lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The migration of birds also aids the movement of other species, including those of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice, which in turn may carry micro-organisms including those of concern to human health. Due to the global spread of avian influenza, bird migration has been studied as a possible mechanism of disease transmission, but it has been found not to present a special risk; import of pet and domestic birds is a greater threat. Some viruses that are maintained in birds without lethal effects, such as the West Nile Virus may however be spread by migrating birds. Birds may also have a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton.

question: What other species does migration help?, answer: ectoparasites such as ticks and lice | question: What is a greater threat of disease transmission?, answer: import of pet and domestic birds | question: What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?, answer: bird migration | question: What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?, answer: Birds | question: What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?, answer: West Nile Virus
The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a "German" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.

question: how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?, answer: five tribes | question: In modern day what is still influenced by the five tribes?, answer: German language | question: What king united the tribes in the 9th century?, answer: Charlemagne | question: What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?, answer: Eastern Germany | question: The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?, answer: Roman Empire | question: What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?, answer: Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii | question: What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?, answer: Frisians | question: Who united the 5 tribes?, answer: king Charlemagne | question: What century did King Charlemagne reign?, answer: 9th
The migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century, under the impact of the Muslim conquests, African products were no longer found in Western Europe. The replacement of goods from long-range trade with local products was a trend throughout the old Roman lands that happened in the Early Middle Ages. This was especially marked in the lands that did not lie on the Mediterranean, such as northern Gaul or Britain. Non-local goods appearing in the archaeological record are usually luxury goods. In the northern parts of Europe, not only were the trade networks local, but the goods carried were simple, with little pottery or other complex products. Around the Mediterranean, pottery remained prevalent and appears to have been traded over medium-range networks, not just produced locally.

question: Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?, answer: Rome | question: What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?, answer: Muslim conquests | question: What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?, answer: luxury goods
The military effectiveness of bombing varied. The Luftwaffe dropped around 45,000 short tons (41,000 t) of bombs during the Blitz disrupting production and transport, reducing food supplies and shaking the British morale. It also helped to support the U-Boat blockade by sinking some 58,000 long tons (59,000 t) of shipping destroyed and 450,000 long tons (460,000 t) damaged. Yet, overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period although there were significant falls during April 1941, probably influenced by the departure of workers of Easter Holidays according to the British official history. The British official history on war production noted the great impact was upon the supply of components rather than complete equipment. In aircraft production, the British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month, arguably the greatest achievement of the bombing, as it forced the dispersal of industry. In April 1941, when the targets were British ports, rifle production fell by 25%, filled-shell production by 4.6%, and in smallarms production 4.5% overall. The strategic impact on industrial cities was varied; most took from 10–15 days to recover from heavy raids, although Belfast and Liverpool took longer. The attacks against Birmingham took war industries some three months to recover fully from. The exhausted population took three weeks to overcome the effects of an attack.

question: The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz?, answer: 45,000 short tons | question: The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping?, answer: 58,000 long tons | question: How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing?, answer: overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period | question: What was the greatest achievement of the bombings?, answer: British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month | question: How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?, answer: most took from 10–15 days
The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home.

question: What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?, answer: Hanoi and Haiphong | question: What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?, answer: the Ho Chi Minh Trail | question: What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?, answer: William Westmoreland | question: Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?, answer: the White House | question: When did the US start bombing Hanoi?, answer: 1972
The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.

question: What is the name of Estonia's Army?, answer: Maavägi | question: What is the name of Estonia's Navy?, answer: Merevägi | question: What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?, answer: Õhuvägi | question: What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?, answer: the Estonian Defence Forces
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?, answer: Policy Committee | question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?, answer: Steering Committee | question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?, answer: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee | question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?, answer: Democratic Leadership Council
The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson–Shiffrin model. Patient KF was brain damaged, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Interestingly, visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.

question: What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?, answer: visual information and acoustic information | question: Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?, answer: Zlonoga and Gerber | question: What did KF disprove during this study?, answer: Atkinson–Shiffrin model. | question: What did KF have trouble doing?, answer: difficulties regarding short-term memory. | question: What did this study seem to conclude?, answer: a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.
The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.

question: What was the modern Conservative party created from?, answer: the 'Pittite' Tories | question: Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?, answer: Robert Peel | question: Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?, answer: the Liberal Party | question: In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?, answer: 1834
The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words "grass" and "grow". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.

question: Which old english word does the word "green" originate from?, answer: grene | question: Other than "grass", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?, answer: grow | question: Which season is green most commonly associated with?, answer: springtime | question: Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green?, answer: chlorophyll | question: What an is an example of a green mineral?, answer: emerald | question: What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?, answer: chlorophyll | question: For what do some animals use the color green?, answer: camouflage | question: What chemical causes emeralds to be green?, answer: chromium | question: From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?, answer: grene
The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.

question: Modern Greek theater began when?, answer: early 19th century | question: Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?, answer: Heptanesean theatre and melodrama | question: What was the first theater of modern Greece?, answer: Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù | question: What was the first Greek opera?, answer: The Parliamentary Candidate | question: Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate?, answer: Spyridon Xyndas
The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

question: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?, answer: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a | question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?, answer: 63.39% | question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?, answer: 56.4% | question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?, answer: 54% | question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?, answer: 52%
The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng) although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of a prefix meaning "west" (西 xī) to Zang.

question: How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?, answer: Zangqu | question: How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?, answer: Zang | question: During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?, answer: Qing | question: Which Chinese suffix means "area, district, region, ward"?, answer: qū
The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.

question: Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?, answer: Évariste Galois | question: The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?, answer: group theory | question: Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?, answer: Arthur Cayley | question: What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?, answer: abstract group
The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC. They used the feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes. More than 1,000 years later, they became an important food source. The first Europeans to encounter the bird misidentified it as a guineafowl, a bird known as a "turkey fowl" at that time because it had been introduced into Europe via Turkey.

question: How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?, answer: descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey | question: When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?, answer: Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC | question: What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?, answer: feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes | question: When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?, answer: Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC.
The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?, answer: Sazae-san | question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?, answer: magazines | question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?, answer: after World War II
The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.

question: Who revolutionized modern Russian?, answer: Alexander Pushkin | question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?, answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary | question: What was 'high style'?, answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary | question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?, answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech
The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bolaño, Diego de Andrade or Lope Sánchez de Moscoso, among others.

question: Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?, answer: 1480 and 1486 | question: Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?, answer: Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio | question: Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?, answer: Isabella I
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

question: When did the modern petroleum industry start?, answer: 1846 | question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?, answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal | question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?, answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner | question: Who improved Gesner's of refining kerosene from coal?, answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz | question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?, answer: Bóbrka