lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?, answer: formal | question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?, answer: capital | question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?, answer: beginning of a line of verse | question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?, answer: capitalised | question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?, answer: oh
Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.

question: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?, answer: Captain John Byron | question: What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?, answer: circumnavigation of the globe | question: Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?, answer: Niutao | question: How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?, answer: Lagoon Islands | question: When were chronometers available for accurate location charting?, answer: late 18th
Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore Duperrey named the islands after John Marshall, and drew maps of the islands. The designation was repeated later on British maps.[citation needed] In 1824 the crew of the American whaler Globe mutinied and some of the crew put ashore on Mulgrave Island. One year later, the American schooner Dolphin arrived and picked up two boys, the last survivors of a massacre by the natives due to their brutal treatment of the women.:2

question: Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?, answer: Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert | question: What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?, answer: jolet jen Anij | question: Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?, answer: Adam Johann von Krusenstern | question: Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?, answer: Louis Isidore Duperrey | question: At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?, answer: Mulgrave | question: Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?, answer: Thomas Gilbert | question: In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?, answer: 1788 | question: What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?, answer: jolet jen Anij | question: What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?, answer: Gifts from God | question: On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?, answer: Mulgrave Island
Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:

question: What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?, answer: immediacy | question: What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?, answer: used the Internet to present its content | question: It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?, answer: work exclusively online | question: What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?, answer: downloading
Caray had lively discussions with commentator Steve Stone, who was hand-picked by Harry himself, and producer Arne Harris. Caray often playfully quarreled with Stone over Stone's cigar and why Stone was single, while Stone would counter with poking fun at Harry being "under the influence." Stone disclosed in his book "Where's Harry" that most of this "arguing" was staged, and usually a ploy developed by Harry himself to add flavor to the broadcast. The Cubs still have a "guest conductor", usually a celebrity, lead the crowd in singing "Take me out to the ballgame" during the 7th inning stretch to honor Caray's memory.

question: Who did Harry hand-pick himself?, answer: Steve Stone | question: Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?, answer: Stone | question: Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?, answer: over Stone's cigar | question: What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?, answer: Take me out to the ballgame
Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria, but also many chemolithotrophic species, such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy, the use of light through photosynthesis, or based on chemotrophy, the use of chemical substances for energy, which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors (aerobic/anaerobic respiration).

question: How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?, answer: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources | question: When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?, answer: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide | question: What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?, answer: Heterotrophic bacteria | question: Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?, answer: autotrophic bacteria | question: What is chemotrophy ?, answer: the use of chemical substances for energy
Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

question: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?, answer: Cardigan | question: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?, answer: Russian batteries | question: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?, answer: 278 | question: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade?, answer: Alfred Lord Tennyson | question: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?, answer: The Charge of the Light Brigade
Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it." Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.

question: What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?, answer: Christian Unity | question: What group condemned mixed faith marriages?, answer: Congregation of Faith | question: To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?, answer: Anglican | question: Which church did Paul VI call "our beloved sister church"?, answer: Anglican Church | question: Who described the Anglican church as "our beloved sister Church"?, answer: Paul VI
Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.

question: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations?, answer: Cargo and transport | question: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?, answer: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy | question: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?, answer: U.S. Special Operations Command | question: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?, answer: LC-130H | question: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions?, answer: weather reconnaissance aircraft
Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell − because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that "pisses" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called "matarrucs" ("donkey killers").

question: What is one of the longest free events in the streets?, answer: Carnaval de Solsona | question: How long can the nightly concerts run for?, answer: more than a week | question: What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?, answer: the tower bell | question: How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?, answer: water pump | question: What does "matarrucs" mean?, answer: donkey killers
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.

question: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?, answer: Carnival | question: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?, answer: February | question: Who is the Carnival open to?, answer: public | question: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?, answer: social unity | question: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?, answer: alcohol
Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually "Mas Boots" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on "The Stage" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.

question: On what day is full costume worn?, answer: Carnival Tuesday | question: What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?, answer: "Mas Boots" | question: What does each band base their costume presentation on?, answer: theme | question: What do the mas bands eventually converge on?, answer: the Queen's Park Savannah | question: Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?, answer: The singer of the most played song
Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.

question: What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?, answer: Fat Tuesday | question: Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?, answer: Gulf Coast area | question: What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?, answer: Customs | question: What has been part of the celebrations for many years?, answer: street parades and masked balls | question: Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?, answer: celebrations
Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

question: How long has Carnival been celebrated?, answer: centuries | question: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?, answer: Venetian | question: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition?, answer: Greek | question: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?, answer: twentieth | question: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?, answer: Limassol
Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as "Pre-Kanaval", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Kreyòl La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.

question: What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?, answer: 1804 | question: What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?, answer: declaration of independence | question: What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?, answer: Kanaval | question: What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?, answer: kompa | question: What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?, answer: song
Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.

question: In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?, answer: southern | question: Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?, answer: Ash | question: What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?, answer: traditions | question: What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?, answer: herring | question: What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?, answer: boerenbruiloft
Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.

question: Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?, answer: Brooklyn | question: What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?, answer: Labor Day | question: What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?, answer: Trinidad | question: Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?, answer: one million | question: What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?, answer: Crown Heights
Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.

question: What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?, answer: Crop Over | question: Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?, answer: sugar cane plantations | question: What year did Crop Over begin?, answer: 1688 | question: What activity is done using a greased pole?, answer: climbing | question: What is the finale of Crop Over called?, answer: The Grand Kadooment
Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive "jump-ups" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.

question: What contagiously throbs during the week of events?, answer: music | question: How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?, answer: a month | question: What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?, answer: flamboyant | question: What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?, answer: Street parades | question: When is King Mom symbolically burnt?, answer: On the evening before Lent