lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

question: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?, answer: near the mouth of the Loire | question: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?, answer: their Brest and Toulon fleets | question: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?, answer: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet | question: What happened to the French Brest fleet?, answer: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground | question: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?, answer: putting an end to the French plans.
The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In addition, the Prussian artillery batteries had 30% more guns than their French counterparts. The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2–3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 mi), beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle. The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity, before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks.

question: What type of artillery were the French equipped with?, answer: bronze, rifled muzzle-loading | question: What newer artillery were Prussians using?, answer: steel breech-loading guns | question: What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?, answer: ammunition | question: The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?, answer: 30% more | question: What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?, answer: 2–3 kilometres
The French were unaware of German numerical superiority at the beginning of the battle as the German 2nd Army did not attack all at once. Treating the oncoming attacks as merely skirmishes, Frossard did not request additional support from other units. By the time he realized what kind of a force he was opposing, it was too late. Seriously flawed communications between Frossard and those in reserve under Bazaine slowed down so much that by the time the reserves received orders to move out to Spicheren, German soldiers from the 1st and 2nd armies had charged up the heights. Because the reserves had not arrived, Frossard erroneously believed that he was in grave danger of being outflanked as German soldiers under General von Glume were spotted in Forbach. Instead of continuing to defend the heights, by the close of battle after dusk he retreated to the south. The German casualties were relatively high due to the advance and the effectiveness of the chassepot rifle. They were quite startled in the morning when they had found out that their efforts were not in vain—Frossard had abandoned his position on the heights.

question: What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?, answer: German numerical superiority | question: Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?, answer: Frossard | question: What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?, answer: Seriously flawed communications | question: What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?, answer: effectiveness of the chassepot rifle | question: What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?, answer: Frossard had abandoned his position
The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

question: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?, answer: Go-Sanjō | question: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?, answer: Go-Sanjō | question: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?, answer: insei
The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the "pursuit of arts". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater "organizational dynamism".

question: Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?, answer: Heian-kyō and Nara | question: Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?, answer: The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces | question: The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?, answer: organizational dynamism
The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.

question: Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?, answer: developing countries | question: To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?, answer: population concerns | question: What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?, answer: policies and strategies | question: Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?, answer: Dr. Osotimehin | question: The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?, answer: Goodwill Ambassadors
The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia?, answer: below the national average | question: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?, answer: Until 2004 | question: What has helped to improve Thuringia?, answer: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth | question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?, answer: around 2020
The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."

question: When did the GSM Association follow suit?, answer: 17 February 2009 | question: UCS chargers will also include what?, answer: a 4-star or higher efficiency rating | question: When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?, answer: 22 April 2009
The Galician road network includes autopistas and autovías connecting the major cities, as well as national and secondary roads to the rest of the municipalities. The Autovía A-6 connects A Coruña and Lugo to Madrid, entering Galicia at Pedrafita do Cebreiro. The Autovía A-52 connects O Porriño, Ourense and Benavente, and enters Galicia at A Gudiña. Two more autovías are under construction. Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on the Cantabrian coast, and ends in Baamonde (Lugo province). Autovía A-76 enters Galicia in Valdeorras; it is an upgrade of the existing N-120 to Ourense and Vigo.

question: Which Spanish city does the Autovía A-6 lead to?, answer: Madrid | question: The Autovía A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?, answer: Cantabrian
The Game is included in the newspaper on Mondays, and details all the weekend's football activity (Premier League and Football League Championship, League One and League Two.) The Scottish edition of The Game also includes results and analysis from Scottish Premier League games.

question: What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?, answer: football | question: What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?, answer: Scottish Premier League | question: What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?, answer: The Game
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.

question: How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?, answer: 17 acres | question: How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?, answer: $500 million | question: How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?, answer: six | question: How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?, answer: 2,600
The Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1948 to 1967 and then by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, Israel removed all of its settlers and forces from the territory. Israel does not consider the Gaza Strip to be occupied territory and declared it a "foreign territory". That view has been disputed by numerous international humanitarian organizations and various bodies of the United Nations. Following June 2007, when Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip, Israel tightened its control of the Gaza crossings along its border, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting the area except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian. Gaza has a border with Egypt and an agreement between Israel, the European Union and the PA governed how border crossing would take place (it was monitored by European observers). Egypt adhered to this agreement under Mubarak and prevented access to Gaza until April 2011 when it announced it was opening its border with Gaza.

question: The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?, answer: Egypt | question: Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?, answer: Israel | question: When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?, answer: June 2007
The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.

question: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?, answer: 1992 | question: What organization debates the rule of law?, answer: The Security Council | question: What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?, answer: The Peacebuilding Commission | question: What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?, answer: human rights education | question: In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?, answer: 2006
The Georgics' tone wavers between optimism and pessimism, sparking critical debate on the poet's intentions, but the work lays the foundations for later didactic poetry. Virgil and Maecenas are said to have taken turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

question: Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle?, answer: Battle of Actium | question: When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?, answer: 31 BC | question: Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian?, answer: Maecenas
The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.

question: What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?, answer: The German Empire | question: What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?, answer: the Entente | question: What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?, answer: Bolsheviks | question: Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?, answer: Whites
The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to house it. During its years of colonial rule, Japan moved more than 1,000 Japanese to the Marshall Islands although they never outnumbered the indigenous peoples as they did in the Mariana Islands and Palau.

question: About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?, answer: 1,000 | question: What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?, answer: economic | question: What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?, answer: land | question: Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?, answer: Palau
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.

question: How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold?, answer: three | question: What did the city hall used to be known as?, answer: Hôtel de Hanau | question: What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?, answer: Hôpital civil | question: What did the military governors residence used to be called?, answer: Hôtel des Deux-Ponts | question: Where is the Opera House located?, answer: Place Broglie
The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Most of them are not mutually intelligible. German dialectology traditionally names the major dialect groups after Germanic tribes from which they were assumed to have descended.[citation needed]

question: After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?, answer: Germanic tribes
The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.

question: Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?, answer: the North German Confederation | question: When was the Paris Convention?, answer: 1883 | question: When was the Berne Convention?, answer: 1886 | question: When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?, answer: 1893 | question: What name did the merged secretariats adopt?, answer: United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property
The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

question: What is the biggest school in Thuringia?, answer: The University of Jena | question: How many universities are there in Thuringia?, answer: four | question: How many students attend The University of Erfurt?, answer: 5,000 | question: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?, answer: The Bauhaus University Weimar | question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?, answer: 1860
The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.

question: Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"?, answer: Ludwig Feuerbach | question: In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written?, answer: 1841 | question: What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be?, answer: the outward projection of man's inward nature | question: The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?, answer: Karl Marx
The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

question: How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?, answer: 9,800 pages | question: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?, answer: Exploitation German Archives | question: Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?, answer: Thuringia | question: Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?, answer: personal insurance for his future well-being | question: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?, answer: the American zone
The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.

question: Who led the Soviet rocket engineers, answer: Sergei Korolev | question: Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?, answer: Siberia | question: What was his "secret" title after World War II?, answer: the Chief Designer | question: The German rocket center was located in what city?, answer: Peenemünde | question: Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?, answer: Sergei Korolev | question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?, answer: 1938 | question: Sergei Korolev died in what year?, answer: 1966 | question: After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?, answer: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer