lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).

question: Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ?, answer: a former vassal state of Ava. | question: Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?, answer: king Tabinshwehti | question: Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?, answer: Bayinnaung | question: In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?, answer: 1599 | question: Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?, answer: Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)
Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

question: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?, answer: aristocracy and democracy | question: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?, answer: separation of powers | question: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?, answer: Calvin | question: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?, answer: Hugo Grotius | question: What philosophers were given asylum?, answer: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle
Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

question: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?, answer: Zionism | question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?, answer: Zionist | question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?, answer: nationalism | question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?, answer: militarism | question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?, answer: destructive
Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."

question: What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?, answer: nominally Labour | question: Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?, answer: Harold Wilson | question: Who did the Sun support in 1974?, answer: Edward Heath | question: Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?, answer: James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins | question: What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?, answer: any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat
Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency.

question: What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?, answer: presidential republic | question: With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?, answer: the United States | question: What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?, answer: service | question: What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?, answer: aid | question: What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?, answer: the United States dollar | question: Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?, answer: the FCC | question: What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?, answer: service | question: What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?, answer: United States dollar | question: What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?, answer: presidential republic | question: Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?, answer: the United States
Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a "traditional proprietor". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.

question: Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?, answer: Gordon Brown | question: Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?, answer: David Cameron | question: What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?, answer: News Corporation | question: What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?, answer: media ownership and the news | question: On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?, answer: which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe
Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, School of Communication, and Medill School of Journalism, the organization reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates, Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center.

question: What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?, answer: Politics & Policy | question: How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?, answer: 250 | question: Who completely runs Politics and Policy?, answer: undergraduates | question: Who partially funds Politics and Policy?, answer: the Buffett Center | question: How often is Politics & Policy published?, answer: several times a week
Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.

question: Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?, answer: Pollination | question: What is required to transport pollen?, answer: an animal | question: Most pollination is completed by what?, answer: insects | question: What do insects receive in return for pollination?, answer: energy rich nectar | question: Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?, answer: pollination syndromes
Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

question: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?, answer: Polyols | question: What are copper salts used to test?, answer: reducing sugars | question: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?, answer: color change | question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?, answer: reddish | question: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?, answer: cellulose
Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

question: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?, answer: Pomors | question: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?, answer: Y Haplogroup N | question: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?, answer: Uralic peoples | question: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?, answer: central-eastern Europe | question: Pomors are also known as what?, answer: Northern Russians
Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

question: When did the pope die?, answer: 3 June 1963 | question: What did the pope die of?, answer: stomach cancer | question: Where was he buried?, answer: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica | question: When was he beatified?, answer: 3 September 2000 | question: He is still known today as what?, answer: the "Good Pope"
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

question: John XXIII offered to mediate between who?, answer: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev | question: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?, answer: October 1962 | question: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?, answer: Nikita Khrushchev | question: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?, answer: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year' | question: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?', answer: Francis
Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

question: In what year did Pope Julius die?, answer: 352 | question: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?, answer: Liberius had been favourable | question: Where the men armed who arrested him?, answer: armed men | question: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?, answer: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius | question: What was Athanasius doing when he was arrested?, answer: engaged in services
Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

question: On What date was Pope Paul VI born?, answer: 26 September 1897 | question: On what date did Pope Paul VI die?, answer: 6 August 1978) | question: In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?, answer: 1965 | question: When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?, answer: 21 June 1963 | question: What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?, answer: Giovanni
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

question: How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?, answer: six | question: What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?, answer: the Pilgrim Pope | question: In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?, answer: 1964 | question: In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?, answer: Manila | question: Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?, answer: Msgr. Paul Marcinkus
Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

question: What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?, answer: United Nations | question: Who was the first pope to visit the United States?, answer: Pope Paul VI | question: To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?, answer: United Nations | question: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?, answer: peace | question: What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?, answer: President Johnson
Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

question: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?, answer: Roman Curia | question: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?, answer: 1968 | question: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?, answer: Pontificalis Domus | question: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?, answer: bureaucracy | question: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?, answer: non-Italians
Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created." He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

question: Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?, answer: Castel Gandolfo | question: What was considered to be the papal summer residence?, answer: Castel Gandolfo | question: Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?, answer: Sandro Pertini | question: For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?, answer: two hours | question: What animals did Paul VI consider to be "the most beautiful animals God ever created"?, answer: horses
Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

question: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?, answer: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli | question: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?, answer: 25 November 1881 | question: When did Pope Saint XXIII die?, answer: 3 June 1963 | question: How long did he reign as Pope?, answer: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 | question: When was he ordained to the priesthood?, answer: 10 August 1904
Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

question: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?, answer: Pope St. Gregory | question: What were the Jews described as enemies of?, answer: Christ | question: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?, answer: Jewish | question: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?, answer: Roman-Christian law