lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.

question: In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?, answer: Northwestern student journalists | question: What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?, answer: the Innocence Project | question: In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?, answer: Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall | question: What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?, answer: stabilize
Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the barn swallow and European starling, they have caused population decreases or extinction in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN in 2009.

question: How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times?, answer: Over a hundred | question: How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?, answer: 1,227 | question: When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?, answer: during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands
Though it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga, it is also the most unbalanced, with Barcelona overwhelmingly dominant. In the primera división league table, Espanyol has only managed to end above Barça on three occasions from 80 seasons (1928–2015) and the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey final was won by Barça in 1957. Espanyol has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951, while Barcelona's biggest win was 5–0 on five occasions (in 1933, 1947, 1964, 1975 and 1992). Espanyol achieved a 2–1 win against Barça during the 2008–09 season, becoming the first team to defeat Barcelona at Camp Nou in their treble-winning season.

question: What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?, answer: Barcelona | question: What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?, answer: Espanyol | question: What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?, answer: Barcelona | question: Which team has the largest margin win?, answer: Espanyol | question: When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?, answer: 1951
Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

question: When was the first antibiotic discovered?, answer: In 1910 | question: Who was the creator of antibiotic?, answer: Paul Ehrlich | question: What bacteria did he treat first?, answer: Treponema pallidum | question: Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?, answer: Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen | question: How was his discovery aknowledged?, answer: had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize
Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.

question: When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?, answer: 1820's, | question: What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?, answer: M. Jumel | question: Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?, answer: Mohamed Ali Pasha | question: How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?, answer: $56 million | question: How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?, answer: 1.2 million bales a year
Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.

question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?, answer: John Wycliffe | question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?, answer: the Lollards | question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?, answer: the Protestant Reformation | question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?, answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences | question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?, answer: John of Gaunt
Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]

question: What type of conditions do many garment works endure?, answer: challenging | question: What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?, answer: Mass-produced | question: What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?, answer: long work hours | question: Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?, answer: industrialized | question: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?, answer: undocumented
Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).

question: Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?, answer: since mid-2004 | question: What is USB not intended for?, answer: a primary bus for a computer's internal storage | question: What is an important advantage of USB?, answer: it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer | question: Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?, answer: a computer's internal storage
Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would "never imagine that their consent made him sovereign", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract.

question: In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract?, answer: An Essay on the History of Civil Society | question: In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?, answer: 1767 | question: How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?, answer: four | question: Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?, answer: David Hume
Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.

question: Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?, answer: traded across international borders | question: What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?, answer: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization | question: When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?, answer: 1985 | question: How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?, answer: 2002
Though queen, as an unmarried young woman Victoria was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy. Her mother was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her. When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's close proximity promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative". She showed interest in Albert's education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.

question: What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?, answer: unmarried | question: Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?, answer: her mother | question: Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?, answer: Kensington System | question: Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?, answer: Conroy | question: Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?, answer: a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace | question: What did Victoria and her mother disagree on?, answer: the Kensington System | question: Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure?, answer: Conroy | question: To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence?, answer: Melbourne | question: Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen?, answer: Buckingham Palace | question: Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?, answer: with her mother | question: Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?, answer: was required by social convention | question: What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?, answer: marriage | question: How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?, answer: a "schocking [sic] alternative" | question: How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?, answer: close proximity promised "torment for many years"
Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

question: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?, answer: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences | question: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?, answer: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause | question: What do they believe about sexual orientation?, answer: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. | question: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?, answer: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals | question: What can these results be caused from?, answer: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself
Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.

question: What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?, answer: sexual orientation | question: What do individuals typically experience?, answer: diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure | question: What is there little coherent relationships between?, answer: the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself
Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?, answer: Himachal Pradesh | question: What are the newspapers famous for?, answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states | question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?, answer: All major English daily newspapers | question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?, answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal | question: What has grown significantly?, answer: Radio and TV
Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the version of the $100 bill already in process. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.

question: What color was predominantly used?, answer: green | question: Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?, answer: American Council of the Blind | question: Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?, answer: $1 | question: Who are currency readers meant to assist?, answer: visually impaired | question: The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?, answer: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have been strained, relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions, the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.

question: How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ?, answer: relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections. | question: What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ?, answer: the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations | question: What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?, answer: sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid. | question: How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ?, answer: years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions
Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterized by its "conceptual assault" on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist, hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles such as dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde. While post-punk musicians often avoided or intentionally obscured conventional influences, previous musical styles did serve as touchstones for the movement, including particular brands of glam, art rock and "[the] dark undercurrent of '60s music".[nb 1] According to Reynolds, artists once again approached the studio as an instrument, using new recording methods and pursuing novel sonic territories. Author Matthew Bannister wrote that post-punk artists rejected the high cultural references of 1960s rock artists like the Beatles and Bob Dylan as well as paradigms that defined "rock as progressive, as art, as 'sterile' studio perfectionism ... by adopting an avant-garde aesthetic".

question: What were the things that post-punk really got into?, answer: experimentation with production techniques | question: What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration?, answer: dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde | question: What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?, answer: avant-garde | question: What music did post-punk end to reject?, answer: high cultural references of 1960s rock artists | question: As a movement, post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions?, answer: rock | question: What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?, answer: aesthetics | question: What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards?, answer: experimentation | question: How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio?, answer: as an instrument | question: What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists?, answer: high cultural