lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.

question: When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?, answer: 1943 | question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?, answer: cities in developed countries | question: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?, answer: Streptomycin | question: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?, answer: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham | question: Where was Tetracyclines discovered?, answer: Lederle Laboratories | question: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?, answer: Streptomycin | question: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?, answer: 50% | question: In what year was streptomycin discovered?, answer: 1943 | question: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?, answer: World War II | question: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?, answer: Merck
The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

question: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?, answer: 12 to 20 years | question: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?, answer: No | question: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?, answer: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels
The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."

question: What is the estimate age of the Earth?, answer: about 4.54 billion years old | question: What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?, answer: the Eoarchean Era | question: What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?, answer: Hadean Eon | question: Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?, answer: Western Australia | question: Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?, answer: Western Greenland
The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

question: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?, answer: three | question: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?, answer: municipalities | question: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?, answer: 1 | question: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?, answer: 20,000 | question: What is another term for VDCs?, answer: villages
The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

question: What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?, answer: Lord Wellesley | question: in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances, answer: the expense of wars | question: what treaty allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?, answer: Sugauli Treaty | question: While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?, answer: Sindh | question: EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?, answer: Charter Act of 1813
The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating Aérospatiale SA-342L and Bell 206 and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating Mi-35P helicopters and the Britten-Norman BN-2B and Pilatus PC-9 fixed-wing aircraft. Current senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis, and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos.[citation needed] The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, which occurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus.

question: What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?, answer: Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion | question: What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?, answer: Supreme Commander | question: What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?, answer: 11 July 2011
The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.

question: How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?, answer: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot | question: What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?, answer: about tactics rather than strategy | question: What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?, answer: an economic-industrial analysis | question: How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?, answer: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000
The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

question: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?, answer: The aircraft carrier | question: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?, answer: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness | question: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?, answer: They had higher range and precision | question: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?, answer: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes | question: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?, answer: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships
The album also featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody", which was number one in the UK for nine weeks. Mercury's close friend and advisor, Capital London radio DJ Kenny Everett, played a pivotal role in giving the single exposure. It is the third-best-selling single of all time in the UK, surpassed only by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997", and is the best-selling commercial single in the UK. It also reached number nine in the United States (a 1992 re-release reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks). It is the only single ever to sell a million copies on two separate occasions, and became the Christmas number one twice in the UK, the only single ever to do so. "Bohemian Rhapsody" has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time. The band decided to make a video to help go with the single and hired Trilion, a subsidiary of the former management company Trident Studios, using new technology to create the video; the result is generally considered to have been the first "true" music video ever produced, and popularised the medium. The album's first track "Death on Two Legs" is said to be written by Mercury about Norman Sheffield and the former management at Trident who helped make the video so popular. Although other bands, including the Beatles, had made short promotional films or videos of songs prior to this, generally, those were specifically made to be aired on specific television shows. On the impact of "Bohemian Rhapsody", Rolling Stone states: "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air." The second single from the album, "You're My Best Friend", the second song composed by John Deacon, and his first single, peaked at number sixteen in the United States and went on to become a worldwide Top Ten hit. The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.

question: Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?, answer: Bohemian Rhapsody | question: What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?, answer: Bohemian Rhapsody | question: What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?, answer: Bohemian Rhapsody | question: In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?, answer: 1975 | question: Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?, answer: United States, Japan, and Australia
The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s" and Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, "Frozen", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.

question: How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?, answer: four | question: Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?", answer: Rolling Stone | question: How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?, answer: 16 million copies | question: Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?, answer: Frozen | question: The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?, answer: five
The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

question: What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?, answer: sugars | question: What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?, answer: fermentation | question: At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?, answer: above 12% | question: What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?, answer: Low temperatures | question: Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?, answer: to increase alcohol content
The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.

question: Are all algae different from land plants?, answer: some more closely related | question: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?, answer: Charophyta | question: Are all species of algae similar?, answer: many differences | question: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?, answer: Chlorophyta
The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and also hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkalis. The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds. Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.

question: What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?, answer: alkali metal ions | question: How can glass be prevented from corroding?, answer: dealkalization | question: What types of ions does typical glass have?, answer: alkali and alkaline earth ions | question: Reaction with what causes dealkalization?, answer: sulfur or fluorine compounds | question: What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?, answer: loss tangent
The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

question: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?, answer: German V-1 cruise missiles | question: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?, answer: Folkestone-Dover coast | question: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?, answer: Belgium | question: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?, answer: Antwerp | question: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?, answer: SCR-584 radar
The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

question: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?, answer: cupronickel | question: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?, answer: low-denomination coins | question: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?, answer: 75% copper and 25% nickel | question: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?, answer: resistance to corrosion | question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?, answer: golden
The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.

question: What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?, answer: almost constant wars | question: How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?, answer: 2000 years | question: Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?, answer: Lagash and Umma | question: What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?, answer: infantry | question: What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?, answer: rectangular
The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

question: What affects the climate in Europe?, answer: The altitude and size of the range | question: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?, answer: ibex | question: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?, answer: Edelweiss | question: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era?, answer: Paleolithic era
The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

question: What are two types of fuses used for shells?, answer: barometric, time-delay, or proximity | question: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?, answer: a higher rate of fire | question: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?, answer: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber | question: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?, answer: smallest mounts