lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.

question: Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?, answer: first elevator shaft | question: What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?, answer: 1853 | question: What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?, answer: cylindrical | question: The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?, answer: United Technologies Corporation | question: What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?, answer: world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems
The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

question: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?, answer: Zhu Yuanzhang | question: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?, answer: the Yuan dynasty | question: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?, answer: long city wall | question: How long did it take to finish the wall?, answer: 21 years | question: How many workers worked on the wall?, answer: 200,000
The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.

question: What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?, answer: Beowulf | question: About how many lines was Beowulf?, answer: 3,000 | question: Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?, answer: Scyld | question: Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?, answer: a noble family
The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS. The highest-rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM. Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music), as well as several smaller stations.

question: Where was the first radio license granted?, answer: St. Joseph's College | question: When did the first radio stations appear?, answer: 1922 | question: Name the 3 public radio stations?, answer: WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM
The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

question: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?, answer: S. Wanradt and J. Koell | question: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?, answer: 1535 | question: What type of book was it?, answer: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism | question: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?, answer: An Estonian grammar book | question: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?, answer: 1637
The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

question: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?, answer: a primordialist approach | question: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?, answer: social constructionist theory | question: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?, answer: political and historical contexts
The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.

question: What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?, answer: naval battles | question: What type of engine was invented by the Romans?, answer: grappling engine | question: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?, answer: Xanthippus | question: Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?, answer: The Romans | question: Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?, answer: the Carthaginians
The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]

question: In which language was the Quran first translated?, answer: Persian | question: Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?, answer: Tafsir al-Tabari | question: Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?, answer: Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari | question: Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?, answer: Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi | question: To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?, answer: Samanid
The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

question: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?, answer: June 19, 1987 | question: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?, answer: Gladiators | question: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?, answer: 12,117 | question: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?, answer: June 20, 1987 | question: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?, answer: the Rosemont Horizon
The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

question: When was Armenia established?, answer: in the late 6th century BC | question: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?, answer: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription | question: During which dynasty was Armenia established?, answer: Orontid dynasty | question: When was Armenia at its largest?, answer: 95–65 BC
The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

question: What was the first great English translation?, answer: Wycliffe Bible | question: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?, answer: 1382 | question: When did the age of great English prose translation begin?, answer: end of the 15th century | question: What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?, answer: Le Morte Darthur | question: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?, answer: Tudor
The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

question: When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?, answer: 21 March 2003 | question: Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?, answer: British, American and Polish | question: When did the US capture Baghdad?, answer: April 2003 | question: When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?, answer: 1 May 2003 | question: What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?, answer: Ba'ath
The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary "sensible species" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.

question: Who pioneered parsimony?, answer: William of Ockham | question: What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?, answer: impetus | question: What theory did impetus pave the way for?, answer: inertia | question: What did the Oxford Calculators measure?, answer: the kinematics of motion
The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

question: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?, answer: succession of wars, famines and other disasters | question: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?, answer: Stephen J. Lee | question: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?, answer: 1945 | question: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?, answer: Russia and the Soviet Union
The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.

question: Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?, answer: Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 | question: Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?, answer: HMS Lancaster | question: When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?, answer: 23 October 2015
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).

question: What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?, answer: blue | question: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?, answer: Shuji Nakamura | question: What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?, answer: 2014 Nobel prize in physics | question: Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?, answer: Alberto Barbieri | question: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?, answer: indium tin oxide
The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

question: In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?, answer: 822 AD | question: What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?, answer: Adalard of Corbie | question: In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?, answer: the thirteenth century | question: In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?, answer: the sixteenth century | question: What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?, answer: gruit
The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.

question: Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?, answer: Jacques Charles | question: What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?, answer: 1783 | question: what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?, answer: Zeppelins | question: In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?, answer: 1900
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.

question: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?, answer: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola | question: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?, answer: dominant culture | question: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?, answer: 70% | question: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?, answer: no immunity to European diseases | question: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?, answer: Increasing punishment
The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of "nabuwwat" to the first portion of the "Umaiya" caliphate.[citation needed]

question: Where was the first madrasa located?, answer: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam | question: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?, answer: Hazrat Muhammad | question: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?, answer: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit | question: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?, answer: calligraphy | question: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?, answer: athletics and martial arts
The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

question: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?, answer: in the air | question: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?, answer: shrapnel | question: Airburst fuses could be which two things?, answer: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork) | question: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?, answer: Zeppelins | question: What was used as targets in training practices?, answer: Smoke shells