lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and Greek Orthodox religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first Greek constitution of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece, a clause removed by 1840. A century later, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.[note 1] The Greek genocide, in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek Asia Minor Campaign, was part of this process of Turkification of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.

question: When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?, answer: creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830 | question: Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?, answer: clause removed by 1840 | question: How did the original Constitution identify its society members ?, answer: a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece | question: When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?, answer: first Greek constitution of 1822 | question: What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the Lausanne Treaty ?, answer: agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange
The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA.:7.6 The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence. Most changes to a gene's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution. Additionally, any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate. Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly. The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related.

question: What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?, answer: The relationship between genes | question: What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?, answer: conserved sequence | question: How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?, answer: by neutral molecular evolution | question: Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?, answer: stabilizing | question: What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?, answer: phylogenetic
The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?, answer: the Veneti | question: The Veneti tribe was located where?, answer: east of the River Vistula | question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?, answer: Veneti | question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?, answer: in the Roman period
The relationships above are valid for only a few percent change of voltage around rated conditions, but they do indicate that a lamp operated at much lower than rated voltage could last for hundreds of times longer than at rated conditions, albeit with greatly reduced light output. The "Centennial Light" is a light bulb that is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records as having been burning almost continuously at a fire station in Livermore, California, since 1901. However, the bulb emits the equivalent light of a four watt bulb. A similar story can be told of a 40-watt bulb in Texas that has been illuminated since 21 September 1908. It once resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stopped to take in its glow, and was moved to an area museum in 1977.

question: When did the "Centennial Light" begin burning?, answer: 1901 | question: How much light does the bulb emit?, answer: the equivalent light of a four watt bulb | question: When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?, answer: 21 September 1908 | question: Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?, answer: an opera house
The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. "The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons)." This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one’s identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one’s development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.

question: What has the largest affect over one's social development?, answer: relationships | question: Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?, answer: large | question: Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?, answer: heavily emotionally invested in friends
The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).

question: Which force invaded Japan in 1853?, answer: U.S. Navy | question: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?, answer: Commodore Matthew Perry | question: What was Perry's goal in Japan?, answer: force Japan to open its borders to trade | question: What technology helped the downfall of samurai?, answer: arquebus
The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).

question: What is the most common method of organization?, answer: twelve-note chromatic scale | question: The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?, answer: the twelfth root of two | question: All these different methods have what in common?, answer: the octave
The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

question: What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?, answer: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation | question: Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?, answer: cathodic protection | question: What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?, answer: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion | question: Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?, answer: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked
The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.

question: The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?, answer: sugar | question: What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?, answer: more than doubled | question: What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?, answer: 35 | question: Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?, answer: quadrupled | question: What does the term LDL stand for?, answer: Low-density lipoprotein
The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8.

question: Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?, answer: mobility | question: The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?, answer: iPad | question: What Dell product was a commercial failure?, answer: Streak | question: What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?, answer: XPS | question: What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?, answer: 2012
The relieved British began to assess the impact of the Blitz in August 1941, and the RAF Air Staff used the German experience to improve Bomber Command's offensives. They concluded bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives. They also noted regional production was severely disrupted when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. They believed the Luftwaffe had failed in precision attack, and concluded the German example of area attack using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.

question: What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?, answer: the German experience | question: What did the RAF conclude?, answer: bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives | question: What caused the most production disruption?, answer: when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport. | question: What did the Luftwaffe fail?, answer: failed in precision attack | question: What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean?, answer: using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany.
The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities." William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.

question: What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized?, answer: abuse allegations | question: Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?, answer: not one | question: Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?, answer: to protect its "crime-free" reputation | question: What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?, answer: negligent | question: How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?, answer: as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.

question: What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?, answer: Mother Goddesses | question: What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?, answer: wealth | question: By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?, answer: Ashoka | question: When did the Licchavi period end?, answer: 900 | question: What is another name for the Licchavi period?, answer: classical
The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.

question: Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?", answer: Panthalassa | question: What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?, answer: subduction of oceanic plates | question: What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?, answer: Pangaea was rifting | question: Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?, answer: Newark Supergroup | question: What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?, answer: terrestrial vertebrates
The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however — for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures.

question: What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?, answer: Bilateria | question: How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?, answer: two | question: What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?, answer: mouth and an anus | question: What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?, answer: coelom or pseudocoelom
The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world.

question: How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?, answer: 135,853 | question: How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?, answer: 112,369 | question: How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?, answer: 70,852 | question: How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?, answer: 91,297
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains.

question: The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?, answer: a 6th-century synagogue | question: Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?, answer: Jews | question: The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?, answer: pagan | question: What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?, answer: Helios | question: What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?, answer: a Jewish month
The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). Thus modern science in Europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus; the Fall of Constantinople; but also the re-discovery of Aristotle during the Scholastic period presaged large social and political changes. Thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine. The works of Ptolemy (astronomy) and Galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday observations. Work by Vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy.

question: The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?, answer: Scholasticism | question: What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?, answer: the Black Death | question: Which era came after Scholasticism?, answer: Italian Renaissance | question: What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?, answer: chemistry and the biological sciences | question: Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?, answer: Vesalius