lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.

question: How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?, answer: 34 | question: How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?, answer: 400,000 | question: After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?, answer: Packard plant protest | question: What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?, answer: Packard
Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC—including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet—although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.

question: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?, answer: the third industry standard | question: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?, answer: Only about ten | question: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?, answer: 79 | question: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?, answer: 280,000 | question: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?, answer: two
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

question: John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?, answer: King Philip II of France | question: What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?, answer: baronial revolt | question: The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?, answer: Capetian
John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

question: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?, answer: successfully argued for his innocence | question: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?, answer: obedience to the Father | question: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?, answer: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father | question: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?, answer: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam | question: What is the blood of the lamb?, answer: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water
John Dewey (1859–1952) modified James' pragmatism to form a theory known as instrumentalism. The role of sense experience in Dewey's theory is crucial, in that he saw experience as unified totality of things through which everything else is interrelated. Dewey's basic thought, in accordance with empiricism was that reality is determined by past experience. Therefore, humans adapt their past experiences of things to perform experiments upon and test the pragmatic values of such experience. The value of such experience is measured experientially and scientifically, and the results of such tests generate ideas that serve as instruments for future experimentation, in physical sciences as in ethics. Thus, ideas in Dewey's system retain their empiricist flavour in that they are only known a posteriori.

question: Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?, answer: John Dewey | question: What did Dewey think about reality?, answer: reality is determined by past experience | question: When was Dewey born?, answer: 1859 | question: When did Dewey die?, answer: 1952 | question: What was instrumentalism a modification of?, answer: James' pragmatism
John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874.

question: What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?, answer: Old College | question: What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?, answer: $100 "perpetual scholarships" | question: Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?, answer: the purchaser and his heirs | question: Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?, answer: Evanston College for Ladies | question: Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?, answer: Frances Willard
John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He was the second oldest of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an altar boy.

question: What is Kerry's middle name?, answer: Forbes | question: At what facility was Kerry born?, answer: Fitzsimons Army Hospital | question: What was Kerry's father's religion?, answer: Catholic | question: What was Kerry's mother's religion?, answer: Episcopalian | question: What is Kerry's older sibling's name?, answer: Margaret
John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a "Pop-Tanning", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members (or, in earlier times, each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke). The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.

question: The birch was abolished and replaced with what?, answer: caning | question: What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?, answer: "Pop-Tanning" | question: Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?, answer: the caning would cut the cloth to shreds | question: Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?, answer: Chenevix-Trench | question: Who administered caning privately in his office?, answer: Anthony Chenevix-Trench
John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church.

question: What year did John Knox past away?, answer: 1572 | question: What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?, answer: to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines | question: The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?, answer: Andrew Melville | question: In what year was the Government of church reinstated?, answer: 1660
John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

question: What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle?, answer: Bainbridge | question: What is the world's oldest department store?, answer: John Lewis Newcastle | question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store?, answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge | question: What was the location of the first store?, answer: Market Street, Newcastle | question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?, answer: 1952
John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government. In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system. The theory of the divine right of kings became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it. Unlike Machiavelli and Hobbes but like Aquinas, Locke would accept Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal. Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa. For Locke, knowledge is neither innate, revealed nor based on authority but subject to uncertainty tempered by reason, tolerance and moderation. According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man.

question: Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?, answer: John Locke | question: Locke refuted whose political theory?, answer: Sir Robert Filmer | question: According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?, answer: unnecessary
John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, based his governance philosophy in social contract theory, a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.

question: Who developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought?, answer: Thomas Hobbes | question: Thomas Hobbes ushered in the new debate of social contract theory through which work of his?, answer: Leviathan | question: What did John Locke base his governance philosophy on?, answer: social contract theory | question: What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?, answer: social contract theory | question: Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?, answer: Thomas Hobbes | question: Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative?", answer: Thomas Hobbes | question: Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?, answer: the artificial character of the political order
John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.

question: What did John XXIII die of?, answer: peritonitis | question: What day did he die?, answer: 3 June 1963 | question: How old was John XXIII upon his death?, answer: 81 | question: Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?, answer: Luigi Traglia | question: What day was he buried?, answer: 6 June
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."

question: John XXIII was an advocate for what?, answer: human rights | question: What did he write about human rights in?, answer: his Pacem in terris | question: His advocacy from human rights included whom?, answer: the unborn and the elderly
John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backgammon, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards. He liked music, although not songs. John would become a "connoisseur of jewels", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being "genial, witty, generous and hospitable"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, "biting and gnawing his fingers" in anger.[nb 3]

question: How tall was John?, answer: 5 ft 5 in | question: What did John build up?, answer: travelling library of books | question: Who became a connoisseur of jewels?, answer: John | question: What did John do in fits of rage?, answer: biting and gnawing his fingers
John had already begun to improve his Channel forces before the loss of Normandy and he rapidly built up further maritime capabilities after its collapse. Most of these ships were placed along the Cinque Ports, but Portsmouth was also enlarged. By the end of 1204 he had around 50 large galleys available; another 54 vessels were built between 1209 and 1212. William of Wrotham was appointed "keeper of the galleys", effectively John's chief admiral. Wrotham was responsible for fusing John's galleys, the ships of the Cinque Ports and pressed merchant vessels into a single operational fleet. John adopted recent improvements in ship design, including new large transport ships called buisses and removable forecastles for use in combat.

question: How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?, answer: 50 | question: 54 vessels were built between what years?, answer: 1209 and 1212 | question: Who was appointed "keeper of the galleys?", answer: William of Wrotham
John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John.

question: John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?, answer: his father | question: When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?, answer: 1175 | question: Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?, answer: Henry
John inherited a sophisticated system of administration in England, with a range of royal agents answering to the Royal Household: the Chancery kept written records and communications; the Treasury and the Exchequer dealt with income and expenditure respectively; and various judges were deployed to deliver justice around the kingdom. Thanks to the efforts of men like Hubert Walter, this trend towards improved record keeping continued into his reign. Like previous kings, John managed a peripatetic court that travelled around the kingdom, dealing with both local and national matters as he went. John was very active in the administration of England and was involved in every aspect of government. In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style. John was in England for much longer periods than his predecessors, which made his rule more personal than that of previous kings, particularly in previously ignored areas such as the north.

question: What did John inherit in England?, answer: sophisticated system of administration | question: Who dealt with income and expenditure?, answer: the Treasury and the Exchequer | question: John followed in the tradition of who?, answer: Henry I and Henry II
John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.

question: Who accompanied John?, answer: William de Roches | question: Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?, answer: southern flank weakening | question: Who was caught by surprised?, answer: Arthur
John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.

question: When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?, answer: 15 June 1215 | question: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?, answer: twenty-five | question: The peace agreement was renamed what?, answer: Magna Carta