lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be "produced by using the earliest "good" print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author." But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints."

question: Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?, answer: deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." | question: How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?, answer: inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author." | question: What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?, answer: we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints | question: What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?, answer: Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

question: By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?, answer: the Third Reich | question: What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?, answer: Austria | question: What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?, answer: Switzerland | question: Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?, answer: The Swiss commanders
By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.

question: What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?, answer: 1954 | question: What is the grading structure?, answer: a point system from 1 to 15 | question: Who set the first precedent that continues this day?, answer: Soviet gymnasts | question: Who recieved the first perfect score?, answer: Nadia Comăneci | question: What year and where was the first perfect score given?, answer: 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada
By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio." Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut—the press center of the Arab world—bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves "Nasserites", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term "Arab nationalists").

question: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?, answer: Voice of the Arabs | question: What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?, answer: Nasserites | question: What did the admirers of Nasser lack?, answer: structure and organization | question: Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?, answer: Eugene Rogan | question: What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?, answer: Arab nationalists
By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as "sailor of the universe". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft. For this reason, the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule. When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique, the FAI committee decided to investigate, and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch, orbiting, and return, rather than the manner of landing, and so revised their rules accordingly, keeping Gagarin's and Titov's records intact.

question: Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?, answer: the USSR | question: The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?, answer: Vostok 1 | question: How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?, answer: 108 minutes
By 1960 African Americans comprised 16.45% of the state's population. It was not until after the mid-1960s and passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that they were able to vote in full again, but new devices, such as at-large commission city governments, had been adopted in several jurisdictions to limit their political participation. Former Gov. Winfield Dunn and former U.S. Sen. Bill Brock wins in 1970 helped make the Republican Party competitive among whites for the statewide victory. Tennessee has selected governors from different parties since 1970. Increasingly the Republican Party has become the party of white conservatives.

question: In 1960, what group made up 16.45% of Tennessee's population?, answer: African Americans | question: What Congressional Act fully re-enfranchised African-American in Tennessee?, answer: Voting Rights Act of 1965 | question: Which Republican Senator's 1970 victory showed the Republican Party's renewed competitiveness in Tennessee?, answer: Bill Brock | question: Which constituency has become the Republican Party's staunchest supporters in Tennessee?, answer: white conservatives | question: Which Republican was elected Tennessee Governor in 1970?, answer: Winfield Dunn
By 1962, their Columbia Record Productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey, which manufactured records for not only Columbia's own labels, but also for independent record labels.

question: What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?, answer: Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey
By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977; there the band thanked him in person, and performed "'39" a cappella. Musically, A Day at the Races was by both fans' and critics' standards a strong effort, reaching number one in the UK and Japan, and number five in the US. The major hit on the album was "Somebody to Love", a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury, May, and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir. The song went to number two in the UK, and number thirteen in the US. The album also featured one of the band's heaviest songs, May's "Tie Your Mother Down", which became a staple of their live shows.

question: What Queen album was released in 1976?, answer: A Day at the Races | question: What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?, answer: Somebody to Love | question: Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?, answer: Tie Your Mother Down | question: Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977?, answer: Groucho Marx | question: Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?, answer: Mercury, May, and Taylor
By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Project which published the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work, greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate Grant Hardy, Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson, Professor John W. Welch (the head of FARMS), Professor Royal Skousen, and others too numerous to mention here. However, these were merely preliminary steps to a far more exacting and all-encompassing project.

question: What is FARMS?, answer: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies | question: Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?, answer: Robert F. Smith | question: How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?, answer: the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987 | question: Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?, answer: The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work | question: Who is the head of FARMS?, answer: Professor John W. Welch
By 1987, CBS was the only "big three" American TV network to have a co-owned record company. ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979, and in 1986, NBC's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric, who then sold off all other RCA units, including the record division (which was bought by Ariola Records, later known as BMG).

question: In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?, answer: 1987 | question: What label did ABC sell in 1979?, answer: MCA Records | question: What label did NBC sell in 1986?, answer: RCA | question: Who bought RCA?, answer: Ge
By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years. "Computer game makers [are] scared stiff", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some.

question: What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?, answer: 1988 | question: Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?, answer: Compute! | question: When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?, answer: 1989 | question: The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?, answer: Commodore 64s
By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000. A number of incentives such as early retirement were used. In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces, quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army, organized along Soviet lines, in just one hundred hours.

question: In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?, answer: 580,000 | question: Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?, answer: Kuwait | question: What operation began in January 1991?, answer: Desert Storm | question: How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?, answer: 500,000 | question: How long did Operation Desert Storm last?, answer: one hundred hours
By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the USA, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a "Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République" (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a "Mixed Electoral Commission", which included representatives from all political parties.[citation needed]

question: What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?, answer: a pro-democracy movement | question: What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?, answer: the United States | question: When were free elections held?, answer: October 1992 | question: Who helped with the Free Elections?, answer: UN Office of Electoral Affairs | question: What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?, answer: alleged irregularities
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?, answer: more than a dozen | question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?, answer: over 75% | question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?, answer: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s | question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?, answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity | question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?, answer: federal assistance | question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?, answer: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, | question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?, answer: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity | question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries, answer: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries. | question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?, answer: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as | question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?, answer: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data | question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?, answer: 1990 | question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?, answer: in the 1960s | question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?, answer: over 75% | question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?, answer: assistance to historically underserved groups
By 2013, Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000. When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013, President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity, accusing her of exaggerating her charity's contribution. Madonna responded by releasing a statement saying she was saddened that Banda had chosen to act negatively about her endeavors. "I have no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations," she added. Later, it was confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released written by her press team and was "incandescent with anger" over the mix-up.

question: By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?, answer: ten schools | question: When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?, answer: April 2013 | question: Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?, answer: President of Malawi Joyce Banda
By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.

question: Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?, answer: Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré | question: Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?, answer: pro-democracy | question: The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?, answer: refusal of soldiers to fire | question: Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws?, answer: constitution | question: What group was to approve the new democratic constitution?, answer: a national referendum
By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To end the secession, a dictator was appointed. The dictator passed a law (the Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council. This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law. The Plebeian Council acquired this power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC. The significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians. The result was that control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of voters, but to the new plebeian nobility.

question: What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?, answer: poor | question: Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?, answer: senators | question: What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?, answer: the final plebeian secession | question: What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?, answer: the Lex Hortensia
By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south.

question: Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?, answer: the U.S. Eighth Army | question: Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?, answer: General Walton Walker | question: Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?, answer: to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army | question: What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?, answer: UN morale hit rock bottom