lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.

question: When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?, answer: is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. | question: What was the structure that the early Christian church described?, answer: in the New Testament | question: What happens in the council of Jerusalem?, answer: the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church | question: Where can the elements of federalism can be found?, answer: can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.
Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.

question: Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?, answer: the Finnish Army | question: Who was the Finnish Army allied with?, answer: the Nazis | question: Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?, answer: Estonian volunteers in Finland | question: What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?, answer: 1944
Some Europeans living among Indigenous Americans were called "white Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions." More numerous and typical were traders and trappers, who married Indigenous American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what ware called "country wives" among Indigenous Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education.

question: Who were considered "white Indians"?, answer: Europeans living among Indigenous Americans | question: Who had Indigenous "Country wives"?, answer: Some traders | question: Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?, answer: "white Indians" | question: Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?, answer: for their education | question: Where were legal wives usually kept?, answer: in the city
Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?, answer: West Flemish | question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?, answer: political boundaries | question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?, answer: Zeeland | question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?, answer: French Flanders | question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?, answer: Brabantian
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?, answer: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally | question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?, answer: a supporting organization | question: What is a major function of a foundation?, answer: giving value to the groups of people they administer to
Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenräumer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.

question: What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?, answer: Habitat for Humanity | question: What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?, answer: Rotary International | question: What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?, answer: United Way | question: Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?, answer: Red Cross and Red Crescent | question: Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?, answer: World Wide Fund for Nature
Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction. Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible. These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation. The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read.

question: What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?, answer: Westminster Confession of Faith | question: Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?, answer: Westminster Standards | question: The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?, answer: Westminster Confession of Faith
Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.

question: What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?, answer: Christianity | question: What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?, answer: vāfealoa'i | question: What word is used in Samoa to mean "respect"?, answer: fa'aaloalo | question: What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?, answer: 98%
Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.

question: Some USB devices require what?, answer: more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. | question: Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?, answer: an external power supply | question: What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?, answer: a dual-input USB cable | question: What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?, answer: one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power
Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

question: What religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?, answer: claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. | question: According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?, answer: Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. | question: What does this other religion also state happens to everyone besides Mary and her First born child ?, answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil | question: What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?, answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, | question: What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion ?, answer: passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones
Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

question: What do some agriculturalists often do?, answer: hunt and gather | question: What do they sometimes do for entertainment?, answer: go hunting | question: Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?, answer: to escape colonial control | question: Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?, answer: agriculture became difficult
Some alloys occur naturally, such as electrum, which is an alloy that is native to Earth, consisting of silver and gold. Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel, but are not native to the Earth. One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pig iron. In the modern age, steel can be created in many forms. Carbon steel can be made by varying only the carbon content, producing soft alloys like mild steel or hard alloys like spring steel. Alloy steels can be made by adding other elements, such as molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in alloys such as high-speed steel or tool steel. Small amounts of manganese are usually alloyed with most modern-steels because of its ability to remove unwanted impurities, like phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen, which can have detrimental effects on the alloy. However, most alloys were not created until the 1900s, such as various aluminium, titanium, nickel, and magnesium alloys. Some modern superalloys, such as incoloy, inconel, and hastelloy, may consist of a multitude of different components.

question: What is electrum made of?, answer: silver and gold | question: What alloy is formed naturally?, answer: electrum | question: Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?, answer: bronze | question: What metal is made by combining tin and copper?, answer: bronze | question: Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?, answer: 1900s
Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?, answer: UTC | question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?, answer: time zone differences | question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?, answer: operating systems | question: Where do computers usually use UTC?, answer: internally | question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?, answer: local time
Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels. Intracellular membranes called chromatophores are also found in membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue. Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas, are membrane-bound vesicles present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy. Microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that contain enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments, present in magnetotactic bacteria, that contain magnetic crystals.

question: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?, answer: glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates | question: What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?, answer: to control their buoyancy | question: What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?, answer: glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments | question: How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?, answer: move up or down into water layers with different light intensities | question: What are chromatophores used for?, answer: photosynthesis
Some bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey.

question: Which bird has the longest migration?, answer: bar-tailed godwits | question: How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?, answer: 11,000 km | question: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from, answer: Alaska | question: Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?, answer: New Zealand | question: How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?, answer: 55 percent
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.

question: Who is related to Bliss Broyard?, answer: Anatole Broyard | question: Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?, answer: autobiography | question: What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?, answer: Colored White Boy
Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Irruptive species such as the boreal finches are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Altitudinal migration is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes elevations and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when the normal territories also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. Parrots as a family are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations.

question: In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory, answer: 44% | question: In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory, answer: 32% | question: What is most often triggered by temperature changes?, answer: Altitudinal migration | question: Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?, answer: Parrots
Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are among the most intelligent animals; several bird species make and use tools, and many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Many species annually migrate great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and bird songs, and participating in such social behaviours as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking, and mobbing of predators. The vast majority of bird species are socially monogamous, usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have polygynous ("many females") or, rarely, polyandrous ("many males") breeding systems. Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction. They are usually laid in a nest and incubated by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as hens, lay eggs even when not fertilized, though unfertilized eggs do not produce offspring.

question: Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?, answer: corvids and parrots | question: How to birds produce offspring?, answer: by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction | question: Where are eggs usually laid?, answer: nest
Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.

question: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?, answer: children did not exceed the education of their parents | question: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?, answer: teachers and their textbooks | question: What happens when someone tries to improve education?, answer: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude