lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

question: What put English Freemasonry at risk?, answer: Parliamentary proclamation | question: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?, answer: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation | question: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?, answer: 1799 | question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?, answer: a list of the members of his lodge | question: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?, answer: Prime Minister William Pitt | question: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?, answer: 1799 | question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?, answer: Parliamentary proclamation | question: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?, answer: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 | question: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?, answer: Prime Minister William Pitt | question: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?, answer: 1967
In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

question: in 1803 was act of parliament supported by EIC?, answer: promoted by the East India Company | question: the 1803 act created what dock program?, answer: East India Dock Company | question: The goal of the East in dock company was first what?, answer: aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India | question: What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?, answer: Brunswick Dock | question: in 1838 what company did the East india dock company merge with?, answer: West India Dock Company
In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.

question: Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?, answer: Thomas Young | question: When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?, answer: 1807 | question: Who coined the term "potential energy?", answer: William Rankine | question: Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?, answer: James Prescott Joule | question: When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?, answer: 19th century
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

question: In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?, answer: 1808 | question: Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?, answer: Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer | question: Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?, answer: Georg Voigt | question: What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?, answer: Italy
In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

question: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?, answer: the Congress of Erfurt | question: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?, answer: 1808 | question: Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?, answer: Tilsit | question: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?, answer: 1807 | question: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?, answer: the Continental System
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

question: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?, answer: 1814 | question: The Society of Friends goal was what?, answer: liberating Greece | question: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?, answer: Filiki Eteria | question: The first of several revolutions began when?, answer: 6 March 1821 | question: War was started with the Ottomans when?, answer: 17 March 1821
In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.

question: The British government detained who in Saint Helena?, answer: Napoleon Bonaparte | question: What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?, answer: 1815 | question: Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?, answer: Briars pavilion | question: What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?, answer: Longwood House | question: What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?, answer: 1821
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

question: Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?, answer: Geneva | question: What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?, answer: Mont Blanc | question: When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?, answer: the mid-19th century
In 1816, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.

question: Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?, answer: protein | question: Who first began dividing foods into categories?, answer: William Prout | question: Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?, answer: Jean-Baptiste Dumas | question: Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?, answer: animal physiology | question: What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?, answer: body fat
In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

question: in what year did the UK annex the islands?, answer: 1816 | question: where did the UK rule the islands from?, answer: South Africa
In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

question: In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?, answer: 1821 | question: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?, answer: Sultan Mahmud II | question: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?, answer: 1826 | question: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?, answer: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet | question: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?, answer: 1830
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

question: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables?, answer: 1821 | question: What did Alexis Bouvard study?, answer: the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus | question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus?, answer: 1843 | question: Who gave John Couch Adams extra data?, answer: Sir George Airy | question: What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce?, answer: several different estimates of a new planet
In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.

question: Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?, answer: Juan María Osuna | question: What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?, answer: Alta California | question: Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?, answer: its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents | question: What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?, answer: The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned | question: Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?, answer: Pío Pico
In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.

question: How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?, answer: 70,560 | question: Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?, answer: Saul Solomon | question: How much was each copper token worth?, answer: a halfpenny | question: When did the Crown take over the island?, answer: 1836
In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]

question: Was Texas a part of Mexico?, answer: In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas | question: When did the Americans come to Texas?, answer: A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836 | question: Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?, answer: Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico | question: When did Texas become a state?, answer: In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. | question: Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?, answer: Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people
In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.

question: African Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?, answer: establish a colony for freed African Americans. | question: By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?, answer: 13,000 | question: What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as?, answer: Americo-Liberians | question: Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with?, answer: indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered | question: What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?, answer: cultural tradition
In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).

question: What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?, answer: the Town of Boston | question: What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?, answer: 1822 | question: Boston was chartered as what in 1822?, answer: a city | question: What was the population of Boston in 1822?, answer: about 46,226 | question: How many square miles was the city in 1822?, answer: 4.7 square miles
In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.

question: Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?, answer: the British government | question: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?, answer: Its remoteness | question: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?, answer: the gallows | question: How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?, answer: 6,458 | question: What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?, answer: three years
In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?, answer: 1827 | question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?, answer: rotor | question: What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?, answer: electromagnetic self-rotors | question: What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?, answer: commutator | question: What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?, answer: permanent magnets