lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة)‎; mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

question: What are the root origins of the word madrasah?, answer: triconsonantal Semitic | question: What is the literal translation of madrasah?, answer: a place where learning and studying take place | question: In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?, answer: same as school does in the English language | question: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?, answer: lower schools and specialised | question: What were the students in madaris called?, answer: danişmends
The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary.

question: What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?, answer: the phonological system | question: What is another term for phonological system?, answer: sound system | question: Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?, answer: vocabulary | question: What sort of language system is phonology?, answer: fundamental
The word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice, sound," and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word, speech, subject of discussion"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between language and speech being basically Saussure's distinction between langue and parole). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, while in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items." According to Clark et al. (2007), it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.

question: What language does phonology as a word come from?, answer: Greek | question: What Greek word is -logy derived from?, answer: lógos | question: Who in 1939 defined phonology?, answer: Nikolai Trubetzkoy | question: A distinction was drawn between language and what?, answer: speech | question: When did Lass write about phonology?, answer: 1998
The word qurʼān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the Arabic verb qaraʼa (قرأ), meaning "he read" or "he recited". The Syriac equivalent is (ܩܪܝܢܐ) qeryānā, which refers to "scripture reading" or "lesson". While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʼa itself. Regardless, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the "act of reciting", as reflected in an early Quranic passage: "It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qurʼānahu)."

question: From which Arabic verb might "Quran" be derived?, answer: qaraʼa | question: What Syriac word might be related to "Quran"?, answer: qeryānā | question: The words from which the name "Quran" might be described are related to which act?, answer: reciting | question: Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?, answer: qaraʼa
The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?, answer: *ḱlew | question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?, answer: Pericles | question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?, answer: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both "antennas" and "antennae" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term "aerial" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.

question: What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?, answer: aerial | question: What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?, answer: wire antenna | question: What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?, answer: antennae | question: What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?, answer: antenna
The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

question: What author had a great impact in Rome?, answer: P. Terentius Afer | question: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?, answer: Terence | question: From where did this school of thought emerge?, answer: the Greeks | question: Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later, answer: Seneca | question: What was the name of the main belief Terence offered, answer: universalism
The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for "laudable and distinguished Germans", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.

question: Who discovered X-Rays?, answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | question: Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?, answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | question: In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?, answer: 1901 | question: Where is the Walhalla temple located?, answer: Bavaria | question: What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?, answer: David Hilbert and Max Planck
The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

question: Was there a period when child labour was essential?, answer: pre-industrial societies | question: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?, answer: little need for children to attend school | question: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?, answer: competent adults | question: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?, answer: short life expectancy
The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks (one verbal and one visual) than two similar tasks (e.g., two visual), and the aforementioned word-length effect. However, the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague.[citation needed] Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics.

question: Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?, answer: working memory model | question: Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?, answer: concept of a central executive | question: Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?, answer: Working memory
The works of Virgil almost from the moment of their publication revolutionized Latin poetry. The Eclogues, Georgics, and above all the Aeneid became standard texts in school curricula with which all educated Romans were familiar. Poets following Virgil often refer intertextually to his works to generate meaning in their own poetry. The Augustan poet Ovid parodies the opening lines of the Aeneid in Amores 1.1.1–2, and his summary of the Aeneas story in Book 14 of the Metamorphoses, the so-called "mini-Aeneid", has been viewed as a particularly important example of post-Virgilian response to the epic genre. Lucan's epic, the Bellum Civile has been considered an anti-Virgilian epic, disposing with the divine mechanism, treating historical events, and diverging drastically from Virgilian epic practice. The Flavian poet Statius in his 12-book epic Thebaid engages closely with the poetry of Virgil; in his epilogue he advises his poem not to "rival the divine Aeneid, but follow afar and ever venerate its footsteps." In Silius Italicus, Virgil finds one of his most ardent admirers. With almost every line of his epic Punica Silius references Virgil. Indeed, Silius is known to have bought Virgil's tomb and worshipped the poet. Partially as a result of his so-called "Messianic" Fourth Eclogue—widely interpreted later to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ—Virgil was in later antiquity imputed to have the magical abilities of a seer; the Sortes Vergilianae, the process of using Virgil's poetry as a tool of divination, is found in the time of Hadrian, and continued into the Middle Ages. In a similar vein Macrobius in the Saturnalia credits the work of Virgil as the embodiment of human knowledge and experience, mirroring the Greek conception of Homer. Virgil also found commentators in antiquity. Servius, a commentator of the 4th century AD, based his work on the commentary of Donatus. Servius' commentary provides us with a great deal of information about Virgil's life, sources, and references; however, many modern scholars find the variable quality of his work and the often simplistic interpretations frustrating.

question: Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?, answer: Silius Italicus | question: .What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?, answer: Punica | question: Who bought Virgil's tomb?, answer: Silius | question: Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?, answer: Fourth Eclogue
The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

question: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations., answer: technological | question: What have researchers in science labs been making?, answer: prototypes | question: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?, answer: electricity | question: What can garments made with kevlar resist?, answer: bullets | question: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?, answer: absorption of liquids
The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.

question: Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?, answer: Oscar Bonello | question: Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?, answer: Oscar Bonello | question: What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?, answer: broadcast automation system
The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?, answer: Athabasca oil sands | question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?, answer: Northern Alberta | question: What formative period produced bitumen?, answer: early Cretaceous | question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?, answer: 110 million years | question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?, answer: 80%
The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is also home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor. The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England.

question: What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?, answer: FA Cup | question: How long has the FA Cup been contested?, answer: 1872 | question: Who founded the worlds first football league?, answer: William McGregor | question: How many clubs where in the first football league?, answer: 12 | question: What country is the home of the first football league?, answer: England
The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

question: What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?, answer: Pharaonic | question: What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?, answer: isotheism | question: A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?, answer: Alexander | question: Where was Alexander's tomb located?, answer: Alexandria
The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African Americans have significant Native American heritage, is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr., had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected. (Reference is coming)

question: Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?, answer: Sherrel W. Stewart | question: Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?, answer: genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies | question: Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?, answer: Henry Louis Gates
The writers of Grub Street, the Grub Street Hacks, were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters, and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle. Written mostly in the form of pamphlets, the libelles "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself". Le Gazetier cuirassé by Charles Théveneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. More importantly, according to Darnton, the Grub Street hacks inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political, moral and religious authority in France.

question: What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?, answer: the Grub Street Hacks | question: Libelles were generally written in what form?, answer: pamphlets | question: Which group inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?, answer: the Grub Street hacks | question: Which works by the Grub Street Hacks "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself."?, answer: the libelles
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

question: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly?, answer: instructions | question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?, answer: performers | question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?, answer: the work's idiom
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/, answer: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats | question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?, answer: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians | question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?, answer: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 | question: What happened at Minden in 1757?, answer: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French | question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?, answer: Frederick himself lost half his army
The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the départements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song "La Marseillaise" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. "La Marseillaise" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kléber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendée and Westermann, who also fought in the Vendée.

question: In what year did the division of Alsace take place?, answer: 1789 | question: Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?, answer: La Marseillaise | question: Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?, answer: Kellermann