lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, "Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two", but by the end of the 18th century, "Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world." By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92% of world Jewry. These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe.

question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?, answer: 97% | question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?, answer: 3% | question: By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?, answer: 92%
In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

question: For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?, answer: For roughly a thousand years | question: A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?, answer: University of Huddersfield in England | question: In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?, answer: Central Europe | question: In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?, answer: many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths | question: Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?, answer: high frequencies
In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.

question: Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?, answer: Timothy Rowe | question: By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?, answer: Triassic | question: Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?, answer: therian mammals
In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?" In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?"" In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?"" A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""

question: In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?, answer: interrogative main clause | question: What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?, answer: a wh-question | question: What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?, answer: declarative clause | question: What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?, answer: word order | question: What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?", answer: "Can you your pen not find?"
In an interview that Popper gave in 1969 with the condition that it shall be kept secret until after his death, he summarised his position on God as follows: "I don't know whether God exists or not. ... Some forms of atheism are arrogant and ignorant and should be rejected, but agnosticism—to admit that we don't know and to search—is all right. ... When I look at what I call the gift of life, I feel a gratitude which is in tune with some religious ideas of God. However, the moment I even speak of it, I am embarrassed that I may do something wrong to God in talking about God." He objected to organised religion, saying "it tends to use the name of God in vain", noting the danger of fanaticism because of religious conflicts: "The whole thing goes back to myths which, though they may have a kernel of truth, are untrue. Why then should the Jewish myth be true and the Indian and Egyptian myths not be true?" In a letter unrelated to the interview, he stressed his tolerant attitude: "Although I am not for religion, I do think that we should show respect for anybody who believes honestly."

question: In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?, answer: 1969 | question: Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?, answer: agnosticism | question: What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?, answer: myths | question: Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:, answer: tolerant
In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

question: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?, answer: limitations in weapons technology | question: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?, answer: coal | question: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?, answer: Regional commissioners | question: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?, answer: delayed-action bombs | question: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective?, answer: dispersed its production facilities
In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.

question: Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?, answer: philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry | question: What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?, answer: modern paper making and woodblock printing | question: What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?, answer: the Hundred Schools of Thought period | question: What classic work of war science originated during this period?, answer: The Art of War | question: Who wrote The Art Of War?, answer: Sun Tzu
In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.

question: What two epic narratives were written by Homer?, answer: the Iliad and the Odyssey | question: Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?, answer: Hesiod | question: Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?, answer: philosophical texts | question: Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?, answer: Sappho and Pindar | question: The two great ancient Greek historians were?, answer: Herodotus and Thucydides
In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

question: What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?, answer: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry | question: An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?, answer: Sanskrit | question: What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?, answer: The Vedas | question: The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?, answer: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE | question: The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?, answer: the Iron Age
In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the Wargaade Wall.

question: What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?, answer: taalo | question: What were taalo used for?, answer: burial | question: What were ancient Somali houses made out of?, answer: dressed stone | question: Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?, answer: Egypt | question: What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?, answer: the Wargaade Wall
In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

question: Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?, answer: systematic thought | question: What did Greece's political philosophy affect?, answer: Modern democracies | question: Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?, answer: Western culture
In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. The Hellenistic period is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the lingua franca rather than Latin. The modern-day Griko community of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000, may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.

question: What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?, answer: the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language | question: What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?, answer: Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts. | question: How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?, answer: Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt. | question: What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?, answer: The Hellenistic period
In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.

question: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?, answer: commerce | question: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?, answer: frankincense | question: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?, answer: Mycenaeans
In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

question: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?, answer: Alexander | question: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?, answer: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way | question: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?, answer: Hellenistic cities | question: Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world still around ?, answer: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers. | question: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?, answer: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.
In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.

question: What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?, answer: red | question: What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?, answer: i rossoneri | question: What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?, answer: a serious infraction | question: What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?, answer: the player is immediately disqualified from further play | question: How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?, answer: his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration
In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī.

question: Whose work did Al-Battani improve?, answer: Hipparchus | question: What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?, answer: The great treatise | question: Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?, answer: the Earth's axis | question: The geocentric model is similar to what other model?, answer: Copernican heliocentric model
In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

question: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?, answer: astronomy | question: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?, answer: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis | question: Who created the astrolabe?, answer: the Greeks | question: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?, answer: the Copernican heliocentric model | question: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?, answer: Islamic astronomers and engineers
In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500 kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.

question: In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?, answer: energy | question: What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?, answer: Energy | question: What does H-e stand for?, answer: Human energy conversion | question: How many watts is in one official horsepower?, answer: 746 watts