lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Hyderabad was historically known as a pearl and diamond trading centre, and it continues to be known as the City of Pearls. Many of the city's traditional bazaars, including Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar, have remained open for centuries. However, industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian manufacturing, research and financial institutions, including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the National Geophysical Research Institute and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology. Special economic zones dedicated to information technology have encouraged companies from across India and around the world to set up operations and the emergence of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the 1990s led to the area's naming as India's "Genome Valley". With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad is the fifth-largest contributor to India's overall gross domestic product.

question: What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad?, answer: pearl and diamond | question: What is a nickname for Hyderabad?, answer: City of Pearls | question: What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad?, answer: Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar | question: What is the economic output of Hyderabad?, answer: US$74 billion | question: What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP?, answer: fifth-largest
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad.

question: What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad?, answer: Nehru Zoological Park | question: Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?, answer: lion and tiger | question: How many national parks does Hyderabad have?, answer: three | question: Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, what is the third?, answer: Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park | question: Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds?, answer: Patancheru Lake
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.

question: In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds, what was it?, answer: Hyderabad | question: When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur?, answer: the late 19th century | question: What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as?, answer: Hyderabad Securities | question: During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded?, answer: From the 1950s to the 1970s | question: At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai?, answer: Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, have become iconic dishes of India. Hyderabadi cuisine is highly influenced by Mughlai and to some extent by French, Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Other popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).

question: What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine?, answer: rice, wheat and meat dishes | question: What is a large influence on Hyderabadi food?, answer: Mughlai | question: What is kaddu ki kheer?, answer: a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd | question: What types of cuisine are noted within Hyderabadi haleem?, answer: Mughlai and Arab
Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.

question: What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?, answer: Hydroelectricity | question: What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?, answer: Hydroelectricity | question: Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?, answer: Hydroelectricity | question: Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?, answer: 3.1%
Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H 2.

question: The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?, answer: hydrocarbons | question: What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?, answer: 1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F
Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry. By some definitions, "organic" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word "organic" in chemistry. Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways, which seldom involve elementary hydrogen.

question: What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?, answer: hydrocarbons | question: What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?, answer: organic compounds | question: What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?, answer: organic chemistry | question: What is the study of living organisms known as?, answer: biochemistry | question: Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?, answer: carbon
Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is −286 kJ/mol:

question: For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?, answer: 286 kJ/mol | question: What are two forms of hydrogen gas?, answer: dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen | question: Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at −286 kJ/mol?, answer: Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4–74% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5–95% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 °C (932 °F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.

question: What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?, answer: ultraviolet light | question: What caused the Hindenburg to explode?, answer: hydrogen combustion
Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766–81, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means "water-former".

question: When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?, answer: early 16th century | question: Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?, answer: Henry Cavendish | question: When it is burned what does hydrogen make?, answer: water | question: What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?, answer: water-former
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.

question: How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>, answer: 3H | question: What are the names of these isotopes?, answer: denoted 1H, 2H and 3H | question: Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?, answer: 4H to 7H
Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.

question: What is hydrogens chemical symbol?, answer: H | question: What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?, answer: 1 | question: What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?, answer: 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u | question: What element is considered the lightest?, answer: Hydrogen
Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.

question: How is hydrogen used at power stations?, answer: as a coolant in generators | question: Why is it used as a coolant?, answer: favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules | question: What are these properties?, answer: low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases
Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.

question: Why is hydrogen employed?, answer: to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties | question: How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?, answer: a potential electron donor | question: What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?, answer: ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3
Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

question: Where is hydrogen highly soluble?, answer: rare earth and transition metals | question: Where can you find soluble hydrogen?, answer: nanocrystalline and amorphous metals | question: What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?, answer: local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice | question: When are these useful?, answer: when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks | question: When is it damaging?, answer: gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks
Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

question: Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?, answer: not | question: Where does the sun get its energy from?, answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen | question: How does hydrogen function when it s burned?, answer: energy carrier
Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.

question: When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?, answer: ammonia | question: How is hydrogen produced as a co product?, answer: Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine
Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol for protium, P, is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, 2H, and 3H to be used, although 2H and 3H are preferred.

question: Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?, answer: Hydrogen | question: What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?, answer: deuterium and tritium | question: What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?, answer: D and T | question: What does the symbol P represent?, answer: phosphorus | question: What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?, answer: 2H and 3H
Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

question: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?, answer: potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form | question: What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?, answer: cracks and explosions
Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. François Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The Döbereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.

question: Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?, answer: James Dewar | question: In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?, answer: 1898 | question: What year was Deuterium discovered?, answer: 1931 | question: Who was the first to discover deuterium?, answer: Harold Urey | question: What year was tritium discovered?, answer: 1934
Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.

question: What isotope is used in nuclear fission?, answer: Deuterium | question: Where is tritium produced?, answer: nuclear reactors | question: What is tritium used for?, answer: production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints
Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion.

question: What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?, answer: 75% | question: What percent of atoms is hydrogen?, answer: 90% | question: What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?, answer: dark matter and dark energy | question: Clouds of H2 form what?, answer: stars
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

question: Hydropower is produced in how many countries?, answer: 150 | question: Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?, answer: China | question: What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?, answer: 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour | question: How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?, answer: three
Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.

question: Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?, answer: its high density and low vapour pressure | question: What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?, answer: Hydrostatic gauges | question: What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?, answer: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric | question: Why is the McLeod gauge special?, answer: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr | question: An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?, answer: McLeod gauge