lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.

question: Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?, answer: His father's | question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?, answer: Franz von Juraschek | question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?, answer: scholars | question: What did August von Hayek's father write?, answer: systematic works in biology | question: Who was August von Hayek's father?, answer: Gustav Edler von Hayek
His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery. The segment, "Eyes," starred Joan Crawford; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly stylized than his later, more "mature" films. After this, and an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D., Spielberg got his first feature-length assignment: an episode of The Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017". This futuristic science fiction episode impressed Universal Studios and they signed him to a short contract. He did another segment on Night Gallery and did some work for shows such as Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law and The Psychiatrist, before landing the first series episode of Columbo (previous episodes were actually TV films).

question: Who starred in the TV show segment "Eyes", answer: Joan Crawford | question: What genre was Steven Spielberg's episode of "The Name of the Game"?, answer: science fiction | question: What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment?, answer: an episode of The Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017". | question: What year was Spielberg hired to direct one of the segments for "Night Gallery"?, answer: 1969 | question: What was the relatioship between Joan Crawford and Steven Spielberg?, answer: reportedly close friends | question: What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?, answer: 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery | question: What was Spielberg's first full TV episode to direct?, answer: an episode of The Name of the Game called "L.A. 2017" | question: Who starred in Spielberg's TV debut?, answer: Joan Crawford | question: What law show did Spielberg work on?, answer: Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law | question: What genre was 'LA 2017'?, answer: futuristic science fiction
His next directorial feature was the Raiders prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Teaming up once again with Lucas and Ford, the film was plagued with uncertainty for the material and script. This film and the Spielberg-produced Gremlins led to the creation of the PG-13 rating due to the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences. In spite of this, Temple of Doom is rated PG by the MPAA, even though it is the darkest and, possibly, most violent Indy film. Nonetheless, the film was still a huge blockbuster hit in 1984. It was on this project that Spielberg also met his future wife, actress Kate Capshaw.

question: What rating did 'Temple of Doom' receive?, answer: PG | question: What movie caused 'PG-13' to be created?, answer: Gremlins | question: When did 'Temple of Doom' debut?, answer: 1984 | question: Why did Gremlins need 'PG-13'?, answer: the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences | question: What was Spielberg's future wife's career?, answer: actress
His next relationship was with Herta Haas, whom he married in 1940. Broz left for Belgrade after the April War, leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz. All throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito had maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with Davorjanka Paunović, who, under the codename "Zdenka", served as a courier in the resistance and subsequently became his personal secretary. Haas and Tito suddenly parted company in 1943 in Jajce during the second meeting of AVNOJ after she reportedly walked in on him and Davorjanka. The last time Haas saw Broz was in 1946. Davorjanka died of tuberculosis in 1946 and Tito insisted that she be buried in the backyard of the Beli Dvor, his Belgrade residence.

question: Who did Tito marry in 1940?, answer: Herta Haas | question: When did Haas give birth to Tito's son?, answer: 1941 | question: What was the name of Tito's son born to him and Haas?, answer: Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz | question: With whom did Tito have a parallel life during his marriage to Haas?, answer: Davorjanka Paunović | question: When did Davorjanka die of Tuberculosis?, answer: 1946
His next theatrical release in that same year was the World War II film Saving Private Ryan, about a group of U.S. soldiers led by Capt. Miller (Tom Hanks) sent to bring home a paratrooper whose three older brothers were killed in the same twenty-four hours, June 5–6, of the Normandy landing. The film was a huge box office success, grossing over $481 million worldwide and was the biggest film of the year at the North American box office (worldwide it made second place after Michael Bay's Armageddon). Spielberg won his second Academy Award for his direction. The film's graphic, realistic depiction of combat violence influenced later war films such as Black Hawk Down and Enemy at the Gates. The film was also the first major hit for DreamWorks, which co-produced the film with Paramount Pictures (as such, it was Spielberg's first release from the latter that was not part of the Indiana Jones series). Later, Spielberg and Tom Hanks produced a TV mini-series based on Stephen Ambrose's book Band of Brothers. The ten-part HBO mini-series follows Easy Company of the 101st Airborne Division's 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The series won a number of awards at the Golden Globes and the Emmys.

question: Who did Tom Hanks play in 'Saving Private Ryan'?, answer: Capt. Miller | question: What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?, answer: World War II | question: How much did 'Saving Private Ryan' earn?, answer: over $481 million worldwide | question: Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?, answer: Armageddon | question: Who directed 'Armageddon'?, answer: Michael Bay
His opponents have attacked Hayek as a leading promoter of "neoliberalism". A British scholar, Samuel Brittan, concluded in 2010, "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals." Brittan adds that although Raymond Plant (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents".

question: What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?, answer: neoliberalism | question: Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?, answer: Samuel Brittan | question: Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?, answer: Raymond Plant
His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

question: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?, answer: His opponents | question: Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?, answer: 1807 | question: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?, answer: McConachy | question: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?, answer: artillery
His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:

question: What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?, answer: organisational skills | question: When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?, answer: 1939 | question: With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?, answer: Pacelli | question: Where did Montini teach history?, answer: Papal Academy for Diplomats | question: Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?, answer: Giuseppe Pizzardo
His parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites, joined the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Eisenhower never joined the International Bible Students. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked," but she did not overrule him. While speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the Presbyterian Church in 1953.

question: What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?, answer: Bible | question: What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?, answer: River Brethren | question: What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?, answer: Jehovah's Witnesses | question: What university did Eisenhower attend?, answer: West Point | question: What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?, answer: Presbyterian
His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression. He then was posted as chief military aide to General MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the Bonus March encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.

question: What event made war planning difficult in this period?, answer: Great Depression | question: What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?, answer: Army Chief of Staff | question: What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?, answer: Bonus March | question: What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?, answer: veterans
His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

question: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?, answer: Yasser Arafat | question: What organization did Arafat belong to?, answer: Fatah | question: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?, answer: Black September Organization | question: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?, answer: Munich | question: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?, answer: three
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

question: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?, answer: the early 1950s | question: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?, answer: 8 November 1953 | question: When did Ancilla die?, answer: 11 November 1953 | question: Where did he want to be buried?, answer: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.

question: What was the main city of Tokharistan?, answer: Balkh | question: What was the central part of Transoxiana called?, answer: Samarkand | question: In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?, answer: 724 | question: Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?, answer: al-Harith ibn Surayj | question: What notable battle occurred in 731?, answer: Battle of the Defile
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

question: What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?, answer: Jesuit | question: When was St. Francis Xavier born?, answer: 1506 | question: When did St. Francis Xavier die?, answer: 1552 | question: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?, answer: 1549–1551 | question: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?, answer: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines
Historians agree that Napoleon's remarkable personality was one key to his influence. They emphasize the strength of his ambition that took him from an obscure village to command of most of Europe. George F. E. Rudé stresses his "rare combination of will, intellect and physical vigour." At 5 ft 6 in (168 cm), he was not physically imposing but in one-on-one situations he typically had a hypnotic impact on people and seemingly bent the strongest leaders to his will. He understood military technology, but was not an innovator in that regard. He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. He could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point, and like a chess master, "seeing" the best plays moves ahead.

question: How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?, answer: 5 ft 6 in | question: How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?, answer: 168 cm | question: How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?, answer: an innovator | question: What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's "rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?", answer: George F. E. Rudé | question: How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?, answer: hypnotic
Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

question: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?, answer: 10 to 18 million | question: In what time frame were these people enslaved?, answer: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century | question: Who enslaved these people?, answer: Arab slave traders | question: Why were women slaves more popular?, answer: for them to serve as concubines | question: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?, answer: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners
Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and General Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur, and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937 and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at Fort Lewis. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, namely by then Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named Quezon City, but he declined the offer.

question: What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?, answer: lieutenant colonel | question: Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?, answer: Manuel L. Quezon | question: What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?, answer: Quezon City | question: What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?, answer: pilot's | question: How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?, answer: declined
Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity. English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Cooper there was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement.

question: What was the first phase of Cubism known as?, answer: Analytic Cubism | question: Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim?, answer: Juan Gris | question: What was the second phase of Cubism called?, answer: Synthetic Cubism | question: From what years did High Cubism take place?, answer: 1909 to 1914 | question: From what years did Late Cubism take place?, answer: 1914 to 1921