lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

question: What are the two top types of NPOs?, answer: membership and board-only | question: How is a membership organization run?, answer: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws | question: How is a board only organization run?, answer: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board | question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?, answer: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned | question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?, answer: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation
The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.

question: ASTP stands for what?, answer: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project | question: Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?, answer: 16
The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of their ubiquity, drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects. Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA.

question: GABA is the abbreviation for what?, answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid | question: Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?, answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | question: The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?, answer: glutamate, | question: Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?, answer: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
The typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer breeding grounds. For example, the pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus migrates from Iceland to Britain and neighbouring countries, whilst the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis migrates from subarctic and arctic climates to the contiguous United States and the American goldfinch from taiga to wintering grounds extending from the American South northwestward to Western Oregon. Migratory routes and wintering grounds are traditional and learned by young during their first migration with their parents. Some ducks, such as the garganey Anas querquedula, move completely or partially into the tropics. The European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca also follows this migratory trend, breeding in Asia and Europe and wintering in Africa.

question: Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?, answer: from Iceland to Britain | question: Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?, answer: arctic climates to the contiguous United States | question: Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?, answer: Asia and Europe | question: Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?, answer: Africa | question: How do young learn migratory routes?, answer: during their first migration with their parents
The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.

question: What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling, answer: ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds
The undergraduates have a number of traditions: Painting The Rock (originally a fountain donated by the Class of 1902) is a way to advertise, for example, campus organizations, events in Greek life, student groups, and university-wide events. Dance Marathon, a 30-hour philanthropic event, has raised more than 13 million dollars in its history for various children's charities. Primal Scream is held at 9 p.m. on the Sunday before finals week every quarter; students lean out of windows or gather in courtyards and scream. Armadillo Day, or, more popularly, Dillo Day, a day of music and food, is held on Northwestern's Lakefill every Spring on the weekend after Memorial Day. And in one of the University's newer traditions, every year during freshman orientation, known as Wildcat Welcome, freshmen and transfer students pass through Weber Arch to the loud huzzahs of upperclassmen and the music of the University Marching Band.

question: How much money has the traditional Northwestern Dance Marathon raised for children's charities?, answer: more than 13 million dollars | question: What do students do during the traditional Primal Scream event held before finals week every quarter?, answer: scream | question: What is the popular name for Northwestern's traditional Armadillo Day?, answer: Dillo Day | question: When is Armadillo Day held every year?, answer: on the weekend after Memorial Day | question: What name is freshman orientation known as?, answer: Wildcat Welcome
The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

question: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?, answer: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata | question: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?, answer: August 15, 1914 | question: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?, answer: Teoloyucan | question: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?, answer: Carranza
The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?, answer: 20% in 2005 | question: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia?, answer: it has decreased to 7% | question: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?, answer: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. | question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?, answer: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters | question: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?, answer: demographic transition
The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

question: What do Samoans call their legislative body?, answer: the Fono | question: How many Fono members are there?, answer: 49 | question: How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?, answer: Forty-seven | question: What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?, answer: 5% | question: What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?, answer: prime minister
The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?, answer: molecular | question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?, answer: H2 | question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?, answer: colorless, odorless, tasteless | question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?, answer: negative | question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?, answer: quantum mechanics
The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."

question: Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?, answer: Latin | question: For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?, answer: medicine | question: What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?, answer: arts and theology | question: What type of degree was given out at a English university?, answer: bachelor's degrees
The university employs 3,401 full-time faculty members across its eleven schools, including 18 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 6 members of the Institute of Medicine. Notable faculty include 2010 Nobel Prize–winning economist Dale T. Mortensen; nano-scientist Chad Mirkin; Tony Award-winning director Mary Zimmerman; management expert Philip Kotler; King Faisal International Prize in Science recipient Sir Fraser Stoddart; Steppenwolf Theatre director Anna Shapiro; sexual psychologist J. Michael Bailey; Holocaust denier Arthur Butz; Federalist Society co-founder Steven Calabresi; former Weatherman Bernardine Rae Dohrn; ethnographer Gary Alan Fine; Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Garry Wills; American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow Monica Olvera de la Cruz and MacArthur Fellowship recipients Stuart Dybek, and Jennifer Richeson. Notable former faculty include political advisor David Axelrod, artist Ed Paschke, writer Charles Newman, Nobel Prize–winning chemist John Pople, and military sociologist and "don't ask, don't tell" author Charles Moskos.

question: How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ?, answer: 3,401 | question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier?, answer: Arthur Butz | question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize?, answer: historian Garry Wills | question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director?, answer: Mary Zimmerman | question: Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize?, answer: chemist John Pople
The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?, answer: The Yale Record | question: What year was The Yale Record first published?, answer: 1872 | question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?, answer: 1878 | question: When was the Yale Herald established?, answer: 1986 | question: What is the name of the campus radio station?, answer: WYBC Yale Radio
The university houses the following public broadcasting stations: KJHK, a student-run campus radio station, KUJH-LP, an independent station that primarily broadcasts public affairs programs, and KANU, the NPR-affiliated radio station. Kansas Public Radio station KANU was one of the first public radio stations in the nation. KJHK, the campus radio has roots back to 1952 and is completely run by students.

question: What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?, answer: KANU | question: What is the name of the station operated by KU students?, answer: KJHK | question: When did KJHK first broadcast?, answer: 1952 | question: What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?, answer: KUJH-LP | question: What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?, answer: public affairs
The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and "miscellaneous" college departments, including Undergraduate Education, Graduate Studies, Independent Study, Continuing Education, and the Honors Program. BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier. A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (September–December) and Winter (January–April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May–June) and Summer (July–August).

question: Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?, answer: there is no Spring break | question: How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?, answer: two | question: How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?, answer: two | question: What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?, answer: Juris | question: What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?, answer: Winter semester ends earlier than most universities
The university's Medical Center and University Hospital are located in Kansas City, Kansas. The Edwards Campus is in Overland Park, Kansas, in the Kansas City metropolitan area. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons and Topeka, and branches of the University of Kansas School of Medicine in Wichita and Salina. The university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities.

question: In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?, answer: Wichita and Salina | question: What organization does KU belong to?, answer: the Association of American Universities | question: How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?, answer: 62 | question: In what city can KU's hospital be found?, answer: Kansas City | question: In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?, answer: Overland Park
The university's first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees. Early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John O'Fallon, but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment. Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a prior financial endowment. The institution had no backing of a religious organization, single wealthy patron, or earmarked government support.

question: Who was the first chancellor of Washington University?, answer: Joseph Gibson Hoyt. | question: When did Washington University secure its charter?, answer: 1853 | question: What makes Washington University unique among other American universities?, answer: not having had a prior financial endowment | question: Who was the first president of Washington University?, answer: Eliot | question: What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University?, answer: John O'Fallon
The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced with certain specialized markets in mind, such as an NES clone that functions as a rather primitive personal computer, which includes a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called NES-on-a-chip.

question: What thrived after the NES was discontinued?, answer: unlicensed clone market | question: What feature does the PocketFami have?, answer: color LCD | question: The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?, answer: chip