lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.

question: Who was Queen Victorias father?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn | question: Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?, answer: Princess Charlotte of Wales | question: Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?, answer: George III | question: What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?, answer: 1817 | question: Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?, answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | question: Who was Queen Victorias father?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn | question: Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?, answer: Princess Charlotte of Wales | question: Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?, answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | question: Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?, answer: Prince of Leiningen | question: What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?, answer: 4.15 a.m | question: Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death?, answer: Leopold | question: Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?, answer: The Duke and Duchess of Kent | question: When was Queen Victoria born?, answer: 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 | question: What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III | question: What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?, answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | question: Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?, answer: Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)
Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

question: When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?, answer: the republican movement | question: Where did Victoria isolate herself?, answer: in her royal residences | question: What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?, answer: Balmoral Castle | question: What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?, answer: 1847 | question: What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?, answer: 1864 | question: What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?, answer: Balmoral Castle | question: Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?, answer: Buckingham Palace | question: Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances?, answer: the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington | question: What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public?, answer: republican movement | question: What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?, answer: self-imposed isolation from the public | question: What did Victoria's isolation give way to?, answer: the growth of the republican movement | question: Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?, answer: Her uncle Leopold | question: Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?, answer: Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington | question: What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?, answer: take a drive through London in an open carriage
Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.

question: What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?, answer: haemophilia B | question: How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?, answer: two | question: It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?, answer: the Duke of Kent | question: What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?, answer: male | question: How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?, answer: over 50 | question: What disease did Victoria's youngest son have?, answer: the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B | question: Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder?, answer: Alice and Beatrice | question: Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?, answer: a haemophiliac | question: What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?, answer: haemophilia B | question: Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?, answer: Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain | question: Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?, answer: Alice and Beatrice | question: What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?, answer: older fathers | question: In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?, answer: about a third of cases
Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.

question: What may be represented as a series of still image frames?, answer: Video data | question: What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?, answer: Compression algorithms | question: What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?, answer: color
Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

question: The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?, answer: radio frequency (RF) | question: The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?, answer: composite video | question: The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?, answer: 12 | question: The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?, answer: RF modulator
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

question: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?, answer: money savings | question: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?, answer: VoIP | question: What is another use of VoIP?, answer: telecommuting | question: What is telecommuting?, answer: work from home | question: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?, answer: 54%
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

question: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?, answer: real-time telemedicine | question: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing?, answer: Rural | question: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals?, answer: Ohio | question: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?, answer: 70 miles | question: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?, answer: $10,000 per transfer
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

question: What can videoconferencing offer students?, answer: participating in two-way communication forums | question: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?, answer: students | question: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?, answer: language | question: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?, answer: virtual field trips | question: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?, answer: visit museums
Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

question: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?, answer: serve individuals, not groups | question: What is an example of a videophone call program?, answer: Skype | question: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?, answer: videoconferencing | question: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?, answer: a video link | question: What is another name for videophone calls?, answer: video chat
Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.

question: When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?, answer: 9th century | question: What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?, answer: east coast of Ireland | question: England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?, answer: Denmark | question: When did the Norman Conquest occur?, answer: 1066 | question: In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?, answer: Angevins
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.

question: What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?, answer: Viking | question: What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?, answer: 840 | question: In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?, answer: 10th | question: What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?, answer: Southampton
Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

question: Villa became an enemy of whom?, answer: Carranza | question: Who took control in 1914?, answer: Carranza | question: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?, answer: Convention of Aguascalientes | question: The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?, answer: Eulalio Gutiérrez | question: At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?, answer: Battle of Celaya
Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

question: What is the highest peak in Antarctica?, answer: Vinson Massif | question: How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?, answer: 4,892 m | question: In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?, answer: Ellsworth Mountains | question: What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?, answer: underwater | question: What is the Earth's most southern volcano?, answer: Mount Erebus
Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels. Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business. These recordings use a bass turnover of 300 Hz and a 10,000 Hz rolloff of −8.5 dB.

question: What were used to make vinyl pressings?, answer: master cuts | question: What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?, answer: World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers | question: Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?, answer: World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers | question: How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?, answer: cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering
Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.

question: What causes warping in vinyl records?, answer: heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects | question: What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?, answer: warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered | question: What method was used to protect a vinyl record?, answer: place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover | question: What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?, answer: Singles | question: What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?, answer: A small degree of warp was common,
Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backwards, creating a "locked groove" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase "like a broken record" or "like a scratched record", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself. Locked grooves are not uncommon and were even heard occasionally in radio broadcasts.

question: What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?, answer: Dust and scratches | question: What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?, answer: Dust and scratches | question: Where does the saying "Like a broken record" originate?, answer: locked groove | question: How easily do vinyl records break?, answer: Vinyl records do not break easily | question: What is a common damage to vinyl records?, answer: easily scratched.
Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1⁄3 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.

question: What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?, answer: lower surface noise | question: By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?, answer: vinyl | question: What was a factor in shellac availability?, answer: World War II | question: Which material was more durable, shellac or vinyl?, answer: vinyl | question: What material were most mailed records made of?, answer: vinyl