lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

question: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?, answer: Galloanserae | question: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?, answer: Galloanserae | question: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?, answer: Anseriformes | question: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?, answer: Galliformes
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

question: Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?, answer: Enmebaragesi | question: What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?, answer: Kish | question: What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?, answer: Etana | question: What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?, answer: increased war | question: Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?, answer: Gilgamesh epic
The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?, answer: Mehrgarh, Pakistan | question: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?, answer: Neolithic | question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?, answer: 3300 and 1300 BCE | question: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?, answer: industrialization | question: During what time did cotton become widely used in India?, answer: 2000 and 1000 BC
The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

question: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?, answer: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado | question: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?, answer: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC | question: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?, answer: corn | question: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?, answer: 2000 BC
The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

question: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?, answer: 270,000 BC | question: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?, answer: Petralona cave | question: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?, answer: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic | question: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?, answer: 7th millennium BC | question: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?, answer: farming
The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520–485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.

question: What period ran from 520-485 BC?, answer: late archaic period | question: What was the harbour of Athens?, answer: Piraeus | question: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?, answer: the bow | question: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?, answer: a cup of pouring libation
The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?, answer: Vác | question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?, answer: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval | question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?, answer: Charles Moreau | question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?, answer: József Hild
The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

question: What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art?, answer: the bas-reliefs of Persepolis | question: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to?, answer: c. 500 BC | question: What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?, answer: Persepolis | question: In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?, answer: the Sassanid Era
The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its "mind-only" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.

question: What Indian thinkers were early idealists?, answer: Hindu | question: What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?, answer: Neoplatonists | question: With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?, answer: Mahayana | question: In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?, answer: 4th | question: What century did George Berkeley live in?, answer: 18th
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

question: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?, answer: a Lutheran manuscript | question: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?, answer: 1524 and 1528 | question: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?, answer: destroyed | question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?, answer: immediately after publication
The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

question: When did the Tertiary period begin?, answer: 65 million years ago | question: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?, answer: early Cretaceous | question: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?, answer: oligochaetes | question: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?, answer: 472 to 461 million years ago
The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

question: Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?, answer: Pennsylvania | question: What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?, answer: 1715 | question: When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?, answer: 1731 | question: Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?, answer: Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland | question: When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?, answer: after they were confident of their own survival | question: Where were the earliest lodges in America?, answer: Pennsylvania | question: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?, answer: John Moore | question: A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?, answer: 1731 | question: The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?, answer: Pennsylvania
The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.

question: The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?, answer: late Jurassic period | question: How long ago was the late Jurassic period?, answer: about 160 million years ago | question: What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?, answer: hind wings | question: Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?, answer: late Jurassic period
The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

question: When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?, answer: circa 3500–3100 BC | question: In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?, answer: Iran | question: What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?, answer: Iran | question: What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?, answer: 1974 | question: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?, answer: mould
The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germans, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's western France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii—the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica—first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.

question: What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?, answer: Hallstatt and La Tène | question: Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?, answer: La Tène | question: Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?, answer: the Helvetii | question: In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?, answer: 15 BC | question: What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?, answer: Vindonissa
The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of León to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by the troubadour Martín Codax, the priest Airas Nunes, King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso O Sabio ("Alfonso the Wise"), the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the Iberian Romance linguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia and, despite the long period of Castilian linguistic domination, these names are again household words.

question: The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?, answer: 1228 | question: During what era did Galician literature emerge?, answer: Middle Ages
The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).

question: What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?, answer: 10th millennium BC | question: What is Cyprus home to of?, answer: the oldest water wells in the world | question: Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?, answer: Mycenaean Greeks | question: What empires have occupied Cyprus?, answer: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians | question: When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?, answer: between 1571 and 1878
The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Brāhmī inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing "reluctantly" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.

question: From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?, answer: first century BCE | question: In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?, answer: Brahmi | question: In what language was Brahmi first used?, answer: Prakrit | question: What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?, answer: Prakrit | question: How were early sacred texts offered?, answer: orally
The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period), whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria, traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative. In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.

question: When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?, answer: about 125 million years BP | question: What is the earliest known angiosperm?, answer: Archaefructus liaoningensis | question: What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?, answer: pollen | question: How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?, answer: 250 million years ago | question: What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?, answer: Gigantopterids