lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental. An example is the Academy of European Law, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University) is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries, and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations, its peoples and member states. The European University Institute, a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organisation, set up by the member states of the European Union.

question: What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?, answer: intergovernmental | question: In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?, answer: Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University | question: What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?, answer: sustainable development | question: What type of school is the European University Institute?, answer: post-graduate | question: What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?, answer: social sciences
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.

question: How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?, answer: 500,000 | question: How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?, answer: 3 million | question: What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?, answer: palliative care | question: What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?, answer: Moorgreen Hospital | question: In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?, answer: West End
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.

question: What does University education include?, answer: teaching, research, and social services activities, | question: What are usually Universities made up of?, answer: several colleges | question: What type of University would Yale fall under?, answer: independent
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

question: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?, answer: University of Massachusetts Amherst | question: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?, answer: external debts | question: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?, answer: political instability
Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.

question: The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?, answer: July 3, 1969
Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case.

question: What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?, answer: morphological diversity | question: Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?, answer: accusative | question: The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?, answer: -es | question: In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?, answer: their case
Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

question: Where are the records of the EIC housed today?, answer: British Library in London | question: Where are the British government's records houseed today?, answer: The National Archives at Kew | question: Are you able to search most of the records online today?, answer: The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.

question: Does cell division end in plants?, answer: remaining totipotent | question: What happens when a plant remains totipotent?, answer: ability to give rise to a new individual plant | question: Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?, answer: lack nuclei | question: Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?, answer: information from the environment | question: Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?, answer: dead at maturity
Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

question: Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?, answer: opponents | question: What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?, answer: controversial | question: To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?, answer: theological freedoms | question: What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?, answer: taboo
Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.

question: Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?, answer: Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate | question: Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??, answer: Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker | question: Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?, answer: Dick Armey | question: Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?, answer: Dennis Hastert
Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.

question: Why do plants develop bulbs?, answer: opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare | question: What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?, answer: replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction | question: How different are the children produced by asexual parents?, answer: genetically identical to the parent | question: What is the term for asexual cloning?, answer: Apomixis | question: Does apomixis only occur in the parent?, answer: can also happen in a seed
Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes. In cell division, two identical clone daughter cells are produced. Some bacteria, while still reproducing asexually, form more complex reproductive structures that help disperse the newly formed daughter cells. Examples include fruiting body formation by Myxobacteria and aerial hyphae formation by Streptomyces, or budding. Budding involves a cell forming a protrusion that breaks away and produces a daughter cell.

question: How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?, answer: Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce | question: How does bacteria reproduce?, answer: through binary fission | question: If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?, answer: divide extremely rapidly | question: What are produced in cell division?, answer: two identical clone daughter cells
Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.

question: From what did Chinese characters derive?, answer: logograms | question: What is another name for the Yue language?, answer: Cantonese | question: Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?, answer: the south | question: From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?, answer: Beijing | question: At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?, answer: Standard Mandarin
Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

question: Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held?, answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame | question: Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?, answer: Cabinet des estampes et dessins | question: Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?, answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame | question: Where is the city's photographic library?, answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain | question: Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?, answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain
Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?, answer: 19th | question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?, answer: local elite | question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?, answer: destabilising the colony | question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?, answer: power
Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

question: What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?, answer: velar fricatives | question: Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?, answer: the second consonant shift | question: How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?, answer: voiceless | question: How would you say "good" in Dutch?, answer: goede | question: What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?, answer: German
Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

question: What are the different kinds of USB connectors?, answer: Type-A or a Type-B | question: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?, answer: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment | question: The Type-A connector is usually what size?, answer: the Type-A connector is usually the full size | question: What size is the Type-B connector?, answer: the Type-B side can vary as needed
Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]

question: Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?, answer: Tito | question: Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?, answer: Stalin | question: Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?, answer: Soviets | question: As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?, answer: 1945 | question: From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?, answer: Axis
Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.

question: What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?, answer: require an existing version of Windows to install | question: What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?, answer: specialized "System Builder" SKU | question: What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?, answer: (OEM) SKU | question: What does OEM stand for?, answer: original equipment manufacturer | question: What did the Personal Use License allow?, answer: purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers
Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.

question: What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?, answer: medium Earth orbit satellites | question: What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?, answer: satellites in geostationary orbit | question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?, answer: the system does not require a large constellation of satellites | question: What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?, answer: from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N | question: What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?, answer: 2491.75 MHz
Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

question: What style did was little represented in British colonies?, answer: Baroque | question: Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?, answer: palaces and churches | question: What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?, answer: Hammond-Harwood House | question: What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?, answer: 1774 | question: What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?, answer: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy