lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ("cause for war") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.

question: What battle took place on November 30, 1853?, answer: Battle of Sinop | question: What did the Russian send to Sinop?, answer: a fleet | question: While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?, answer: a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes | question: What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?, answer: cause for war | question: When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?, answer: 28 March 1854
The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

question: How many questions does the SASO contain?, answer: 12 | question: What do six of the questions asses?, answer: sexual attraction | question: What do the other six questions asses?, answer: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity | question: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?, answer: heterosexuality | question: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?, answer: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.
The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake cycles. An important component of the system is the reticular formation, a group of neuron-clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain. Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus, which in turn sends activity-level-controlling signals to every part of the cortex. Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma.

question: A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?, answer: the reticular formation | question: Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?, answer: the thalamus | question: Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?, answer: state of coma | question: The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?, answer: sleep-wake cycles.
The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (symbol Pa), but vacuum is often measured in torrs, named for Torricelli, an early Italian physicist (1608–1647). A torr is equal to the displacement of a millimeter of mercury (mmHg) in a manometer with 1 torr equaling 133.3223684 pascals above absolute zero pressure. Vacuum is often also measured on the barometric scale or as a percentage of atmospheric pressure in bars or atmospheres. Low vacuum is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or pascals (Pa) below standard atmospheric pressure. "Below atmospheric" means that the absolute pressure is equal to the current atmospheric pressure.

question: Absolute pressure being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?, answer: "Below atmospheric" | question: What is a torr equal to?, answer: displacement of a millimeter of mercury | question: What is another often used options to measure vacuum?, answer: barometric scale
The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

question: What is the third hottest desert in the world?, answer: The Sahara | question: What is the third largest desert in the world?, answer: The Sahara | question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?, answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi) | question: What is the hottest desert in the world?, answer: Sahara
The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.

question: What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?, answer: Sahara | question: What ares is the Sahara located in?, answer: horse latitudes | question: What makes it difficult for clouds to form?, answer: sinking air
The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.

question: How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?, answer: 250 | question: What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?, answer: April to October | question: How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?, answer: 2,000
The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

question: What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?, answer: 1989 | question: In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?, answer: British Overseas Territories Act 2002 | question: What were the dependent territories renamed to?, answer: British Overseas Territories
The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).

question: In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?, answer: financial | question: The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?, answer: the labour market | question: What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?, answer: hotel infrastructure | question: What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?, answer: Virgin Samoa | question: Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?, answer: helped
The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

question: What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?, answer: vulcanism | question: Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?, answer: Savai'i | question: What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?, answer: Mt Silisili, | question: How many meters is 6,096 feet?, answer: 1858 | question: What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?, answer: Mt Matavanu
The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.

question: What does "siva" mean in Samoan?, answer: dance | question: What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?, answer: sasa | question: What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?, answer: fa'ataupati | question: What are pates?, answer: wooden drums | question: The "slap dance" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?, answer: insects
The San Diego Surf of the American Basketball Association is located in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament (formerly the Buick Invitational) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. The San Diego Yacht Club hosted the America's Cup yacht races three times during the period 1988 to 1995. The amateur beach sport Over-the-line was invented in San Diego, and the annual world Over-the-line championships are held at Mission Bay every year.

question: What tournament used to be known as the Buick Invitational?, answer: Farmers Insurance Open | question: How many times were the America's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955?, answer: three times | question: What beach sport was inveted in San Diego?, answer: Over-the-line | question: What yacht-related event is held annually in Mission Bay?, answer: Over-the-line championships | question: What golf course hosts the Farmers Insurance Open?, answer: Torrey Pines Golf Course
The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by Ian Campbell, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and musicals annually. The La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD is directed by Christopher Ashley. Both the Old Globe Theatre and the La Jolla Playhouse have produced the world premieres of plays and musicals that have gone on to win Tony Awards or nominations on Broadway. The Joan B. Kroc Theatre at Kroc Center's Performing Arts Center is a 600-seat state-of-the-art theatre that hosts music, dance, and theatre performances. The San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres in Horton Plaza produces a variety of plays and musicals. Hundreds of movies and a dozen TV shows have been filmed in San Diego, a tradition going back as far as 1898.

question: Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony?, answer: Jahja Ling | question: Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley?, answer: La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD | question: What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza?, answer: one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States | question: Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?, answer: San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres | question: How far back to San Diego's roots in the arts and theater sector go?, answer: 1898
The Sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the Sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various reasons, such the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The Inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness.

question: In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?, answer: training of the Sangoma | question: What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?, answer: a traditional diviner | question: Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?, answer: the cause of sickness or even death | question: How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?, answer: kubhula | question: What is kushaya ematsambo used for?, answer: to determine the cause of the sickness
The Sanskrit grammatical tradition, Vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedangas, began in the late Vedic period and culminated in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, which consists of 3990 sutras (ca. fifth century BCE). About a century after Pāṇini (around 400 BCE), Kātyāyana composed Vārtikas on the Pāṇini sũtras. Patanjali, who lived three centuries after Pāṇini, wrote the Mahābhāṣya, the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient Vyākaraṇins (grammarians), this grammar is called Trimuni Vyākarana. To understand the meaning of the sutras, Jayaditya and Vāmana wrote a commentary, the Kāsikā, in 600 CE. Pāṇinian grammar is based on 14 Shiva sutras (aphorisms), where the whole mātrika (alphabet) is abbreviated. This abbreviation is called the Pratyāhara.

question: What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?, answer: Vyākaraṇa | question: In what period did Vyakarana begin?, answer: late Vedic | question: How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?, answer: 3990 sutras | question: Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?, answer: Kātyāyana | question: What is the abbreviated alphabet called?, answer: Pratyāhara
The Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east. The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America. After traversing Los Angeles County, I-10 crosses seven more states, terminating at Jacksonville, Florida. In Santa Monica, there is a road sign designating this route as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. State Route 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) begins in Santa Monica, barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard, and continues northeast across Los Angeles County, through the Angeles National Forest, crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway, ending in Wrightwood. Santa Monica is also the western (Pacific) terminus of historic U.S. Route 66. Close to the eastern boundary of Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard reaches from Long Beach at the south, to the northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Just east of Santa Monica is Interstate 405, the "San Diego Freeway", a major north-south route in Los Angeles County and Orange County, California.

question: What is the name of the Santa Monica Freeway?, answer: Interstate 10 | question: What road does state route 2 begin on?, answer: Santa Monica Boulevard | question: How many more states aside from California does the interstate 10 run through?, answer: seven more | question: What city and state does the interstate 10 end at?, answer: Jacksonville, Florida | question: Where does the Santa Monica Freeway begin around?, answer: Pacific Ocean
The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark. It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909. The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts. The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s. McCabe's Guitar Shop is still a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet. Bergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound that includes the Santa Monica Museum of Art. The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum.

question: What year was the Sanat Monica Pier buildt?, answer: 1909 | question: What historic landmark is located on the Pier?, answer: Looff Hippodrome | question: La Monica Ballroom used to be what type of ballroom in the United States?, answer: largest | question: Where were the Academy Awards held in the 1960's?, answer: Santa Monica Civic Auditorium | question: What place is still considered a prominent acoustic performance area?, answer: McCabe's Guitar Shop
The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia.

question: Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?, answer: The Sardinian language | question: What language is Sassarese closely related to?, answer: Italian Tuscan | question: What language family does Gallurese belong to?, answer: Italo-Dalmatian | question: What language family does Ligurian belong to?, answer: Gallo-Romance | question: Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?, answer: Sardinian
The Saturday edition of The Times contains a variety of supplements. These supplements were relaunched in January 2009 as: Sport, Weekend (including travel and lifestyle features), Saturday Review (arts, books, and ideas), The Times Magazine (columns on various topics), and Playlist (an entertainment listings guide).

question: What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?, answer: Weekend | question: Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?, answer: Saturday Review | question: An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?, answer: Playlist
The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

question: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?, answer: Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. | question: What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?, answer: Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne | question: What happened to the Saxon army?, answer: Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army | question: What was the result of the fury of Europe?, answer: led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition | question: What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?, answer: attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage
The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

question: Who created the Scheinergrade system?, answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner | question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?, answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography | question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?, answer: the speed of a plate | question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?, answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch | question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity?, answer: an increment of 3° Sch
The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz).

question: What is a Schnellweg?, answer: expressway | question: What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?, answer: a large ring road | question: When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?, answer: Seelhorster Kreuz | question: What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?, answer: B6 | question: What road does the Südschnellweg start out as?, answer: B65