lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

question: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church | question: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?, answer: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion | question: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?, answer: Pope Clement XII | question: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?, answer: 28 April 1738 | question: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?, answer: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890 | question: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church | question: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?, answer: The 1917 Code of Canon Law | question: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?, answer: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion | question: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?, answer: Pope Clement XII | question: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?, answer: Pope Leo XIII
The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

question: What is the lightest density of paper produced?, answer: tissue paper | question: What is the common density of printing paper?, answer: 800 kg/m3
The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were hardly noticed by the fans when compared to that of Luís Figo, then club vice-captain. Figo had become a cult hero, and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barcelona fans were distraught by Figo's decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid, and, during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou, Figo was given an extremely hostile reception. Upon his first return, a piglet's head and a full bottle of whiskey were thrown at him from the crowd. The next three years saw the club in decline, and managers came and went. van Gaal was replaced by Llorenç Serra Ferrer who, despite an extensive investment in players in the summer of 2000, presided over a mediocre league campaign and a humiliating first-round Champions League exit, and was eventually dismissed late in the season. Long-serving coach Carles Rexach was appointed as his replacement, initially on a temporary basis, and managed to at least steer the club to the last Champions League spot on the final day of the season. Despite better form in La Liga and a good run to the semi-finals of the Champions League, Rexach was never viewed as a long-term solution and that summer Louis van Gaal returned to the club for a second spell as manager. What followed, despite another decent Champions League performance, was one of the worst La Liga campaigns in the club's history, with the team as low as 15th in February 2003. This led to van Gaal's resignation and replacement for the rest of the campaign by Radomir Antić, though a sixth-place finish was the best that he could manage. At the end of the season, Antić's short-term contract was not renewed, and club president Joan Gaspart resigned, his position having been made completely untenable by such a disastrous season on top of the club's overall decline in fortunes since he became president three years prior.

question: What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?, answer: Real Madrid | question: What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?, answer: hostile | question: After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?, answer: decline | question: What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?, answer: 15th | question: After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?, answer: Joan Gaspart
The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich or poor. International trade plunged by half to two-thirds, as did personal income, tax revenue, prices and profits. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.

question: Where did the depression cause negative effects?, answer: virtually every country | question: How much did international trade fall?, answer: by half to two-thirds, | question: What happened to construction during the Depression?, answer: virtually halted in many countries | question: How far did crop prices fall?, answer: 60 percent
The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

question: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?, answer: individual and group identity | question: Who developed the ISA?, answer: Weinreich | question: ISA stands for what?, answer: Identity Structure Analysis
The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

question: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?, answer: about a third | question: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?, answer: Coahuila | question: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?, answer: flat | question: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?, answer: north | question: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?, answer: Rio Grande
The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed.

question: What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated?, answer: London, Paris and New York. | question: What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?, answer: Karstadt | question: What major department store operates in Berlin?, answer: KaDeWe | question: What store is a part of the Metro AG?, answer: GALERIA Kaufhof
The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub—built into the host controller—is the root hub.

question: The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?, answer: its topology | question: How many devices may be connected to a host controller?, answer: 127 devices | question: How are USB devices linked?, answer: in series through hubs | question: What HUB is built into the host controller?, answer: the root hub | question: The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?, answer: topology | question: How many devices can be connected to a host controller?, answer: Up to 127 devices | question: What hub is built into the host controller?, answer: the root hub | question: A USB host may implement how many host controllers?, answer: multiple | question: How many USB ports may a host controller provide?, answer: one or more USB ports
The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?, answer: Usui civium decori urbium | question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?, answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson | question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?, answer: honorary secretary | question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?, answer: Eric Gill | question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?, answer: 1960
The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de musique (published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris) was a leading text in the late 18th century. This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement. Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period (1776), which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time. Recently, musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment. For example, Rose Rosengard Subotnik's Deconstructive Variations (subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society) compares Mozart's Die Zauberflöte (1791) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives, and concludes that the work is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment".

question: The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?, answer: music | question: What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?, answer: Dictionnaire de musique | question: In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?, answer: 1776 | question: What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is "an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment"?, answer: Die Zauberflöte (1791) | question: Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?, answer: Enlightenment and Romantic
The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS. Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.

question: Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?, answer: Chrome and Firefox | question: What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?, answer: uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface | question: What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?, answer: uses a touch-optimized interface | question: When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?, answer: September 2013
The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

question: What did the development of new imperialism cause?, answer: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. | question: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?, answer: 1757 | question: What happened n the battle of Plassey?, answer: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company | question: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?, answer: 1765 | question: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?, answer: diwani
The development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to be farmed more efficiently, aided by the spread of the horse collar, which led to the use of draught horses in place of oxen. Horses are faster than oxen and require less pasture, factors that aided the implementation of the three-field system.

question: What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?, answer: one half | question: What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?, answer: two-thirds | question: What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?, answer: the horse collar | question: What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?, answer: the heavy plough | question: In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?, answer: faster
The development of flattop vessels produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, HMS Argus became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the Lexington-class aircraft carriers (1927), Akagi and Courageous class. Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s, resulting in the commissioning of ships such as Hōshō (1922), HMS Hermes (1924), and Béarn (1927). During World War II, these ships would become known as fleet carriers.[citation needed]

question: What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?, answer: flattop vessels | question: What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?, answer: HMS Argus | question: What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?, answer: the construction of new heavy surface combat ships | question: What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?, answer: Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 | question: What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?, answer: Lexington-class
The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.

question: What did quadraphonic recording feature?, answer: recorded four separate sound signals. | question: What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?, answer: development of quadraphonic records | question: How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?, answer: commercially unsuccessful | question: What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?, answer: later surround-sound systems
The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991. The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport. An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.

question: What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?, answer: El Cortez Hotel | question: How tall is One America Plaza?, answer: 500 feet | question: What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?, answer: San Diego International Airport | question: What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?, answer: Federal Aviation Administration | question: What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?, answer: Union Bank of California Building
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

question: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?, answer: 1759 | question: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?, answer: tolls were resented | question: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?, answer: between New England and New York | question: When was Kingsbridge built?, answer: 1693 | question: Who owned Kingsbridge?, answer: Frederick Philipse
The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

question: How many appreciation medals were minted?, answer: 9,858 | question: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?, answer: Philadelphia | question: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?, answer: September 1958 through October 1960 | question: What were Eisenhower's initials?, answer: D.D.E. | question: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?, answer: 1,451
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.

question: The advancement of agriculture made what possible?, answer: a surplus of food | question: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?, answer: food production | question: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?, answer: work towards bare survival | question: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?, answer: The development of writing | question: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?, answer: community