lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups. During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions. The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against, and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination. In the event of discrimination, employees were to be restored to an appropriate status in the company through 'affirmative action'. While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities, who, exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, were often barred from union ranks.:11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today, but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual's unjust treatment.[citation needed]

question: In which document did the term "affirmative action" first appear?, answer: National Labor Relations Act | question: Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?, answer: Senator Robert F. Wagner | question: Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?, answer: employees associated with unions | question: Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?, answer: National Labor Relations Board | question: Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?, answer: minorities
The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.

question: Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?, answer: prefrontal cortex | question: Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?, answer: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | question: Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?, answer: orbitofrontal cortex | question: Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?, answer: those involving primary functions | question: Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?, answer: primary
The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.

question: On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?, answer: March 24, 1873 | question: Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?, answer: Canadian Rugby Football Union | question: In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?, answer: 1936 | question: Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891?, answer: Canadian Rugby Football Union | question: Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?, answer: Canadian Football Council
The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system.

question: What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?, answer: Hungary | question: What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?, answer: 16 kV at 50 Hz | question: What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?, answer: four-pole rotating phase converter | question: How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?, answer: motor could be changed using slip rings | question: What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?, answer: Russian
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

question: Who invented the beer pump in England?, answer: John Lofting | question: In what city was the beer pump invented?, answer: London | question: In what country was John Lofting born?, answer: Netherlands | question: What was the death year of John Lofting?, answer: 1742 | question: When was John Lofting born?, answer: 1659
The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A) and today magnesium-doping of gallium nitride continues to be the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. These devices built in the early 1970s had too little light output to be of practical use and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.[citation needed]

question: What students developed the first blue-violet LED?, answer: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines | question: The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?, answer: Stanford | question: When was the first blue-violet LED developed?, answer: 1972 | question: What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?, answer: zinc-doped gallium nitride
The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

question: In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?, answer: 1870 | question: Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?, answer: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies | question: What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?, answer: 1944 | question: What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?, answer: about 7 miles | question: Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?, answer: Longport
The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.

question: What was the title of the first book printed in France?, answer: Epistolae | question: Who wrote Epistolae?, answer: Gasparinus de Bergamo | question: When was Epistolae published?, answer: 1470 | question: In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?, answer: Latin
The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

question: In what year did Paris get a police force?, answer: 1667 | question: Who created Paris's police force?, answer: King Louis XIV | question: What was the largest European city in 1667?, answer: Paris | question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?, answer: lieutenant general of police | question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?, answer: lieutenant général de police
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

question: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?, answer: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps | question: How much did the early LEDs cost?, answer: US$200 per unit | question: What was one use of early LED light in products?, answer: calculators | question: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?, answer: Hewlett Packard (HP) | question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?, answer: 1970s
The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

question: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?, answer: William Sturgeon | question: Which inventor went bankrupt?, answer: Thomas Davenport | question: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?, answer: the high cost of primary battery power | question: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?, answer: electricity distribution | question: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?, answer: 600 revolutions per minute
The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." 17 U.S.C. § 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.

question: When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?, answer: 1897 | question: What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?, answer: misdemeanor | question: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?, answer: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain | question: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?, answer: that defendant willfully infringed | question: What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?, answer: very low threshold
The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, "Well, actually, he forgot Poland." Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.

question: Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?, answer: University of Miami | question: Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?, answer: Kerry | question: Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?, answer: Jim Lehrer | question: What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?, answer: foreign policy | question: How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?, answer: strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign
The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

question: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?, answer: Almacenes el Siglo | question: When was the first Spanish department store opened?, answer: October 1881 | question: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain?, answer: El Corte Inglés | question: When was El Corte Ingles established?, answer: 1934
The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

question: When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?, answer: 1877 | question: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines?, answer: Henry Hoskyn | question: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?, answer: Manila | question: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed?, answer: Battle of Manila in 1945 | question: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established?, answer: 1950s
The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.

question: What year did Lane Crawford open?, answer: 1850 | question: Who established Lane Crawford?, answer: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford | question: What was the store's original target customer base?, answer: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families | question: Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store?, answer: Ma Ying Piu
The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

question: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?, answer: Marcelo Ebrard | question: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?, answer: to run in the 2000 presidential elections | question: Who was the second head of government elected?, answer: Andrés Manuel López Obrador | question: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?, answer: Rosario Robles | question: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?, answer: Rosario Robles
The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.

question: Who built the first electric elevator?, answer: Werner von Siemens | question: The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?, answer: Germany | question: Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?, answer: Frank Sprague | question: Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?, answer: Anton Freissler | question: To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?, answer: Otis Elevator Company