lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the "peculiar institution" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union.

question: What dividing line separated slave states from free states?, answer: the Mason–Dixon line | question: When was Lincoln elected?, answer: 1860 | question: How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?, answer: states in the South seceded from the United States | question: When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?, answer: April 12, 1861 | question: What was the first state to formally secede?, answer: South Carolina
Secular Gothic architecture can also be found in a number of public buildings such as town halls, universities, markets or hospitals. The Gdańsk, Wrocław and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries. The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall, built during the 15th century, are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages; by the 15th century, the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions. This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities, including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia, Spain, a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century, in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London, or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy, a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena. Other Italian cities such as Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture.

question: What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?, answer: Stralsund town halls | question: When was Brussels Town Hall built?, answer: built during the 15th century | question: What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?, answer: the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia | question: What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?, answer: the Palazzo Pubblico | question: Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?, answer: Florence
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

question: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?, answer: the Concordat of 1801 | question: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?, answer: Pope Pius VII | question: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church | question: What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?, answer: 15 July 1801 | question: What were the Organic Articles a part of?, answer: the Concordat
Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?, answer: enemies | question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?, answer: politically sensitive issues
Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?, answer: more slowly, | question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?, answer: input/output devices
Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

question: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?, answer: William Wilkins | question: What monument was created in 1818?, answer: Burns Monument at Alloway | question: When was the General Post Office built?, answer: 1824–29 | question: In what year was the British Museum built?, answer: 1823–48 | question: When was the National Gallery constructed?, answer: 1832–38
Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.

question: What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?, answer: post modern Neo-Gothic spires | question: What style does the Guardian building use?, answer: Art Deco | question: What is a famous theater in Detroit?, answer: Fox Theatre | question: What is a famous opera house in Detroit?, answer: Detroit Opera House | question: What university is near the New Center?, answer: Wayne State University
Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details.

question: What was invented in 132 CE?, answer: a seismometer | question: What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?, answer: an earthquake | question: What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?, answer: Houfeng didong yi | question: What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?, answer: enormous compression of trapped air | question: What was Luoyang renamed to?, answer: Gansu
Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."

question: What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?, answer: fewer redundancies | question: How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?, answer: a "straightforward, honest newspaper" | question: Which party would the newspaper endorse?, answer: Labour | question: What was the price paid for the newspaper?, answer: £800,000 | question: Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?, answer: Maxwell's offer
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

question: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?, answer: Selenice, in Albania | question: What is it about the mine that is unusual?, answer: still in use | question: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands?, answer: rock asphalt | question: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?, answer: 83% to 92% | question: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?, answer: veins
Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of normal asphalt plants. Other typical applications include the production of mastic asphalts for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads as well as drilling fluid additives for the oil and gas industry. Selenizza is available in powder or in granular material of various particle sizes and is packaged in big bags or in thermal fusible polyethylene bags.

question: What component is added to bitumen to improve it?, answer: Selenizza | question: To what other paving material is Selenizza added?, answer: mastic asphalts | question: What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?, answer: fluid additives | question: In what form is Selenizza offered?, answer: granular | question: How is Selenizza shipped?, answer: bags
Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; – in 1909, Louis Blériot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925.

question: Who founded Selfridges in 1909?, answer: Harry Gordon Selfridge | question: What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time?, answer: the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity | question: How was the store most often presented to the public?, answer: paid advertising | question: What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?, answer: shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits
Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.

question: What are the most numerous characters?, answer: Semantic-phonetic compounds | question: What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?, answer: semantic indicator | question: What suggests the general meaning of a compound character?, answer: semantic indicator
Semi-additive is the most common process: The unpatterned board has a thin layer of copper already on it. A reverse mask is then applied. (Unlike a subtractive process mask, this mask exposes those parts of the substrate that will eventually become the traces.) Additional copper is then plated onto the board in the unmasked areas; copper may be plated to any desired weight. Tin-lead or other surface platings are then applied. The mask is stripped away and a brief etching step removes the now-exposed bare original copper laminate from the board, isolating the individual traces. Some single-sided boards which have plated-through holes are made in this way. General Electric made consumer radio sets in the late 1960s using additive boards.

question: In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?, answer: traces | question: What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?, answer: copper | question: After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?, answer: etching | question: What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?, answer: General Electric | question: What weight of plating is possible with copper?, answer: any
Seminary Row is named for the Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary which it touches. Seminary Row also runs by the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, Sakura Park, Grant's Tomb, and Morningside Park.

question: Besides the Union Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?, answer: Jewish Theological | question: Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?, answer: Union Theological | question: Which road runs by two Seminaries, the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, and Grant's Tomb?, answer: Seminary Row
Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".

question: Where did Seminole Indians raid, answer: Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements | question: Who did the Indians offer haven to, answer: runaway slaves | question: What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now, answer: First Seminole War | question: Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary, answer: orida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage
Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) using the "partial report paradigm". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments,Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.

question: How long does sensory memory to to store information?, answer: less than one second | question: Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?, answer: It is out of cognitive control | question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?, answer: George Sperling | question: What did Spellings' findings reveal?, answer: this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items
Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

question: In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?, answer: mid-19th-century | question: What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?, answer: Vienna Literary Agreement | question: What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?, answer: Eastern Herzegovinian | question: What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?, answer: Kingdom of Yugoslavia | question: Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?, answer: Bosnian | question: What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?, answer: Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian | question: Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?, answer: Serbo-Croatian | question: What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?, answer: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac
Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.

question: Where are the French Prealps located?, answer: France | question: What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?, answer: the Jura Mountains | question: What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?, answer: The secondary chain of the Alps | question: What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?, answer: the line of the main chain
Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree LL.D., at 1803, for his efforts.

question: When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?, answer: 1778 to 1795 | question: What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?, answer: Hebrew | question: When did the British threaten to take over the college?, answer: July 1779 | question: Who saved Yale from the British raid?, answer: Edmund Fanning | question: What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?, answer: an honorary degree LL.D