lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

question: When did Protestantism begin to split?, answer: the mid-to-late 16th century | question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?, answer: controversy over the Eucharist | question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?, answer: transubstantiation | question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?, answer: bread and wine | question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?, answer: Christ
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.

question: When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?, answer: 1998 | question: What is the main concern of the Protocol?, answer: conservation | question: What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?, answer: non-native species | question: What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?, answer: Committee for Environmental Protection | question: Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?, answer: biodiversity
The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

question: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?, answer: The Protoevangelium of James | question: At what age was Mary consecrated?, answer: three | question: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?, answer: Zachariah | question: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?, answer: an angel
The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.

question: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?, answer: conscripts | question: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?, answer: of military age | question: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?, answer: 1,000,000 | question: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?, answer: Cannae | question: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?, answer: encirclement battles
The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

question: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?, answer: a brief victory parade | question: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?, answer: the terms of the armistice | question: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?, answer: food | question: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?, answer: five billion franc | question: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?, answer: 200,000
The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Moltke's ability to control large formations spread out over significant distances. The Chief of the General Staff, effectively the commander in chief of the Prussian army, was independent of the minister of war and answered only to the monarch. The French General Staff—along with those of every other European military—was little better than a collection of assistants for the line commanders. This disorganization hampered the French commanders' ability to exercise control of their forces.

question: The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?, answer: extremely effective | question: What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?, answer: previous Prussian operations | question: What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?, answer: learn to avoid mistakes | question: The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?, answer: significant distances | question: Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?, answer: The Chief of the General Staff
The Prussian army was controlled by the General Staff, under Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke. The Prussian army was unique in Europe for having the only such organisation in existence, whose purpose in peacetime was to prepare the overall war strategy, and in wartime to direct operational movement and organise logistics and communications. The officers of the General Staff were hand-picked from the Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy). Moltke embraced new technology, particularly the railroad and telegraph, to coordinate and accelerate mobilisation of large forces.

question: What entity controlled the Prussian army?, answer: the General Staff | question: Who commanded the General Staff?, answer: Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke | question: What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?, answer: to prepare the overall war strategy | question: The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?, answer: Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy) | question: What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?, answer: the railroad and telegraph
The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

question: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?, answer: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia | question: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?, answer: Pharaohs | question: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?, answer: Alexandria | question: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?, answer: Egyptian
The Puget Sound Convergence Zone is an important feature of Seattle's weather. In the convergence zone, air arriving from the north meets air flowing in from the south. Both streams of air originate over the Pacific Ocean; airflow is split by the Olympic Mountains to Seattle's west, then reunited to the east. When the air currents meet, they are forced upward, resulting in convection. Thunderstorms caused by this activity are usually weak and can occur north and south of town, but Seattle itself rarely receives more than occasional thunder and small hail showers. The Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm in December 2006 is an exception that brought heavy rain and winds gusting up to 69 mph (111 km/h), an event that was not caused by the Puget Sound Convergence Zone and was widespread across the Pacific Northwest.

question: What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?, answer: Puget Sound Convergence Zone | question: Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?, answer: streams of air | question: From where do the two streams of air come?, answer: Pacific Ocean | question: What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?, answer: Olympic Mountains | question: What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?, answer: Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm
The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.

question: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?, answer: Sikh religion | question: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?, answer: 1799 to 1849 | question: Who was the leader of the Punjabis?, answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh | question: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied?, answer: Sikh army | question: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?, answer: British
The Punjabis followed a diverse plethora of faiths, mainly comprising Hinduism[citation needed] , when the Muslim Umayyad army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab in 712, by defeating Raja Dahir. The Umayyad Caliphate was the second Islamic caliphate established after the death of Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first to bring message of Islam to the population of Punjab.[citation needed] Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed] In the 11th century, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the province became an important centre with Lahore as its second capital[citation needed] of the Ghaznavid Empire based out of Afghanistan. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

question: What religion did Punjab become?, answer: Muslim | question: What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?, answer: dargahs | question: Who led the Umayyad army?, answer: Muhammad bin Qasim | question: Where did the Umayyads conquer?, answer: Sindh and Southern Punjab | question: Who did the Umayyads defeat?, answer: Raja Dahir
The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

question: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?, answer: The Pyx Chamber | question: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?, answer: the late 11th century | question: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?, answer: the Trial of the Pyx
The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, "A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

question: What was founded after the fall of the Ming?, answer: The Qing dynasty | question: The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?, answer: 1644–1911 | question: What were the Manchus originally known as?, answer: the Jurchens | question: Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?, answer: Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels | question: Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?, answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui | question: The Qing dynasty formed after what event?, answer: after the fall of the Ming | question: During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?, answer: 1644–1911 | question: What were the Manchus originally named?, answer: Jurchens | question: Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?, answer: Li Zicheng's peasant rebels | question: Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?, answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui
The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.

question: What was the last Chinese dynasty?, answer: Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty | question: When did the Manchu dynasty rule?, answer: 1644 to 1912 | question: What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?, answer: Ming | question: What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?, answer: Republic of China | question: What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?, answer: Qing
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not. What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, Nurhachi embarked on an intertribal feud in 1582 that escalated into a campaign to unify the nearby tribes. By 1616, he had sufficiently consolidated Jianzhou so as to be able to proclaim himself Khan of the Great Jin in reference to the previous Jurchen dynasty.

question: What ethnic group make up the most people in China?, answer: Han Chinese | question: Who founded the Qing dynasty?, answer: Jurchen | question: What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?, answer: sedentary farming | question: What parts of China did they come from?, answer: Jilin and Heilongjiang | question: Were the Manchu's nomadic?, answer: farming people
The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, Zhang Zeduan's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

question: What arts were the Qing emperors good at?, answer: poetry and often skilled in painting | question: What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?, answer: Peiwen Yunfu | question: When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?, answer: 1716 | question: When was the Siku Quanshu finished?, answer: 1782
The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673-1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han Chinese soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han Chinese (non-Banner) instead of the Eight Banners, to fight and crush the Three Feudatories. Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers.

question: When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?, answer: 1673-1674 | question: How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?, answer: 900,000 | question: What happened to Wu's army?, answer: crushed by the Green Standard Army
The Qing organization of provinces was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming dynasty, later made into eighteen provinces by splitting for example, Huguang into Hubei and Hunan provinces. The provincial bureaucracy continued the Yuan and Ming practice of three parallel lines, civil, military, and censorate, or surveillance. Each province was administered by a governor (巡撫, xunfu) and a provincial military commander (提督, tidu). Below the province were prefectures (府, fu) operating under a prefect (知府, zhīfǔ), followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a county magistrate. The eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general (總督, zongdu) was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

question: What two provinces were formed from Huguang?, answer: Hubei and Hunan | question: What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?, answer: governor | question: What were provinces broken up into?, answer: prefectures | question: What is another name for the main 18 provinces?, answer: China proper | question: How many viceroys were there in China Proper?, answer: eight
The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests. Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted only as reserve forces or in the rear and were used predominantly for quick strikes with maximum impact, so as to minimize ethnic Manchu losses; instead, the Qing used defected Han Chinese troops to fight as the vanguard during the entire conquest of China.

question: Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?, answer: Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde | question: What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?, answer: southern China | question: What was the three Han Bannermen position called?, answer: viceroys
The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

question: When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?, answer: 2010 | question: Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?, answer: Ban Ki-moon | question: As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?, answer: "an anchor for our age" | question: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?, answer: British victims | question: When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?, answer: October 2011