lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.

question: Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?, answer: soldiers | question: Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?, answer: the court | question: In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?, answer: 111 BC | question: Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?, answer: the frontier | question: How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?, answer: four
In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

question: When did the Cimbrian War end?, answer: 101 BC | question: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?, answer: 121 BC | question: What war began in the year 113 BC?, answer: The Cimbrian War | question: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?, answer: northern Europe
In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation."

question: When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?, answer: 1211 | question: Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?, answer: Nachmanides | question: What did Nachmanides write?, answer: "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms
In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders.

question: When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?, answer: 1214 | question: Who did John build alliances with?, answer: Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders | question: When did John leave for Poitou?, answer: February 1214
In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

question: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?, answer: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina | question: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?, answer: Pope Honorius III | question: What was required of each new priory?, answer: its own studium conventuale | question: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?, answer: June 5, 1222 | question: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?, answer: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum
In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

question: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?, answer: King James I of Aragon | question: When did Valencia surrender?, answer: 28 September | question: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?, answer: the Muslim population | question: What were Valencia's new charters called?, answer: Furs of Valencia | question: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?, answer: Order of Calatrava
In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.

question: When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?, answer: 1260 | question: What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?, answer: Cairo and Damascus | question: When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?, answer: 1266
In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

question: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?, answer: Yuan | question: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?, answer: 40,000 | question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?, answer: 900 | question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?, answer: northern Kyūshū | question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?, answer: 10,000
In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.

question: What year did the Black Death occur?, answer: 1348 | question: What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?, answer: the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 | question: The invention of printing improved which society?, answer: European | question: Printed word enabled what?, answer: a faster propagation of new ideas | question: What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?, answer: Algebra
In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

question: what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?, answer: 1353 | question: How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?, answer: 8 | question: What year did Bern invade Aargau?, answer: 1415 | question: What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?, answer: Bern
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?, answer: 1355 | question: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility?, answer: Buda King Casimir III the Great | question: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?, answer: Louis I of Hungary | question: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?, answer: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes | question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?, answer: the king and the court
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?, answer: 1374 | question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?, answer: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga | question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?, answer: exempted the entire class from all but one tax | question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?, answer: abolished | question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?, answer: King to pay indemnities
In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

question: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?, answer: Richard II | question: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?, answer: 1393 | question: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?, answer: John | question: What was John Shakespeare's profession?, answer: inspectors | question: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?, answer: forfeit his ale
In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

question: Who was the hospital's patroness?, answer: Santa María de los Inocentes | question: What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?, answer: Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados | question: Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?, answer: Archbishop Pedro de Urbina | question: What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?, answer: a grain market | question: Who insisted on building the new chapel?, answer: Conde de Oropesa
In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

question: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?, answer: King Władysław II Jagiełło | question: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?, answer: 1422 | question: What happened to the right to mint coinage?, answer: ceded
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?, answer: at Kraków in 1433 | question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?, answer: Brześć Kujawski privilege | question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?, answer: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest | question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility?, answer: warrant from a court of justice | question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons?, answer: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

question: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?, answer: wuzhu | question: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?, answer: Emperor Wu | question: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?, answer: Tang dynasty | question: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?, answer: 3.2 g | question: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?, answer: several new currencies
In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?, answer: 1454 | question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?, answer: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks | question: THe nobility was protected from what?, answer: judicial abuses | question: Whos power was curbed?, answer: magnates | question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?, answer: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.

question: In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?, answer: 1469 | question: Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?, answer: to gain back full control of Upper Alsace | question: When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?, answer: 1515
In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

question: In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?, answer: 1516 | question: What was the title of William IV in 1516?, answer: Duke of Bavaria | question: What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?, answer: Reinheitsgebot | question: Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?, answer: barley-malt | question: Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?, answer: William IV
In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

question: What empire did Babur found in northern India?, answer: Mughal Empire | question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?, answer: Sher Shah Suri | question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?, answer: Afghan | question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?, answer: Second Battle of Panipat | question: By what route did Babur enter India?, answer: Khyber Pass