lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.

question: How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?, answer: more than 25,000 | question: When was the Spitak earthquake?, answer: 1988 | question: How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993, answer: 60% | question: What is the national currency of Armenia?, answer: the dram
Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.

question: From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?, answer: Central Asia | question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?, answer: Muslim intrusions | question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?, answer: assimilated | question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?, answer: Islamic identity | question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?, answer: mixed
Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.

question: Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?, answer: states were all multi-ethnic polities | question: During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?, answer: This period is considered a golden age | question: Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?, answer: Hanthawaddy monarchs | question: Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar, answer: Mrauk U
Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections. Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

question: Are minority leaders usually experienced?, answer: Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position | question: In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?, answer: 108th Congress | question: How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?, answer: 20 years | question: When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?, answer: 1981 | question: John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?, answer: 1973
Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a urinary bladder or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ostrich) uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's cloaca. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by joining cloaca, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate pellets. Males within Palaeognathae (with the exception of the kiwis), the Anseriformes (with the exception of screamers), and in rudimentary forms in Galliformes (but fully developed in Cracidae) possess a penis, which is never present in Neoaves. The length is thought to be related to sperm competition. When not copulating, it is hidden within the proctodeum compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The digestive system of birds is unique, with a crop for storage and a gizzard that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.

question: What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?, answer: uricotelic | question: Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?, answer: ostrich | question: What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?, answer: cloaca | question: How do most birds mate?, answer: by joining cloaca | question: What aids birds with flight?, answer: rapid digestion
Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. According to 2011 statistics, there are 106 parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes for Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics. There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city, as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students.

question: What is the most predominant religion in France?, answer: Roman Catholic | question: How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?, answer: 106 | question: How many catholic schools are in Paris?, answer: 110 | question: How many students attend catholic schools?, answer: 75,000
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.:71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.:9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,:12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.:15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.:19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (74¢ US) to ₹800 (US$12) per day.:25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.:71

question: What percentage of Hyderabad's employed are employed informally?, answer: 30% | question: In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have?, answer: 40–50,000 | question: What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007?, answer: 84% | question: Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007?, answer: four fifths | question: In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations?, answer: 8%
Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988, and the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries. The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas.

question: What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?, answer: Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans | question: Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?, answer: political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s | question: When did the Nicaraguans arrive?, answer: Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988 | question: Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?, answer: The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas. | question: Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?, answer: the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries.
Likewise, group theory helps predict the changes in physical properties that occur when a material undergoes a phase transition, for example, from a cubic to a tetrahedral crystalline form. An example is ferroelectric materials, where the change from a paraelectric to a ferroelectric state occurs at the Curie temperature and is related to a change from the high-symmetry paraelectric state to the lower symmetry ferroelectic state, accompanied by a so-called soft phonon mode, a vibrational lattice mode that goes to zero frequency at the transition.

question: What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?, answer: group theory | question: What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?, answer: phase transition | question: What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?, answer: Curie temperature | question: What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?, answer: soft phonon mode
Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.

question: What are ways that small social groups can force morality?, answer: gossip or reputation | question: Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?, answer: Matt Rossano | question: What did Émile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?, answer: gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings | question: Why would humans have begun to create gods?, answer: a means of enforcing morality | question: Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?, answer: Matt Rossano | question: Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?, answer: morality | question: Omniprestent gods helped build what?, answer: more cooperative groups
Lilius's proposals had two components. Firstly, he proposed a correction to the length of the year. The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long. As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days, the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year. The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years. Lilius's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days (see Accuracy). At the time of Gregory's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea, resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March, and if unreformed it would drift further. Lilius proposed that the 10-day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years, thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March.

question: What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?, answer: length of the year | question: By how much is the Julian calendar too long?, answer: 11 minutes | question: How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?, answer: three days | question: On what date was the original vernal equinox set?, answer: 21 March | question: By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?, answer: 10 or 11 March
Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.

question: Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance?, answer: Linda Woodhead | question: Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?, answer: Michael Martin | question: How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?, answer: three | question: What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?, answer: faith in Jesus | question: What are the three creeds Martin studied?, answer: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed
Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?, answer: as the same language | question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?, answer: as the same language | question: What is the official regulating body of Valencian?, answer: the Valencian Academy of Language | question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?, answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional tables would be found by searching for this key. For instance, if the login name of a user is unique, addresses and phone numbers for that user would be recorded with the login name as its key. This simple "re-linking" of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for.

question: What is a key used for?, answer: uniquely defining a particular record | question: What technique is used to collect into one place?, answer: re-linking | question: How is information accessed in a relational model?, answer: a "key" | question: How is data in an optional table accessed?, answer: by searching for this key
Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

question: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?, answer: Lions | question: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?, answer: about 30 | question: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?, answer: olive baboons | question: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?, answer: elephant
Liquor was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC. However, this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 L (0.05 gallons) was levied for those who traded it privately. By 110 BC Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants. Apart from Emperor Ming's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization, which was abolished in 68 AD, central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han.

question: What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?, answer: Liquor | question: In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?, answer: 81 BC | question: What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?, answer: price control regulations | question: What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?, answer: grain | question: What office did Emperor Ming create?, answer: Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization
Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

question: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?, answer: over 97% | question: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?, answer: 37% | question: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?, answer: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | question: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?, answer: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

question: What can use words from different dialects?, answer: Literary Catalan | question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?, answer: restricted use | question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?, answer: 19th century | question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?, answer: detriment of others | question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?, answer: greater freedom of choice
Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

question: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?, answer: intimate emotional aspects | question: How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?, answer: It benefits the psychological development and understanding | question: What writer's entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?, answer: D. Mitchell | question: Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?, answer: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child | question: How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?, answer: “wonder”