lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal. Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials. Choosing Beijing as the capital had not been a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital. Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country. However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented.

question: Who made Beijing his capital?, answer: Dorgon | question: Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?, answer: Ming | question: Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?, answer: stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country
First, the Yongying system signaled the end of Manchu dominance in Qing military establishment. Although the Banners and Green Standard armies lingered on as a drain on resources, henceforth the Yongying corps became the Qing government's de facto first-line troops. Second, the Yongying corps were financed through provincial coffers and were led by regional commanders, weakening central government's grip on the whole country. Finally, the nature of Yongying command structure fostered nepotism and cronyism amongst its commanders, who laid the seeds of regional warlordism in the first half of the 20th century.

question: What entity became the main Qing troops?, answer: Yongying corps | question: Who paid for the Yongying?, answer: provincial coffers | question: Who led the Yongying?, answer: regional commanders
Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a "translating device" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.

question: Several manufacturers offer what?, answer: external portable USB hard disk drives | question: What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?, answer: performance comparable to internal drives | question: What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?, answer: Thunderbolt | question: What do the external drives typically include?, answer: a "translating device"
Firstly, flanking the open reading frame, all genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. In order to be expressed, genes require a promoter sequence. The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.:7.1 A gene can have more than one promoter, resulting in messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end. Promoter regions have a consensus sequence, however highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that bind the transcription machinery well, whereas others have "weak" promoters that bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently.:7.2 Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters.:7.3

question: What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?, answer: a regulatory sequence | question: How is a promoter sequence recognized?, answer: by transcription factors and RNA polymerase | question: What results when genes have more than one promoter?, answer: messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end | question: What does a "strong" promoter sequence do?, answer: bind the transcription machinery well | question: What does a "weak" promoter sequence do?, answer: bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list). The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed, but the average time to completion is approximately six years. The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration (4) through Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), and Clinton (72), but declined under Bush II (16 per year as of 9/1/06).

question: What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?, answer: goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species | question: What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?, answer: The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. | question: What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies?, answer: completion within three years | question: What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?, answer: approximately six years | question: Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration?, answer: Clinton (72)
Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

question: What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?, answer: 50.2 | question: Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?, answer: humid subtropical climate | question: What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?, answer: Cwa | question: How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?, answer: 2,100–3,300 | question: How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?, answer: Five
Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown. Two heavy (50 short tons (45 t) of bombs) attacks were also flown. In December, only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made.

question: How many bombers hit Birmingham?, answer: 369 | question: For how many months did the night raids continue for?, answer: two months | question: How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?, answer: more than 100 tons of bombs dropped | question: December saw how many attacks?, answer: only 11 major and five heavy attacks
Flexible or so-called "unbreakable" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise. In the United States, Columbia Records introduced flexible, fiber-cored "Marconi Velvet Tone Record" pressings in 1907, but the advantages and longevity of their relatively noiseless surfaces depended on the scrupulous use of special gold-plated Marconi Needles and the product was not a success. Thin, flexible plastic records such as the German Phonycord and the British Filmophone and Goodson records appeared around 1930 but also did not last long. The contemporary French Pathé Cellodiscs, made of a very thin black plastic, which uncannily resembles the vinyl "sound sheet" magazine inserts of the 1965–1985 era, were similarly short-lived. In the US, Hit of the Week records, made of a patented translucent plastic called Durium coated on a heavy brown paper base, were introduced in early 1930. A new issue came out every week and they were sold at newsstands like a weekly magazine. Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first, they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932. Related Durium records continued to be made somewhat later in the UK and elsewhere, and as remarkably late as 1950 in Italy, where the name "Durium" survived far into the LP era as a trademark on ordinary vinyl records. Despite all these attempts at innovation, shellac compounds continued to be used for the overwhelming majority of commercial 78 rpm records during the lifetime of the format.

question: What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?, answer: Great Depression | question: What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?, answer: 1932 | question: What are most 78 rpm records made of?, answer: shellac compounds | question: What was a common problem found in early flexible records?, answer: surface noise | question: What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?, answer: Durium
Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines. According to Eleven magazine, "In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore." Expansions were expected in September 2013, but yet again are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines according to Eleven Media Group's Eleven, "Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline".

question: Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?, answer: Flights are available from most countries | question: Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?, answer: direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines | question: Has the travel industry considered making changes to fight plans for Myanmar ?, answer: 5 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore. | question: What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ?, answer: Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline".
Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice). Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Mortu Nega is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.

question: Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?, answer: Flora Gomes | question: What is Flora Gomes' most famous film?, answer: Nha Fala (English: My Voice) | question: What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 1987 | question: Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: Umban u’Kest | question: What prize did the film Mortu Nega win?, answer: Oumarou Ganda Prize
Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport.

question: Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?, answer: Tampa | question: Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?, answer: Rick Scott | question: In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?, answer: 2014 | question: From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?, answer: Orlando International Airport | question: What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?, answer: Florida East Coast Railway
Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.

question: Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US, answer: Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons | question: What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US, answer: Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821 | question: Which president was given control of Florida, answer: James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance | question: When did East and West Florida Merge, answer: On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory
Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.

question: What does Florida stand for, answer: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") | question: What states border Florida, answer: to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida | question: What is the state capital of Florida, answer: Tallahassee is the state capital | question: Where does Florida rank in US population, answer: the 3rd most populous | question: What city has the most people in Florida, answer: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida
Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions."

question: How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws, answer: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. | question: What doe s the law require for criminals, answer: felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges | question: Who does this law effect most, answer: this law has disproportionate effects for minorities | question: How does it effect elections, answer: one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions
Florida is served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. Miami Central Station, the city's rapid transit, commuter rail, intercity rail, and bus hub, is under construction.

question: What train line connects florida to the North, answer: Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada | question: Where does the Auto train originate, answer: Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C | question: Who does sunset limited service, answer: Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles | question: Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida, answer: Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami
Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.

question: What is Florida's nickname, answer: Sunshine State | question: What is central Florida known as, answer: lightning capital of the United States | question: Hours of annual sunshine in florida, answer: 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually
Flower evolution continues to the present day; modern flowers have been so profoundly influenced by humans that some of them cannot be pollinated in nature. Many modern domesticated flower species were formerly simple weeds, which sprouted only when the ground was disturbed. Some of them tended to grow with human crops, perhaps already having symbiotic companion plant relationships with them, and the prettiest did not get plucked because of their beauty, developing a dependence upon and special adaptation to human affection.

question: How long has flower evolution occurred?, answer: present day | question: What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?, answer: formerly simple weeds | question: Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?, answer: pollinated | question: Why did weeds grow with human crops?, answer: symbiotic companion plant relationships | question: What feature helped flowers not get plucked?, answer: prettiest
Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers evolved, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least "ovary-inferior".

question: What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?, answer: Flower ontogeny | question: What were plant parts like in their primitive days?, answer: separate from (but in contact with) each other | question: How did flowers become bixsexual?, answer: grow in a spiral pattern | question: What did some plant parts do as they evolved?, answer: fused together | question: What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?, answer: "ovary-inferior"
Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Amerindians and people with very high quantities of Amerindian ancestry are usually grouped as caboclos, a subgroup of pardos which roughly translates as both mestizo and hillbilly, for those of lower quantity of Amerindian descent a higher European genetic contribution is expected to be grouped as a pardo. In several genetic tests, people with less than 60-65% of European descent and 5-10% of Amerindian descent usually cluster with Afro-Brazilians (as reported by the individuals), or 6.9% of the population, and those with about 45% or more of Subsaharan contribution most times do so (in average, Afro-Brazilian DNA was reported to be about 50% Subsaharan African, 37% European and 13% Amerindian).

question: What categories have an aspect of fluidity?, answer: racial | question: What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?, answer: caboclos | question: What's a rough translation of "pardos"?, answer: hillbilly | question: What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?, answer: Afro-Brazilians | question: What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?, answer: 50%
Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft.

question: What year was the Gemini project confirmed?, answer: 1962 | question: How many people could the Gemini project carry?, answer: 2