lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon Reynolds described the period as "a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era". Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".

question: How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?, answer: dismissed | question: What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?, answer: significant innovations and music | question: What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?, answer: the sixties | question: Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?, answer: Nicholas Lezard | question: What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?, answer: disturbing | question: What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?, answer: post-punk | question: What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?, answer: produced significant innovations and music on its own | question: Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?, answer: Nicholas Lezard | question: Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?, answer: Simon Reynolds | question: What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?, answer: cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song
Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

question: What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?, answer: equality of standing between the two levels of government | question: What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?, answer: Civil War | question: What organization is a leading example of a federal union?, answer: European Union | question: What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?, answer: federal state (or federation) | question: New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?, answer: two distinct federal forms | question: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism?, answer: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government | question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism?, answer: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. | question: When was federalism put into place?, answer: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century | question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism?, answer: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established | question: What is an example of a federal union?, answer: the European Union
Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

question: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?, answer: 16th | question: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?, answer: Pennsylvania Dutch | question: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?, answer: Deitsch | question: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?, answer: 1950s
Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.

question: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?, answer: guns firing ballistic munitions | question: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?, answer: guided missiles | question: Which range did not use guided missiles?, answer: the very shortest ranges | question: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?, answer: permanently | question: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?, answer: at least 150 mm
Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.

question: What did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's, answer: the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell | question: What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for, answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods | question: What is the shortest pier in the UK, answer: The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK | question: What was constructed in the 1970's, answer: In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.

question: What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as?, answer: jug and bottle | question: In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?, answer: 1970s | question: What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?, answer: off-sales counter | question: What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?, answer: the jug and bottle | question: Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?, answer: supermarkets
Until the 1980s, the governor of the Federal District was appointed by the Federal Government, and the laws of Brasília were issued by the Brazilian Federal Senate. With the Constitution of 1988 Brasília gained the right to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly (Câmara Legislativa) was elected to exercise legislative power. The Federal District does not have a Judicial Power of its own. The Judicial Power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories. Currently, Brazil does not have any territories, therefore, for now the courts serve only cases from the Federal District.

question: When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?, answer: 1988 | question: What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?, answer: to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly | question: What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?, answer: Câmara Legislativa
Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final. Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.

question: Do clubs replay each other?, answer: Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. | question: What is the most games played a team to reach the final?, answer: 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final | question: When are replays played?, answer: . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. | question: When was the first penalty kick?, answer: penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 | question: What clubs were playing during the first penalty?, answer: Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.
Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though exclusively non-fictional in nature. One apparent exception was Muhayyelât ("Fancies") by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796, though not published until 1867. The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha. Published in 1851, the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi (Turkish: Akabi Hikyayesi) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script.

question: Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?, answer: the 19th century | question: What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?, answer: the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose | question: What did the rules of sec require?, answer: between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme | question: Who wrote Muhayyelât?, answer: Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi | question: When was Muhayyelât written?, answer: 1796
Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

question: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?, answer: Oxford and Cambridge | question: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?, answer: King James Bible Old Testament | question: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?, answer: New Testament | question: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?, answer: 20th century | question: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?, answer: the Blitz
Until the 19th century, religion played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the move from Industrial Revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering, a movement initiated in 1960 by Sir Keith Murray (chairman of the University Grants Committee) and Sir Samuel Curran, with the formation of the University of Strathclyde. The British also established universities worldwide, and higher education became available to the masses not only in Europe.

question: Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities?, answer: 19th | question: what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century?, answer: the German university model | question: What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?, answer: science | question: Who was Sir Keith Murray?, answer: chairman of the University Grants Committee | question: What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of?, answer: the University of Strathclyde
Until the 20th century, the language's spoken form was the language of only the upper noble classes and urban population, as Russian peasants from the countryside continued to speak in their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [ɣ] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech.

question: When did Russian language spread to the peasants?, answer: the 20th century | question: Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?, answer: the upper noble classes and urban population | question: When did the Soviets establish required education?, answer: the mid-20th century | question: What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?, answer: fricative
Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or grew up in Venezuela speaking Spanish. From 1910 to 1930, it is estimated that over 4,000 South Americans each year emigrated to the United States; however, there are few specific figures indicating these statistics. Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. They are frequently joined by relatives. However, since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary and due to the economic fluctuations in Venezuela which also promoted an important migration of Venezuelan professionals to the US.

question: When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?, answer: Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. | question: Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?, answer: Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela | question: Why did Venezuelans come to America?, answer: Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation. | question: Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?, answer: since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary
Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.

question: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?, answer: Church Building Act of 1818 | question: What were Anglican churches internally designed for?, answer: maximum audibility, and visibility | question: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?, answer: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic | question: What were common in new churches?, answer: Galleries | question: Churches filled up with monuments to what?, answer: monuments to the prosperous
Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?, answer: Sigismund II Augustus | question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?, answer: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family | question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?, answer: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood | question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?, answer: two documents | question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?, answer: basic laws of the Commonwealth
Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.

question: Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?, answer: Beinn Bhreagh | question: On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?, answer: December 6, 1917 | question: Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?, answer: Beinn Bhreagh | question: What city adopted the Bells?, answer: Baddeck | question: What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?, answer: mobilized the community
Until the military coup of 22 March 2012 and a second military coup in December 2012, Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The system of government can be described as "semi-presidential". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.

question: What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?, answer: 1999 | question: The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?, answer: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government | question: How many years is one presidential term for?, answer: five-year | question: How many total terms can a president be elected for?, answer: two terms | question: Executive power is given to what person within the government?, answer: president
Until the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as "the Near and Middle East." The total super-region consisted of "India, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabistan, Asia Minor, and last, but not least, Egypt." Simpson (under his pen-name, Weale) explains that this entire region "is politically one region – in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided." His own term revives "the Nearer East" as opposed to "the Far East."

question: The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?, answer: the period following World War I | question: Who was the colonial officer killed in China?, answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson | question: Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?, answer: Bertram Lenox Simpson | question: What was Simpson's pen-name?, answer: Weale