lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

question: What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?, answer: Asia Minor (now Turkey) | question: During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ?, answer: Ottoman rule of Greece | question: The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?, answer: history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. | question: What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?, answer: a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora. | question: After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?, answer: By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front, where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918, and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title. The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (1919–22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatürk"). The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922, and the last sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.

question: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?, answer: Middle Eastern theatre | question: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?, answer: Ottoman victories | question: The Arab Revolt began in what year?, answer: 1916 | question: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?, answer: 30 October 1918 | question: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?, answer: 1919–22
The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

question: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America., answer: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec | question: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America., answer: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry | question: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?, answer: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels | question: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?, answer: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans | question: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?, answer: maps and other printed materials
The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE. Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times. Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles. Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.

question: What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?, answer: Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats | question: What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?, answer: between 2250 and 1750 BCE | question: Who conquered Kangara?, answer: Mahmud Ghaznavi | question: When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?, answer: 10th century | question: Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?, answer: Timur and Sikander Lodi
The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

question: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?, answer: May 1965 | question: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?, answer: Idaho | question: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?, answer: 7-Eleven | question: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?, answer: 1987 | question: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?, answer: 1966
The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes. These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?, answer: conductive | question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?, answer: three | question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?, answer: de-smear | question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?, answer: high reliability | question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?, answer: resin
The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

question: Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?, answer: The hourglass | question: How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?, answer: 18 | question: What method did temples and churches use to measure time?, answer: Incense sticks and candles | question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?, answer: Richard of Wallingford | question: Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?, answer: Jost Burgi.
The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as Warp Records and Network Records (otherwise known as Kool Kat records) helped introduce American and later Italian dance music to Britain as well as promoting select UK dance music acts.

question: what cities in the UK had major house scenes?, answer: Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London | question: what helped to bolster house music in the uk?, answer: underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs | question: what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?, answer: Warp Records and Network Records | question: what was network records also known as?, answer: Kool Kat records | question: what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?, answer: Italian dance music
The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde. The style chosen was of a large, three-floored central block with two smaller flanking service wings. Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000. Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.

question: In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?, answer: 1703 | question: Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?, answer: Sir Charles Sheffield | question: How much did George III pay for the house?, answer: £21,000 | question: In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?, answer: 1774 | question: How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?, answer: two | question: The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?, answer: Duke of Buckingham and Normanby | question: Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?, answer: William Winde | question: How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?, answer: two | question: Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?, answer: George III | question: How much did George III pay for Buckingham House?, answer: £21,000
The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.

question: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?, answer: not | question: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?, answer: cognitive and emotional | question: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?, answer: six | question: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?, answer: creases | question: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?, answer: 90%
The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.

question: How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?, answer: Latin literary texts | question: What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?, answer: Patristic literature | question: If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?, answer: philology | question: What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?, answer: Byzantine Empire | question: What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?, answer: Greek manuscripts
The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).

question: What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?, answer: central, southern and eastern | question: Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?, answer: Gulf of Mexico | question: What is Oklahoma's western climate type?, answer: semi-arid | question: Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?, answer: Lawton | question: What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?, answer: 62 °F
The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

question: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?, answer: antibodies and antigens | question: What are antibodies comprised of?, answer: specific proteins | question: What cells produce antibodies?, answer: B lymphocytes | question: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?, answer: "anti"body "gen"erators | question: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?, answer: cellular response
The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus.

question: Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?, answer: Sir William Armstrong | question: Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?, answer: Tyneside docks | question: In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law?, answer: they provided a much greater force | question: The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?, answer: encased inside a vertical cylinder | question: besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?, answer: Counterweights and balances
The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

question: What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?, answer: The hygiene hypothesis | question: How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?, answer: a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses | question: What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?, answer: increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies | question: What could prevent asthma?, answer: Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood | question: What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?, answer: lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.
The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer. It also utilized the bassline from Player One's disco record "Space Invaders" (1979). "On and On" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record', though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985), have also been cited.

question: who produced the song "on and on" in 1984?, answer: Jesse Saunders | question: where was jesse saunders from?, answer: Chicago | question: who co-wrote the hit song "on and on" in 1984?, answer: Vince Lawrence | question: what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?, answer: Roland TB-303 | question: when was player one's "space invaders" released?, answer: 1979
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.

question: When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?, answer: late 19th century | question: To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?, answer: the brain of one of the lower animals | question: Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?, answer: movements of plant shoots | question: What do auxins do?, answer: promotes cell growth | question: What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?, answer: form roots and shoots
The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.

question: What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer?, answer: high-end and luxury items | question: What city is Arthur Barnett in?, answer: Dunedin | question: Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?, answer: Invercargill | question: Where are H & J Smith stores typically located?, answer: Southland | question: When was Laidlaw Leeds first established?, answer: 1909