lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs. Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never gained momentum.

question: Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?, answer: discourage | question: Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?, answer: political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation | question: Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?, answer: outside Alaska | question: How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?, answer: $734,000 | question: How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?, answer: $50 billion
The Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks claims that at least 20 Alaskan native languages exist and there are also some languages with different dialects. Most of Alaska's native languages belong to either the Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene language families however some languages are thought to be isolates (e.g. Haida) or have not yet been classified (e.g. Tsimshianic). As of 2014[update] nearly all of Alaska's native languages were classified as either threatened, shifting, moribund, nearly extinct, or dormant languages.

question: At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?, answer: at least 20 | question: What are the two main native Alaskan language families?, answer: Eskimo–Aleut or Na-Dene | question: How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?, answer: nearly all | question: A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?, answer: 2014
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.

question: What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?, answer: constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues | question: In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?, answer: 1976 | question: Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?, answer: to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil | question: Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?, answer: Governor Keith Miller | question: Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?, answer: fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area. Until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.

question: The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?, answer: cabooses | question: When are cabooses still used occasionally?, answer: some gravel trains | question: When was the Parks Highway constructed?, answer: 1970s
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.

question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?, answer: 1941 | question: What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?, answer: have police training but do not carry firearms | question: What do wildlife enforcers regulate?, answer: hunting and fishing regulations | question: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?, answer: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles
The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.

question: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?, answer: Romans | question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?, answer: 1868 | question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?, answer: Ottoman | question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?, answer: 1912 | question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?, answer: 2001
The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.

question: Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?, answer: The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region | question: The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?, answer: The North Slope and Little Diomede Island | question: Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?, answer: Aleut
The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

question: When did the continuous attack start?, answer: 17 October | question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?, answer: 126 guns | question: Who was not ready to start the attack?, answer: the French | question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?, answer: the allies | question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?, answer: The British
The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought." Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

question: The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?, answer: Austerlitz | question: What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?, answer: the Treaty of Pressburg | question: On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?, answer: 26 December | question: The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?, answer: Austria | question: How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?, answer: 40 million francs
The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?, answer: the Malakoff | question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?, answer: Mamelon | question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?, answer: Malakoff | question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?, answer: the Mamelon
The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.

question: The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?, answer: the Frankfurt proposals | question: When were the Frankfurt proposals made?, answer: November 1813 | question: The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?, answer: Emperor | question: The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?, answer: its "natural frontiers." | question: Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?, answer: Metternich
The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24, 1991, informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol, Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, with no objection raised, the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year, December 31, 1991.

question: Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?, answer: Russia | question: What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?, answer: Alma-Ata Protocol | question: Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?, answer: Yeltsin | question: What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?, answer: December 24, 1991 | question: When did the UN accept the statement?, answer: December 31, 1991
The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The Alps are subdivided by different lithology (rock composition) and nappe structure according to the orogenic events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the center and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the Southern Alpine system.

question: What caused the development of the Jura Mountains?, answer: a late-stage orogeny | question: What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?, answer: A series of tectonic events | question: What is another word for rock composition?, answer: lithology | question: What geological subdivision is located in the north?, answer: Helveticum
The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. At present the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.

question: The alps is home to how many people?, answer: 14 million people | question: How many visitors go to the Alps annually?, answer: 120 million | question: What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region?, answer: tourist industry
The Alps (/ælps/; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈʔalpm̩]; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,123 ft), known as the "four-thousanders".

question: What Country are the Alps located in?, answer: Europe | question: How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?, answer: 1,200 kilometres | question: How long has it taken for the Alps to form?, answer: over tens of millions of years | question: What is the highest mountain in the Alps?, answer: Mont Blanc | question: The Alpine region is also known as what?, answer: the "four-thousanders"
The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease (see adiabatic lapse rate). The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain. The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks.

question: What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain?, answer: The Alps | question: Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what?, answer: Alpine | question: What causes the temperature to decrease?, answer: A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere | question: What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south?, answer: The height of the Alps
The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues toward Vienna in Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and into Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the south border of Bavaria in Germany. In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Neuschwanstein, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.

question: What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?, answer: The Alps | question: What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?, answer: 2.5 km (1.6 mi) | question: How far does the Alps range stretch?, answer: the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland | question: Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?, answer: alpine territory
The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line.

question: How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?, answer: 30,000 species | question: What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?, answer: made adaptations | question: Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?, answer: directly above or below the snow line
The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are found throughout much of the Alpine region such as cinnabar, amethyst, and quartz. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments.

question: What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years?, answer: minerals | question: What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?, answer: copper | question: What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?, answer: gold | question: What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?, answer: high-quality iron ore | question: The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?, answer: Slovenia
The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,625 to 5,577 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,249 to 7,874 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from tree line to snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall.

question: How many zones are the Alps split into?, answer: five climatic zones | question: What is the lowest zone of the Alps called?, answer: colline zone | question: Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist?, answer: between 500 and 1,000 m | question: Where does the montane zone extend from?, answer: from 800 to 1,700 m | question: Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from?, answer: from 1,600 to 2,400 m
The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. In the medieval period hospices were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, and the Stelvio Pass.

question: What have been crossed for war and commerce?, answer: The Alps | question: What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?, answer: hospices | question: Where were hospices established?, answer: the summits of many of the main passes | question: What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?, answer: Col de l'Iseran
The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on 80 percent of water from Alpine runoff. Water from the rivers is used in over 500 hydroelectricity power plants, generating as much as 2900 kilowatts of electricity.

question: What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?, answer: The Alps | question: How much of Europe does the Alps cover?, answer: 11 percent of the surface area | question: How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?, answer: 90 percent | question: How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?, answer: 80 percent | question: Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?, answer: 500