lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, Gondwana itself broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide.

question: The current continents were formerly known as what continent?, answer: Pangaea | question: Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?, answer: Sevier and Laramide | question: South America was formerly which continent?, answer: Gondwana | question: The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?, answer: raising eustatic sea levels | question: Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?, answer: Gondwana
During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625. This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) – this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time. It should be noted that the identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term "university" was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In Mediterranean countries, the term studium generale was still often used, while "Academy" was common in Northern European countries.

question: What was the time span of the Early Modern period?, answer: late 15th century to 1800 | question: At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?, answer: about 400 years | question: How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?, answer: twenty-nine | question: How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?, answer: 143 | question: The German Empire had how many universities?, answer: 34
During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax. The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army. The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army (Nanjun 南軍), while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army (Beijun 北軍). Led by Colonels (Xiaowei 校尉), the Northern Army consisted of five regiments, each composed of several thousand soldiers. When central authority collapsed after 189 AD, wealthy landowners, members of the aristocracy/nobility, and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops (buqu 部曲).

question: How could conscription into military service be avoided?, answer: one paid a commutable tax | question: What army was based near the capital?, answer: Northern Army | question: What army was considered to be the volunteer army?, answer: Southern Army | question: How many regiments were in the Northern Army?, answer: five | question: Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?, answer: several thousand soldiers
During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

question: What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?, answer: the Lines of Communication | question: How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?, answer: under two months | question: Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?, answer: the New Model Army | question: Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?, answer: 20,000
During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

question: During what years did the Eocene period take place?, answer: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago | question: Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?, answer: Antarctica | question: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?, answer: around 45 Ma | question: Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?, answer: 40 million years | question: The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?, answer: keeping global temperatures high
During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

question: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?, answer: the First Opium War | question: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?, answer: 1843 | question: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?, answer: Ningbo | question: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?, answer: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | question: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?, answer: 1876
During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

question: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?, answer: 6,000 | question: What are the years after the war commonly known as?, answer: Les Années Folles | question: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?, answer: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.
During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

question: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?, answer: served as sailors | question: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for Alsace-Lorraine?, answer: Jacques Peirotes | question: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence?, answer: French | question: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?, answer: Treaty of Versailles
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.

question: Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg?, answer: Prussian army | question: What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?, answer: 24 and 26 August 1870 | question: What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?, answer: gothic | question: How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?, answer: 10,000 | question: How many civilians died during the siege?, answer: 261
During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

question: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?, answer: French Revolution | question: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?, answer: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap | question: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?, answer: celebrate | question: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?, answer: 1792 and 1793 | question: Who was Saint Denis?, answer: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris
During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

question: At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?, answer: supernatural | question: Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?, answer: supernatural | question: What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?, answer: 18th-century Enlightenment | question: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?, answer: Religious Humanism
During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

question: What happened in the Glided Age/, answer: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class | question: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?, answer: late 19th century | question: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?, answer: industrial and population expansion. | question: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?, answer: robber barons | question: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?, answer: effective tactics and aggressive practices
During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

question: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?, answer: 1988 | question: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?, answer: 484,000 | question: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?, answer: 1923 | question: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?, answer: Stalin
During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

question: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?, answer: Alexandria | question: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?, answer: Antioch | question: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?, answer: Hellenistic | question: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?, answer: Alexander | question: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?, answer: young and ambitious
During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

question: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?, answer: Judea | question: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?, answer: Judaism | question: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?, answer: Antioch | question: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?, answer: High Priest of Israel | question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit., answer: y of
During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.

question: What city remained the center of philosophical thought?, answer: Athens | question: What does ataraxia mean?, answer: un-disturbedness | question: What does autarky mean?, answer: self-sufficiency | question: What does apatheia mean?, answer: freedom from suffering
During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period, and into the Late Middle Ages.

question: What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?, answer: 1000 | question: What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?, answer: the Medieval Warm Period | question: What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?, answer: Manorialism | question: What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?, answer: feudalism | question: In what year did the Crusades begin?, answer: 1095
During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

question: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?, answer: 1420 until 1436 | question: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?, answer: Joan of Arc | question: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?, answer: 24 August 1572 | question: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?, answer: 1610 | question: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's, answer: Henry IV