lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch in December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015. She was celebrated in Canada as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over part of Canada for longer.) She is the longest-reigning queen regnant in history, the world's oldest reigning monarch and second-longest-serving current head of state after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

question: Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?, answer: Queen Victoria | question: What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?, answer: great-great-grandmother | question: When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?, answer: 9 September 2015 | question: In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?, answer: world's oldest | question: What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?, answer: King Bhumibol Adulyadej
The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.

question: When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?, answer: 1976 | question: When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?, answer: 2012 | question: For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?, answer: London Olympics | question: What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?, answer: Daniel Craig | question: For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?, answer: patronage
The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory "There are seven planets in the solar system" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of naïve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific "the solar system has seven planets".[dubious – discuss]

question: What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?, answer: Quine-Duhem | question: Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?, answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery | question: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?, answer: Neptune | question: According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?, answer: more generally applicable
The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

question: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?, answer: Maryam | question: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?, answer: 19 | question: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?, answer: two | question: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an?, answer: Luke | question: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?, answer: Zakariya
The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.

question: Who was the second caliph?, answer: Umar | question: Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?, answer: Byzantine Empire | question: Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?, answer: Persian Sassanid Empire
The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.

question: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?, answer: Arabic | question: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?, answer: sharia | question: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?, answer: Biblical scriptures | question: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?, answer: Quran
The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a sura classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sura titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. The sura arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم), an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God". There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.

question: What is a chapter of the Quran called?, answer: sura | question: How many suras are in the Quran?, answer: 114 | question: What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?, answer: Meccan or Medinan | question: Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?, answer: Bismillah | question: What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?, answer: size
The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi", which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate," but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.

question: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?, answer: illiterate | question: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?, answer: earlier sacred texts | question: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?, answer: ummi | question: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?, answer: writing and reading
The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (al-furqān), "the mother book" (umm al-kitāb), "the guide" (huda), "the wisdom" (hikmah), "the remembrance" (dhikr) and "the revelation" (tanzīl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kitāb (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The adjective of "Quran" has multiple transliterations including "quranic", "koranic", and "qur'anic", or capitalised as "Qur'anic", "Koranic", and "Quranic". The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. Other transliterations of "Quran" include "al-Coran", "Coran", "Kuran", and "al-Qurʼan".

question: Which term meaning "the mother book" does the Quran apply to itself?, answer: umm al-kitāb | question: What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?, answer: mus'haf | question: What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?, answer: al-kitāb | question: What is an English translation of huda?, answer: the guide
The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

question: Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?, answer: his companions | question: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?, answer: standardized | question: Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?, answer: University of Chicago | question: The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?, answer: Muhammad
The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.

question: Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?, answer: natural | question: What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?, answer: historical | question: Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?, answer: Muhammad's
The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression – its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.

question: What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?, answer: continuity | question: To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?, answer: Norman O. Brown | question: How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?, answer: a literary device | question: Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?, answer: Michael Sells
The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?, answer: pan-Libyan | question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?, answer: regional and tribal | question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?, answer: Sabha | question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?, answer: counter-revolutionary activity | question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?, answer: Arab Socialist Union
The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

question: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?, answer: sharia | question: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?, answer: Arabic | question: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?, answer: 1969 to 1973 | question: What religion was suppressed in Libya?, answer: Christian | question: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?, answer: alcohol
The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?, answer: 1904 | question: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?, answer: syllabus | question: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?, answer: an approved external examiner | question: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?, answer: Visiting Board
The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

question: What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?, answer: three-year first degree | question: What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?, answer: a two-year post graduate diploma or masters | question: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?, answer: professional exams | question: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?, answer: seven years | question: What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?, answer: A further year out
The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

question: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?, answer: 44,000 | question: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?, answer: RIBA | question: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?, answer: Student Members | question: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?, answer: fellowships | question: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?, answer: FRIBA
The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.

question: On what date was the RSFSR established?, answer: November 7, 1917 | question: What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?, answer: October Revolution | question: In what year was the Constitution adopted?, answer: 1918 | question: The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?, answer: 1922
The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January.

question: The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?, answer: the Champs-Élysées | question: What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?, answer: The Rajpath | question: On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?, answer: The Rajpath | question: What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?, answer: Republic Day parade | question: On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?, answer: 26 January
The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.

question: How many sites are throughout Raleigh?, answer: 150 | question: What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?, answer: park land, | question: What type of race track is in Raleigh?, answer: BMX championship-caliber | question: How many public lakes are in Raleigh?, answer: 5 public lakes, | question: What is the name of the arboretum?, answer: J. C. Raulston Arboretum
The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo. The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is "avenue" or "watercourse", but in the Americas it is mostly used as "coastal avenue", and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean, they all have ramblas as well. As an integral part of Montevidean identity, the Rambla has been included by Uruguay in the Indicative List of World Heritage sites, though it has not received this status. Previously, the entire Rambla was called Rambla Naciones Unidas ("United Nations"), but in recent times different names have been given to specific parts of it.

question: What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?, answer: The Rambla | question: Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?, answer: rambla | question: In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?, answer: "coastal avenue"
The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

question: What does SCMS stand for?, answer: Serial Copy Management System | question: What does DRM stand for?, answer: digital rights management | question: What does AHRA stand for?, answer: Audio Home Recording Act | question: What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?, answer: ReWritable Audio CD | question: Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?, answer: CD-RW