lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

question: What brought African Americans together?, answer: the one-drop rule | question: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?, answer: family elders | question: Slaves were not allowed to do what?, answer: to learn to read and write | question: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?, answer: spoke English, nor read or wrote it | question: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?, answer: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification
For English Dominican mystics, the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God, but in the journey of, or process of, faith. This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity. It is important to understand, however, that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God. They experienced a mystical process that allowed them, in the end, to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only.

question: What was so important to English mystics?, answer: the journey of, or process of, faith | question: The process of faith leads one to what?, answer: knowledge of divinity | question: What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?, answer: visions and voices | question: What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?, answer: faith
For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.

question: During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?, answer: British blockade | question: Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery?, answer: military machinery | question: Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war?, answer: Germany
For Hayek, the supposedly stark difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and Hayek places heavy weight on this distinction in his defence of transitional dictatorship. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism," and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, however, the word 'totalitarian' signifies something very specific: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal” —which is stark in contrast to “liberalism and individualism”.

question: Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?, answer: totalitarianism | question: What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?, answer: Venezuela | question: What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?, answer: totalitarian governments | question: What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?, answer: the want to “organize the whole of society” to attain a “definite social goal”
For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal.

question: Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?, answer: the British | question: When was a rival foothold attempted at Bolama?, answer: the 1790s | question: Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?, answer: the Portuguese | question: What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?, answer: part of present South Senegal | question: What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: the British
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:

question: How many boroughs make up Mexico City?, answer: 16 | question: How are the heads of the boroughs elected?, answer: plurality | question: How were the heads of the boroughs originally established?, answer: appointed by the head of government of the Federal District | question: Who provides the city services?, answer: Government of the Federal District | question: When did election of borough heads begin?, answer: 2000
For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m; for oil, 15 to 25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 1 kV. As the voltage increases, the dielectric must be thicker, making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages. The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown quickly tracks through the dielectric until it reaches the opposite plate, leaving carbon behind and causing a short (or relatively low resistance) circuit. The results can be explosive as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy.

question: What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?, answer: of the order 2 to 5 MV/m | question: Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?, answer: 100 to 300 MV/m | question: In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?, answer: The dielectric is used in very thin layers | question: What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?, answer: the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts | question: What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?, answer: the dielectric must be thicker
For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body—the milieu intérieur, as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it—is known as homeostasis (Greek for "standing still"). Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain. The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback: any time a parameter diverges from its set-point, sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value. (This principle is widely used in engineering, for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat.)

question: Homeostasis is defined as what?, answer: The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body | question: Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?, answer: "standing still" | question: The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?, answer: Claude Bernard | question: Homeostasis is like what household tool?, answer: a thermostat.
For any prime number p, there is also the multiplicative group of integers modulo p. Its elements are the integers 1 to p − 1. The group operation is multiplication modulo p. That is, the usual product is divided by p and the remainder of this division is the result of modular multiplication. For example, if p = 5, there are four group elements 1, 2, 3, 4. In this group, 4 · 4 = 1, because the usual product 16 is equivalent to 1, which divided by 5 yields a remainder of 1. for 5 divides 16 − 1 = 15, denoted

question: What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?, answer: modulo p | question: What integers are included in modulo p?, answer: 1 to p − 1 | question: How many group elements exist if p=5?, answer: four group elements
For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

question: What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?, answer: treaty | question: When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?, answer: 63 BC | question: What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?, answer: synagogues | question: Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?, answer: Julius Caesar | question: In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?, answer: Christianity
For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Judæo-Georgian, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.

question: What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?, answer: Yiddish | question: What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?, answer: Ladino | question: Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?, answer: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royals commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate for the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.

question: What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?, answer: sculpture and reliefs | question: Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?, answer: Pierre Mignard | question: In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?, answer: 1648 | question: Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?, answer: 1793
For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.

question: What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?, answer: North Africa | question: Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?, answer: Spanish and Portuguese | question: Calabar is on which historical Bight?, answer: Biafra | question: What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?, answer: Bight of Bonny | question: Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?, answer: Oyo Empire
For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s, when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records, which released, in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl (as opposed to traditional 78s, with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves). This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records, hence the label's name (obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s "hi-fi" era, when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before). Also in the late 1950s, Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7" microgrooved records at 78 rpm.

question: What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?, answer: collectable or nostalgia purposes | question: What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?, answer: higher-quality audio playback | question: Who released 7" microgrooved records in the 1950s?, answer: Bell Records | question: What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?, answer: wider range of audio | question: Who founded Audiophile Records?, answer: Ewing Dunbar Nunn
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements?, answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs | question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers?, answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode | question: what is high-speed dsl used for?, answer: customers with more demanding requirements | question: what is SONET?, answer: synchronous optical networking
For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment "I'm proud to be German." And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with "near or absolute certainty". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in Düsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country.

question: What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?, answer: 60 | question: What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?, answer: 78 | question: Where does Eugen Buss work?, answer: University of Hohenheim
For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

question: Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?, answer: Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev | question: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?, answer: Both successor-states of the pact parties | question: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?, answer: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island was already home to nearly a million people at the time of the U.S. takeover, all of those spoke Spanish, and the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier.

question: Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?, answer: U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English | question: How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?, answer: making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. | question: Was English in Puerto Rico successful?, answer: It was completely unsuccessful, | question: Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?, answer: the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier. | question: How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?, answer: Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island
For digital photo cameras ("digital still cameras"), an exposure index (EI) rating—commonly called ISO setting—is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo.

question: What is another name for an exposure index rating?, answer: ISO setting | question: How do some camera designs give some EI choices?, answer: by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm | question: Who provides the exposure index rating?, answer: the manufacturer | question: What are digital photo cameras also called?, answer: digital still cameras