lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.

question: Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?, answer: continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth | question: How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?, answer: a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity | question: Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?, answer: Because of the pressure differential | question: What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?, answer: displacement pumps
To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers. In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner city population. The Bolte government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of St Kilda Junction, the widening of Hoddle Street and then the extensive 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.

question: Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?, answer: freeway and highway developments | question: Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?, answer: Bolte | question: The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?, answer: Hoddle Street | question: Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?, answer: car-dominated | question: Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?, answer: declining
To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.

question: How do fireworks create green sparks?, answer: barium salts | question: Which copper salt can produce green glames?, answer: cupric chloride | question: What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?, answer: 75:25
To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, temporal masking—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.

question: What may be used to weight the importance of components?, answer: Equal-loudness contours | question: What are often called psychoacoustic models?, answer: Models of the human ear-brain | question: What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?, answer: temporal masking
To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an "Entertainment System" instead of a "video game system", which was centered upon a machine called a "Control Deck" instead of a "console", and which featured software cartridges called "Game Paks" instead of "video games". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, "This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product". This text was later changed to "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality".

question: What was Nintendo's euphemism for "video game system?", answer: Entertainment System | question: What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?, answer: Control Deck | question: What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "video games?", answer: Game Pak | question: What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?, answer: seal of quality | question: The seal of quality took on what eventual name?, answer: Official Nintendo Seal of Quality
To distinguish official campaigning from independent campaigning, political advertisements on television were required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement. Advertisements produced by political campaigns usually included the statement, "I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message." Advertisements produced by independent organizations usually included the statement, "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement", and from September 3 (60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name. Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.

question: How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??, answer: required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement | question: What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?, answer: 60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name | question: Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?, answer: "I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message." | question: Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?, answer: "[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement" | question: What was the tag line requirement before?, answer: Previously, television advertisements only required a written "paid for by" disclaimer on the screen.
To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.

question: What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?, answer: Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation | question: Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?, answer: prizes | question: What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?, answer: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative | question: What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?, answer: Stop TB Partnership
To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

question: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?, answer: the Roman | question: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?, answer: assassination plots | question: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?, answer: Bourbon | question: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?, answer: 99% | question: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?, answer: 3.6 million
To extend and consolidate the dynasty's control in Central Asia, the Kangxi Emperor personally led a series of military campaigns against the Dzungars in Outer Mongolia. The Kangxi Emperor was able to successfully expel Galdan's invading forces from these regions, which were then incorporated into the empire. Galdan was eventually killed in the Dzungar–Qing War. In 1683, Qing forces received the surrender of Taiwan from Zheng Keshuang, grandson of Koxinga, who had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists as a base against the Qing. Zheng Keshuang was awarded the title "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公) and was inducted into the Han Chinese Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners when he moved to Beijing. Several Ming princes had accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1661-1662, including the Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui and Prince Zhu Honghuan (朱弘桓), son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan in 1683 back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile since their lives were spared from execution. Winning Taiwan freed Kangxi's forces for series of battles over Albazin, the far eastern outpost of the Tsardom of Russia. Zheng's former soldiers on Taiwan like the rattan shield troops were also inducted into the Eight Banners and used by the Qing against Russian Cossacks at Albazin. The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk was China's first formal treaty with a European power and kept the border peaceful for the better part of two centuries. After Galdan's death, his followers, as adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, attempted to control the choice of the next Dalai Lama. Kangxi dispatched two armies to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and installed a Dalai Lama sympathetic to the Qing.

question: Who did Kangxi fight?, answer: Dzungars | question: When was Galdan killed?, answer: Dzungar–Qing War | question: Where did Kangxi lead an army?, answer: Outer Mongolia | question: When did Taiwan fall?, answer: 1683 | question: What European country did Kangxi fight?, answer: Russia
To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?, answer: pin | question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?, answer: aspirated
To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but also exist throughout the United States, Europe and the rest of the world. They perform works composed for mandolin family instruments, or re-orchestrations of traditional pieces. The structure of a contemporary traditional mandolin orchestra consists of: first and second mandolins, mandolas (either octave mandolas, tuned an octave below the mandolin, or tenor mandolas, tuned like the viola), mandocellos (tuned like the cello), and bass instruments (conventional string bass or, rarely, mandobasses). Smaller ensembles, such as quartets composed of two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, may also be found.

question: What type of music has mandolins played?, answer: mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles | question: Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular?, answer: Japan and Germany | question: What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?, answer: first and second mandolins, | question: What are smalled ensambles composed of?, answer: two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello, | question: What are the mandocellos usually tuned like?, answer: cello
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

question: How does Alaska finance its state government operations?, answer: petroleum revenues and federal subsidies | question: How many states in the US do not have sales tax?, answer: five | question: How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?, answer: seven | question: Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?, answer: Alaska
To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of the coiled coil is that evaporation of the tungsten filament is at the rate of a tungsten cylinder having a diameter equal to that of the coiled coil. The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly than a straight filament of the same surface area and light-emitting power. As a result, the filament can then run hotter, which results in a more efficient light source, while reducing the evaporation so that the filament will last longer than a straight filament at the same temperature.

question: How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?, answer: 22.8 inches | question: What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?, answer: The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly | question: What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?, answer: more efficient light source | question: What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?, answer: 0.0018 inches
To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

question: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?, answer: nutritious and plentiful diet | question: What does a omnivore imply?, answer: eats both prey and plants | question: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?, answer: insects | question: What determines a mammals diet type?, answer: The size
To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.

question: What is separated from the cellulose fibres?, answer: lignin | question: What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?, answer: wood-free | question: What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?, answer: 5% | question: What percentage of cotton is cellulose?, answer: 90%
To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city's heritage, the city council amended heritage regulations, which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove, to create the "Commercial Central Retail – West Zone". The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height. A 47-metre, 12-storey office building, which includes retail space and a parking garage, was the first building to be approved in this area.

question: What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?, answer: heritage regulations | question: What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?, answer: 15 metres | question: How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?, answer: 47-metre
To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.

question: Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?, answer: To minimize overall weight and size | question: What are high energy magnets typically made of?, answer: neodymium-iron-boron alloy | question: What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?, answer: steel tube | question: How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?, answer: least competitive
To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han. The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty. The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court. The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68 BC). The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy. The Reformists, however, overturned these policies, favoring a cautious, non-expansionary approach to foreign policy, frugal budget reform, and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs.

question: Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?, answer: former merchants | question: When was the liquor monopoly abolished?, answer: 81 BC | question: Which faction did the Reformists oppose?, answer: Modernist | question: Which political faction favored budgetary reform?, answer: The Reformists | question: In what year did Huo Guang die?, answer: 68 BC
To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.

question: What is the CAP?, answer: Central Arizona Project Aqueduct | question: How long is the CAP?, answer: more than 300 mi (480 km) | question: What water source feeds the CAP?, answer: Colorado River | question: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?, answer: Avra Valley aquifer | question: How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?, answer: over 80