lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

question: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?, answer: migratory species | question: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?, answer: hummingbird | question: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?, answer: golden eagle | question: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?, answer: Trogon mexicanus
The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in 2004, calling it a model for early childhood schooling. High school dropout rate decreased from 3.1 to 2.5 percent between 2007 and 2008 with Oklahoma ranked among 18 other states with 3 percent or less dropout rate. In 2004, the state ranked 36th in the nation for the relative number of adults with high school diplomas, though at 85.2 percent, it had the highest rate among southern states.

question: Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?, answer: National Institute for Early Education Research | question: When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?, answer: 2004 | question: What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?, answer: 3.1 | question: What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?, answer: 2.5 percent | question: What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?, answer: 85.2 percent
The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. While each municipality operates as a separate and independent local government with executive, legislative and judicial power, county governments maintain jurisdiction over both incorporated cities and non-incorporated areas within their boundaries, but have executive power but no legislative or judicial power. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. Other local government units include school districts, technology center districts, community college districts, rural fire departments, rural water districts, and other special use districts.

question: How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?, answer: three | question: What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?, answer: commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff | question: How many counties are in Oklahoma?, answer: 77 | question: Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?, answer: Both county and municipal governments | question: Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?, answer: Both county and municipal governments
The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings.

question: What is the state well known for?, answer: handicrafts | question: The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?, answer: pit-loom | question: What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?, answer: Wool | question: What is Kullu famous for?, answer: shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours | question: What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?, answer: Kangra miniature paintings
The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931.

question: In what year did San Diego officially become a city?, answer: 1850 | question: Who was San Diego's first mayor?, answer: Joshua H. Bean | question: What happened two years after San Diego elected it's first mayor?, answer: the city was bankrupt | question: Who controlled San Diego's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature?, answer: a board of trustees | question: When was San Diego's current charter adopted?, answer: 1931
The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.

question: Which state is the largest in the country by land?, answer: Chihuahua | question: What percentage of the country does it make up?, answer: 12.6% | question: Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?, answer: Sonora | question: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?, answer: Texas
The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the largest, the classes are: 6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, and C. Class 6A is broken into two divisions. Oklahoma City area schools in this division include: Edmond North, Mustang, Moore, Yukon, Edmond Memorial, Edmond Santa Fe, Norman North, Westmoore, Southmoore, Putnam City North, Norman, Putnam City, Putnam City West, U.S. Grant, Midwest City.

question: What organization organizes High School football?, answer: Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861. Occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.

question: What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?, answer: Watauga Association | question: What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?, answer: North Carolina | question: What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?, answer: June 1, 1796 | question: Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?, answer: Tennessee | question: Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?, answer: Tennessee
The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).

question: Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?, answer: obesity | question: If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?, answer: type 2 | question: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?, answer: marked insulin resistance | question: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?, answer: reverse insulin resistance
The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

question: Until what year did the state remain calm?, answer: 1841 | question: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?, answer: 1843 | question: What was the price of the small force along the border?, answer: 160,603 pesos per year | question: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?, answer: 6,000 | question: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?, answer: Ángel Trías
The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

question: In which year was the new constitution ratified?, answer: 1855 | question: The state was able to survive through which war?, answer: Reform War | question: The conservative movement occurred during which year?, answer: 1858 | question: 1000 men occupied which cities?, answer: Chihuahua and Parral | question: Who established himself as governor?, answer: Cajen
The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

question: The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?, answer: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland | question: Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s?, answer: Soviet | question: Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?, answer: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania | question: Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?, answer: Stalin | question: Salla is located in what country?, answer: Finland
The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to "Promote progress." By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be "absolute protection". "If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.

question: What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?, answer: Promote progress. | question: What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?, answer: create and disclose their work | question: Which view treats intellectual property as another type of "real" property?, answer: absolute protection or full value | question: Which recent law stresses international harmonization?, answer: America Invents Act
The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

question: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?, answer: Virgin Mary | question: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?, answer: 1:23 | question: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?, answer: Luke | question: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?", answer: virgin | question: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?", answer: until
The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility.

question: What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?, answer: historical and political | question: What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?, answer: Lombardic alpine | question: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?, answer: Chinese | question: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?, answer: mutual unintelligibility
The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians, as Israel views it as its sovereign territory, as well as part of its capital. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which emphasises "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as "Land for peace".

question: Israel views East Jerusalem as what?, answer: sovereign territory | question: What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?, answer: United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 | question: What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?, answer: Land for peace
The status of the town was changed by a later charter of Charles I by at once the formal separation from Portsmouth and the recognition of Southampton as a county, In the charter dated 27 June 1640 the formal title of the town became 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'. These charters and Royal Grants, of which there were many, also set out the governance and regulation of the town and port which remained the 'constitution' of the town until the local government organisation of the later Victorian period which from about 1888 saw the setting up of County Councils across England and Wales and including Hampshire County Council who now took on some of the function of Government in Southampton Town. In this regime, The Town and County of the Town of Southampton also became a county borough with shared responsibility for aspects of local government. On 24 February 1964 the status changed again by a Charter of Elizabeth II, creating the City and County of the City of Southampton.

question: What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?, answer: Charles I | question: What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?, answer: 1640 | question: What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?, answer: Victorian period | question: After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?, answer: Hampshire County Council | question: What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?, answer: 1964
The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.

question: What is the last step in the stemmatic method?, answer: emendatio | question: At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?, answer: the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process | question: Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?, answer: , it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading
The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.

question: Why can't some memories be held onto forever?, answer: The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration | question: If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?, answer: sometimes a whole life span) | question: What is the capacity of long term memory?, answer: capacity is immeasurable | question: If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?, answer: in our short-term memory