lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The term Hokkien (福建; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: 閩南語, 閩南話; simplified Chinese: 闽南语, 闽南话; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ, Mǐnnánhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí,Bân-lâm-oē) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: 福佬話; simplified Chinese: 福佬话; pinyin: Fúlǎohuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló-oē). The term Hokkien (Chinese: 福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok-kiàn oē;Tâi-lô:Hok-kiàn-uē), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.

question: What at the main Hokkioen urban centers?, answer: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. | question: What dialects does Hokkien refer to?, answer: Min-nan dialects. | question: Where is the term Hokkien mainly used?, answer: South East Asia | question: What does Hokkien mean?, answer: Fujian province | question: What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?, answer: Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan | question: In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?, answer: Hokkien | question: Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?, answer: Hokkien
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

question: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?, answer: 3rd-century | question: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?, answer: Parthian | question: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?", answer: *ar-yo- | question: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?, answer: the gentilic | question: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?, answer: Ērān
The term Muslim world, also known as Islamic world and the Ummah (Arabic: أمة‎, meaning "nation" or "community") has different meanings. In a religious sense, the Islamic Ummah refers to those who adhere to the teachings of Islam, referred to as Muslims. In a cultural sense, the Muslim Ummah refers to Islamic civilization, exclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. In a modern geopolitical sense, the term "Islamic Nation" usually refers collectively to Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns.

question: Islamic World is another way to refer to what?, answer: Muslim world | question: When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?, answer: those who adhere to the teachings of Islam | question: When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?, answer: Islamic civilization | question: Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?, answer: Ummah
The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).

question: What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?, answer: Nederduits | question: What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?, answer: low | question: The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?, answer: Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta | question: What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?, answer: Latin | question: "Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany?, answer: north
The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; "ack-ack" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of "AA"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, certainly not!").

question: Which country probably coined the term air defence?, answer: Britain | question: What does ADGB stand for?, answer: Air Defence of Great Britain | question: What year was the ADGB created?, answer: 1925 | question: Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?, answer: Amyas Borton | question: What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?, answer: "Archibald, certainly not!"
The term alloy is used to describe a mixture of atoms in which the primary constituent is a metal. The primary metal is called the base, the matrix, or the solvent. The secondary constituents are often called solutes. If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy. If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy, while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy. Because the percentage of each constituent can be varied, with any mixture the entire range of possible variations is called a system. In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.

question: The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?, answer: The primary metal | question: What is another name for solutes?, answer: The secondary constituents | question: What is the name of an alloy that has four constituents?, answer: quaternary alloy | question: A five-part alloy is known as?, answer: ternary alloy
The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb (book); āyah (sign); and sūrah (scripture). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the "revelation" (waḥy), that which has been "sent down" (tanzīl) at intervals. Other related words are: dhikr (remembrance), used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning, and ḥikmah (wisdom), sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.

question: Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means "book"?, answer: kitāb | question: Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as "scripture"?, answer: sūrah | question: What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?, answer: wisdom | question: What name does the Quran use for itself that means "revelation"?, answer: waḥy
The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?, answer: debuccalization | question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?, answer: glottal stop or fricative | question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?, answer: lenited
The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology, introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term "natural diversity" was common, introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, "The Preservation of Natural Diversity." By the early 1980s TNC's Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of the term "biological diversity".

question: Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?, answer: Raymond F. Dasmann | question: What book first contained the term biological diversity?, answer: A Different Kind of Country | question: What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?, answer: the 1980s | question: Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?, answer: Thomas Lovejoy | question: What term was common before biological diversity?, answer: "natural diversity"
The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears." The statement that "discoveries are...property" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, "All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years." In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.

question: When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?, answer: October 1845 | question: Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?, answer: Massachusetts Circuit Court | question: Who wrote that "only in this way can we protect intellectual property"?, answer: Justice Charles L. Woodbury | question: What year did the "discoveries are property" concept appear in French law?, answer: 1791 | question: When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?, answer: 1846
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.

question: What is benefical work for children?, answer: Domestic work | question: What can children do in countries were trading is involved?, answer: children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers | question: All but what type of children must learn to clean?, answer: rich
The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

question: What language is the word dialectus from?, answer: Latin | question: From what language does the word diálektos come?, answer: Greek | question: What does diálektos mean in English?, answer: discourse | question: How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?, answer: two | question: How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?, answer: two
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

question: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?, answer: hardware
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule. Others never form heartwood.

question: If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?, answer: thin | question: What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?, answer: position | question: Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?, answer: thick | question: Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?, answer: Thin | question: Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?, answer: thick
The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

question: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?, answer: an established orthodoxy | question: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?, answer: metaphors
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

question: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?, answer: Greek | question: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?, answer: slightly different | question: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?, answer: heresiarch | question: What is the study of heresy?, answer: Heresiology | question: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?, answer: "choice" or "thing chosen"
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

question: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?, answer: 1936 | question: Earlier television systems were based on what?, answer: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution | question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?, answer: 20th | question: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?, answer: 21st | question: What is the most current HDTV system development?, answer: 8K
The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

question: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?, answer: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism
The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C.

question: How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?, answer: 1000 °C | question: Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?, answer: countertop cooking | question: What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?, answer: impervious to thermal shock | question: What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?, answer: lithium and aluminosilicates | question: What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?, answer: ~70%
The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East," derived ultimately from Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as "the Near East" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

question: When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?, answer: the 19th century | question: The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?, answer: archaeology | question: Where did the "Far East" derive from?, answer: Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." | question: Where did the Ottoman Empire end?, answer: the eastern border of Iraq | question: Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?, answer: because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there
The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.

question: Pewter is mostly made up of?, answer: tin | question: Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?, answer: too soft | question: During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?, answer: tin | question: What was done to tin to make it stronger?, answer: alloyed with other metals | question: What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?, answer: lead, antimony, bismuth or copper
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

question: What did 'samurai' mean at first?, answer: those who serve in close attendance to nobility | question: What did 'samorapu' mean?, answer: to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend | question: What did 'saburahu' mean?, answer: to serve, to attend | question: What did 'saburahi' mean?, answer: servant, attendant | question: When was the word 'samurahi' used?, answer: the Edo period
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

question: What german word does the term szlachta come from?, answer: slahta | question: What does slahta mean?, answer: "(noble) family" | question: What is the polish name for knight?, answer: rycerz | question: German name for knight?, answer: Ritter | question: Where does the word her derive from in german?, answer: Erbe