lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China, Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. In early 20th century, Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.

question: What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?, answer: khan | question: Who ruled Kashgaria?, answer: Yaqub Beg | question: Who supported Beg?, answer: British | question: When did the British invade Tibet?, answer: early 20th century | question: What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?, answer: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention
With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.

question: When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?, answer: 1925 | question: By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?, answer: Brown School or Brown | question: What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?, answer: Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences | question: What roles was George Warren Brown known?, answer: St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company | question: What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?, answer: Brown and Goldfarb Halls
With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.

question: When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?, answer: 167 BCE | question: What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?, answer: Hasmonean Kingdom | question: Who dominated the society?, answer: Judeans
With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

question: What became an issue for the working child?, answer: illiteracy | question: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?, answer: many parents developed a change of opinion | question: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?, answer: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation
With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of "apprenticeship".

question: When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?, answer: 1807 | question: What abolished the British slave trade?, answer: the Slave Trade Act | question: Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?, answer: Sierra Leone | question: What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?, answer: The Slavery Abolition Act | question: How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?, answer: 4 to 6 years
With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable, SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and commenced their attack, quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers: Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi. Within minutes, all three were ablaze and had to be abandoned with great loss of life. Hiryū managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown (which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine). However, a second attack from the U.S. carriers a few hours later found and destroyed Hiryū, the last remaining fleet carrier available to Nagumo. With his carriers lost and the Americans withdrawn out of range of his powerful battleships, Yamamoto was forced to call off the operation, leaving Midway in American hands. The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies. For the second time, Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained, virtually irreplaceable, personnel. Japan would be largely on the defensive for the rest of the war.

question: At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?, answer: 10,000 feet | question: Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway., answer: Hiryū | question: Who won the Battle of Midway?, answer: Allies | question: How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?, answer: four
With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

question: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?, answer: 1659 | question: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?, answer: northern part | question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?, answer: Treaty of the Pyrenees | question: What language began to influence Catalan?, answer: French | question: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?, answer: 1700
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

question: Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?, answer: St. Jerome | question: To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?, answer: peace of God | question: With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?, answer: "pagan" emperors | question: What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?, answer: Donatists | question: What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?, answer: Constantine I
With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

question: What type of people often held Valencia's offices?, answer: foreign aristocrats | question: From where were Valencia's officials chosen?, answer: Madrid | question: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?, answer: Santo Domingo | question: Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?, answer: 1762
With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

question: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?, answer: things
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

question: what was the type of Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?, answer: Industrial Revolution | question: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?, answer: The Microcosm of London | question: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?, answer: The company | question: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?, answer: Britain | question: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?, answer: raw
With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

question: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?, answer: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado | question: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?, answer: Hernando de Soto | question: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that Hernando de Soto traveled?, answer: the De Soto Trail | question: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?, answer: The Spanish | question: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?, answer: gold
With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of its residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.

question: What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?, answer: Interstate 8 | question: Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?, answer: near the Mexican border | question: Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?, answer: Interstate 8 | question: What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?, answer: Las Vegas and Salt Lake City | question: What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?, answer: over 80 percent
With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

question: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?, answer: the late 4th century | question: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?, answer: Santa Pudenziana | question: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?, answer: a mausoleum | question: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?, answer: St Peter's Basilica | question: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?, answer: Constantinian
With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

question: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?, answer: St Martin-in-the-Fields | question: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?, answer: repeated Viking invasions | question: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?, answer: three | question: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?, answer: a major port | question: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?, answer: two
With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.

question: Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?, answer: smartphones | question: How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?, answer: 237 million devices
With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative 'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false.

question: Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?, answer: his father | question: What military branch was George W. Bush in?, answer: the Texas Air National Guard | question: How did Republicans attack Kerry?, answer: by calling Kerry's war record into question | question: What did SBVT change its name to?, answer: Swift Vets and POWs for Truth | question: What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?, answer: swiftboating
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

question: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?, answer: one every four years | question: What class does the USS America belong to?, answer: America-class amphibious assault ships | question: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?, answer: 10 | question: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?, answer: F-35Bs | question: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?, answer: USS Tripoli
With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.

question: When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?, answer: 132 CE | question: Who conquered the country in 628?, answer: Byzantine Empire | question: What was evolving over Roman paganism?, answer: Christianity