lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for dispersal by spores to new habitats. This feature is lacking in the descendants of their nearest algal relatives, the Charophycean green algae. A later terrestrial adaptation took place with retention of the delicate, avascular sexual stage, the gametophyte, within the tissues of the vascular sporophyte. This occurred by spore germination within sporangia rather than spore release, as in non-seed plants. A current example of how this might have happened can be seen in the precocious spore germination in Selaginella, the spike-moss. The result for the ancestors of angiosperms was enclosing them in a case, the seed. The first seed bearing plants, like the ginkgo, and conifers (such as pines and firs), did not produce flowers. The pollen grains (males) of Ginkgo and cycads produce a pair of flagellated, mobile sperm cells that "swim" down the developing pollen tube to the female and her eggs.

question: How long have higher plants lived on land?, answer: at least 475 million years | question: How did early plants reproduce sexually?, answer: with flagellated, swimming sperm | question: Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?, answer: spores | question: What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?, answer: Charophycean green algae | question: What is the common name for Selaginella?, answer: the spike-moss
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

question: What is the largest rating of an electric motor?, answer: 100 megawatts | question: What is the main example of a DC power source?, answer: batteries | question: What does AC stand for?, answer: alternating current | question: What does DC stand for?, answer: direct current | question: In what device are small motors commonly found?, answer: electric watches
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting, Global Master of Finance Dual Degree program, and Doctorate programs, as well as non-degree executive education. In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai, in cooperation with Fudan University.

question: When was Olin Business School founded?, answer: 1917 | question: What was the original name of Olin Business School?, answer: the School of Commerce and Finance | question: When was Olin Business School named?, answer: 1988 | question: After whom is Olin Business School named?, answer: John M. Olin | question: Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?, answer: Shanghai
Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920. The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance. The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorne Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939. In October 2013, Northwestern began the demolition of the architecturally significant Prentice Women's Hospital. Eric G. Neilson, dean of the medical school, penned an op-ed that equated retaining the building with loss of life.

question: In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?, answer: 8.5 | question: What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?, answer: collegiate gothic | question: Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?, answer: Mrs. Montgomery Ward | question: What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?, answer: medical and dental | question: Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?, answer: Montgomery Ward Memorial Building
Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhraṃśas.

question: When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?, answer: 753 | question: In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?, answer: Manyakheta | question: What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?, answer: Hindu | question: By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?, answer: Jainism | question: What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?, answer: Amoghavarsha
Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named "Melbourne" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847, after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the nation's interim seat of government until 1927.

question: Who was Melbourne named by?, answer: the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke | question: What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?, answer: 1847 | question: Who was Melbourne named in honor of?, answer: the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne | question: What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?, answer: 1927 | question: Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?, answer: Victoria
Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083 (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2014 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.

question: What year was Charleston founded?, answer: 1670 | question: What was Charleston's original name?, answer: Charles Town | question: Charles Town was named after which king?, answer: King Charles II of England | question: Where was the city originally located?, answer: Albemarle Point | question: What was Charleston's population in 2010?, answer: 120,083 | question: What year was Charleston originally founded?, answer: 1670 | question: Who was Charles Town named after?, answer: King Charles II of England | question: What was the originally name of Charleston?, answer: Charles Town | question: How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?, answer: 120,083 | question: Where was Charleston's first location?, answer: Albemarle Point
Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper, the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism, hence the motto "Més que un club" (More than a club). Unlike many other football clubs, the supporters own and operate Barcelona. It is the second most valuable sports team in the world, worth $3.16 billion, and the world's second richest football club in terms of revenue, with an annual turnover of €560.8 million. The official Barcelona anthem is the "Cant del Barça", written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs.

question: When was Barcelona founded?, answer: 1899 | question: Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?, answer: Joan Gamper | question: What is the Barcelona motto?, answer: Més que un club | question: How much is club Barcelona worth?, answer: $3.16 billion | question: What is the title of the Barcelona club song?, answer: "Cant del Barça"
Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.

question: During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?, answer: the Middle Ages | question: What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?, answer: to combat heresy | question: The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?, answer: Master of the Order | question: Who is the current Master of the Order?, answer: Bruno Cadoré | question: What is the Order of Preachers known for?, answer: its intellectual tradition
Four days after his birth, Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python, which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring. This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies. Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world. To protect his mother, Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows. After receiving them, Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it, since Python was a child of Gaia.

question: What was the name of the chthonic dragon?, answer: Python | question: which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?, answer: Castalian Spring | question: Who was Apollo's mother?, answer: Leto | question: Where did Apollo kill Python?, answer: the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo | question: Who was a parent of Python?, answer: Gaia
Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.

question: What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?, answer: WAAM 1600 | question: What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?, answer: WUOM 91.7 | question: What is the name of the local free community college radio?, answer: WCBN-FM 88.3
Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its 667-acre campus in southeast Houston. The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States.

question: How many students does the University of Houston have?, answer: 40,000 | question: Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?, answer: southeast | question: How many separate universities does Houston have?, answer: Four | question: What university is located in Houston'd third ward?, answer: Texas Southern University | question: What kind of college is Texas Southern University?, answer: largest historically black
Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.

question: In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?, answer: 2008 | question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?, answer: Massachusetts | question: In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?, answer: State v. Kleypas | question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?, answer: electrocution | question: After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?, answer: lethal injection
Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?, answer: Four years into the 20th century | question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?, answer: the Empire of Japan as a world power. | question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?, answer: warm water port | question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians., answer: over Manchuria and Korea. | question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?, answer: unexpected
France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.

question: France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?, answer: Habsburg rule | question: Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?, answer: Corsica | question: The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?, answer: Francis I | question: What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?, answer: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis | question: What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?, answer: Ferdinand
France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

question: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?, answer: France and the UK | question: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?, answer: Israel | question: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?, answer: UN Security Council | question: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?, answer: topple
France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.

question: Which country defeated the French in 1871?, answer: Kingdom of Prussia | question: The end of the war led to which companies unification?, answer: Germany | question: Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?, answer: Otto von Bismarck
France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

question: In what year did France move into Alger?, answer: 1830 | question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?, answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt | question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?, answer: Egyptians | question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?, answer: Russian | question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?, answer: 10 000
France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791.

question: When did France expel its original Jewish population?, answer: the Middle Ages | question: By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?, answer: two distinct Jewish populations