lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

question: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?, answer: Annunciation of our Lady | question: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?, answer: 31 May | question: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?, answer: the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary | question: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?, answer: February 2 | question: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?, answer: New Year's Day
Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

question: Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?", answer: Maslow | question: The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?, answer: a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” | question: The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?, answer: the reason for living | question: What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?, answer: neurological development | question: What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?", answer: D.H Lawrence
Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initiate the unenlightened". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.

question: In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?, answer: 1730s | question: The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?, answer: British | question: Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?, answer: the Parisian lodge | question: Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?, answer: British | question: What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?, answer: Grand Architect
Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

question: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?, answer: as early as 1917 | question: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?, answer: Nine | question: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?, answer: the death penalty | question: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?, answer: 1965 | question: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?, answer: 1923 | question: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?, answer: 1917 | question: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?, answer: the United Grand Lodge of England | question: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?, answer: 1923 | question: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?, answer: 1965 | question: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?, answer: Saddam Hussein
Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.

question: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?, answer: Mass incarceration | question: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?, answer: Michelle Alexander | question: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?, answer: virtual | question: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?, answer: people of color | question: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?, answer: racial
Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.

question: What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?, answer: bull's-eyes | question: In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?, answer: the center | question: Currently window glass is made as what?, answer: float glass | question: How was the bull's-eye used?, answer: for decorative effect
Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

question: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?, answer: 5% | question: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?, answer: waterproofing | question: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?, answer: 7–10% | question: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?, answer: 210 °C | question: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?, answer: 20 millimeters
Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.

question: What material is within a wrestling ring?, answer: an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. | question: What is around the ring?, answer: Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, | question: What is used for protection in the ring?, answer: For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.
Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers

question: What do the partians do on the conveyor?, answer: ensure that the material moves forward | question: An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?, answer: Material transport elevators | question: What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?, answer: industrial and agricultural applications | question: What are spiral screws used for?, answer: to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos | question: What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?, answer: Belt elevators
Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

question: What class does materialism belong to?, answer: monist ontology
Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

question: Who coined the Axial Age?, answer: Karl Jaspers | question: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?, answer: Eurasia
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

question: What is materialism?, answer: a form of philosophical monism | question: In nature, this is an essential substance?, answer: matter
Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

question: What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?, answer: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter | question: Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?, answer: Materialism
Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.

question: Materialism is linked to what?, answer: reductionism
Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

question: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?, answer: Maternal factors | question: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?, answer: breast milk | question: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?, answer: up to 18 months | question: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?, answer: glycoproteins | question: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?, answer: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules
Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[›] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[›] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[›] The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the "monster group"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.

question: What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts?, answer: complete classification | question: What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?, answer: finite groups | question: What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?, answer: Lagrange's theorem | question: What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?, answer: Computer algebra systems | question: What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?, answer: The Jordan–Hölder theorem
Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1st century BC, negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras' theorem. Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao. Pascal's triangle for binomial coefficients was described around 1100 by Jia Xian.

question: What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?, answer: a positional decimal system on counting boards | question: One rod in the second box from the right is what number?, answer: 10 | question: When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?, answer: 1st century BC | question: What text includes Horner's method?, answer: The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art | question: What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?, answer: Cubic equations
Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.

question: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?, answer: mathematical knowledge | question: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?, answer: 4:2:1 | question: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?, answer: stability | question: What was the name of the ruler that they created?, answer: the Mohenjo-daro ruler | question: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?, answer: 1.32 inches
Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

question: During which century did Matisse work?, answer: 20th | question: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?, answer: strengthened | question: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?, answer: red | question: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?, answer: blue | question: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?, answer: the central element
Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.

question: What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?, answer: Matrix groups | question: What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?, answer: The general linear group | question: What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?, answer: matrix groups | question: What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?, answer: the special orthogonal group SO(n) | question: Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?, answer: Euler angles
Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont.

question: What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?, answer: 80% | question: To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?, answer: Seagram | question: How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?, answer: $5.7 billion | question: What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?, answer: its stake in DuPont | question: What company did Seagram buy in 1999?, answer: PolyGram