lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.

question: Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?, answer: Jack Kirby | question: What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?, answer: Cold War | question: What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?, answer: costumes | question: None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?, answer: secret identities | question: The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?, answer: "superheroes in the real world"
Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.

question: Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?, answer: charter | question: What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?, answer: Left-wing politics | question: Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?, answer: instant-runoff
Legal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bologna. This led to the recording and standardisation of legal codes throughout Western Europe. Canon law was also studied, and around 1140 a monk named Gratian (fl. 12th century), a teacher at Bologna, wrote what became the standard text of canon law—the Decretum.

question: What is another name for canon law?, answer: ecclesiastical law | question: What is another name for Roman law?, answer: Secular law | question: Where could one study Roman law in 1100?, answer: Bologna | question: In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?, answer: 11th | question: Who wrote the Decretum?, answer: Gratian
Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.

question: In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?, answer: 7th | question: When did Araniko die?, answer: 1306 | question: What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?, answer: Buddhism | question: How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?, answer: 108 | question: Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?, answer: fifty
Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: Aelon̄ Kein Ad (AKA), United People's Party (UPP), Kien Eo Am (KEA) and United Democratic Party (UDP). Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP. The following senators are in the legislative body:

question: What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?, answer: the Council of Iroij | question: Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?, answer: twelve tribal chiefs | question: How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?, answer: ten | question: Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?, answer: the AKA | question: How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?, answer: twenty-four
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.

question: How many members are in Greece's parliament?, answer: 300 | question: How often are elections help for parliament?, answer: every four years | question: Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who?, answer: President of the Republic
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?, answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing | question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?, answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws | question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?, answer: DMCA | question: What else does this law provide to service providers?, answer: safe harbor | question: Who does this law target?, answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement
Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.

question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?, answer: objects | question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?, answer: space | question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?, answer: Newtonian space | question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?, answer: independently | question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?, answer: many centuries
Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth." Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel." Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.

question: What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?, answer: MAU | question: What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?, answer: Hip hop | question: What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?, answer: Neil Ieremia | question: What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?, answer: Katerina Martina Teaiwa | question: Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?, answer: youths
Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life (see e.g., extremophile). "On the tree of life, based on analyses of small-subunit ribosomal RNA, visible life consists of barely noticeable twigs. The inverse relationship of size and population recurs higher on the evolutionary ladder—"to a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects". Insect extinction rates are high—supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis.

question: What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?, answer: Contemporary biodiversity physics | question: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?, answer: microbial life | question: What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?, answer: microbial life | question: What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?, answer: Insect extinction rates
Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.

question: What group advocates leveling the playing field?, answer: International Solar Energy Society | question: How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?, answer: by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D | question: What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?, answer: development of climate-benign energy sources
Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

question: Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?, answer: the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices | question: Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?, answer: Lester Brown | question: What can help over come the problems with the market?, answer: Tax and subsidy shifting
Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

question: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?, answer: Letter case | question: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?, answer: special | question: Which is the most common variant of case in text?, answer: lowercase | question: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?, answer: upper-case | question: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?, answer: easier to distinguish than lowercase
Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons.

question: Where did the rebel barons congregate?, answer: Northampton | question: Who was the rebel baron leader?, answer: Robert fitz Walter | question: What did John instruct Langton to do?, answer: organise peace talks with the rebel barons
Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia. She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, either heliotrope or sunflower, which follows the sun every day.

question: Who was Leucothea's mother?, answer: Orchamus | question: Who is Leucothea's sister?, answer: Clytia | question: Who did Leucothea fall in love with?, answer: Leucothea | question: Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive?, answer: Orchamus
Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.

question: Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?, answer: Lewis Latimer | question: When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?, answer: 17 January 1882 | question: Which company purchased Latimer's patent?, answer: United States Electric Light Company | question: Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?, answer: Edison
Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming capital. Wu Sangui, caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years, decided to cast his lot with the Manchus, with whom he was familiar. Wu Sangui may have been influenced by Li Zicheng's mistreatment of his family and other wealthy and cultured officials; it was said that Li also took Wu's concubine Chen Yuanyuan for himself. Wu and Dorgon allied in the name of avenging the death of the Chongzhen Emperor. Together, the two former enemies met and defeated Li Zicheng's rebel forces in battle on May 27, 1644.

question: How big was Li Zicheng's army?, answer: 200,000 | question: Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?, answer: Wu Sangui | question: What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?, answer: Wu Sangui | question: Who beat Li Zicheng's army?, answer: Wu and Dorgon | question: When did the battle take place?, answer: May 27, 1644
Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.

question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?, answer: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae | question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?, answer: the Declaratio | question: What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?, answer: The Book of Minerals | question: What is the kitab al-Shifa?, answer: Book of the Remedy | question: What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?, answer: minerals
Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.

question: What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?, answer: textile arts and quilting | question: In what years did Liberia host national fairs?, answer: 1857 and 1858 | question: Who is Martha Ann Ricks?, answer: the most well-known Liberian quilters | question: Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?, answer: Queen Victoria | question: What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?, answer: Liberian-made quilt
Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US$16 billion in investment since 2006. Following the inauguration of the Sirleaf administration in 2006, Liberia signed several multibillion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational corporations, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby. Especially palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) are being accused by critics of the destruction of livelihoods and the displacement of local communities, enabled through government concessions. The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Liberia since 1926.

question: Liberia has the highest ratio of what?, answer: of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world | question: How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006?, answer: 16 billion | question: What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006?, answer: several multibillion-dollar concession agreements | question: How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia?, answer: since 1926
Liberia is divided into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a total of 90 districts and further subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, both founded in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km2 (737 sq mi). Montserrado is also the most populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.

question: How many counties is liberia divided into?, answer: fifteen | question: How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into?, answer: 90 | question: What is the oldest county in liberia?, answer: Grand Bassa | question: When was Grand Bassa founded?, answer: 1839 | question: What is Liberia's newest county?, answer: Gbarpolu
Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries. When seeking attention of a selection of service[clarification needed] providers, 89% of Liberians had to pay a bribe, the highest national percentage in the world according to the organization's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.

question: What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?, answer: 3.3 | question: What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?, answer: 87th | question: What did Liberia's score and ranking on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent?, answer: a significant improvement since 2007 | question: What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?, answer: scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries | question: In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?, answer: 89%