lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

question: What was the objective of le Secret du roi?, answer: goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies | question: Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?, answer: his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, | question: What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?, answer: Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests | question: What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?, answer: Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, | question: What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?, answer: Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian
French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

question: Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?, answer: Maurice Duverger | question: What are cadre parties?, answer: political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders | question: What are mass parties?, answer: Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology | question: What is an example of a mass party?, answer: Socialist parties | question: What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?, answer: cadre parties
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.

question: What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?, answer: Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism | question: What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?, answer: The intelligentsia in Russia | question: Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?, answer: the Malthusian aspects | question: Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?, answer: Leo Tolstoy
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

question: How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?, answer: four bands | question: What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?, answer: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 | question: Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?, answer: E1 and E2 | question: Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?, answer: E1 and E2 | question: According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?, answer: the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency
Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

question: Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?, answer: courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans | question: Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?, answer: pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines | question: Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?, answer: beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

question: Who was Hayek's father?, answer: August von Hayek | question: What was August von Hayek's occupation?, answer: medical doctor | question: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?, answer: botany | question: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?, answer: her mother | question: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?, answer: three
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

question: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?, answer: Austria-Hungary | question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?, answer: F. A. Hayek | question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?, answer: Nobel Memorial Prize | question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?, answer: Gunnar Myrdal | question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?, answer: philosopher
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "thing-in-itself" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).

question: Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?, answer: Friedrich Nietzsche | question: Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?, answer: Descartes | question: Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?, answer: Descartes
From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

question: When was Terra Mariana established?, answer: 2 February 1207 | question: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?, answer: Livonian Brothers of the Sword | question: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?, answer: 1237 | question: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?, answer: 1346 | question: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?, answer: German rule
From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?, answer: 23,868 | question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?, answer: 14,503 | question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?, answer: Estonian
From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

question: When was the Mint Act passed?, answer: 1792 | question: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?, answer: 371.25 | question: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?, answer: Alexander Hamilton | question: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?, answer: Congressional standard of the silver dollar | question: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?, answer: 1834
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

question: In which War was Detroit captured by the British?, answer: War of 1812 | question: In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?, answer: Battle of Frenchtown | question: In which year was Detroit recaptured?, answer: 1813 | question: In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?, answer: Monroe County
From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

question: Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?, answer: Giuseppe La Masa | question: Who was the first president of Palermo?, answer: Ruggero Settimo | question: Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?, answer: The Bourbons | question: Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?, answer: Kingdom of Italy
From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.

question: When was the samurai military modernized?, answer: 1854 | question: Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?, answer: Nagasaki | question: What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?, answer: Naval | question: What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?, answer: tradition | question: How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?, answer: eight
From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City". Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, "Rain City" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and "Jet City" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: "The City of Flowers", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and "The City of Goodwill", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

question: What is Seattle's present nickname?, answer: Emerald City | question: What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?, answer: The City of Goodwill | question: To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?, answer: evergreen forests | question: Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?, answer: Gateway to Alaska | question: From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?, answer: Boeing
From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

question: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die?, answer: August 19, 1878 | question: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?, answer: Charles A. Shibell | question: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?, answer: Deputy U.S. Marshal | question: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?, answer: Frank Stilwell | question: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?, answer: Wyatt Earp | question: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?, answer: stagecoach robberies | question: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?, answer: William Whitney Brazelton | question: When was Brazelton killed?, answer: August 19, 1878 | question: Who killed Brazelton?, answer: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse | question: What was Shibell's job?, answer: Pima County Sheriff
From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

question: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?, answer: From 1879 | question: How many congregations were founded?, answer: Thirty | question: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?, answer: self-administrative | question: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?, answer: during 1879 and 1880 | question: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?, answer: William Henry Conley
From 1889, when Guangxu began to rule in his own right, to 1898, the Empress Dowager lived in semi-retirement, spending the majority of the year at the Summer Palace. On November 1, 1897, two German Roman Catholic missionaries were murdered in the southern part of Shandong Province (the Juye Incident). In response, Germany used the murders as a pretext for a naval occupation of Jiaozhou Bay. The occupation prompted a "scramble for concessions" in 1898, which included the German lease of Jiazhou Bay, the Russian acquisition of Liaodong, and the British lease of the New Territories of Hong Kong.

question: Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?, answer: Summer Palace | question: When were two missionaries killed?, answer: November 1, 1897, | question: Where were the missionaries killed?, answer: Shandong Province | question: What was the murders of the missionaries called?, answer: Juye Incident
From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.

question: Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?, answer: Celtic | question: What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?, answer: 'river too wide to ford | question: What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?, answer: Llundain | question: Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions, answer: Richard Coates | question: In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?, answer: 1998