lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?, answer: many traits | question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?, answer: Iberian Peninsula | question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?, answer: Ibero-Romance group | question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?, answer: Spanish and Portuguese | question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?, answer: Occitan
Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?, answer: Catalan sociolinguistics | question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?, answer: Catalan sociolinguistics | question: What is this a subdiscipline of?, answer: Catalan philology | question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?, answer: analyse the relation | question: What outside affects does this study include?, answer: other languages in contact
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

question: How are Catalan verbs grouped?, answer: into three conjugations | question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?, answer: first conjugation | question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?, answer: 700 | question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?, answer: second
Catalina Highway stretches 25 miles (40 km) and the entire mountain range is one of Tucson's most popular vacation spots for cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing. Near the top of Mt. Lemmon is the town of Summerhaven. In Summerhaven, visitors will find log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails. Near Summerhaven is the road to Ski Valley which hosts a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant.

question: How many miles is Catalina Highway?, answer: 25 | question: What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?, answer: Summerhaven | question: What area has a ski lift?, answer: Ski Valley | question: What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?, answer: snowboarding and skiing | question: How long is Catalina Highway?, answer: 25 miles (40 km) | question: What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?, answer: cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing | question: Where is Summerhaven?, answer: Near the top of Mt. Lemmon | question: What is in Ski Valley?, answer: a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant | question: What is in Summerhaven?, answer: log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails
Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens, another missionary from the Sacred Heart of Jesu Society visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. He published a small work in 1912 about the Catholic mission activities and the people of the Marshall Islands.

question: What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?, answer: the Sacred Heart Jesu Society | question: In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?, answer: 1914 | question: In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?, answer: 1911 | question: When was Father Linckens' book published?, answer: 1912 | question: In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?, answer: 1904
Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage but higher than the national average.

question: How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?, answer: 400 | question: How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?, answer: 150 | question: Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?, answer: Wenzhou | question: What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?, answer: 2.8% | question: Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?, answer: Catholicism
Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

question: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?, answer: between 1000 to 1500 BC | question: The Raetians lived in what region?, answer: the eastern regions | question: The Helvetii occupied which region?, answer: the west | question: What did the Celtic tribes mine?, answer: salt | question: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?, answer: The Celts
Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

question: Where did the state place on population chart?, answer: 21st | question: Who was 22nd of chart?, answer: Tripura | question: Who was top ranked in population strength?, answer: Kangra district | question: Who was last in population strength?, answer: Lahaul Spiti
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building and BBVA Compass Plaza are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s decade, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall. Since 2000 more than 30 high-rise buildings have gone up in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units. In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of Class A office space.

question: What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?, answer: Uptown District | question: When did the Uptown district expand?, answer: 1970s and early 1980s | question: What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?, answer: Williams Tower | question: How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?, answer: 23 million | question: Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?, answer: Transco Tower
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?, answer: unstressed possessives | question: What other language shares this type of construction?, answer: Italian | question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?, answer: el meu | question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?, answer: mon
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?, answer: Central Catalan | question: Where are the most speakers found?, answer: Central Catalan | question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?, answer: Barcelona province | question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?, answer: eastern half
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?, answer: Central Catalan | question: What is Central Catalan?, answer: standard pronunciation | question: What are the descriptions for?, answer: standard pronunciation | question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?, answer: section pronunciation
Central Tucson is bicycle-friendly. To the east of the University of Arizona, Third Street is bike-only except for local traffic and passes by the historic homes of the Sam Hughes neighborhood. To the west, E. University Boulevard leads to the Fourth Avenue Shopping District. To the North, N. Mountain Avenue has a full bike-only lane for half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park bike and walk multi-use path. To the south, N. Highland Avenue leads to the Barraza-Aviation Parkway bicycle path.

question: Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?, answer: Fourth Avenue Shopping District | question: What neighborhood has historic homes?, answer: Sam Hughes neighborhood | question: What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?, answer: bicycle | question: Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?, answer: half | question: Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?, answer: Third Street | question: How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?, answer: half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park | question: Which park has a multi-use path?, answer: Rillito River Park | question: Which bike path does Highland lead to?, answer: Barraza-Aviation Parkway | question: Which shopping area is on East University?, answer: Fourth Avenue Shopping District
Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power while if an electric power plant needs to generate less power it will shut down its least efficient generators, thereby increasing efficiency. The electric train can save energy (as compared to diesel) by regenerative braking and by not needing to consume energy by idling as diesel locomotives do when stopped or coasting. However, electric rolling stock may run cooling blowers when stopped or coasting, thus consuming energy.

question: Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?, answer: Central station | question: How can electric power plant become more power efficient?, answer: it will shut down its least efficient generators | question: How can electric train be more energy efficient?, answer: by regenerative braking | question: Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?, answer: diesel | question: What causes electric trains to waste energy?, answer: cooling blowers
Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?, answer: Balearic | question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?, answer: /e/ | question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central, Western and Belearic?, answer: higher incidence
Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen. The bacteria in this association are unable to consume the organic acids as this reaction produces hydrogen that accumulates in their surroundings. Only the intimate association with the hydrogen-consuming Archaea keeps the hydrogen concentration low enough to allow the bacteria to grow.

question: What helps bacteria to survive?, answer: close spatial associations | question: What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?, answer: anaerobic bacteria | question: What do anaerobic bacteria consume?, answer: butyric acid or propionic acid
Certain genera of Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter, and Heliobacterium, can form highly resistant, dormant structures called endospores. In almost all cases, one endospore is formed and this is not a reproductive process, although Anaerobacter can make up to seven endospores in a single cell. Endospores have a central core of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes surrounded by a cortex layer and protected by an impermeable and rigid coat. Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound that composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores. It is implicated as responsible for the heat resistance of the endospore.

question: What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?, answer: endospores | question: Is creating endospore a reproductive process?, answer: is not a reproductive process | question: What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?, answer: cortex layer | question: What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?, answer: Dipicolinic acid
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

question: How are staples of classical music often used?, answer: commercially | question: TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?, answer: clichéd | question: What piece is often used in the horror genre?, answer: "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana | question: Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?, answer: Wagner | question: Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?, answer: Edvard Grieg
Certain technological inventions of the period – whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations – were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.

question: Who invented the movable printing press?, answer: Gutenberg | question: What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?, answer: the Reformation | question: Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?, answer: eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock | question: Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?, answer: gunpowder | question: Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?, answer: shipbuilding
Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.

question: What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?, answer: african blackwood | question: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?, answer: ripple sycamore | question: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?, answer: tonewoods | question: What's the common name for Picea abies?, answer: European spruce | question: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?, answer: tone
Cesare Beccaria, a jurist and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples, and Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law.

question: For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?, answer: Crimes and Punishments (1764) | question: Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?, answer: 22 | question: Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?, answer: Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787) | question: In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?, answer: 1783
Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

question: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?, answer: Cetaceans | question: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?, answer: 1956 | question: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?, answer: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale | question: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?, answer: dolphins | question: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?, answer: Southern right whales
Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists – set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.

question: How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?, answer: 1452 | question: What demographic were most stores focusing on?, answer: middle-class audience | question: What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?, answer: Sears | question: How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?, answer: 595