lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?, answer: population control policies | question: What was this official's position at the time?, answer: Secretary of State | question: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?, answer: Colin Powell | question: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?, answer: vehicles and computers | question: What papers reported on this incident?, answer: the Washington Post and the Washington Times
However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.

question: What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?, answer: Christian | question: What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?, answer: overstating his case | question: What is the European version of fiqh?, answer: civil law | question: What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?, answer: parallel occurrence
However, although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt, there is one important exception to that rule: Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers. In matches involving multiple wrestlers (such as triple threat matches or tag team matches), wrestlers who see a pin attempt that, if successful, would result in them losing the match are expected to run in and break the pin attempt by performing some sort of offensive maneuver on the wrestler attempting the pin. The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head, as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment. However, these moves, simple as they are, still leave the pinning wrestler on top of the pinned wrestler. Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler, the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken.

question: What happens during a pin attempt?, answer: one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt | question: What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?, answer: a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head | question: What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?, answer: broken
However, an analysis by the Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc., has shown that due to issues of comparative denominators and other factors, such municipality-based rankings can be considered inaccurate. For example, two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas, making such analyses irrelevant. The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods, blocks, or standard methodologies (similar to those used by Brookings, DiversityData, and other established institutions), not based on municipalities.

question: Analysis by what organization detailed that municipality-based rankings may be inaccurate?, answer: Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc | question: What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas?, answer: identical population | question: Neighborhoods and blocks, as opposed to municipalities, are both examples of what?, answer: standard methodologies | question: What research organization did an city analysis on New Haven?, answer: Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc | question: The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what?, answer: based on municipalities | question: According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city?, answer: cities of identical population
However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away.

question: What continues to grow along with stealth technology?, answer: anti-stealth technology | question: What can detect stealth aircraft?, answer: Multiple transmitter radars | question: What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?, answer: Advanced forms of thermographic cameras | question: What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?, answer: the S-400 | question: How far away can the S-400 detect a target?, answer: 90 km away
However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.

question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?, answer: in a non-arbitrary way | question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?, answer: two | question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?, answer: temporal | question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?, answer: implications of form and functional capacity
However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991) and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.

question: When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?, answer: by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse | question: Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?, answer: England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. | question: Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?, answer: UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 | question: What did the removal of the ban result in?, answer: (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991 | question: Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?, answer: proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster | question: In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?, answer: 1990 | question: In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?, answer: 1990 | question: In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?, answer: 1991 | question: In which month was the Taylor Report published?, answer: January | question: In which year was the Taylor Report published?, answer: 1990
However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole "imperium" within the city of Rome, permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory, since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command. In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names "Augustus" and "Princeps", indicating his primary status above all other Romans, and he adopted the title "Imperator Caesar" making him the first Roman Emperor.

question: What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?, answer: Second Triumvirate of Octavian | question: In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?, answer: 27 BC | question: Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?, answer: Octavian | question: Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?, answer: Octavian | question: Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?, answer: Octavian
However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.

question: Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?, answer: 11 pm | question: What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?, answer: 10:30 pm | question: How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?, answer: 24 | question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?, answer: 12 noon | question: In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?, answer: 11 am
However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating "overground brightness" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement.

question: What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?, answer: increasingly esoteric writing | question: Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?, answer: underground aesthetics | question: What writer advocated "overground brightness"?, answer: Paul Morley | question: Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?, answer: NME | question: What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?, answer: glamour, fashion, and escapism | question: What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?, answer: overground brightness | question: What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?, answer: increasingly esoteric writing | question: Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?, answer: engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik | question: What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?, answer: attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream | question: Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?, answer: New Romantic
However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11–12. Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: "That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb." Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having "five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails."

question: What Epistle described the cross?, answer: Epistle of Barnabas | question: Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?, answer: Justin Martyr | question: Why was that type of cross important?, answer: a symbol of the suffering | question: How many ends did the cross supposedly have?, answer: five extremities | question: How is one attached to the cross?, answer: fixed by the nails
However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.

question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?, answer: drought or pests | question: What type of societies were not affected by famine?, answer: hunter-gatherer communities | question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?, answer: agrarian communities
However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?, answer: the IANA time zone database | question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?, answer: date/time | question: What's another name for the IANA database?, answer: zoneinfo
However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

question: What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?, answer: the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals | question: What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?, answer: extinction | question: Why have poachers killed endangered animals?, answer: primarily for commercial sale or sport. | question: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?, answer: to endangerment or extinction | question: How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?, answer: contributed heavily | question: What contributes to endangerment?, answer: excessive hunting | question: What have poachers contributed to hunting?, answer: endangerment
However, for his part, Hayek found this term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke) instead. In his later life, he said, "I am becoming a Burkean Whig." However, Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the Manchester School and William Gladstone. His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers, for example James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism".

question: What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?, answer: Old Whig | question: In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?, answer: liberal-minded economists | question: Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's "Why I Am Not a Conservative"?, answer: James M. Buchanan | question: From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?, answer: Edmund Burke | question: In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?, answer: a Burkean Whig
However, from 1971 to 1975, NBA teams played preseason exhibitions against American Basketball Association teams. In the early days of the NBA, league clubs sometimes challenged the legendary barnstorming Harlem Globetrotters, with mixed success. The NBA has played preseason games in Europe and Asia. In the 2006 and 2007 seasons, the NBA and the primary European club competition, the Euroleague, conducted a preseason tournament featuring two NBA teams and the finalists from that year's Euroleague.[citation needed] In the 1998-99 and 2011-12 seasons, teams were limited to only two preseason games due to lockouts.

question: When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?, answer: 1971 to 1975 | question: What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?, answer: Harlem Globetrotters | question: On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?, answer: Europe and Asia | question: How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?, answer: two | question: What is the main European basketball club?, answer: the Euroleague
However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.

question: What would cause the private banking system to weaken?, answer: if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks | question: Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?, answer: wealthy member countries | question: What happens when the private banking system is weakened?, answer: pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks | question: What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?, answer: tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries | question: Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?, answer: is politically controversial