lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vice versa, then the explanation is invalid." He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between "race differences" and "the race concept." The former refers to any distinction in gene frequencies between populations; the latter is "a matter of judgment." He further observed that even when there is clinal variation, "Race differences are objectively ascertainable biological phenomena… but it does not follow that racially distinct populations must be given racial (or subspecific) labels." In short, Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people, and how the race concept is used, is a matter of social convention. They differ on whether the race concept remains a meaningful and useful social convention.

question: What must one be attentive to when talking about race?, answer: how the term is being used | question: On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?, answer: if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races | question: What is merely "a matter of judgement"?, answer: "the race concept." | question: While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?, answer: labels | question: Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?, answer: a meaningful and useful social convention
In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2–5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After Lin Biao politely refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing his upcoming medical treatment), Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao's position. Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders. After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea. Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened. On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).

question: What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?, answer: whether to send Chinese troops into Korea | question: Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?, answer: Mao | question: Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?, answer: Peng Dehuai | question: Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?, answer: Peng | question: What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?, answer: People's Volunteer Army
In a series of famous papers, von Neumann made spectacular contributions to measure theory. The work of Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if n = 1 or n = 2 and a negative solution in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the "problem is essentially group-theoretic in character, and that, in particular, for the solvability of the problem of measure the ordinary algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant. Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space."

question: In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?, answer: In a series of famous papers | question: What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?, answer: algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant | question: According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?, answer: change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

question: A simple model is also referred to as what?, answer: transmission model | question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model?, answer: a message in natural language | question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?, answer: spoken language | question: How is information sent through a simple model?, answer: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder | question: What are the strengths of the simple model?, answer: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability
In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?, answer: reciprocally | question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?, answer: constitutive model or constructionist view | question: What is communication viewed as?, answer: a conduit | question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?, answer: different regional traditions | question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?, answer: communication noise
In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.

question: What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?, answer: Earthquakes | question: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?, answer: heat | question: What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?, answer: thermal energy | question: What is mechanical potential energy?, answer: elastic strain
In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

question: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?, answer: a small minority | question: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?, answer: sexist and oppressive | question: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?, answer: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive | question: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?, answer: the face
In a speech before the Organization of American States in November 2013, Kerry remarked that the era of the Monroe Doctrine was over. He went on to explain, "The relationship that we seek and that we have worked hard to foster is not about a United States declaration about how and when it will intervene in the affairs of other American states. It's about all of our countries viewing one another as equals, sharing responsibilities, cooperating on security issues, and adhering not to doctrine, but to the decisions that we make as partners to advance the values and the interests that we share."

question: Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?, answer: the Organization of American States | question: What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?, answer: the era of the Monroe Doctrine | question: When did Kerry speak to the OAS?, answer: in November 2013
In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year. In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife, Sarah, separated; in April, her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips; during a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her; and, in November, a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny. In an unusually personal speech, the Queen said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding". Two days later, the Prime Minister, John Major, announced reforms to the royal finances planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list. In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated. The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.

question: What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?, answer: her accession | question: What did Elizabeth call her past year?, answer: annus horribilis | question: When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?, answer: March | question: Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?, answer: Captain Mark Phillips | question: What great house caught fire in November?, answer: Windsor Castle
In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.

question: What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?, answer: University of Portsmouth | question: How many people were part of the study?, answer: 6,000 | question: What was the age range of people studied?, answer: seven to 84 | question: Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?, answer: artists
In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry; the resistance of the transistor in the "on" state is too small to affect circuitry; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect.

question: How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?, answer: the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry | question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?, answer: short circuit | question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?, answer: open circuit | question: How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?, answer: instantaneous
In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

question: Who was Albert infatuated with?, answer: Sheila, Lady Loughborough | question: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?, answer: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | question: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?, answer: twice | question: Who were royals usually expected to marry?, answer: fellow royals
In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace.

question: Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?, answer: In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. | question: What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ?, answer: A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu | question: What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?, answer: Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time. | question: What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?, answer: the most important being the pagoda festival | question: What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?, answer: Many villages have a guardian nat
In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing." A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

question: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?, answer: landing | question: Where do most injuries happen?, answer: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures | question: How do you avoid injuries?, answer: proper technique must be used by the gymnast | question: What is a successful landing?, answer: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion
In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.

question: Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?, answer: software engineer | question: What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?, answer: 3D | question: What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?, answer: anaglyph | question: When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?, answer: In May 2011
In about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defense at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept, and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes.

question: In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?, answer: about 260 AD | question: In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?, answer: raids by the Alamanni tribes | question: What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?, answer: the linear defence concept | question: What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?, answer: Germanic | question: Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?, answer: German tribes
In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.

question: What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?, answer: Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten | question: Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?, answer: common Christological view | question: What other leaders believed this?, answer: powerful bishops | question: What eventually happened to Arius?, answer: excommunicated by Alexander
In absolute terms, the planet has lost 52% of its biodiversity since 1970 according to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund. The Living Planet Report 2014 claims that "the number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish across the globe is, on average, about half the size it was 40 years ago". Of that number, 39% accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone, 39% for the marine wildlife gone, and 76% for the freshwater wildlife gone. Biodiversity took the biggest hit in Latin America, plummeting 83 percent. High-income countries showed a 10% increase in biodiversity, which was canceled out by a loss in low-income countries. This is despite the fact that high-income countries use five times the ecological resources of low-income countries, which was explained as a result of process whereby wealthy nations are outsourcing resource depletion to poorer nations, which are suffering the greatest ecosystem losses.

question: What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970, answer: 52% | question: What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?, answer: 2014 | question: What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?, answer: 39% | question: What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?, answer: 39% | question: What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?, answer: 76%