lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?, answer: Procopius | question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?, answer: 545 | question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?, answer: Spori | question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?, answer: their social structure and beliefs | question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?, answer: the Sclaveni and the Antae
Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for ritual expiation. In 207 BC, during one of the Punic Wars' worst crises, the Senate dealt with an unprecedented number of confirmed prodigies whose expiation would have involved "at least twenty days" of dedicated rites.

question: What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?, answer: Prodigies | question: Of what were prodigies predictors?, answer: conflict and misfortune | question: What did prodigies show the Romans?, answer: divine anger | question: What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?, answer: dedicated rites | question: What group determined the truth of a prodigy?, answer: Senate
Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from colonial plantations, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa, India, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).

question: What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?, answer: cotton gin | question: What American invented the cotton gin?, answer: Eli Whitney | question: Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?, answer: by hand | question: What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?, answer: commercial chain | question: From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?, answer: colonial markets
Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

question: What does Utrecht's economy depend on, answer: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city | question: what is centered in Utrecht, answer: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen | question: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht, answer: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.
Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.

question: What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?, answer: pro wrestling | question: What are a couple of styles of combat based on?, answer: classical wrestling, catch wrestling | question: Who are live events held by?, answer: touring promotions | question: What is professional wrestling?, answer: an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport | question: What kind of style does wrestling show?, answer: it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling
Professional wrestling in the U.S. tends to have a heavy focus on story building and the establishment of characters (and their personalities). There is a story for each match, and even a longer story for successive matches. The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels, and less often antiheroes and tweeners. It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins. The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities, with examples like Doink the Clown, whose personality is melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical. The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story, and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews. The relationship between different characters can also be very complex.

question: What does every match have?, answer: a story | question: Who is usually included in stories?, answer: characters like faces and heels | question: What are the possibly outcomes of a story?, answer: It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins. | question: What is Doink the Clown's persona like?, answer: melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical | question: What might happen during interviews?, answer: heels may even attack the faces
Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". "Faces" (the "good guys") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while "heels" (the "bad guys") act to draw the spectators' ire.

question: How do the wrestlers treat the audience?, answer: The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators | question: How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?, answer: This leads to a high level of audience participation | question: What can the audience do during a show?, answer: their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. | question: What kind of conflict can arise during a show?, answer: Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between "babyfaces" (often shortened to just "faces") and "heels". | question: Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?, answer: "heels" (the "bad guys")
Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?, answer: The Piracy Crusade | question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?, answer: tenuous | question: What was the industry going through?, answer: artificial expansion | question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?, answer: perfect bubble
Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.

question: When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?, answer: the flow of control | question: What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?, answer: the flow of control
Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.

question: Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?, answer: a compiler or an assembler | question: Programming languages are translated at run time by what?, answer: an interpreter
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) typically store their genomes on a single large, circular chromosome. Similarly, some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes.:14.4 Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids, which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals. For example, the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells, even those of different species, via horizontal gene transfer.

question: What are prokaryotes?, answer: bacteria and archaea | question: How do prokaryotes store their genomes?, answer: on a single large, circular chromosome | question: What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?, answer: a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes | question: Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?, answer: plasmids | question: What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?, answer: horizontal gene transfer
Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies.

question: What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?, answer: Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep | question: What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?, answer: Theatre Tulsa | question: Where is the American Theatre Company based?, answer: Tulsa | question: What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?, answer: American Theatre Company | question: Where is Heller Theatre?, answer: Tulsa
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

question: What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?, answer: develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals | question: How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?, answer: may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. | question: How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?, answer: 218 | question: What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?, answer: independents and swing voters
Prompted by legislation in various countries mandating increased bulb efficiency, new "hybrid" incandescent bulbs have been introduced by Philips. The "Halogena Energy Saver" incandescents can produce about 23 lm/W; about 30 percent more efficient than traditional incandescents, by using a reflective capsule to reflect formerly wasted infrared radiation back to the filament from which it can be re-emitted as visible light. This concept was pioneered by Duro-Test in 1980 with a commercial product that produced 29.8 lm/W. More advanced reflectors based on interference filters or photonic crystals can theoretically result in higher efficiency, up to a limit of about 270 lm/W (40% of the maximum efficacy possible). Laboratory proof-of-concept experiments have produced as much as 45 lm/W, approaching the efficacy of compact fluorescent bulbs.

question: Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?, answer: Philips | question: How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?, answer: 30 percent | question: What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?, answer: Duro-Test | question: What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?, answer: 270 lm/W | question: What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?, answer: 45 lm/W
Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.

question: Why is proper nutrition important?, answer: for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea | question: What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?, answer: greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever | question: What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?, answer: cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes | question: What is the rate of vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?, answer: 127 million
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

question: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?, answer: urban workers | question: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?, answer: summer | question: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?, answer: saves energy
Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination. The AAPF believes that "Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes". The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class, so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes.

question: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?, answer: class | question: Which organization believed in the class based argument?, answer: African American Policy Forum | question: What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?, answer: African American middle class | question: What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?, answer: non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination | question: What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?, answer: to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success
Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. "Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does."

question: What is one of the issues with affirmative action?, answer: inherently unequal | question: How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?, answer: an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice | question: What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?, answer: overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion | question: What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?, answer: make special efforts at inclusion
Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

question: Where does protein digestion occur?, answer: in the stomach and duodenum | question: What are the three main enzymes that break down food?, answer: pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin | question: What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?, answer: inactive precursors, the zymogens | question: What are dipeptidases broken down into?, answer: amino acids | question: What organ secretes chymotrypsin?, answer: the pancreas
Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.

question: What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?, answer: Proteins | question: What is the primary component of every protein?, answer: amino acids | question: What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?, answer: protein retention | question: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?, answer: urine | question: Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?, answer: twenty