lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the US, one kilowatt-hour (3.6 MJ) of electricity currently causes an average 1.34 pounds (610 g) of CO 2 emission. Assuming the average light bulb is on for 10 hours a day, a 40-watt bulb will cause 196 pounds (89 kg) of CO 2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO 2 over the same time span. A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs.

question: In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?, answer: US | question: How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?, answer: 196 pounds | question: A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?, answer: 30 pounds | question: How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?, answer: 85%
In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.

question: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?, answer: ATSC | question: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?, answer: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts | question: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?, answer: home owners' associations and city government | question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?, answer: the installation of antennas | question: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?, answer: 2009
In the US, starting in 2013, under the Physician Financial Transparency Reports (part of the Sunshine Act), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has to collect information from applicable manufacturers and group purchasing organizations in order to report information about their financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. Data are made public in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. The expectation is that relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent.

question: What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?, answer: become fully transparent. | question: What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?, answer: Sunshine Act | question: Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?, answer: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website | question: What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?, answer: financial relationships with physicians and hospitals. | question: When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?, answer: starting in 2013 | question: The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?, answer: Sunshine Act | question: In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?, answer: 2013 | question: Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?, answer: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website | question: What is expected when the relationships are made public?, answer: relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country's first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited. After Boganda's death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country's first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d'évolution démocratique de l'Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.

question: What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?, answer: 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes | question: How many seats did MESAN win?, answer: every legislative seat | question: Who was elected president of the Grand Council?, answer: Boganda | question: How did Boganda die?, answer: a plane crash | question: Who took over after Boganda died?, answer: his cousin, David Dacko
In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.

question: Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?, answer: House of Commons and the House of Lords | question: Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?, answer: Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 | question: Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?, answer: the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners
In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.

question: In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?, answer: peerages | question: Who was discovered to be selling peerages?, answer: Lloyd George | question: What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?, answer: Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act | question: What did the Honours act do?, answer: outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act | question: How did people attempt to overcome this law?, answer: cloaking their contributions as loans
In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.

question: Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?, answer: Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988) | question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams they identify culture as?, answer: consumption goods and leisure activities | question: What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?, answer: art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing | question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?, answer: saw patterns of consumption and leisure
In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

question: Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?, answer: In the United States and elsewhere in the world | question: What type of churches have declined?, answer: mainstream liberal churches | question: When did Liberal Christianity increase?, answer: In the post–World War I era | question: When did conservative churches start to increase?, answer: In the post–World War II era | question: What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?, answer: those that are more exclusively evangelical
In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."

question: In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?, answer: popular culture | question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?, answer: Richard Hoggart | question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?, answer: Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS | question: The CCCS has since been associated with who?, answer: Stuart Hall
In the United States, 25 Hz, a once-common industrial power frequency is used on Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system at 12 kV on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C. and New York City and on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia. SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system uses the same 12 kV voltage on the catenary in Northeast Philadelphia. This allows for the trains to operate on both the Amtrak and SEPTA power systems. Apart from having an identical catenary voltage, the power distribution systems of Amtrak and SEPTA are very different. The Amtrak power distribution system has a 138 kV transmission network that provides power to substations which then transform the voltage to 12 kV to feed the catenary system. The SEPTA power distribution system uses a 2:1 ratio autotransformer system, with the catenary fed at 12 kV and a return feeder wire fed at 24 kV. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad used an 11 kV system between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut which was converted to 12.5 kV 60 Hz in 1987.

question: What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?, answer: 25 Hz | question: What voltage does SEPTA system use?, answer: 12 kV voltage | question: What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?, answer: catenary voltage | question: When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?, answer: 1987
In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with felonies and other serious crime, rather than broader focus on crime prevention.

question: Who was O.W. Wilson a student of?, answer: August Vollmer | question: Who introduced education requirements for US police?, answer: August Vollmer | question: Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?, answer: to reduce their vulnerability to corruption | question: Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?, answer: Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department | question: How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?, answer: an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries
In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]

question: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?, answer: Lindlof and Taylor | question: From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled to essentially control a culture?, answer: the economic base
In the United States, Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Columbus, San Diego, Seattle, Washington, D.C., Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Nashville, Green Bay, Lewiston, Portland, Maine and Cedar Rapids have the largest Somali populations.

question: What country is Cedar Rapids located in?, answer: the United States
In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

question: What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?, answer: 1921 | question: What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?, answer: Mohawk Dutch | question: What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?, answer: Pennsylvania German | question: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?, answer: Negerhollands | question: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?, answer: Guyana
In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004[update], boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C. This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.

question: Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?, answer: a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request | question: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?, answer: July 2004 | question: Content is now protected by what encryption?, answer: 5C | question: What can 5c encryption prevent?, answer: duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted
In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.

question: Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?, answer: two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin | question: How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?, answer: a 5% royalty | question: When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?, answer: mid January 1860 | question: What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?, answer: asked Gray to keep any profits | question: What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?, answer: 2,500 copies
In the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doctors have noted that some medical conditions are more prevalent in certain racial or ethnic groups than in others, without being sure of the cause of those differences. Recent interest in race-based medicine, or race-targeted pharmacogenomics, has been fueled by the proliferation of human genetic data which followed the decoding of the human genome in the first decade of the twenty-first century. There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research. Proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine argue that continued use of racial categorizations in biomedical research and clinical practice makes possible the application of new genetic findings, and provides a clue to diagnosis.

question: Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?, answer: federal government | question: What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?, answer: medical conditions | question: What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?, answer: more prevalent | question: What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?, answer: proliferation of human genetic data | question: What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?, answer: application of new genetic findings,
In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to?, answer: belief in a stronger central government. | question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support?, answer: stronger central government | question: What did anti-federalist support?, answer: weaker central government | question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand?, answer: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state