lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments require a rather high voltage to light to nominal brightness, allowing them to work efficiently and simply with mains voltages. Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage, high current converter which is required by single die LEDs. Usually they are packaged in a sealed enclosure with a shape similar to lamps they were designed to replace (e.g. a bulb), and filled with inert nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas to remove heat efficiently.

question: What does an LED filament consist of?, answer: multiple LED dice | question: How are LED filaments used?, answer: a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs | question: What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?, answer: high | question: What helps LED filaments remain low cost?, answer: a simple rectifier | question: Single die LEDs require what?, answer: high current converter
An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio information in terms of frequencies and amplitudes. The diagram shows that the MP3 Header consists of a sync word, which is used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the MPEG standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3. After this, the values will differ, depending on the MP3 file. ISO/IEC 11172-3 defines the range of values for each section of the header along with the specification of the header. Most MP3 files today contain ID3 metadata, which precedes or follows the MP3 frames, as noted in the diagram.

question: A header and data block together make up what?, answer: MP3 frames | question: What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?, answer: elementary stream | question: What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?, answer: dard | question: How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?, answer: two | question: MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?, answer: ID3
An additional 4.6 billion tonnes of uranium are estimated to be in sea water (Japanese scientists in the 1980s showed that extraction of uranium from sea water using ion exchangers was technically feasible). There have been experiments to extract uranium from sea water, but the yield has been low due to the carbonate present in the water. In 2012, ORNL researchers announced the successful development of a new absorbent material dubbed HiCap which performs surface retention of solid or gas molecules, atoms or ions and also effectively removes toxic metals from water, according to results verified by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

question: About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?, answer: 4.6 billion | question: What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?, answer: HiCap | question: The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?, answer: carbonate | question: Where were ORNL's results verified?, answer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | question: When was HiCap announced?, answer: 2012
An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25% of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1. While not an ISO recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders. A sample rate comparison between MPEG-1, 2 and 2.5 is given further down. MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format.

question: As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?, answer: MPEG-2.5 audio | question: Where was this extension developed?, answer: Fraunhofer IIS | question: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?, answer: human speech | question: What is not an ISO recognized standard?, answer: MPEG-2.5 | question: As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?, answer: proprietary
An adolescent's environment plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies show that the more privileged upbringing people have, the more successfully they develop their identity. The forming of an adolescent's identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This therefore has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in. A child from a more privileged upbringing is exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime-driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a sensitive period in the development process, and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major effect on future decisions. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.

question: Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?, answer: white | question: What social class of adolescents is most often studied?, answer: middle class | question: The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?, answer: youth | question: Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?, answer: more likely | question: Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?, answer: exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general
An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors which have some characteristics more common in DC motors, specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used. The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator. Such motors are used in devices such as food mixers and power tools which are used only intermittently, and often have high starting-torque demands. Multiple taps on the field coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control. Household blenders that advertise many speeds frequently combine a field coil with several taps and a diode that can be inserted in series with the motor (causing the motor to run on half-wave rectified AC). Universal motors also lend themselves to electronic speed control and, as such, are an ideal choice for devices like domestic washing machines. The motor can be used to agitate the drum (both forwards and in reverse) by switching the field winding with respect to the armature.

question: What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC?, answer: universal | question: What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail?, answer: commutator | question: When is torque most important in universal motor applications?, answer: starting | question: Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how?, answer: forwards and in reverse | question: How is stepped speed control achieved?, answer: Multiple taps on the field coil provide
An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

question: An airfield is also referred to as what?, answer: airbase | question: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?, answer: airbase | question: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?, answer: the UK | question: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?, answer: Norway | question: Where is Pune Airport located?, answer: India
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?, answer: full-length | question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?, answer: carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering | question: Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?, answer: An aircraft carrier | question: What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?, answer: nuclear-powered warships | question: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?, answer: project air power worldwide without depending on local bases
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

question: What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?, answer: airport | question: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?, answer: landing area | question: What is an airport?, answer: aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land
An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008. It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team, including Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" on September 21, 1997, the Steve Goodman song mentioned above, and a newly recorded rendition of "Talkin' Baseball" (subtitled "Baseball and the Cubs") by Terry Cashman. The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field.

question: When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released?, answer: 2008 | question: How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?, answer: 17 songs | question: When was Harry Caray's final performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game"?, answer: September 21, 1997
An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit. Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements; at least one of which being a metal. This is usually called the primary metal or the base metal, and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture.

question: What kind of substance is an alloy?, answer: impure | question: What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?, answer: they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture | question: What is an alloy composed of?, answer: two or more elements | question: What other metal is impure like alloy?, answer: wrought iron
An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).

question: What is an alloy?, answer: a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element | question: What are alloys defined by?, answer: metallic bonding character | question: When are Zintl considered alloys?, answer: depending on bond types | question: What is solid solution metal elements classified as?, answer: a single phase
An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.

question: When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?, answer: hydrogen | question: What else can it produce?, answer: alumina | question: What can be reused after the formation?, answer: the expensive gallium
An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun, where the matter density was higher, and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc. This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured, due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans-Neptunian region. The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model, which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt.

question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?, answer: higher | question: If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?, answer: removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc | question: What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?, answer: the Nice model | question: What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?, answer: Kuiper belt.
An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

question: Intraguild species consumer other species within?, answer: the same trophic level | question: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?", answer: Richard Dawkins | question: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?, answer: both the predator and prey | question: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?, answer: potential competitors | question: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?, answer: Richard Dawkins | question: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?, answer: the body | question: What are intraguild predators?, answer: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level | question: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?, answer: gene centered view | question: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?, answer: Intraguild
An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

question: What did the analysis show mixed results for?, answer: growth of the Internet | question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?, answer: traditional sources of funding | question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?, answer: a tiny fraction
An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invaders, and Corporations are analysed and documented. Roger Boesche describes the Arthaśāstra as "a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good."

question: Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?, answer: Chāṇakya | question: What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?, answer: brutal measures | question: When was Chanakya alive?, answer: 350–-283 BCE
An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

question: What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?, answer: An antenna | question: What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?, answer: radio transmitter or radio receiver | question: What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?, answer: transmission | question: What else can radio waves be called?, answer: electromagnetic waves | question: When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?, answer: reception
An antenna lead-in is the transmission line (or feed line) which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver. The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In a so-called aperture antenna, such as a horn or parabolic dish, the "feed" may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system (normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn) which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system. A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a (conductive) transmission line.

question: What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?, answer: antenna lead-in | question: What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?, answer: antenna feed | question: What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?, answer: aperture antenna | question: What can be used in place of a standard transmission line?, answer: microwave antenna
An antenna transmits and receives radio waves with a particular polarization which can be reoriented by tilting the axis of the antenna in many (but not all) cases. The physical size of an antenna is often a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). Highly directional antennas need to be significantly larger than the wavelength. Resonant antennas usually use a linear conductor (or element), or pair of such elements, each of which is about a quarter of the wavelength in length (an odd multiple of quarter wavelengths will also be resonant). Antennas that are required to be small compared to the wavelength sacrifice efficiency and cannot be very directional. Fortunately at higher frequencies (UHF, microwaves) trading off performance to obtain a smaller physical size is usually not required.

question: What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?, answer: polarization | question: How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?, answer: tilting the axis | question: When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?, answer: at lower frequencies | question: What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?, answer: small | question: There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?, answer: Highly directional
An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.

question: If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?, answer: materialism