lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they differ in a number of essential points of phonology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations (Samhitas) and theological and religio-philosophical discussions in the Brahmanas and Upanishads. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda Samhita to be the earliest, composed by many authors over several centuries of oral tradition. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the traditional Vedic corpus; however, the early Sutras are Vedic, too, both in language and content.

question: According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?, answer: earlier Vedic | question: To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?, answer: second millennium BCE | question: As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?, answer: separate dialects | question: What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?, answer: the Vedas | question: What hymns are thought to be the earliest?, answer: Rigveda Samhita
Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

question: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?, answer: Santa Bárbara | question: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?, answer: 1598 | question: The path was important for the expansion of which road?, answer: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro | question: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?, answer: New Mexico
Santa Monica College is a junior college originally founded in 1929. Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system. It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually. The Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.'s largest producer of public policy PhDs. The Art Institute of California – Los Angeles is also located in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport. Universities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St. Mary's College, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine.

question: What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded?, answer: 1929 | question: How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College?, answer: 35 | question: By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica?, answer: Airport | question: There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica?, answer: 22-mile | question: How many students enroll to the SMC annually?, answer: 30,000
Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015. The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists. Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]

question: What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?, answer: bike action | question: When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?, answer: November 2015 | question: What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?, answer: Marvin Braude | question: When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica?, answer: 2013 | question: What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?, answer: 2009
Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The city is named after the Christian saint, Monica. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is bordered on three sides by the city of Los Angeles – Pacific Palisades to the north, Brentwood on the northeast, Sawtelle on the east, Mar Vista on the southeast, and Venice on the south. Santa Monica is well known for its affluent single-family neighborhoods but also has many neighborhoods consisting primarily of condominiums and apartments. Over two-thirds of Santa Monica's residents are renters. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736.

question: What type of city is Santa Monica?, answer: beachfront | question: What part of Los Angeles County is it located in?, answer: western | question: What is Santa Monica named after?, answer: Christian saint, Monica | question: Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property?, answer: two-thirds | question: What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau?, answer: 89,736
Santa Monica is featured in the video games True Crime: Streets of LA (2003), Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines (2004), Grand Theft Auto San Andreas (2004) as a fictional district - Santa Maria Beach, Destroy All Humans! (2004), Tony Hawk's American Wasteland (2005), L.A. Rush (2005), Midnight Club: Los Angeles (2008), Cars Race-O-Rama (2009), Grand Theft Auto V (2013) as a fictional district – Del Perro, Call of Duty: Ghosts (2013) as a fictional U.S. military base – Fort Santa Monica, The Crew (2014), Need for Speed (2015)

question: What type of games is Santa Monica featured in?, answer: video | question: In what year did Tony hawk's American Wasteland release?, answer: 2005 | question: What video game features Santa Monica in 2003?, answer: True Crime: Streets of LA | question: Grand theft Auto V was released in what year?, answer: 2013 | question: What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?, answer: Need for Speed
Santa Monica is one of the most environmentally activist municipalities in the nation. The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment. Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels, including nearly 100% of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.

question: In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?, answer: 1992 and in 1994 | question: What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?, answer: Eighty-two | question: Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?, answer: public and private | question: What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?, answer: 100% | question: What company provides the city with natural gas?, answer: Redeem
Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.

question: What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously?, answer: Kecheek | question: What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area?, answer: Tongva | question: What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives?, answer: Gaspar de Portolà | question: What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica?, answer: August 3, 1769 | question: What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on?, answer: May 4
Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.

question: What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"?, answer: alburnum | question: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?, answer: younger | question: What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?, answer: water | question: How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?, answer: All | question: Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?, answer: thicker
Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]

question: Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?, answer: animal sources | question: Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?, answer: Unsaturated fats | question: Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?, answer: trans fats | question: What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?, answer: liquids | question: Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?, answer: rancidity resistance
Satyagraha, an opera by Philip Glass, uses texts from the Bhagavad Gita, sung in Sanskrit. The closing credits of The Matrix Revolutions has a prayer from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The song "Cyber-raga" from Madonna's album Music includes Sanskrit chants, and Shanti/Ashtangi from her 1998 album Ray of Light, which won a Grammy, is the ashtanga vinyasa yoga chant. The lyrics include the mantra Om shanti. Composer John Williams featured choirs singing in Sanskrit for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. The theme song of Battlestar Galactica 2004 is the Gayatri Mantra, taken from the Rigveda. The lyrics of "The Child In Us" by Enigma also contains Sanskrit verses.[better source needed].

question: Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?, answer: Philip Glass | question: On what was the Philip Glass opera based?, answer: Bhagavad Gita | question: Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?, answer: Madonna | question: Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?, answer: John Williams | question: What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?, answer: Rigveda
Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

question: When do saxophones first appear in scores?, answer: the late 19th century | question: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?, answer: Symphonic Dances | question: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?, answer: as a member of the orchestral ensemble | question: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?, answer: "tenor tuba" | question: Who wrote The Planets?, answer: Gustav Holst
Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Amongst the Aborigines of Australia of the Arrernte language groups, honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems. In the case of the 'San' bush-men of the Kalahari, it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting.:9

question: What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?, answer: Scarab beetles | question: Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?, answer: Chinese | question: The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?, answer: creation | question: Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?, answer: Australia | question: What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?, answer: honey ants
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.

question: When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?, answer: 31 BC | question: Who was the Roman emporer?, answer: Constantine the Great | question: Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?, answer: Constantinople | question: What term defines the influence of Greek culture?, answer: Hellenistic | question: When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?, answer: 330 AD | question: Which era refers primarily to just Greece?, answer: Hellenic | question: Who moved the Roman Empire capital in 330 AD?, answer: Constantine | question: Rome's final conquest of Greek lands followed which war?, answer: Achean War | question: What is the period called that comprises all Greek influence?, answer: Hellenistic
Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

question: Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?, answer: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks | question: For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?, answer: U.S. Constitution | question: According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?, answer: that which is legally binding | question: According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?, answer: the framers of the U.S. Constitution
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

question: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?, answer: lighter skin | question: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?, answer: black | question: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?, answer: white | question: What does Preto mean?, answer: (black)
Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.

question: What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?, answer: relationship and differences | question: In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?, answer: 18th and 19th | question: What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?, answer: distinct | question: What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?, answer: distinct schools | question: How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?, answer: limited
Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?, answer: late 1970s | question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?, answer: 1950s and 1960s | question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?, answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall | question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?, answer: the University of Birmingham
Scholars now believe that the Arian Party was not monolithic, but held drastically different theological views that spanned the early Christian theological spectrum. They supported the tenets of Origenist thought and theology, but had little else in common. Moreover, many labelled "Arian" did not consider themselves followers of Arius. In addition, non-Homoousian bishops disagreed with being labeled as followers of Arius, since Arius was merely a presbyter, while they were fully ordained bishops. However, others point to the Council of Nicaea as proof in and of itself that Arianism was a real theological ideology.[citation needed]

question: Did all Arians believe the same things?, answer: different theological views | question: Were Arians also Origenists?, answer: supported the tenets | question: Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?, answer: bishops disagreed | question: What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?, answer: a real theological ideology | question: Did Arians have one set of beliefs?, answer: not monolithic
Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Château de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne.

question: Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?, answer: the development of free speech and thought | question: Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?, answer: chemist Joseph Black | question: Who created the argument for deep time?, answer: geologist James Hutton | question: Who invented the steam engine?, answer: James Watt | question: Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?, answer: the Montgolfier Brothers