lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

question: Who is in control of the organization?, answer: board of directors | question: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?, answer: executive director | question: How is the board of directors most often chosen?, answer: self-perpetuating | question: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?, answer: elected by a membership | question: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?, answer: Part VI, section A, question 7a
The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.

question: What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?, answer: stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves | question: Do roots contain chlorophyll?, answer: generally lack chlorophyll | question: What makes a plant non-vascular?, answer: do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots | question: How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?, answer: most of the plant | question: How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?, answer: nonphotosynthetic
The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child’s immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.

question: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?, answer: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area | question: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?, answer: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas | question: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?, answer: phagocytic | question: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?, answer: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed | question: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?, answer: activate T cells
The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 1940 launch of Operation Sea Lion, the provisionally planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East. In comparison to the later Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 inflicted some 42,000 civilian deaths, about the same as the entire Blitz.

question: What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?, answer: Operation Sea Lion | question: How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?, answer: 42,000 | question: What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?, answer: July 1943 | question: Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe?, answer: Hitler
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.

question: Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?, answer: no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications | question: Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?, answer: Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science | question: What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?, answer: social reform | question: What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?, answer: Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms | question: What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?, answer: Darwinism
The book value of the company nearly doubled from $8.19 a share in 1999 to $15 a share in 2009. Revenues grew sixfold from 1999's $6 billion to almost $36 billion in 2009. Net profit margin rose from 4.2% in 1999 to 8.4% in 2009, with operating margins improving 31 percent and return on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the same time span. Between 1999 and 2009, return on capital nearly tripled to 7 percent. Comcast reported first quarter 2012 profit increases of 30% due to increase in high-speed internet customers. In February 2014, Comcast generated 1.1 billion in revenue during the first quarter due to the Sochi Olympics,.

question: What was Comcast's share value in 1999?, answer: $8.19 | question: What was Comcast's share value in 2009?, answer: $15 | question: Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?, answer: $36 billion | question: What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?, answer: 8.4% | question: What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?, answer: increase in high-speed internet customers
The book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbarians for their own good to something considerably less. The difference was the Hamidian Massacres, which were being conducted even as the couple traveled the Balkans. According to Norman now, the empire had been established by "the Moslem horde" from Asia, which was stopped by "intrepid Hungary." Furthermore, "Greece shook off the turbaned destroyer of her people" and so on. The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states. Having portrayed the Armenians as revolutionaries in the name of freedom with the expectation of being rescued by the intervention of Christian Europe, he states "but her hope was vain." England had "turned her back." Norman concluded his exhortation with "In the Balkans one learns to hate the Turk." Norman made sure that Gladstone read the article. Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article.

question: Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?, answer: New York | question: When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?, answer: June, 1896 | question: What magazine did Norman publish his work in?, answer: Scribner's Magazine | question: Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?, answer: The Russians | question: Who did Norman say "turned her back"?, answer: England
The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Clémence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.

question: Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?, answer: Heinrich Georg Bronn, | question: What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?, answer: the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. | question: What did Bronn change "Favoured Races" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?, answer: "perfected races" | question: Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?, answer: Julius Victor Carus | question: Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?, answer: numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.

question: What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?, answer: non-specialist readers | question: Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?, answer: T. H. Huxley | question: What was T.H. Huxley promoting?, answer: scientific naturalism | question: What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?, answer: "the eclipse of Darwinism" | question: When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?, answer: in the 1930s and 1940s
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.

question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?, answer: Sunni | question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?, answer: Al-Tabri | question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?, answer: Arab
The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill, are the result of drilling conducted by the Royal Society of London for the purpose of investigating the formation of coral reefs to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the coral of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs conducted by Charles Darwin in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Professor Edgeworth David of the University of Sydney was a member of the 1896 "Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society", under Professor William Sollas and lead the expedition in 1897. Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.

question: What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?, answer: Darwin's Drill | question: What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?, answer: Royal Society of London | question: What formations was the Royal Society studying?, answer: coral reefs | question: Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?, answer: Charles Darwin | question: What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?, answer: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa María la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.

question: What is the oldest part of the city?, answer: The Historic Center | question: How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?, answer: 16th century | question: What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?, answer: Zona Rosa | question: What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?, answer: Art Deco architecture | question: What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture?, answer: Condesa
The boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton were included in Merseyside. In Greater Manchester the successor boroughs were Bury, Bolton, Manchester, Oldham (part), Rochdale, Salford, Tameside (part), Trafford (part) and Wigan. Warrington and Widnes, south of the new Merseyside/Greater Manchester border were added to the new non-metropolitan county of Cheshire. The urban districts of Barnoldswick and Earby, Bowland Rural District and the parishes of Bracewell and Brogden and Salterforth from Skipton Rural District in the West Riding of Yorkshire became part of the new Lancashire. One parish, Simonswood, was transferred from the borough of Knowsley in Merseyside to the district of West Lancashire in 1994. In 1998 Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen became independent unitary authorities.

question: In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?, answer: 1998 | question: In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire, answer: 1994 | question: Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?, answer: Warrington and Widnes | question: Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?, answer: Merseyside | question: Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?, answer: Simonswood
The botanical term "Angiosperm", from the Ancient Greek αγγείον, angeíon (bottle, vessel) and σπέρμα, (seed), was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished from his Gymnospermae, or flowering plants with achenial or schizo-carpic fruits, the whole fruit or each of its pieces being here regarded as a seed and naked. The term and its antonym were maintained by Carl Linnaeus with the same sense, but with restricted application, in the names of the orders of his class Didynamia. Its use with any approach to its modern scope became possible only after 1827, when Robert Brown established the existence of truly naked ovules in the Cycadeae and Coniferae, and applied to them the name Gymnosperms.[citation needed] From that time onward, as long as these Gymnosperms were, as was usual, reckoned as dicotyledonous flowering plants, the term Angiosperm was used antithetically by botanical writers, with varying scope, as a group-name for other dicotyledonous plants.

question: What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?, answer: Angiosperm | question: What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?, answer: primary | question: Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?, answer: Carl Linnaeus | question: What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?, answer: naked ovules | question: What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?, answer: other dicotyledonous plants
The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

question: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant, answer: are largely unaltered from medieval times | question: What river forms the border of Somerset, answer: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum | question: What did king Edward the 3 do, answer: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset
The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord. At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons, which control stereotyped movements such as walking, breathing, or swallowing. At a higher level are areas in the midbrain, such as the red nucleus, which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs. At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas, but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord, through the pyramidal tract. This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements. Other motor-related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas. Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

question: Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?, answer: the medulla and pons, | question: At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?, answer: the medulla and pons | question: The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?, answer: coordinating movements of the arms and legs | question: A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?, answer: primary motor cortex | question: The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?, answer: pyramidal tract.