lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

question: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?, answer: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names | question: What is TRON?, answer: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters | question: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?, answer: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged
Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).

question: What is the aim of Unicode?, answer: transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings | question: Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?, answer: multilingual computer processing | question: What is multilingual computer processing?, answer: (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other | question: Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?, answer: usually using Latin characters | question: What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?, answer: wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other
Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

question: What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?, answer: most letter/diacritic combinations | question: How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?, answer: U+0065 | question: How is the accent added to the small latin e?, answer: U+0301 | question: What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent?, answer: U+00E9
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.

question: What was Unicode published as?, answer: The Unicode Standard | question: What was unicode developed in conjunction with?, answer: Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) | question: What is the most recent version of Unicode?, answer: Unicode 8.0 | question: Who maintains the Unicode Standard?, answer: Unicode Consortium | question: Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire?, answer: 120,000 characters
Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering—in depth—topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.

question: Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?, answer: International Organization for Standardization | question: What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?, answer: the Universal Character Set | question: What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?, answer: The Unicode Standard | question: What do the two standards differ in?, answer: slightly different terminology
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

question: Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what?, answer: preexisting character encodings | question: How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?, answer: three different encoding forms | question: Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard?, answer: version 3.0
Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.

question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?, answer: Venice Park | question: Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?, answer: Great Island | question: Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?, answer: City Island | question: Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?, answer: Chelsea | question: Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?, answer: Unincorporated communities
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE).

question: How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?, answer: four | question: Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?, answer: Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express | question: Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?, answer: New Haven–Springfield Line | question: Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?, answer: the Vermonter | question: With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?, answer: United Airlines | question: What is the name of the train station within New Haven?, answer: Union Station | question: The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?, answer: New Haven–Springfield Line | question: In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?, answer: United Airlines
Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

question: What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?, answer: y | question: How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?, answer: three | question: What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?, answer: diphthong | question: What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?, answer: ol + dental
Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

question: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum?, answer: reduce software development risks, time, and costs | question: Who performs the Unit testing phase?, answer: software developer or engineer | question: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?, answer: construction errors | question: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?, answer: increase the quality of the resulting software
United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

question: Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?, answer: Ban Ki-moon | question: Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?, answer: renewable energy | question: Who is chair of UN Energy?, answer: Kandeh Yumkella | question: Who is chairman of Bank of America?, answer: Charles Holliday
United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.

question: How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?, answer: US$57.7 million | question: How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?, answer: US$62.7 million | question: What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?, answer: the Amended Compact of Free Association | question: What will be established in 2023?, answer: a trust fund
United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole," wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.

question: When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?, answer: 1994 | question: At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?, answer: non-commercial motives | question: What loophole did the ruling give rise to?, answer: LaMacchia Loophole | question: If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?, answer: dismissed
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

question: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?, answer: international Millennium Development Goals | question: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?, answer: charitable funding | question: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?, answer: Transparency International
Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

question: Which company is directly above Universal Studios?, answer: NBCUniversal | question: Which company runs NBC Universal?, answer: Comcast | question: What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?, answer: Big Six | question: When was Universal Studios created?, answer: 1912 | question: Where does Universal's filming take place?, answer: Universal City, California | question: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?, answer: Universal Pictures | question: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?, answer: Comcast | question: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?, answer: 100 Universal City Plaza Drive | question: In what city and state are its production studios located?, answer: Universal City, California | question: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?, answer: New York City
Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

question: After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?, answer: Chicago | question: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?, answer: 1908 | question: What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?, answer: Edison | question: For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?, answer: the Latham Loop
Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars, and often borrowed talent from other studios, or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich, Margaret Sullavan, and Bing Crosby were two of the major names that made a couple of pictures for Universal during this period. Some stars came from radio, including Edgar Bergen, W. C. Fields, and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello (Bud Abbott and Lou Costello). Abbott and Costello's military comedy Buck Privates (1941) gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile.

question: What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?, answer: Bud Abbott and Lou Costello | question: What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?, answer: Buck Privates | question: Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?, answer: W. C. Fields
Universal owned the rights to the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first "sync" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.

question: Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?, answer: Ub Iwerks | question: Who owned the rights to Oswald?, answer: Universal | question: Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?, answer: Charles Mintz | question: What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?, answer: Mickey Mouse | question: What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?, answer: Steamboat Willie
Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the advertising campaign of the film. Standard Capital's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors, and instituted severe cuts in production budgets. Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had a few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, left.

question: Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?, answer: J. Cheever Cowdin | question: What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?, answer: Margaret Sullavan | question: Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?, answer: J. Cheever Cowdin | question: Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?, answer: William Wyler | question: In what year was Show Boat released?, answer: 1936
Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.

question: What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?, answer: The theater chain | question: Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?, answer: production operations
Universal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires.

question: Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?, answer: Elliott Management | question: With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?, answer: Legendary Pictures | question: How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?, answer: five years | question: In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?, answer: 2014