lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

question: What was the nickname for French Protestants?, answer: Huguenots | question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?, answer: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment | question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?, answer: the 1550s | question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?, answer: August 1572 | question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?, answer: Henry II
Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the Merton Thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious demography of the Royal Society (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a correlation between Protestantism and the scientific values. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.

question: The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?, answer: early experimental science | question: What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?, answer: English Puritanism and German Pietism | question: What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?, answer: an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology | question: What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?, answer: Puritans or other Protestants | question: What values were thought to have a significant synergy?, answer: ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science
Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

question: What type of faith is Protestantism?, answer: Christian | question: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?, answer: Martin Luther | question: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?, answer: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy | question: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?, answer: Lutheran princes | question: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?, answer: the Protestant Reformation
Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

question: Where did Lutheranism begin?, answer: Germany | question: Name three early Protestant reformers., answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox | question: Where did Arminianism take hold?, answer: the Netherlands and parts of Germany | question: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?, answer: King Henry VIII | question: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?, answer: Protestants
Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person. The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practised separation of church and state. In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys published tracts in defense of religious freedom. Their thinking influenced John Milton and John Locke's stance on tolerance. Under the leadership of Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist Thomas Hooker, and Quaker William Penn, respectively, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including Jews. The United States Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the American Bill of Rights with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework. The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and French Revolutions was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition.

question: What group initiated the right to religious freedom?, answer: Protestants | question: Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?, answer: Worms | question: What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?, answer: Anabaptists and Huguenots | question: Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?, answer: John Smyth and Thomas Helwys | question: How many American Protestants supported independence in America?, answer: The great majority
Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

question: What is another name for denominational families?, answer: branches | question: What are the major branches of Protestantism?, answer: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal | question: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?, answer: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation | question: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?, answer: Anabaptist | question: What do some branches share in common?, answer: lineage
Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies. In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced insurance programs that led the way to the welfare state (health insurance, accident insurance, disability insurance, old-age pensions). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity". These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

question: Who first introduced social insurance programs?, answer: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck | question: What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?, answer: practical Christianity | question: What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?, answer: the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage | question: What country started programs that led to the welfare state?, answer: Germany | question: What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?, answer: the Western world
Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

question: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?", answer: Karl Barth | question: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?, answer: mother | question: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?, answer: veneration and invocation | question: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?, answer: God
Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

question: What type of church do Protestants believe in?, answer: the invisible church | question: Who comprises the invisible church?, answer: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ | question: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?, answer: the five solas | question: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?, answer: non-denominational groups and organizations | question: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?, answer: it is the one true church
Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?, answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic | question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?, answer: Proto-Slavic | question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?, answer: Thessaloniki | question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?, answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts
Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

question: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?, answer: Proto-Slavic | question: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?, answer: Baltic languages | question: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?, answer: Balto-Slavic | question: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?, answer: Indo-Europeans | question: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?, answer: Proto-Indo-European
Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

question: How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?, answer: hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention | question: Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?, answer: travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions | question: Who establishes leadership PACs?, answer: Minority leaders
Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".

question: How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?, answer: 25% | question: Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium?, answer: fourth | question: What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?, answer: gem-quality diamonds | question: Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?, answer: uranium
Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.

question: What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?, answer: Providing sufficient base drive current | question: What does the transistor provide?, answer: current gain | question: What determines the current ratio in transistors?, answer: the type of transistor | question: If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?, answer: collector current
Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia’s volte-face after Elizabeth’s death) and to the British subsidy were soon forgotten while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The First Partition of Poland (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France simply ignored.

question: What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?, answer: Frederick the Great’s personal reputation was enormously enhanced | question: What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?, answer: his military genius was strenuously kept alive | question: What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?, answer: Russia’s volte-face | question: What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?, answer: Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland | question: What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?, answer: a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved
Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).

question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?, answer: Psychoactive drugs | question: Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?, answer: time intervals | question: What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?, answer: depressants | question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?, answer: The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters | question: Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?, answer: either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons
Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.

question: What divided Asia on a similar basis?, answer: Ptolemy's Geography | question: "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where?, answer: In the north | question: "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where?, answer: To the south | question: "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where?, answer: In the north | question: Where did Asia begin?, answer: on the coast of Anatolia