lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).

question: Which era was marked by investigating the universe?, answer: Classical Antiquity | question: What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?, answer: natural philosophy | question: What is an example of skilled professionals?, answer: physicians | question: What is an example of religious devotee?, answer: temple healers | question: What would the first scientists have been considered?, answer: natural philosophers
In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?, answer: the governor-general | question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?, answer: lieutenant governors of the provinces | question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?, answer: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign. | question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?, answer: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

question: Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?, answer: Terry Virgo | question: What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?, answer: overemotional | question: Where is Every Nations Churches located?, answer: USA | question: What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?, answer: charismata | question: Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional., answer: Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival
In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative–accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:

question: How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?, answer: seven | question: When are nouns in Czech inflected?, answer: to indicate their use in a sentence | question: How does Czech mark subject nouns?, answer: with nominative case | question: What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?, answer: object | question: What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?, answer: the noun it describes
In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage will tend to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as ringing. In comparison, critically damped or over-damped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current will be equal in each direction.

question: What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?, answer: DC circuits | question: What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?, answer: pulsed circuits | question: Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?, answer: under-damped | question: What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?, answer: a harmonic oscillator | question: When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?, answer: a voltage reversal
In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?, answer: their lack of aspiration | question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?, answer: ⟨p t k⟩
In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought "there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.

question: What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?, answer: Lamarckism | question: What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?, answer: use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them | question: What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?, answer: environmental factors | question: What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?, answer: "The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown." | question: What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?, answer: breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.

question: Where was Malacca?, answer: Malaysia | question: Where was Goa?, answer: India | question: Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?, answer: Anjiro | question: In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?, answer: Portuguese | question: How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?, answer: en masse
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.

question: What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?, answer: Beagle expedition | question: Who wrote The Principles of Geology?, answer: Charles Lyell | question: Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?, answer: St. Jago | question: What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?, answer: huge armadillos | question: What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?, answer: their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages"
In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power. Most damaging of all was the fall of Singapore, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America.

question: Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941?, answer: Japan | question: Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?, answer: Japan | question: When was the ANZUS Pact formed?, answer: 1951 | question: Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?, answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States | question: Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?, answer: Singapore
In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

question: Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?, answer: Marshall | question: What did SHAEF stand for?, answer: Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force | question: Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?, answer: Roosevelt | question: What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?, answer: Operation Overlord | question: When did Operation Overlord take place?, answer: June 1944
In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?, answer: 1978 | question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?, answer: Secretary-General | question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?, answer: Leader of the Revolution | question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?, answer: commander-in-chief
In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV仕様ファミコン, Eibui Shiyō Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]

question: What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?, answer: December 1993 | question: What used composite video output?, answer: HVC-101 | question: What device was RF only?, answer: HVC-001 | question: What was the newer model called?, answer: AV Famicom | question: What did Nintendo release in Japan only?, answer: 3D graphic capable headset
In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive "TCM Remembers" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).

question: In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?, answer: December 1994 | question: Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?, answer: end-of-year compilation | question: In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?, answer: December | question: In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?, answer: 2007 | question: Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?, answer: Steve Earle
In December 1994, after being tipped off by his former FBI handler about a pending indictment under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Bulger fled Boston and went into hiding. For 16 years, he remained at large. For 12 of those years, Bulger was prominently listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. Beginning in 1997, the New England media exposed criminal actions by federal, state, and local law enforcement officials tied to Bulger. The revelation caused great embarrassment to the FBI. In 2002, Special Agent John J Connolly was convicted of federal racketeering charges for helping Bulger avoid arrest. In 2008, Special Agent Connolly completed his term on the federal charges and was transferred to Florida where he was convicted of helping plan the murder of John B Callahan, a Bulger rival. In 2014, that conviction was overturned on a technicality. Connolly was the agent leading the investigation of Bulger.

question: Who tipped of Bulger?, answer: his former FBI handler | question: What act was the indictment under?, answer: Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act | question: How long did Bulger remain at large?, answer: 16 | question: Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List?, answer: prominently listed | question: What did the revelations about Bulger cause?, answer: great embarrassment
In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

question: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?, answer: December 2005 | question: When did Imperial abandon their science park program?, answer: September 2006 | question: When was the Wye College campus closed?, answer: September 2009 | question: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?, answer: the Wye campus | question: Where was Imperial's science park programme located?, answer: Wye campus | question: When was the science park programme abandoned?, answer: September 2006 | question: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?, answer: £110m | question: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?, answer: the public | question: What was closed on September 2009?, answer: Wye College campus
In December 2008, the CTO of Blitz Games announced that it would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 with its own technology. This was first demonstrated publicly on PS3 using Sony's own technology in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future. Firmware update 3.30 officially allowed PS3 titles to be played in 3D, requiring a compatible display for use. System software update 3.50 prepared it for 3D films. While the game itself must be programmed to take advantage of the 3D technology, titles may be patched to add in the functionality retroactively. Titles with such patches include Wipeout HD, Pain, and Super Stardust HD.

question: What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3?, answer: Blitz Games | question: Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009?, answer: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue | question: What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability?, answer: 3.30 | question: What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed?, answer: patched | question: What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50?, answer: 3D films
In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.

question: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?, answer: the United Kingdom | question: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?, answer: December 2009 | question: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?, answer: DVB-T2 | question: What does DTG stand for?, answer: Digital TV Group
In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.

question: Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?, answer: Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) | question: Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?, answer: Zara | question: What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?, answer: Bangladesh | question: What are activists trying to get implemented?, answer: "track and trace" systems