lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

question: What event produced further adaptations during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?, answer: climatic changes | question: When was the top of archosaur diversity?, answer: Jurassic | question: What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?, answer: Angiosperms | question: What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?, answer: angiosperms | question: What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?, answer: cycad and ferns
The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

question: What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?, answer: extended | question: Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?, answer: convert attempts | question: What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?, answer: penalty | question: How long is a quarter in minutes?, answer: 15
The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

question: Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?, answer: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom | question: What does NOFORN stand for?, answer: No Foreign Nationals | question: What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?, answer: USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes
The cloth or fiber material used, resin material, and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate's type designation (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, etc.) and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced. Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant, the dielectric constant (er), the loss factor (tδ), the tensile strength, the shear strength, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the Z-axis expansion coefficient (how much the thickness changes with temperature).

question: What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?, answer: type designation | question: What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?, answer: Z-axis expansion coefficient | question: What's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate?, answer: Tg
The club also owned and operated a professional basketball team, by the name of Everton Tigers, who compete in the elite British Basketball League. The team was launched in the summer of 2007 as part of the clubs' Community programme, and play their home games at the Greenbank Sports Academy. The team was an amalgam of the Toxteth Tigers community youth programme which started in 1968. The team quickly became one of the most successful in the league winning the BBL Cup in 2009 and the play-offs in 2010. However Everton withdrew funding before the 2010–11 season and the team was re launched as the Mersey Tigers.

question: What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?, answer: Tigers | question: In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?, answer: British Basketball League | question: When was the Everton Tigers team launched?, answer: 2007 | question: Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?, answer: Greenbank Sports Academy | question: When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?, answer: 2009
The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. "The Boys in Blue", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when "Here We Go" peaked at 14. In 1986 the club released "Everybody's Cheering The Blues" which reached number 83. "All Together Now", a reworking of a song by Merseyside band The Farm, was released for the 1995 FA Cup Final and reached number 27. When the club next reached the 2009 FA Cup Final, the tradition had passed into history and no song was released.

question: What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song "The Boys in Blue"?, answer: 1984 | question: What position did the song "Here We Go" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?, answer: 14 | question: What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?, answer: Everybody's Cheering The Blues | question: Who originally sang the song "All Together Now" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?, answer: The Farm | question: How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?, answer: four
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.

question: What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?, answer: Crown of Aragon | question: Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?, answer: laurel | question: When was a competition held to produce a team crest?, answer: 1910 | question: Who was the winner of the crest competition?, answer: Carles Comamala | question: What flag is on the team crest?, answer: Catalan
The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.

question: What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?, answer: Arsène Wenger | question: Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?, answer: foreign players | question: In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?, answer: 1997–98 | question: What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?, answer: penalties | question: What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?, answer: Premier League
The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.

question: In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?, answer: The coalition government | question: What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties?, answer: their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures | question: Who became the second major party after the elections?, answer: The leftist party of SYRIZA | question: What caused the second election of 2012?, answer: No party could form a sustainable government | question: What was the demographic result of the second election?, answer: coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.
The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section. It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.

question: Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?, answer: Piedmont | question: What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?, answer: The Piedmont region | question: What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?, answer: 1,000 feet | question: What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?, answer: Atlantic Seaboard fall line | question: At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?, answer: along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line
The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.

question: What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?, answer: cliff faces | question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?, answer: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay | question: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?, answer: by ship | question: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?, answer: Cascade Bay | question: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?, answer: Anson and Ball Bays
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.

question: What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?, answer: cocoa industry | question: Who dismissed the allegations?, answer: European Cocoa Association | question: What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?, answer: 700,000 | question: Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?, answer: ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom
The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

question: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?, answer: for ease of identification | question: How many positions are in the first two columns?, answer: 32 positions | question: What did the committee decide was important?, answer: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets | question: Where was the letter A places in position?, answer: 41hex
The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald.

question: What is a variorum?, answer: The collation of all known variants of a text | question: What is the purpose of a variorum?, answer: so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication | question: Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum., answer: Edward Fitzgerald | question: Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum., answer: The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare
The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

question: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?, answer: quid | question: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?, answer: 18th | question: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?, answer: colonial leather trade | question: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?, answer: Greenback | question: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?, answer: black
The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

question: What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?, answer: Kasthamandap Mahanagar | question: How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?, answer: Kantipur | question: Who is also called Kanti?, answer: Lakshmi | question: How do you say place in Sanskrit?, answer: pur | question: What is the English translation of Mahanagar?, answer: great city
The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a "ton of sense" for Dell, it's a "nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but "does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not." The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would "blow up the current IT chess board", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported.

question: What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?, answer: private cloud computing | question: What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?, answer: FBR Capital Markets | question: How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?, answer: 10% | question: What was the original valuation of the merger?, answer: $67bn
The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the "War of the Speeds". (See also format war.) In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.

question: Which company lost the "War of the Speeds"?, answer: RCA | question: What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?, answer: 45 rpm | question: Over which years did the "War of the Speeds" last?, answer: 1948 to 1950 | question: By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?, answer: 200 million | question: Which two companies were involved in the "War of the Speeds"?, answer: RCA Victor and Columbia Records
The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

question: Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?, answer: eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal | question: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?, answer: minimize costs associated with data transmission | question: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?, answer: perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

question: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?, answer: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code | question: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?, answer: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code | question: What is different in a shifted code?, answer: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes | question: Why did they decide against shifting code?, answer: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable
The common practice period is when many of the ideas that make up western classical music took shape, standardized, or were codified. It began with the Baroque era, running from roughly 1600 to the middle of the 18th century. The Classical era followed, ending roughly around 1820. The Romantic era ran through the 19th century, ending about 1910.

question: When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?, answer: The common practice period | question: What began with the Baroque era?, answer: The common practice period | question: What era did the classical era follow?, answer: Baroque era | question: When did the classical era end?, answer: around 1820 | question: When did the romantic era end?, answer: about 1910