lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.

question: What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?, answer: handpump | question: Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?, answer: gas
Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled. Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority.

question: Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?, answer: Portugal | question: Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?, answer: Paying for the wars | question: What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?, answer: Parliament | question: What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?, answer: Estates General | question: What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?, answer: the peasantry
Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

question: What's another term used for "conifer" wood?, answer: dicot | question: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?, answer: monocot | question: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?, answer: bamboo | question: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?, answer: grass | question: Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"?, answer: palms
Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since "a significant portion" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds.

question: For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?, answer: to serve as Mormon missionaries | question: What is the source of much of BYU's funding?, answer: the church's tithing funds | question: How many women at BYU do missionary work?, answer: 33 percent | question: What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?, answer: two-years | question: What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?, answer: LDS teachings | question: What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?, answer: the church's tithing funds | question: What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?, answer: 88 | question: What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?, answer: 33 | question: How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?, answer: less expensive | question: What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?, answer: drugs and alcohol
Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (李膺) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.

question: On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?, answer: treason | question: Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?, answer: Palace eunuchs | question: During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?, answer: economic | question: Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?, answer: Imperial | question: When did Dou Wu die?, answer: 168 AD
Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]

question: What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?, answer: 28-hour | question: What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?, answer: time cues | question: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?, answer: month | question: What is this forced type of study called?, answer: forced desynchrony | question: When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?, answer: 24.18 hours
Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.

question: What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?, answer: abusive drugs | question: What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?, answer: circadian pacemaker | question: What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?, answer: disrupted rhythms | question: What can the disrupted circadian system cause?, answer: abuse and relapse | question: What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?, answer: susceptibility to addiction
Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.

question: What looks at the entire DNA mixture?, answer: autosomal DNA | question: What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?, answer: autosomal DNA | question: Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?, answer: Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans
Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving.

question: What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?, answer: food | question: It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?, answer: urine | question: Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?, answer: expensive | question: At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?, answer: slowly
Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

question: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?, answer: outside of Europe | question: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?, answer: Alain | question: What kind of policing has become common practice?, answer: Intelligence-led | question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?, answer: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic | question: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?, answer: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity
Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs. But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three Academy Awards (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing more than $470 million worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as "Jawsmania.":248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.:250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss.

question: What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct?, answer: Jaws | question: Why was Jaws nearly shut down?, answer: delays and budget over-runs | question: How many Academy Awards did the film "Jaws" win?, answer: three | question: What was the film "Jaws" nominated for?, answer: Best Picture | question: How much money did the film "Jaws" gross worldwide?, answer: $470 million worldwide | question: Who made Spielberg the 'Jaws' director?, answer: Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown | question: How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?, answer: three | question: Who wrote the 'Jaws' book?, answer: Peter Benchley | question: How much did 'Jaws' earn in theaters?, answer: more than $470 million worldwide | question: How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus?, answer: three
Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G → G / N.y[›] Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction. In general, homomorphisms are neither injective nor surjective. Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon.

question: What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?, answer: injective map | question: What are the opposites of injective maps?, answer: surjective maps | question: What is an example of a surjective map?, answer: canonical map | question: What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?, answer: the first isomorphism theorem
Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism, later referred to as "subjective idealism", contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly, not abstractions such as "matter", and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi; "to be is to be perceived".

question: Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?, answer: immaterialism | question: Of what see was Berkeley bishop?, answer: Cloyne | question: What was Berkeley's ethnicity?, answer: Anglo-Irish | question: What does esse est percipi mean?, answer: to be is to be perceived | question: What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?, answer: abstractions
Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining". He claimed that, according to idealism, "the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness." However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness—a rejection of epistemological idealism—but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads.

question: Who is a notable subjective idealist?, answer: George Berkeley | question: What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?, answer: Immanuel Kant | question: Who are subjective idealists opposed to?, answer: realists | question: Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?, answer: Gottfried Leibniz | question: Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?, answer: Leibniz
Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the "Tazzmission").

question: Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?, answer: submission | question: What move did Tazz make popular?, answer: Tazzmission | question: What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?, answer: mixed martial arts
Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name "Nintendo Advanced Video System" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part."

question: How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?, answer: 2.5 million units | question: What was this system to be called in North America?, answer: Advanced Video Entertainment System | question: What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?, answer: Electronic Games magazine
Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

question: Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?, answer: Randall Collins | question: From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?, answer: totemic rituals | question: In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?, answer: Goffman | question: What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?, answer: Emotional energy | question: What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?, answer: collective effervescence
Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.

question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?, answer: three | question: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?, answer: "Lemon Test" | question: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?, answer: non-religious | question: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?, answer: religion | question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?, answer: government with religion
Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

question: What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?, answer: "Middle East" | question: What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?, answer: Near East | question: What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?, answer: Near East