lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.

question: What year did Germany decide to try DST?, answer: 1916 | question: What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?, answer: Sommerzeit | question: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?, answer: coal | question: What year did the United States get on board with DST?, answer: 1918
Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?, answer: in various quarters around the 1900s. | question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?, answer: earlier secular traditions | question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's?, answer: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose | question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?, answer: a secular version of theism | question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?, answer: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.
Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965, Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash, and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections. Since 1995, the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation, both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

question: Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?, answer: Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 | question: What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?, answer: Hale Boggs | question: Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?, answer: John Boehner | question: Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?, answer: Dennis Hastert
State banquets also take place in the Ballroom; these formal dinners are held on the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state. On these occasions, for up to 170 guests in formal "white tie and decorations", including tiaras, the dining table is laid with the Grand Service, a collection of silver-gilt plate made in 1811 for the Prince of Wales, later George IV. The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps. On this grand occasion, all the state rooms are in use, as the royal family proceed through them, beginning at the great north doors of the Picture Gallery. As Nash had envisaged, all the large, double-mirrored doors stand open, reflecting the numerous crystal chandeliers and sconces, creating a deliberate optical illusion of space and light.

question: Where do State Banquets take place?, answer: the Ballroom | question: In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?, answer: November | question: What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?, answer: the Grand Service | question: When was the Grand Service made?, answer: 1811 | question: For whom was the Grand Service made?, answer: the Prince of Wales | question: Where do state banquets take place?, answer: in the Ballroom | question: When are state banquets held?, answer: the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state | question: What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?, answer: the Grand Service | question: Who was the Grand Service originally made for?, answer: Prince of Wales
State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which will change the state motto from "Labor Omnia Vincit" to "Oklahoma-In God We Trust!" The author of the resolution stated that a constituent researched the Oklahoma Constitution and found no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit", therefore opening the door for an entirely new motto.

question: What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?, answer: HCR 1024 | question: What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?, answer: Labor Omnia Vincit | question: Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?, answer: no "official" vote regarding "Labor Omnia Vincit"
State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

question: What do Cypriot universities ignore when looking at admission?, answer: high school grades | question: What is required for university attendance?, answer: high-school diploma | question: What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university?, answer: university entrance examinations | question: What percentage do grades obtained account for in a students final grade?, answer: 25%
State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.

question: What are the state schools in somerset, answer: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council | question: What are the 3 tiers of school, answer: a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset | question: How many state and independent secondary schools in Somerset, answer: Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.

question: On what day was Alaska officially named a state?, answer: January 3, 1959 | question: In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?, answer: 1946 | question: What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?, answer: Statehood for Alaska | question: From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?, answer: mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska | question: On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?, answer: July 7, 1958
Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

question: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?, answer: software verification | question: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?, answer: sound approximation techniques | question: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?, answer: watermarking | question: Can query languages be adjusted?, answer: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data
Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).

question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?, answer: 2.06 | question: Who are IDC and Gartner?, answer: research firms | question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?, answer: 6.1 percent | question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?, answer: 30 | question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?, answer: 16%
Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793–1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word στέμματα and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata may refer to "family trees". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit with the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. The method works from the principle that "community of error implies community of origin." That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a hyparchetype. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or stemma codicum descended from a single archetype. The process of constructing the stemma is called recension, or the Latin recensio.

question: What is stemmatics?, answer: a rigorous approach to textual criticism | question: What is a cladogram?, answer: The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. | question: What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?, answer: it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source | question: What is a hyparchetype?, answer: a common intermediate source | question: What is recension?, answer: The process of constructing the stemma
Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes are seed-producing plants with open seeds. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as azaleas and oaks, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary xylem) and bark (secondary phloem and cork). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.

question: What are the stems used for in cacti?, answer: store water | question: For what are leaves used?, answer: gather sunlight | question: What are angiosperms?, answer: plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds | question: What kind of plants are gymnosperms?, answer: woody plants | question: What kind of leaves are large and flat?, answer: foliage leaves
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings. Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.

question: What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that "Is there a God"?, answer: who created God | question: Who wrote The Grand Design?, answer: Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow | question: What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?, answer: Neuroscientist | question: How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?, answer: purely within the realm of science | question: What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?, answer: The Grand Design | question: Who was Hawking's co-author?, answer: Leonard Mlodinow | question: Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?, answer: Michael Nikoletseas
Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect upon the present time-frame. Upon occasion, Hawking has stated that time actually began with the Big Bang, and that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless. This less-nuanced, but commonly repeated formulation has received criticisms from philosophers such as Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler.

question: In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?, answer: A Brief History of Time | question: Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?, answer: the Big Bang | question: What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?, answer: time | question: Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?, answer: meaningless | question: Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?, answer: Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler
Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it "steps"—starts and then quickly stops again—from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.

question: When are stepper motors most useful?, answer: when precise rotations are required | question: What two devices can describe a stepper motor?, answer: DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid | question: What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?, answer: magnetic field produced by the energized field winding | question: How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?, answer: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously | question: What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?, answer: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down
Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives—the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)

question: Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?, answer: precision and speed limitations | question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?, answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems | question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?, answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force | question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?, answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker
Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems.

question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications., answer: linear stepper motors or servomotors | question: In scanners, what do stepper motors move?, answer: optical scanning element | question: In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?, answer: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers
Stereophonic sound recording, which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane, was the natural extension to monophonic recording, and attracted various alternative engineering attempts. The ultimately dominant "45/45" stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 (see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933) although the system was not exploited commercially until much later.

question: What did Alan Blumlein event?, answer: stereophonic record system | question: When did EMI create the first stereo discs?, answer: 1933 | question: What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?, answer: more natural listening experience | question: What year was stereo sound patented?, answer: 1931 | question: How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?, answer: was not exploited commercially until much later.
Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. "New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state."

question: What did evangelicals want to keep apart?, answer: the spiritual and secular worlds | question: What did religious freedom result from?, answer: an alliance of unlikely partners | question: What profession does Frank Lambert have?, answer: historian | question: What is the name of Lambert's book?, answer: The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America | question: What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?, answer: a complete separation of church and state