. By the 2nd century AD, Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice. Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher Laozi (fl. 6th century BC) was a holy prophet who would offer salvation and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins, ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices and chant sections of the Daodejing.

question: What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?, answer: achieve immortality | question: What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?, answer: salvation and good health | question: What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?, answer: Daoists | question: What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?, answer: immortality | question: What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?, answer: Daodejing
It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals.

question: What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?, answer: confined to a gloomy world | question: Where were dead Sumerians buried?, answer: outside the city walls in graveyards | question: What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?, answer: Ereshkigal | question: Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?, answer: her servants | question: What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?, answer: oboe-like
It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft—Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s—were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war.

question: Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?, answer: London | question: What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?, answer: Battle of Britain Day | question: What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?, answer: bomb-load limitations | question: What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?, answer: four-engined bombers
It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.

question: Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?, answer: vocal house | question: Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?, answer: vocal house | question: Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?, answer: electro house and fidget house | question: in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?, answer: mid-2000s
It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?, answer: 1837 | question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?, answer: King William IV | question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?, answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925 | question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?, answer: 1971 | question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?, answer: minor amendments
It was imperative for Japanese commanders to hold Saipan. The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet, which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes, 7 battleships, 28 submarines, and 69 destroyers, as well as several light and heavy cruisers. Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attacked with nine-tenths of Japan's fighting fleet, which included nine carriers with 473 planes, 5 battleships, several cruisers, and 28 destroyers. Ozawa's pilots were outnumbered 2:1 and their aircraft were becoming or were already obsolete. The Japanese had considerable antiaircraft defenses but lacked proximity fuzes or good radar. With the odds against him, Ozawa devised an appropriate strategy. His planes had greater range because they were not weighed down with protective armor; they could attack at about 480 km (300 mi)[citation needed], and could search a radius of 900 km[citation needed] (560 mi). U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could only attack within 200 miles (320 km) and only search within a 325-mile (523 km)[citation needed] radius. Ozawa planned to use this advantage by positioning his fleet 300 miles (480 km)[citation needed] out. The Japanese planes would hit the U.S. carriers, land at Guam to refuel, then hit the enemy again when returning to their carriers. Ozawa also counted on about 500 land-based planes at Guam and other islands.

question: What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?, answer: Saipan | question: How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?, answer: 15 | question: How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?, answer: 956 | question: What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?, answer: 325-mile | question: How many carriers did Ozawa have?, answer: nine
It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994.

question: What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?, answer: Macintosh Portable | question: When was the Macintosh Portable first released?, answer: 1989 | question: What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?, answer: the PowerBook line | question: What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?, answer: a color screen | question: Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?, answer: second
It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

question: What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?, answer: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace | question: What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?, answer: Circulaire Savary | question: What did the Circulair Savary introduce?, answer: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities