lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious organisms by examining their microscopic features, by detecting the presence of substances produced by pathogens, and by directly identifying an organism by its genotype. Other techniques (such as X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR) are used to produce images of internal abnormalities resulting from the growth of an infectious agent. The images are useful in detection of, for example, a bone abscess or a spongiform encephalopathy produced by a prion.

question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?, answer: by medical history and physical examination | question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?, answer: detailed identification | question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?, answer: microscopic features | question: What can organisms be directly identified by?, answer: its genotype | question: What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?, answer: X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR
Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified. The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is benign.

question: What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying?, answer: an infectious agent either directly or indirectly | question: Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?, answer: clinical | question: How are minor infectious diseases treated?, answer: without knowledge of the specific causative agent | question: What can be identified given sufficient effort?, answer: all known infectious agents | question: Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?, answer: greatly outweighed by the cost
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed, however, may be normal.

question: What is diarrhea?, answer: the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day | question: What is one of the effects of diarrhea?, answer: can result in dehydration due to fluid loss | question: What are the warning signs of dehydration?, answer: loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour | question: What are other signs of dehydration?, answer: decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness
Diarrheal disease may have a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development. "Early childhood malnutrition resulting from any cause reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults," and diarrhea is a primary cause of childhood malnutrition. Further, evidence suggests that diarrheal disease has significant impacts on mental development and health; it has been shown that, even when controlling for helminth infection and early breastfeeding, children who had experienced severe diarrhea had significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence.

question: Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?, answer: a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development | question: What can early childhood malnutrition cause?, answer: reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults | question: What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?, answer: diarrhea | question: Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?, answer: significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence
Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

question: What was turned into a monument after the war?, answer: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall | question: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?, answer: Diaz | question: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed?, answer: the Mexican Revolution | question: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?, answer: Porfirian/French style | question: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?, answer: Colonia Roma
Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence. Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.

question: What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?, answer: promoting better eating practices | question: What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?, answer: Zinc | question: WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?, answer: zinc supplementation
Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis – the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain.

question: What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?, answer: Dietary fiber | question: How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?, answer: four | question: What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?, answer: cellulose | question: What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?, answer: constipation | question: What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?, answer: slow the absorption of sugar
Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.

question: What kind of element are dietary minerals?, answer: inorganic chemical elements | question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?, answer: the less common elements in the diet | question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?, answer: ions | question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?, answer: ionic forms | question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?, answer: iodine
Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the Theotokos, and may do so on August 28, if they follow the Julian calendar. The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.

question: On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?, answer: August 15 | question: What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?, answer: Dormition of the Theotokos | question: On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?, answer: August 28 | question: How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?, answer: 12 | question: Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?, answer: do not
Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with, among other factors, ethnicity, genetics, and sex. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women. Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds. For instance, patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock, muscle cramp and heat.

question: Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?, answer: sex | question: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?, answer: Europeans | question: What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?, answer: Italian | question: What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?, answer: pain perception | question: Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?, answer: pain thresholds
Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called "cohee". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain.

question: Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?, answer: Low Country | question: Western North carolina is also known as what?, answer: uplands | question: Where was The Tidewater located?, answer: eastern North Carolina | question: Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?, answer: The Tidewater | question: Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?, answer: the British Crown
Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

question: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?, answer: cloth | question: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?, answer: rectangles | question: What nationality wears kilts?, answer: Scottish | question: Pins or belts hold what in place?, answer: garments | question: What precious material may remain uncut?, answer: cloth
Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter". Scientifically, the term "mass" is well-defined, but "matter" is not. Sometimes in the field of physics "matter" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality.

question: What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for?, answer: matter | question: Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now aren't compatible because scientists didn't need to distinguish matter from what other term?, answer: mass | question: What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass?, answer: matter | question: What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics?, answer: wave–particle duality | question: Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they can't travel at what speed?, answer: the speed of light
Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language.

question: What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?, answer: sounds | question: What part of a human does language processing?, answer: brain | question: The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?, answer: allophones
Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

question: What are three digestions phases?, answer: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase | question: Where does the cephalic phase occur?, answer: at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex | question: Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?, answer: the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata | question: How long does the gastric phase take?, answer: 3 to 4 hours | question: How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?, answer: by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH
Different pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may not correspond to heartwood and sapwood. In a large log the sapwood, because of the time in the life of the tree when it was grown, may be inferior in hardness, strength, and toughness to equally sound heartwood from the same log. In a smaller tree, the reverse may be true.

question: When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?, answer: differ | question: In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?, answer: heartwood | question: If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?, answer: sapwood | question: Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?, answer: mature
Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.

question: What do religions share across their belief structures?, answer: similarities arising from their common roots | question: What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?, answer: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature | question: Who does Christianity share roots with?, answer: attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism | question: How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?, answer: Thirteen | question: What three religions share similar parts?, answer: God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism | question: What three religions share similar beginnings?, answer: Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism | question: What attributes do religions all roughly share?, answer: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature
Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

question: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?, answer: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black" | question: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?, answer: societal variables | question: Are mixed race people classified as black?, answer: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." | question: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?, answer: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. | question: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?, answer: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.