lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).

question: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?, answer: Sociologist | question: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: 1975 | question: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?, answer: Totalizing | question: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?, answer: absolutism | question: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?, answer: world indifference
Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

question: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?, answer: Sociologist | question: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: "not always very democratic" | question: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?, answer: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." | question: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?, answer: informed choice | question: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?, answer: dignified exit
Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day

question: During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?, answer: the mid-to-late 1970s | question: What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?, answer: Fleetwood Mac | question: In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?, answer: 1977 | question: What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?, answer: WYNY | question: Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?, answer: Walter Sabo
Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that "coverage", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.

question: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum?, answer: use combinatorial test design | question: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?, answer: get greater test coverage with fewer tests | question: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?, answer: speed or test depth
Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.

question: What is the first step that leads to a software failure?, answer: programmer makes an error | question: What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?, answer: defect (fault, bug) | question: When can software defects in dead code cause problems?, answer: run on a new computer hardware platform
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

question: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?, answer: Software | question: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?, answer: firmware | question: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?, answer: software
Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called "defect rate". What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]

question: What makes up part of the SQA?, answer: Software testing | question: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?, answer: software development process | question: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?, answer: video game
Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

question: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?, answer: California's Mojave Desert | question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?, answer: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility | question: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?, answer: Spain
Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

question: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?, answer: Western designs | question: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?, answer: medieval | question: What material was used to make Somali cities?, answer: stone
Somali art is the artistic culture of the Somali people, both historic and contemporary. These include artistic traditions in pottery, music, architecture, wood carving and other genres. Somali art is characterized by its aniconism, partly as a result of the vestigial influence of the pre-Islamic mythology of the Somalis coupled with their ubiquitous Muslim beliefs. However, there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures, such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia, the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies, and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia. More typically, intricate patterns and geometric designs, bold colors and monumental architecture were the norm.

question: What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?, answer: aniconism | question: Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?, answer: music | question: In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?, answer: northern | question: What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?, answer: birds | question: In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?, answer: southern
Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.

question: What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?, answer: all food is served halal | question: What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?, answer: pork | question: What beverage is not halal?, answer: alcohol | question: Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?, answer: blood
Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

question: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?, answer: Benaadir | question: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?, answer: Northern Somali | question: What is another name for Benaadir?, answer: Coastal Somali | question: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?, answer: Benaadir | question: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?, answer: southern
Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

question: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?, answer: Ethiopia | question: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?, answer: northeastern | question: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?, answer: Pan-Somalism | question: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?, answer: Cuba | question: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?, answer: the Ogaden War
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.

question: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?, answer: 1972 | question: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?, answer: Nuruddin Farah | question: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?, answer: 1998 | question: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?, answer: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl | question: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?, answer: Nadifa Mohamed
Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

question: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?, answer: marriage | question: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?, answer: 3 | question: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?, answer: 55 | question: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?, answer: Darod | question: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?, answer: 4.3%
Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

question: What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?, answer: 1999 | question: Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?, answer: Africa | question: In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?, answer: 53% | question: The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?, answer: internet commerce and telephony
Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: صومال‎) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.

question: What language family is Somali a part of?, answer: Afro-Asiatic | question: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?, answer: Cushitic | question: What is the majority religion of Somalis?, answer: Sunni Muslim | question: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?, answer: 12.3 million | question: What country has the second largest Somali population?, answer: Ethiopia
Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants. They are traditionally nomads, but since the late 20th century, many have moved to urban areas. While most Somalis can be found in Somalia proper, large numbers also live in Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Yemen, the Middle East, South Asia and Europe due to their seafaring tradition.

question: What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?, answer: Somalis | question: What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?, answer: 85% | question: During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?, answer: 20th | question: Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?, answer: their seafaring tradition | question: Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?, answer: Kenya
Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of customary law, which they call Xeer. Xeer is a polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted.

question: What is the Somali system of customary law?, answer: Xeer
Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (lahan) and singers ('odka or "voice").

question: What scale is used by most Somali songs?, answer: pentatonic | question: How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?, answer: seven | question: What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?, answer: the major scale | question: Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?, answer: Sudan | question: What does midho mean in English?, answer: lyricists
Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

question: What brothers have had significant classical training?, answer: Van Halen brothers | question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?, answer: classical | question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?, answer: commercial
Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. In October 2012, the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy. Many young men would often attend a semester or two of higher education prior to beginning missionary service. This policy change will likely impact what has been the traditional incoming freshman class at BYU. Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19, rather than age 21 under the previous policy. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.

question: At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?, answer: 18 | question: At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?, answer: 19 | question: How long is a full-time mission for males?, answer: two years | question: How long is a full-time mission for females?, answer: 18 months | question: What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?, answer: 97
Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.

question: What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?, answer: Carnivals | question: What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?, answer: the Carnival de la Laetare | question: What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?, answer: Blancs-Moussis | question: What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?, answer: Laetare Sunday | question: What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade?, answer: Carnival Parade of Maaseik
Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written "with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place"

question: As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?, answer: a solar eclipse | question: Why was a solar eclipse impossible?, answer: the full moon | question: Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?, answer: Greek historian Phlegon | question: Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?, answer: Tiberius Caesar | question: What other event supposedly took place that shook people?, answer: earthquakes