lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
These advantages offset the high stress, physical exertion costs, and other risks of the migration. Predation can be heightened during migration: Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae, which breeds on Mediterranean islands, has a very late breeding season, coordinated with the autumn passage of southbound passerine migrants, which it feeds to its young. A similar strategy is adopted by the greater noctule bat, which preys on nocturnal passerine migrants. The higher concentrations of migrating birds at stopover sites make them prone to parasites and pathogens, which require a heightened immune response.

question: What is hightened during migration?, answer: Predation | question: Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?, answer: Mediterranean islands | question: What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?, answer: southbound passerine migrants | question: What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?, answer: the greater noctule bat | question: What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?, answer: higher concentrations of migrating birds
These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

question: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?, answer: two buses | question: USB was designed for what?, answer: simplicity and low cost | question: FireWire was designed for what?, answer: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video | question: FireWire 400 is faster than what?, answer: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use
These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges. Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics, and also the tallest trees in the world (the Redwoods).

question: What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?, answer: Yosemite and Mount Rainier | question: What is the name of the famous valley located in California?, answer: Central Valley | question: What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon?, answer: Willamette Valley | question: What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called?, answer: Pacific Coast Ranges | question: What are the tallest trees in the world?, answer: Redwoods
These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative.

question: Where are the quartiers sensibles located?, answer: northern and eastern Paris | question: What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?, answer: Goutte d'Or and Belleville | question: Why were these neighborhoods created?, answer: Delouvrier's 1961 "ville nouvelle" political initiative
These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?, answer: pansexual or polysexual, | question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?, answer: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions | question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?, answer: Androphilia and gynephilia | question: What is androphilia used to describe?, answer: sexual attraction to masculinity | question: What is gynephilia used to describe?, answer: the sexual attraction to femininity
These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.

question: What were the primary courts of the empire?, answer: Islamic courts | question: From what works was Sharia developed?, answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth | question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?, answer: the prophet Muhammad | question: Where were the empire's law schools?, answer: in Istanbul and Bursa. | question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?, answer: Jews and Christians
These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed] The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized. Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern, progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution. Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, but also by legal precedence, making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era, and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution.

question: Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?, answer: religion | question: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?, answer: 1868 | question: What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?, answer: first amendment's application to the state government | question: What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?, answer: progressivist | question: What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?, answer: legal precedence
These decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the reason for this was inaccuracy of navigation. The effectiveness of British countermeasures against Knickebein, which was designed to avoid area attacks, forced the Luftwaffe to resort to these methods. The shift from precision bombing to area attack is indicated in the tactical methods and weapons dropped. KGr 100 increased its use of incendiaries from 13–28 percent. By December, this had increased to 92 percent. Use of incendiaries, which were inherently inaccurate, indicated much less care was taken to avoid civilian property close to industrial sites. Other units ceased using parachute flares and opted for explosive target markers. Captured German air crews also indicated the homes of industrial workers were deliberately targeted.

question: Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?, answer: unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack) | question: What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?, answer: inaccuracy of navigation | question: How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks?, answer: tactical methods and weapons dropped | question: What percentage of incendiaries were used in December?, answer: 92 percent | question: How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted?, answer: Captured German air crews
These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.

question: What did the Sumerian deities form?, answer: a core pantheon | question: Why did the gods create human beings from clay?, answer: for the purpose of serving them | question: What could Sumerian gods be associated with?, answer: different cities | question: What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?, answer: those cities' political power | question: How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?, answer: a payment of silver
These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Thus, since 1918, theorists have understood that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time.

question: Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?, answer: William Thomson | question: What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?, answer: Thermodynamics | question: Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?, answer: Jožef Stefan | question: What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?, answer: Noether's theorem
These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

question: Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?, answer: category of analysis | question: What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?, answer: their own preconceptions of identity | question: The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea?, answer: the idea of identification | question: Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?, answer: human social self-expression | question: What is it impossible to do with identity?, answer: define it empirically
These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was "overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and "the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech—both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.

question: Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?, answer: Russia | question: What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?, answer: hereditary | question: Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?, answer: French | question: Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?, answer: fourteen and fifteen years
These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.

question: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?, answer: 1080i format | question: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?, answer: MPEG-2 | question: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?, answer: DVB-S | question: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?, answer: MPEG-4/AVC | question: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?, answer: DVB-S2
These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street, and was later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools, and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic Nativist riots had erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. In the latter half of the century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe and Italy; and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city. Between 1880 and 1930, the African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559. Twentieth-century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural South to northern and midwestern industrial cities.

question: Who carried out the first strike in North America?, answer: immigrants | question: When did the strike take place?, answer: 1835 | question: What did the strikers achieve?, answer: ten-hour workday | question: Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?, answer: the Great Famine | question: When did the black population explode?, answer: Between 1880 and 1930
These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?, answer: 1995 | question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?, answer: marked Israel as not having DST | question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?, answer: twice a year | question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?, answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law | question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?, answer: the Gregorian calendar
These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.

question: What was the original purpose for pancake motors?, answer: drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives | question: What are advantages of pancake motors?, answer: minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance | question: For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?, answer: high temperature | question: What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?, answer: high-performance
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

question: What year did the Football Association form?, answer: 1863 | question: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?, answer: Freemasons' Tavern | question: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?, answer: 1871 | question: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?, answer: eleven | question: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?, answer: The Sheffield FA
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

question: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?, answer: all African-descended people | question: What does this aim to stimulate?, answer: a "black" consciousness and identity. | question: What does the term "pardo" include?, answer: a wide range of multiracial people | question: What does caboclos mean?, answer: mestizos