lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon III, then the emperor of France, demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France's strategic position, which the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, flatly refused. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, into a unified Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military.

question: What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?, answer: the unification of Germany | question: In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?, answer: North German Confederation | question: What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?, answer: new power destabilized | question: What established the European balance of power in 1815?, answer: the Congress of Vienna | question: As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?, answer: strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states
The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

question: What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?, answer: that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ | question: What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?, answer: to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. | question: What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the, answer: Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ | question: What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?, answer: immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; | question: How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?, answer: rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.
The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—​​up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."

question: In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?, answer: The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform | question: When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?, answer: 22 October 2009 | question: What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?, answer: micro-USB
The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a "progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical"—that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God.

question: How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?, answer: through an imitation of His life | question: Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?, answer: Christ | question: What is the most significant way to know Christ?, answer: emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry | question: What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?, answer: the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified | question: What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?, answer: progressive
The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto ("Port Market"). A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay. It is generally circular, with a small cut in the centre for cooking, and is made from wheat flour, yeast, water and sugar or salt. Beef is very important in Uruguayan cuisine and an essential part of many dishes. Montevideo has a variety of restaurants, from traditional Uruguayan cuisine to Japanese cuisine such as sushi. Notable restaurants in Montevideo include Arcadia atop the Plaza Victoria, widely regarded to be the finest restaurant in the city. Arcadia is set in a classic Italian-inspired dining room and serves lavish dishes such as terrine of pheasant marinated in cognac, grilled lamb glazed with mint and garlic, and duck confit on thin strudel pastry with red cabbage. El Fogon is more popular with the late-night diners of the city. Its interior is brightly lit and the walls covered with big mirrors. Officially a barbecue and seafood restaurant, it serves grilled meat dishes, as well as salmon, shrimp and calamari. Also of note is the Cru. Numerous restaurants are located along the Rambla of Montevideo. There is an Irish pub in the eastern part of the Old District named Shannon Irish pub, another testament to the European heritage of the city.

question: What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?, answer: the Mercado del Puerto | question: What is a torta frita?, answer: a pan-fried cake | question: Where is Arcadia located?, answer: atop the Plaza Victoria | question: Where is Shannon Irish pub located?, answer: the eastern part of the Old District
The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.

question: What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?, answer: five hundred species | question: What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?, answer: growing lower | question: Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?, answer: thick stems | question: What helps plants in order to get as much water as possible?, answer: long roots that travel horizontally
The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of CCA1 (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and LHY (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as PRR 7 and 9 (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes. When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a negative feedback loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas TOC1 gene expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY, it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1 in fact serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of TOC1 gene functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component repressilator model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.

question: What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?, answer: central oscillator | question: When do the CCA1 and LHY function?, answer: morning | question: Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?, answer: evening | question: What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?, answer: negative feedback loop | question: What researcher showed that the gene feedback loop serves as a repressor?, answer: Andrew Millar
The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.

question: What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?, answer: hyperarid | question: What does the Sahara have little to none of?, answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert | question: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?, answer: grassland and desert shrub | question: What does the Sahara have little of?, answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert | question: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?, answer: years
The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. Citing Jefferson, the court concluded that "The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach."

question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?, answer: 1947 | question: What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?, answer: government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools | question: What case was the concept relevant?, answer: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 | question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?, answer: court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state | question: How must the wall separating church and state be kept?, answer: high and impregnable
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.

question: What has been found along the current Route des Romains?, answer: Roman artifacts | question: Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?, answer: Grande Île | question: Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?, answer: Christians | question: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?, answer: 1988
The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pont d'Iéna have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991. Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historic axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La Défense.

question: Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?, answer: centre of Paris | question: What is housed at Les Invalides?, answer: the tomb of Napoleon | question: Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?, answer: 1991
The centre of Southampton is located above a large hot water aquifer that provides geothermal power to some of the city's buildings. This energy is processed at a plant in the West Quay region in Southampton city centre, the only geothermal power station in the UK. The plant provides private electricity for the Port of Southampton and hot water to the Southampton District Energy Scheme used by many buildings including the WestQuay shopping centre. In a 2006 survey of carbon emissions in major UK cities conducted by British Gas, Southampton was ranked as being one of the lowest carbon emitting cities in the United Kingdom.

question: What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?, answer: hot water aquifer | question: In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?, answer: West Quay | question: Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?, answer: Southampton District Energy Scheme | question: What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?, answer: British Gas | question: In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?, answer: United Kingdom
The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars. The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great, 1587–1629, surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.

question: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?, answer: Ottoman Empire | question: Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?, answer: Abbas the Great | question: When did the Safavid Empire peak?, answer: 1587–1629 | question: Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?, answer: Pashtun rebels | question: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?, answer: Soltan Hosein
The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county, which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils, and two unitary authority areas (whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district). The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor. The two unitary authorities — which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon — are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.

question: How many tiers does somerset county consist of, answer: The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county | question: What are the 5 districts of Somerset, answer: The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor | question: What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996, answer: North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset
The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equality in the Kievian law code, they were theoretically equal to the prince, so they enjoyed as much freedom as can be expected of manual labourers. However, in the 13th century they began to slowly lose their rights and became less equal in the eyes of the law.

question: What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?, answer: change in political structure | question: When did wages on the manors develop?, answer: 1031 | question: What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?, answer: given equality
The change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya. As the book was a big success, he was off to the Balkan states with his wife in 1896 to develop detail for a sequel, The People and Politics of the Near East, which Scribners planned to publish in 1897. Mrs. Norman, a writer herself, wrote glowing letters of the home and person of Mme. Zakki, "the wife of a Turkish cabinet minister," who, she said, was a cultivated woman living in a country home full of books. As for the natives of the Balkans, they were "a semi-civilized people."

question: Reports from who made the change evident?, answer: influential British travellers | question: Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894, answer: the Far East | question: What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?, answer: The Peoples and Politics of the Far East | question: What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out?, answer: 1895
The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.

question: Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?, answer: Italy | question: What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?, answer: classical antiquity | question: What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?, answer: the Renaissance | question: What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?, answer: modern history and early modern Europe
The changes included a new corporate color palette, small modifications to the GE logo, a new customized font (GE Inspira) and a new slogan, "Imagination at work", composed by David Lucas, to replace the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" used since 1979. The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual "white space" to documents and advertising. The changes were designed by Wolff Olins and are used on GE's marketing, literature and website. In 2014, a second typeface family was introduced: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday created under art direction by Wolff Olins.

question: Who composed GE's slogan "Imagination at work?"?, answer: David Lucas | question: What was GE's slogan prior to "Imagination at work?", answer: We Bring Good Things to Life | question: In what year was the slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" first used?, answer: 1979 | question: Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?, answer: Wolff Olins | question: What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?, answer: GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday
The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

question: What happened to the king after the trial?, answer: execution of the king | question: Who else was involved in the warfare?, answer: every other major European power. | question: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution., answer: the Napoleonic Wars