lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

question: Who was the son of Murad II?, answer: Mehmed the Conqueror | question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?, answer: Constantinople | question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?, answer: its autonomy and land | question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?, answer: Venetian rule | question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??, answer: Albanian resistance
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

question: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?, answer: The Green Book | question: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?, answer: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council | question: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished., answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic | question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?, answer: introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system | question: Describe the Popular Revolution., answer: the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. | question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?, answer: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system | question: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?, answer: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. | question: Describe the Popular Revolution., answer: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions | question: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?, answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic | question: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?, answer: Islamic socialism | question: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?, answer: goat herder | question: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?, answer: Bedouin | question: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?, answer: Benghazi | question: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?, answer: Idris | question: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?, answer: Revolutionary Command Council
The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice.

question: What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?, answer: Tom's Diner | question: Who was the artist of the first song used?, answer: Suzanne Vega | question: Who adjusted the song?, answer: Karlheinz Brandenburg | question: The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?, answer: scheme | question: What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?, answer: subtlety
The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Periférico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.

question: What type of population lives in Tiahuac?, answer: rural | question: How is Milpa Alta constructed?, answer: entirely rural | question: Where is the World Trade Center?, answer: Along Avenida Insurgentes | question: What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?, answer: Colonia del Valle
The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself, its metropolitan area employed 246,639, in an activity centred largely around the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378) and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303) departments and the new business-park centres appearing there.

question: What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?, answer: science and technology | question: What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?, answer: food processing and beverages | question: How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?, answer: 56,927 | question: How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?, answer: 246,639
The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.

question: What dialects comprise the southern group?, answer: the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects | question: More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and Võro dialects set themselves apart from each other?, answer: their culture | question: Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, Võru (Võro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?, answer: separate languages altogether | question: What religion is associated with Seto and Võro?, answer: Christian
The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself "The Air Capital of the West". The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923. Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.

question: What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?, answer: Fort Rosecrans | question: What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?, answer: Spirit of St. Louis | question: What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?, answer: Camp Kearny | question: What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?, answer: U.S. Navy | question: What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?, answer: Consolidated Aircraft
The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates.

question: Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?, answer: The Roads | question: When was Coral Way constructed?, answer: 1922 | question: What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?, answer: Downtown | question: In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?, answer: 1825 | question: What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?, answer: Dinner Key
The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley.

question: Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?, answer: East of the central highlands | question: What's home to 57% of the nation's population?, answer: Israeli Coastal Plain | question: How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?, answer: 20,770 square kilometers
The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?, answer: 1795 | question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?, answer: Partitions of Poland | question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?, answer: szlachta
The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna – a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.

question: What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?, answer: Youth of Genius
The space-consuming analog video signal of a LaserDisc limited playback duration to 30 minutes (CAV) or 60 minutes (CLV) per side because of the hardware manufacturer's refusal to reduce line count for increased playtime. After one side was finished playing, a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching a movie, and some titles fill two or more discs. Many players, especially units built after the mid-1980s, can "flip" discs automatically by rotating the optical pickup to the other side of the disc, but this is accompanied by a pause in the movie during the side change. If the movie is longer than what could be stored on two sides of a single disc, manually swapping to a second disc is necessary at some point during the film. One exception to this rule is the Pioneer LD-W1, which features two disc platters. In addition, perfect still frames and random access to individual still frames is limited only to the more expensive CAV discs, which only had a playing time of approximately 30 minutes per side. In later years, Pioneer and other manufacturers overcame this limitation by incorporating a digital memory buffer, which "grabbed" a single frame from a CLV disc.

question: What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?, answer: a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching | question: Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?, answer: Pioneer LD-W1 | question: What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?, answer: line count | question: Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?, answer: CLV
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.

question: How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?, answer: ongoing | question: When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?, answer: last | question: What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?, answer: falling sea levels | question: A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?, answer: snowfall | question: What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?, answer: Laurentide Ice Sheet
The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

question: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?, answer: 6,300 °C | question: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?, answer: 52 lumens per watt | question: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?, answer: infrared radiation | question: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?, answer: the light emitted does not appear white, | question: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?, answer: 52 lumens per watt
The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).

question: What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?, answer: on size and time of year | question: Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?, answer: first-class | question: What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?, answer: post office boxes or private mail boxes
The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.

question: The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?, answer: charity | question: What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?, answer: learning | question: What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?, answer: charity | question: In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?, answer: England
The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was "... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers".

question: What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?, answer: to assist those searching for the truth | question: Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?, answer: gospel of Christ | question: What type of man was Dominic?, answer: a man of prayer
The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states.

question: Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?, answer: Attic Greek | question: Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?, answer: Koine | question: Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?, answer: trade
The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In the last century of the Republic, Epicurean and particularly Stoic interpretations were a preoccupation of the literate elite, most of whom held - or had held - high office and traditional Roman priesthoods; notably, Scaevola and the polymath Varro. For Varro - well versed in Euhemerus' theory - popular religious observance was based on a necessary fiction; what the people believed was not itself the truth, but their observance led them to as much higher truth as their limited capacity could deal with. Whereas in popular belief deities held power over mortal lives, the skeptic might say that mortal devotion had made gods of mortals, and these same gods were only sustained by devotion and cult.

question: The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?, answer: model | question: What writer defined the development of the gods?, answer: Euhemerus | question: At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?, answer: literate elite | question: What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?, answer: devotion and cult. | question: What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?, answer: Euhemerus' theory