lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.

question: what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?, answer: Soviet Socialist Republics | question: What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?, answer: the Warsaw Pact | question: The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?, answer: "containment" | question: What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?, answer: rebuilding of western Europe | question: What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?, answer: the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,
The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.

question: The first woman that went into space was whom?, answer: Valentina Tereshkova | question: What spacecraft carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?, answer: Vostok 6 | question: The first woman to launch into space was on what date?, answer: June 16, 1963 | question: The first woman to go into space was from which country?, answer: The USSR
The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.

question: Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?, answer: capitalist encirclements | question: Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war?, answer: Great Purge | question: What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?, answer: Soviet Union | question: Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?, answer: France
The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight. After its successful flight around the Moon, Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.

question: Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?, answer: Gulf of Guinea
The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:

question: Tito did not attend the second meeting of this., answer: Cominform | question: In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?, answer: 1949 | question: What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?, answer: Titoists | question: Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?, answer: Stalin
The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

question: When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?, answer: November 7, 1917 | question: Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?, answer: the Russian Provisional Government | question: Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?, answer: the October Revolution | question: How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?, answer: five months | question: What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?, answer: the Russian Republic | question: When did the Soviet government assume power?, answer: November 7, 1917 | question: What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?, answer: the October Revolution | question: What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?, answer: the Russian Provisional Government | question: In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?, answer: five
The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

question: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?, answer: Molotov | question: When was reunification first proposed as an idea?, answer: 1952
The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid "under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations." Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.

question: The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?, answer: Vanguard | question: Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?, answer: December 6, 195 | question: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?, answer: Florida | question: in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?, answer: Jupiter-C rocket
The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

question: What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?, answer: a submarine base | question: Where was the sub base located?, answer: northern Soviet Union near Murmansk | question: Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?, answer: both the Atlantic and the Pacific
The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The "Vostok spaceship" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.

question: At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?, answer: July 1961 Tushino air show
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.

question: What is the space age?, answer: a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. | question: Who launched Sputnik 1?, answer: the Soviet Union. | question: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?, answer: 98.1 minutes | question: What did Sputnik 1 usher in?, answer: The Space Age | question: How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?, answer: 500 million
The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.

question: Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?, answer: Germany | question: What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?, answer: liquid-fueled rockets | question: What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?, answer: Wernher von Braun | question: Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?, answer: World War II | question: A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?, answer: 1932
The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.

question: Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States?, answer: German rocket technology | question: Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite?, answer: the Soviet Union | question: Who was the first human in space?, answer: Yuri Gagarin | question: When did Apollo 11 land on the moon?, answer: July 20, 1969 | question: On what date did the Space Race begin?, answer: August 2, 1955 | question: Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?, answer: October 4, 1957 | question: Who was the first person in space?, answer: Yuri Gagarin | question: What was the date that the first human reached space?, answer: April 12, 1961
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.

question: What Empire brought horses to the Americas?, answer: Spanish | question: What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?, answer: profound | question: How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?, answer: 7500 years | question: What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?, answer: great success | question: What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?, answer: horses
The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

question: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?, answer: 1814 | question: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?, answer: 1816 | question: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled?, answer: Treinta y Tres Orientales | question: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?, answer: 1828
The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states leaving behind a varying range of Hispanic legacy in the North American continent. Additionally, western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.

question: How old is the Spanish language in the United States?, answer: The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries | question: Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?, answer: The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states | question: Were there states ruled by the Spanish?, answer: western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800, | question: Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?, answer: Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. | question: Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?, answer: after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America.
The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone country in the world after Mexico, and with the United States having more Spanish-speakers than Colombia and Spain (but fewer first language speakers). Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census.

question: How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?, answer: There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, | question: How many Hispanics speak English too?, answer: Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English "very well," based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census. | question: What type of language id Spanish?, answer: Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world. | question: What other language is often spoken in the United states?, answer: The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. | question: How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?, answer: six million Spanish language students.