lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams. Nineteen of these teams played mainly in the Mountain West Conference from its inception in 1999 until the school left that conference in 2011. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the "Cougars", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. The school's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song. Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions. BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday, as well as expelling players due to honor code violations. Beginning in the 2011 season, BYU football competes in college football as an independent. In addition, most other sports now compete in the West Coast Conference. Teams in swimming and diving and indoor track and field for both men and women joined the men's volleyball program in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. For outdoor track and field, the Cougars became an Independent. Softball returned to the Western Athletic Conference, but spent only one season in the WAC; the team moved to the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. The softball program may move again after the 2013 season; the July 2013 return of Pacific to the WCC will enable that conference to add softball as an official sport.

question: How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?, answer: 21 | question: What is the name of BYU's fight song?, answer: Cougar Fight Song | question: Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?, answer: many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years | question: When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?, answer: Sunday | question: What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?, answer: honor code
BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be "The Lord's university". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an "ambassador" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.

question: What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?, answer: "The Lord's university" | question: Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname "The Lord's University" in the past?, answer: some students and faculty | question: What perception do some feel that the nickname "The Lord's University" gives about university officials?, answer: always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted | question: What do the leaders of BYU say "The Lord's University" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?, answer: more a goal
BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that "we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources." BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.

question: What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?, answer: energy efficiency of its buildings | question: Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?, answer: BYU Recycles | question: How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?, answer: a year | question: What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?, answer: zero | question: What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?, answer: fluorescent
BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. "BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.

question: What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?, answer: religiously active | question: Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?, answer: an ecclesiastic leader | question: How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?, answer: Over 900 | question: How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?, answer: More than 150 | question: Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?, answer: 24,000
BYU offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing and law. The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards. The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs.

question: What is BYU's main focal point?, answer: undergraduate education | question: What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?, answer: Jerusalem | question: What institution controls BYU?, answer: Church Educational System | question: Where are BYU's sibling schools located?, answer: Hawaii and Idaho | question: How many master's programs does BYU have?, answer: 68 | question: How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?, answer: 11 | question: How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?, answer: two | question: What is BYU's parent organization?, answer: the Church Educational System (CES) | question: Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?, answer: Hawaii and Idaho
BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes "too nice" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative.

question: How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?, answer: 14th in the nation | question: What parts of the sometimes "too nice" BYU culture is often caricatured?, answer: marrying early and being very conservative | question: What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?, answer: amplification of
BYU's stated mission "is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life." BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: "I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God."

question: What is the stated mission of BYU?, answer: "is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life." | question: What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?, answer: the Spirit of God | question: What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?, answer: religious | question: What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?, answer: religious and secular
Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely considered a must play at many clubs playing house music. Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club. The emergence of Todd Terry, a pioneer of the genre, was important in America. His cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed "Weekend" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line.

question: what was a top club for house music in new york city?, answer: Paradise Garage | question: who was a pioneer of the genre in america?, answer: Todd Terry | question: what hit house song did todd terry cover?, answer: Weekend | question: what new influences led to a new house sound?, answer: hip-hop influences | question: what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?, answer: more rugged
Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.:74

question: What backup element is still found on Windows 8?, answer: Backup and Restore | question: How is Backup and Restore opened?, answer: through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery" | question: What does :76 Shadow Copy do?, answer: access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer | question: What is :74 used for?, answer: other software
Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

question: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?, answer: Bacteria | question: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?, answer: spheres to rods and spirals | question: When is the typical lenght for bacteria?, answer: few micrometres | question: What environments can bacteria live?, answer: present in most of its habitats | question: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?, answer: symbiotic and parasitic relationships
Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation), whereas phototrophic organisms use them only for biosynthetic purposes. Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. This reaction releases energy that can be used to synthesise ATP and drive metabolism. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the electron acceptor. In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide are used as electron acceptors. This leads to the ecologically important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis, respectively.

question: What do lithotrophs use ?, answer: inorganic electron donors | question: What type of electron donors organotrophs use?, answer: organic compounds | question: In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?, answer: anaerobic organisms | question: What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?, answer: chemical compounds
Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.

question: What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?, answer: Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. | question: What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?, answer: egg allergies are unable to be immunised | question: How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?, answer: process that takes about six months | question: In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?, answer: viruses need living cells in which to replicate | question: What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?, answer: . Cell-based culture
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

question: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?, answer: one-tenth the size | question: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?, answer: morphologies | question: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?, answer: 0.7 mm | question: What are one of the smallest bacteria?, answer: genus Mycoplasma | question: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?, answer: not well-studied
Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes, often grouped in chains called polyribosomes, for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (measured in Svedberg units): their subunits have rates of 30S and 50S. Some antibiotics bind specifically to 70S ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Those antibiotics kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host.

question: What is genetic make of bacteria?, answer: a single circular DNA chromosome | question: Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?, answer: in the cytoplasm | question: How does nucleoid look?, answer: irregularly shaped body | question: What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?, answer: phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria | question: What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?, answer: production of proteins
Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors used for growth. An additional criterion of respiratory microorganisms are the electron acceptors used for aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

question: What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?, answer: The distribution of metabolic traits | question: How is bacterial metabolism determined?, answer: nutritional groups | question: What are electron acceptors accountable for?, answer: aerobic or anaerobic respiration | question: What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?, answer: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria.

question: What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?, answer: biofilms | question: How extent can biofilm be?, answer: up to half a meter in depth | question: What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?, answer: microcolonies, | question: What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?, answer: to enable better diffusion of nutrients | question: Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?, answer: bacteria protected within biofilms
Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

question: When was the first time bacteria were observed?, answer: 1676 | question: Who discovered bacteria?, answer: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | question: How was he able to see bacteria?, answer: using a single-lens microscope of his own design | question: How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?, answer: over a century
Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria. Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.

question: What makes bacteria an asexual organism?, answer: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes | question: What can cause mutation in bacteria?, answer: changes to their genetic material DNA | question: What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?, answer: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"