lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?, answer: Empress Dowager Dou | question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?, answer: Empress Deng Sui | question: When did Emperor He's reign end?, answer: 105 AD | question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?, answer: Empress Dowager Dou | question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?, answer: 118 AD
Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in the Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

question: In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?, answer: Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak | question: What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?, answer: Federal subsidies | question: What are some of Alaska's industrial products?, answer: crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products | question: How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?, answer: supporting local lodging
Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units, such as Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad, Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings, as well as PDAs. While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.

question: What smartphones have SNES emulators?, answer: Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad | question: What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?, answer: Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii | question: What portable game systems have SNES emulators?, answer: Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings
Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback.

question: What is there no official provision for?, answer: gapless playback | question: What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?, answer: LAME | question: Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?, answer: seamless playback | question: For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?, answer: overall delay
Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

question: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?, answer: the mosque | question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?, answer: decorative calligraphy | question: What is the definition of haram?, answer: forbidden | question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?, answer: mosque architecture | question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?, answer: secular architecture
Encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 2000, 20th century classical music includes late romantic, modern, high-modern, and postmodern styles of composition. Modernism (1890–1930) marked an era when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure. The high-modern era saw the emergence of neo-classical and serial music. A few authorities have claimed high-modernism as the beginning of postmodern music from about 1930. Others have more or less equated postmodern music with the "contemporary music" composed from the late 20th century through to the early 21st century.

question: What style does 20th century classical music encompass?, answer: post-Romantic | question: When did modernism take place?, answer: 1890–1930 | question: Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?, answer: Modernism | question: Neo-classical music emerged during what era?, answer: high-modern era | question: Postmodern music is also know as what?, answer: contemporary music
Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari’s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[›]

question: Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?, answer: Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System | question: When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?, answer: June 1983 | question: Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?, answer: Coleco | question: What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?, answer: Ray Kassar
Endemic species can be threatened with extinction through the process of genetic pollution, i.e. uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping. Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species. Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion. These phenomena can be especially detrimental to rare species that come into contact with more abundant ones. The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool. This problem is not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved. However, hybridization with or without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence.

question: What can threaten endemic species with extinction?, answer: genetic pollution | question: What are another names for genetic pollution?, answer: uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping | question: What causes genetic pollution?, answer: either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species | question: What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?, answer: Hybridization and introgression | question: What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?, answer: The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species
Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space. According to scientist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, "There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth — and we know they're very hardened to radiation." Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease: for example, anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores, and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus.

question: Is there a metabolism in endospores?, answer: show no detectable metabolism | question: What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?, answer: UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure | question: How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?, answer: for millions of years | question: What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?, answer: Clostridium tetani
Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalence. The formula E = mc², derived by Albert Einstein (1905) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity. In different theoretical frameworks, similar formulas were derived by J. J. Thomson (1881), Henri Poincaré (1900), Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1904) and others (see Mass-energy equivalence#History for further information).

question: When does energy give rise to weight?, answer: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum | question: Mass is also equivalent to what?, answer: certain amount of energy | question: Who created the formula E = mc2?, answer: Albert Einstein | question: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?, answer: 1905 | question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?, answer: E = mc²
Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. Another 12% comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.

question: Who dominates energy production in Greece?, answer: Public Power Corporation | question: How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?, answer: 85.6% | question: What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?, answer: lignite | question: How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?, answer: 20% | question: What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?, answer: 56%
Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large rail networks do not have significant oil reserves and those that did, like the United States and Britain, have exhausted much of their reserves and have suffered declining oil output for decades. Therefore, there is also a strong economic incentive to substitute other fuels for oil. Rail electrification is often considered an important route towards consumption pattern reform. However, there are no reliable, peer-reviewed studies available to assist in rational public debate on this critical issue, although there are untranslated Soviet studies from the 1980s.

question: Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?, answer: unsuitable | question: What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity?, answer: to substitute other fuels | question: What type of natural resources is more scarce?, answer: liquid fuel | question: What research can be used in the future if translated?, answer: Soviet studies from the 1980s
Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during the transfer is called heat.[note 4] Energy can be transferred between systems in a variety of ways. Examples include the transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons, physical collisions which transfer kinetic energy,[note 5] and the conductive transfer of thermal energy.

question: What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?, answer: Energy transfer | question: The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?, answer: heat | question: Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?, answer: transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons
Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy) when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs or in civil nuclear power generation. Similarly, in the case of a chemical explosion, chemical potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a very short time. Yet another example is that of a pendulum. At its highest points the kinetic energy is zero and the gravitational potential energy is at maximum. At its lowest point the kinetic energy is at maximum and is equal to the decrease of potential energy. If one (unrealistically) assumes that there is no friction or other losses, the conversion of energy between these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever.

question: Name an example of a heavy isotope?, answer: uranium | question: Name another example of a heavy isotope., answer: thorium | question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?, answer: nucleosynthesis | question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?, answer: chemical potential energy
Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

question: What holds together an engineered wood product?, answer: glue | question: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?, answer: industrial | question: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?, answer: application-specific performance requirements | question: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?, answer: composite structural unit | question: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?, answer: veneers
Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?, answer: electrification to developments in materials science. | question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?, answer: quality of life | question: What did Lewis Paul invent?, answer: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. | question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?, answer: the first revolution | question: Who improved the steam engine?, answer: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950, four teams remained after the first round, in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained. In 2010, England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat (4–1 to Germany) in the Round of 16, after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1–0 in the group stage.

question: In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?, answer: 2014 | question: In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?, answer: Uruguay | question: In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?, answer: 1974, 1978 and 1994 | question: After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?, answer: sixteen | question: What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?, answer: 4–1
England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil and England defeated Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off after losing on penalties to champions Germany in the semi-final. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2002 and 2006. Previously, they reached this stage in 1954, 1962, 1970 and 1986.

question: In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?, answer: 14 | question: Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?, answer: Spain | question: In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?, answer: 1966 | question: In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?, answer: fourth | question: Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?, answer: Italy
England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on two recent occasions in 2004 and 2012. The team's worst result in the competition was a first-round elimination in 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000. The team did not enter in 1960, and they failed to qualify in 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008.

question: In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?, answer: third place | question: In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?, answer: eight | question: Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?, answer: tied for ninth-best | question: In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?, answer: 1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000 | question: In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?, answer: 1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008
England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA World Cups. Under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain (the first time competitively since 1962); despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage.

question: A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?, answer: West Germany | question: What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?, answer: 3–2 | question: In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?, answer: 1974 | question: Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?, answer: Mexico | question: Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?, answer: Spain