lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This change is sometimes attributed to Marcus Furius Camillus and placed shortly after the Gallic invasion of 390 BC; it is more likely, however, that they were copied from Rome's Samnite enemies to the south, possibly as a result of Samnite victories during the Second Samnite War (326 to 304 BC).

question: What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?, answer: only effective when fighting in large, open spaces | question: In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?, answer: 4th century BC | question: What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?, answer: manipular formation | question: Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?, answer: copied from Rome's Samnite enemies | question: What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?, answer: hilly terrain
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?, answer: linguists | question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?, answer: short, long, and "overlong" | question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?, answer: the underlying phonological mechanism
One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the rotational speed of the records increased as reproduction progressed. This action is similar (although in reverse) to that on the modern compact disc and the CLV version of its predecessor, the Philips Laser Disc.

question: Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?, answer: World Records | question: What caused the constant linear velocity?, answer: Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device | question: What was a unique feature of World Records records?, answer: played from the outside to the inside | question: What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?, answer: Philips Laser Disc
One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards" [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president; another faithless elector in the 1800 election had voted twice for Aaron Burr, but under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president (and the second vote for Burr was discounted and re-assigned to Thomas Jefferson in any event, as it violated Electoral College rules).

question: Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?, answer: John Edwards | question: Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?, answer: This was the first time in U.S. history | question: Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?, answer: All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president | question: What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?, answer: under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president | question: In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?, answer: it violated Electoral College rules
One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

question: What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?, answer: metal rod | question: What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?, answer: dipole | question: In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?, answer: horizontally | question: What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?, answer: null
One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea. Said Kim: "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan."

question: What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?, answer: Japan | question: Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?, answer: President Truman | question: Why was South Korea important to the US?, answer: US policy toward Japan | question: What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?, answer: US policy toward Japan
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?, answer: Pierre Belon | question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?, answer: 1553 | question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?, answer: 1838 | question: After what event in France did asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?, answer: revolution of 1830 | question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement?, answer: Place de la Concorde
One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law’s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

question: The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?, answer: economic development | question: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?, answer: Constitutional economics | question: In what branch of government is corruption examined?, answer: executive branch | question: In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?, answer: the executive | question: What is the term for corruption by individuals?, answer: corruption by private actors
One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.

question: What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?, answer: Interlingua | question: Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?, answer: International Auxiliary Language Association | question: What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?, answer: Swedish | question: Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?, answer: Portuguese | question: Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?, answer: the international scientific vocabulary
One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?, answer: the types of instruments used in ensembles | question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?, answer: a classical era string quartet | question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?, answer: clavichord | question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?, answer: a lute
One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.

question: Who is a Taiwanese politician?, answer: Yu Shyi-kun | question: What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?, answer: movie posters | question: What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?, answer: Japanese newspapers
One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

question: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?, answer: "time-sharing" | question: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?, answer: an interrupt,
One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation", the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".

question: The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?, answer: the USA
One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into "complexion", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.

question: How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?, answer: 1500 years | question: Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?, answer: Marcus Aurelius | question: Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?, answer: Benedictine monks | question: What did Galen believe that pneuma was?, answer: the source of life | question: What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?, answer: four humours
One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg. Mysticism, for the purposes of this study, refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God's love. This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences, such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him, which is unknowable through the intellect alone.

question: Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?, answer: medieval | question: What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?, answer: his study of Dionysus the Areopagite | question: Who was Dionysus?, answer: a mystical theologian | question: What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?, answer: Mysticism | question: Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?, answer: German mysticism
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s. In modern times, the major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi and Namaste Telangana, while the major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and The Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. Many coffee table magazines, professional magazines and research journals are also regularly published. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM and Big FM.

question: When was The Deccan Times founded?, answer: the 1780s | question: What is The Deccan Chronicle?, answer: major English papers | question: What type of paper is The Siasat Daily?, answer: major Urdu papers | question: What year was the first radio station in Hyderabad formed?, answer: around 1919 | question: On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting?, answer: starting on 3 February 1935
One of John's principal challenges was acquiring the large sums of money needed for his proposed campaigns to reclaim Normandy. The Angevin kings had three main sources of income available to them, namely revenue from their personal lands, or demesne; money raised through their rights as a feudal lord; and revenue from taxation. Revenue from the royal demesne was inflexible and had been diminishing slowly since the Norman conquest. Matters were not helped by Richard's sale of many royal properties in 1189, and taxation played a much smaller role in royal income than in later centuries. English kings had widespread feudal rights which could be used to generate income, including the scutage system, in which feudal military service was avoided by a cash payment to the king. He derived income from fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges. John intensified his efforts to maximise all possible sources of income, to the extent that he has been described as "avaricious, miserly, extortionate and moneyminded". John also used revenue generation as a way of exerting political control over the barons: debts owed to the crown by the king's favoured supporters might be forgiven; collection of those owed by enemies was more stringently enforced.

question: What was one of John's principal challenges?, answer: acquiring the large sums of money needed | question: When did Richard sell many royal properties?, answer: 1189 | question: Where did John derive income from?, answer: fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges
One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD.

question: In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?, answer: the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art | question: How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?, answer: as black counting rods | question: In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?, answer: 16th century AD | question: What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?, answer: Bakhshali | question: What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?, answer: red counting rods
One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.

question: What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?, answer: the Boston Marathon | question: When is the head of Charles Regatta held?, answer: October | question: How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?, answer: three