lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

question: When was the Nanjing Library completed?, answer: 1907 | question: What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?, answer: the third largest library in China | question: How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?, answer: more than 10 million volumes | question: What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?, answer: Nanjing University Library | question: Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?, answer: Peking University Library
Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.

question: What city is northeast of Nanjing?, answer: Yangzhou | question: What is southeast of Nanjing?, answer: Changzhou | question: What province is to the west of Nanjing?, answer: Anhui province | question: How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?, answer: five | question: What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?, answer: Zhenjiang
Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.

question: When did Nanjing become a state capital?, answer: 229 AD | question: Who founded Eastern Wu?, answer: Sun Quan | question: When was Eastern Wu founded?, answer: during the Three Kingdoms period | question: Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?, answer: the Western Jin dynasty | question: When was Nanjing extended?, answer: 211 AD
Nanjing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is under the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with Chongqing and Wuhan, Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "Three Furnacelike Cities" along the Yangtze River (长江流域三大火炉) for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime. However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the plum blossom blooming season in which the meiyu (rainy season of East Asia; literally "plum rain") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around 15.46 °C (59.8 °F), with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −14.0 °C (7 °F) on 6 January 1955 to 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 22 August 1959. On average precipitation falls 115 days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is 1,062 millimetres (42 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37 percent in March to 52 percent in August, the city receives 1,983 hours of bright sunshine annually.

question: What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?, answer: a humid subtropical climate | question: What monsoon affects Nanjing?, answer: the East Asian monsoon | question: Nanjing is one of three "Furnacelike" cities. What are the other two cities?, answer: Chongqing and Wuhan | question: How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?, answer: 115 days | question: How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?, answer: 1,983 hours
Nanjing has been the educational centre in southern China for more than 1700 years. There are 75 institutions of higher learning till 2013. The number of National key laboratories, National key disciplines and the academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering all rank third in the nation. It boasts some of the most prominent educational institutions in the region, some of which are listed as follows:

question: How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?, answer: more than 1700 years | question: How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?, answer: 75 | question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?, answer: third | question: What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?, answer: third | question: What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?, answer: some of the most prominent
Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. Nanjing Museum, formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection,. The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world. Other museums include the City Museum of Nanjing in the Chaotian Palace, the Oriental Metropolitan Museum, the China Modern History Museum in the Presidential Palace, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall, the Taiping Kingdom History Museum, Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum, Nanjing Yunjin Museum, Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum, Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House, Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such Zheng He Memorial, Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial.

question: What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China?, answer: Nanjing | question: What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum?, answer: National Central Museum | question: Which museum was the first modern one in China?, answer: Nanjing Museum | question: What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?, answer: Ming and Qing imperial porcelain | question: How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain?, answer: 400,000 items
Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China. It serves as rail junction for the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) (which is itself composed of the old Jinpu and Huning Railways), Nanjing–Tongling Railway (Ningtong), Nanjing–Qidong (Ningqi), and the Nanjing-Xian (Ningxi) which encompasses the Hefei–Nanjing Railway. Nanjing is connected to the national high-speed railway network by Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line, with several more high-speed rail lines under construction.

question: Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?, answer: eastern China | question: What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?, answer: Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) | question: What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?, answer: the old Jinpu and Huning Railways | question: What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?, answer: Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line | question: What type of railway lines are now under construction?, answer: several more high-speed rail lines
Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and sulfur reserves make up 40 percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of strontium rank first in East Asia and the South East Asia region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in Jiangning and Tangquan Hot Spring in Pukou.

question: How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?, answer: 40 | question: Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?, answer: iron and sulfur | question: For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?, answer: strontium | question: What are Nanjing's main water sources?, answer: the Yangtze River and groundwater | question: What hot spring is in Jiangning?, answer: Tangshan Hot Spring
Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year.

question: Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?, answer: mainland China | question: How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?, answer: thousands | question: What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?, answer: historical buildings | question: List three natural attractions of Nanjing., answer: lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains
Nanjing is the intersection of Yangtze River, an east-west water transport artery, and Nanjing–Beijing railway, a south-north land transport artery, hence the name “door of the east and west, throat of the south and north”. Furthermore, the west part of the Ningzhen range is in Nanjing; the Loong-like Zhong Mountain is curling in the east of the city; the tiger-like Stone Mountain is crouching in the west of the city, hence the name “the Zhong Mountain, a dragon curling, and the Stone Mountain, a tiger crouching”. Mr. Sun Yet-sen spoke highly of Nanjing in the “Constructive Scheme for Our Country”, “The position of Nanjing is wonderful since mountains, lakes and plains all integrated in it. It is hard to find another city like this.”

question: What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?, answer: Yangtze River | question: What is the railway that runs South to North called?, answer: Nanjing–Beijing railway | question: What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?, answer: Zhong Mountain | question: What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?, answer: Stone Mountain | question: Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?, answer: tiger
Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank.

question: What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?, answer: land, water and air | question: What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?, answer: public transportation | question: How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?, answer: five | question: How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?, answer: two | question: Where is the city centre located?, answer: on the south bank
Nanjing's airport, Lukou International Airport, serves both national and international flights. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight. The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, USA and Germany. The airport is connected by a 29-kilometre (18 mi) highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway Ninggao Intercity Line is being built to link the airport with Nanjing South Railway Station. Lukou Airport was opened on 28 June 1997, replacing Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.

question: What is Nanjing's airport called?, answer: Lukou International Airport | question: How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?, answer: 85 routes | question: How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?, answer: 15,011,792 passengers | question: When did the airport open for business?, answer: 28 June 1997 | question: What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?, answer: Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport
Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

question: How long has Nanjing been important?, answer: over a thousand years | question: How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?, answer: Four | question: What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?, answer: Nanjing | question: What mausoleum is in Nanjing?, answer: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum | question: What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?, answer: Nanjing
Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (東南, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (江南, River South, south of Yangtze).

question: How large is Nanjing, in miles?, answer: 2,548 sq mi | question: Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?, answer: past the west side and then north side | question: How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?, answer: 190 mi | question: How far is Nanjing from Beijing?, answer: 750 mi | question: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?, answer: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region
Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

question: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?, answer: Charlemagne | question: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?, answer: London Straits Convention | question: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?, answer: Sultan Abdülmecid I | question: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?, answer: Greek Orthodox Church | question: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?, answer: France and the Roman Catholic Church
Napoleon III, since the Crimean War Britain's closest ally, visited London in April 1855, and from 17 to 28 August the same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit. Napoleon III met the couple at Dunkirk and accompanied them to Paris. They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's 1851 brainchild the Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had only been returned in 1840), and were guests of honour at a 1,200-guest ball at the Palace of Versailles.

question: who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?, answer: Napoleon III | question: When did Napoleon iii visit London?, answer: April 1855 | question: Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?, answer: Dunkirk | question: Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?, answer: Paris | question: Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?, answer: the Palace of Versailles | question: Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?, answer: Napoleon III | question: What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit?, answer: Exposition Universelle | question: When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides?, answer: 1840 | question: How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?, answer: 1,200 | question: Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?, answer: Dunkirk | question: When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?, answer: 1840 | question: Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?, answer: Napoleon III | question: Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?, answer: Palace of Versailles | question: When did Napoleon III visit London?, answer: April 1855
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

question: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?, answer: Charles Léon | question: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?, answer: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne | question: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?, answer: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski | question: DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?, answer: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype | question: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?, answer: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

question: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?, answer: the Middle East | question: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?, answer: Selim III | question: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?, answer: 1806 | question: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?, answer: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar | question: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?, answer: 1807
Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

question: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?, answer: Germany | question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?, answer: the Holy Roman Empire | question: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?, answer: 300 | question: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?, answer: less than 50 | question: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?, answer: 15 million dollars
Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

question: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?, answer: Napoleon | question: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?, answer: slavery | question: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?, answer: his opponents | question: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?, answer: the Haitian Revolution | question: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?, answer: His critics