lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

question: What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?, answer: French alone is the official language | question: How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?, answer: 548,000 | question: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?, answer: one in ten children
The constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a given carrier strongly, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on USN supercarriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for fighter aircraft.

question: Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?, answer: they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched | question: What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?, answer: heavy aircraft | question: What does CATOBAR allow for?, answer: deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts | question: Why is STOVL used by other navies?, answer: it is cheaper to operate
The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon. Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.

question: Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?, answer: houses | question: What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?, answer: mortise and tenon | question: What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?, answer: rib and plank | question: What type of rudder was introduced during this period?, answer: stern-post | question: What type of sails were first used during this era?, answer: lateen
The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroad, each consul would command an army. His authority abroad would be nearly absolute. Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies. Every five years, two censors were elected for an 18-month term, during which they would conduct a census. During the census, they could enroll citizens in the senate, or purge them from the senate. Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, such as managing public games and shows. The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces. Their duties were often financial.

question: Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?, answer: Consuls | question: Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?, answer: Praetors | question: Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?, answer: two censors | question: How long could an elected censor remain in office for?, answer: 18-month term | question: What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?, answer: quaestors
The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

question: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?, answer: American Assembly | question: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?, answer: Leonard McCollum | question: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?, answer: liberal | question: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?, answer: New Jersey | question: From where did H.J. Porter hale?, answer: Texas
The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.

question: What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?, answer: New Right | question: Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?, answer: anti-socialist | question: Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?, answer: Robert Menzies | question: Who founded Australia's liberal party?, answer: Robert Menzies
The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.

question: How are the actions conducted?, answer: the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain | question: What are the fan encouraged to do?, answer: willing suspension of disbelief for the audience | question: How is the end result of the match planned out?, answer: match outcomes is choreographed | question: What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?, answer: will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.
The content of the acts, particularly section 1 (1) of the amending act of 1938, shows the importance which was then attached to giving architects the responsibility of superintending or supervising the building works of local authorities (for housing and other projects), rather than persons professionally qualified only as municipal or other engineers. By the 1970s another issue had emerged affecting education for qualification and registration for practice as an architect, due to the obligation imposed on the United Kingdom and other European governments to comply with European Union Directives concerning mutual recognition of professional qualifications in favour of equal standards across borders, in furtherance of the policy for a single market of the European Union. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK. Eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper "Reform of Architects Registration" (1994). The change of name to "Architects Registration Board" was one of the proposals which was later enacted in the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 and reenacted as the Architects Act 1997; another was the abolition of the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education.

question: What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?, answer: European Union | question: When did the name of ARCUK change?, answer: 1996 | question: What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?, answer: the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act | question: What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?, answer: the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education | question: What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?, answer: Architects Registration Board
The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century"." Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers (including the literature essential to the public sphere). Meanwhile, the colonial experience (most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures, leading to the breaking down of "barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas".

question: Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?, answer: lowered | question: Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?, answer: increased | question: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?, answer: Industrial Revolution
The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt PMs, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage.

question: What determines continuous torque density?, answer: size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth | question: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?, answer: power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation | question: What does continuous torque density refer to?, answer: method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating | question: How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?, answer: virtually the same
The contracting parties' full names or sovereign titles are often included in the preamble, along with the full names and titles of their representatives, and a boilerplate clause about how their representatives have communicated (or exchanged) their full powers (i.e., the official documents appointing them to act on behalf of their respective states) and found them in good or proper form.

question: What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?, answer: boilerplate | question: What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?, answer: full powers | question: In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?, answer: sovereign titles | question: How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?, answer: in good or proper form. | question: Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?, answer: their representatives
The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy.

question: What farms use biologically destructive pesticides, answer: monoculture farms | question: What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?, answer: The control of associated biodiversity | question: What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?, answer: polyculture farmers | question: What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?, answer: polyculture farmers
The control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous programs as well as learning.

question: What controls a birds migration?, answer: a primitive trait | question: How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?, answer: endogenous programs as well as learning | question: What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?, answer: migration | question: What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?, answer: The ability to navigate
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of execution of some instructions to improve performance.

question: What are other names for a control unit for a computer?, answer: a control system or central controller) | question: Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?, answer: (decodes
The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

question: The CPU is an abbreviation for what?, answer: central processing unit | question: What 3 parts make up the CPU?, answer: The control unit, ALU, and registers | question: CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?, answer: a microprocessor | question: Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?, answer: mid-1970s
The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.

question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?, answer: class inequality | question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?, answer: Hispanic Americans | question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?, answer: lower-class European Americans | question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?, answer: class-based affirmative action | question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group?, answer: people of color
The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.

question: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?, answer: sentences | question: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?, answer: sentence-style | question: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?, answer: sentence case | question: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?, answer: International Organization for Standardization | question: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?, answer: publication titles
The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.

question: What is not as common in open education?, answer: merit-system degree | question: Which University offers conventional degrees?, answer: Open University in the United Kingdom | question: What do most open education sources offer?, answer: own form of certificate
The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an "abstract group", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, Élie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.

question: When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources?, answer: 1870 | question: Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?, answer: Walther von Dyck | question: What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?, answer: The theory of Lie groups | question: Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?, answer: Claude Chevalley
The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA). Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones; therefore, the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e., cell division).

question: What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?, answer: Omega-3 EPA | question: The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?, answer: the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 | question: What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?, answer: desaturation | question: What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?, answer: glucagon | question: What is the scientific name for cell division?, answer: mitosis
The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect: From sniffing over the hands of the elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends, chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide' canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument made from a gourd), fashioning of åcho' atupat slings and slingstones, tool manufacture, Måtan Guma' burial rituals, and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.

question: What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?, answer: social protocol | question: What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?, answer: sniffing over the hands of the elders | question: What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?, answer: string musical instrument made from a gourd
The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonnais, and Hohe Tauern consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock.

question: What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?, answer: folded and fractured | question: Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?, answer: layers of rock from the various orogenies | question: What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?, answer: steep vertical peaks