lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will.

question: The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?, answer: the events of Christ's life | question: What did the English Order not care about?, answer: the stigmata | question: The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?, answer: love | question: What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?, answer: the mercy of God | question: What does love lead to according to English mystics?, answer: spiritual growth
The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

question: How long did the English occupy Valencia?, answer: 16 months | question: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?, answer: Battle of Almansa | question: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?, answer: Philip V | question: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?, answer: Nueva Planta decrees | question: Who resigned in protest against Philip?, answer: Cardinal Luis de Belluga
The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

question: When did Oklahoma declare an official language?, answer: 2010 | question: How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?, answer: 2,977,187 | question: What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?, answer: 92.6% | question: What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?, answer: Spanish | question: What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?, answer: Cherokee
The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The name originates as an exonym, applied pars pro toto to the troops of the Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for "Confederates", Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century.

question: What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?, answer: Switzer | question: Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?, answer: French Suisse | question: Where did the name Switzer originate from?, answer: the Alemannic Schwiizer | question: What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?, answer: the Old Swiss Confederacy
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

question: Who was the first Western samurai?, answer: William Adams | question: Who made William Adams a samurai?, answer: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu | question: What was William Adams's Japanese name?, answer: Anjin Miura | question: What did hatamoto mean?, answer: bannerman | question: How many servants did William Adams have?, answer: eighty or ninety
The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

question: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?, answer: newspaper comic strips | question: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?, answer: non-humorous | question: Comic books are what type of books?, answer: periodicals | question: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?, answer: manga | question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?, answer: bandes dessinées
The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

question: French comics are also known as what?, answer: bandes dessinées | question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?, answer: when it refers to the medium | question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?, answer: recurring characters | question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?, answer: images and text | question: What are Japanese comics called?, answer: manga
The English word "translation" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.

question: What Latin word does the English word translation come from?, answer: translatio | question: What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?, answer: Romance | question: What does Latin's traducere mean in English?, answer: "to lead across" | question: Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?, answer: Latin | question: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?, answer: "re-language-ing"
The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

question: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word?, answer: Alpes | question: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?, answer: Maurus Servius Honoratus | question: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?, answer: Celtic languages
The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?, answer: sclave | question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?, answer: Sklavinoi | question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?, answer: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym | question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?, answer: medieval Arab historiographers
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

question: Who coined the word "scientist"?, answer: William Whewell | question: When was the word "scientist" created?, answer: 19th century | question: What are people who study nature called?, answer: natural philosophers | question: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?, answer: the Middle Ages | question: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?, answer: the scientific revolution
The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future." However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, naïve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together.

question: By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?, answer: Terror during the French Revolution | question: Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?, answer: Romantic | question: What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?, answer: materialism and skepticism
The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the "divine right of kings". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.

question: The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?, answer: 1789 | question: Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?, answer: Locke | question: The "divine right of kings" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?, answer: "consent of the governed" | question: According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?, answer: governance paradigm shift
The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland, although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office.

question: In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?, answer: France | question: Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?, answer: Isaac Newton | question: In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?, answer: France | question: Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?, answer: varied | question: In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?, answer: middle
The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy.

question: How was the Enlightenment known in French?, answer: Siècle des Lumières | question: Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?, answer: The Enlightenment | question: In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?, answer: individual liberty and religious tolerance | question: The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?, answer: Roman Catholic Church
The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

question: Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?, answer: Epicurus | question: Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?, answer: Diogenes of Sinope | question: Which group embraced hedonism?, answer: Cyrenaics | question: Who founded Stoicism?, answer: Zeno of Citium | question: Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?, answer: Antiochus of Ascalon
The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

question: How is the Eritrean highway system named?, answer: according to the road classification | question: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?, answer: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved | question: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?, answer: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T) | question: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?, answer: single-layered asphalt road | question: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?, answer: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)
The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

question: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?, answer: The Estonian Academy of Arts | question: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?, answer: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu | question: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?, answer: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design | question: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?, answer: 245
The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

question: What is the main science institution in Estonia?, answer: The Estonian Academy of Sciences | question: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?, answer: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics | question: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?, answer: the late 1950s | question: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?, answer: Tartu and Tallinn