lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

question: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?, answer: water clocks | question: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?, answer: hora tertia | question: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?, answer: 75 | question: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?, answer: Jewish
Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.

question: Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?, answer: morphine | question: How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?, answer: little, or not at all | question: IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?, answer: unpleasantness | question: What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?, answer: a state described as intense pain | question: What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?, answer: Indifference
Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

question: What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?, answer: Some other race | question: In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?, answer: 2010 | question: There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?, answer: Some other race | question: In addition to the Census, where else is the "some other race" selection an option?, answer: the American Community Survey
Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?, answer: Alumnus Eero Saarinen | question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?, answer: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal | question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?, answer: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano | question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?, answer: fortress-like stone towers | question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?, answer: Finnish-American
Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.

question: Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?, answer: Football Canada | question: How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?, answer: 26 | question: Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?, answer: Vanier Cup | question: What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?, answer: Canadian Bowl | question: Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?, answer: Ontario and Quebec
American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

question: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?, answer: George Ayittey | question: Who executed the apartheid?, answer: the Arab government | question: Who was excluded?, answer: blacks | question: Where were they?, answer: Sudan | question: What is George Ayittey's profession?, answer: economist
American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.

question: The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?, answer: John Glenn | question: When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?, answer: February 20, 1962 | question: Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?, answer: Atlantic Ocean | question: John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?, answer: Friendship 7
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)

question: In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?, answer: Marvel | question: What is Silver Samurai's weapon?, answer: an energy charged katana | question: How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?, answer: over 350 | question: Who starred in The Last Samurai?, answer: Tom Cruise | question: Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?, answer: US Army Captain Nathan Algren
American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

question: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?, answer: New York World | question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?, answer: Outcault's The Yellow Kid
American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.

question: The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?, answer: 1958
American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.

question: What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?, answer: intermediaries | question: What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?, answer: strong political institutions | question: Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?, answer: Abd al-Azim Ramadan | question: Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?, answer: Miles Copeland, Jr
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.

question: Who was the major proponent of American sociology?, answer: Talcott Parsons | question: What did Parsons believe made a functional society?, answer: structural integration | question: What was the problem with the views of Parsons?, answer: inequalities present in the status quo | question: What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?, answer: conflict theory | question: What is the main belief of conflict theory?, answer: different groups compete for control over resources
Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

question: Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from, answer: English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina | question: Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as, answer: Florida Crackers | question: Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements, answer: Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers
Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?, answer: black (historically) or African American | question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?, answer: hypodescent | question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?, answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry | question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?, answer: for its social and economic advantages | question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?, answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry | question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?, answer: slavery became a racial caste | question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?, answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society | question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?, answer: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation | question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?, answer: Melungeons, | question: What is Melungeon?, answer: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry. | question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?, answer: assimilated into white society | question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?, answer: black (historically) or African American | question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?, answer: hypodescent
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

question: Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?, answer: Peter Townsend | question: What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?, answer: wait for a year | question: What act would the Church of England not permit?, answer: remarriage after divorce | question: Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?, answer: Antony Armstrong-Jones | question: What title was Armstrong-Jones given?, answer: Earl of Snowdon
Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.

question: How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?, answer: 74% | question: How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?, answer: 25% | question: How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?, answer: 1% | question: Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?, answer: Hausa | question: Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?, answer: Igbos
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

question: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?, answer: Atomic Energy Commission | question: What was the AEC working on at this time?, answer: H-bombs | question: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?, answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer | question: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?, answer: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance
Among Peirce's major contributions was to place inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning in a complementary rather than competitive mode, the latter of which had been the primary trend among the educated since David Hume wrote a century before. To this, Peirce added the concept of abductive reasoning. The combined three forms of reasoning serve as a primary conceptual foundation for the empirically based scientific method today. Peirce's approach "presupposes that (1) the objects of knowledge are real things, (2) the characters (properties) of real things do not depend on our perceptions of them, and (3) everyone who has sufficient experience of real things will agree on the truth about them. According to Peirce's doctrine of fallibilism, the conclusions of science are always tentative. The rationality of the scientific method does not depend on the certainty of its conclusions, but on its self-corrective character: by continued application of the method science can detect and correct its own mistakes, and thus eventually lead to the discovery of truth".

question: How long before Peirce did Hume write?, answer: a century | question: How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?, answer: complementary | question: How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?, answer: competitive | question: What did fallibilism say?, answer: the conclusions of science are always tentative | question: What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?, answer: its self-corrective character
Among Richmond's most interesting architectural features is its Cast-iron architecture. Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work, the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials. Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel its popularity within the city. At the height of production in the 1890, 25 foundries operated in the city employing nearly 3,500 metal workers. This number is seven times the number of general construction workers being employed in Richmond at the time which illustrates the importance of its iron exports. Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods such as Jackson Ward, Church Hill, and Monroe Ward are particularly elaborate, often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond. In some cases cast were made for a single residential or commercial application.

question: What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?, answer: New Orleans | question: In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?, answer: 1890 | question: How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?, answer: seven times | question: Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?, answer: Church Hill
Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day Seattle International Film Festival, Northwest Folklife over the Memorial Day weekend, numerous Seafair events throughout July and August (ranging from a Bon Odori celebration to the Seafair Cup hydroplane races), the Bite of Seattle, one of the largest Gay Pride festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival Bumbershoot, which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the Seattle Hempfest and two separate Independence Day celebrations.

question: What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?, answer: Seattle International Film Festival | question: What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?, answer: Bite of Seattle | question: How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?, answer: two | question: When are Seafair events held in Seattle?, answer: July and August | question: What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?, answer: art and music