lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?, answer: Greek architectural | question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?, answer: Greek Revival | question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?, answer: 18th century | question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?, answer: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett | question: What was the first Greek building in England?, answer: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)
From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle.

question: What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?, answer: hydrogen
From an evolutionary-biological perspective, the function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal. A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts, and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other.

question: The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?, answer: provide coherent control over the actions of an animal
From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or his designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

question: What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?, answer: Rule XII, clause 6 | question: Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?, answer: minority leader | question: Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?, answer: certain federal entities.
From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud, "a slave girl who was said to have been bought at great cost by Hārūn al-Rashīd because she had passed her examinations by the most eminent scholars in astronomy, medicine, law, philosophy, music, history, Arabic grammar, literature, theology and chess". Moreover, among the most prominent feminine figures was Shuhda who was known as "the Scholar" or "the Pride of Women" during the 12th century in Baghdad. Despite the recognition of women's aptitudes during the Abbasid dynasty, all these came to an end in Iraq with the sack of Baghdad in 1258.

question: What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?, answer: music, dancing and poetry | question: Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?, answer: Shuhda | question: Where did Shuhda attend school?, answer: Baghdad | question: When was formal education for Islamic women halted?, answer: 1258 | question: During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?, answer: Abbasid
From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

question: Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?, answer: Sankichi Takahashi | question: Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?, answer: oil reserves | question: In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?, answer: 1940 | question: Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?, answer: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi | question: What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?, answer: oil reserves | question: By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?, answer: 1940
From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

question: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?, answer: Magnus Hirschfeld | question: What did the published scheme attempt to do?, answer: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire | question: How did the scheme measure desire?, answer: on two independent 10-point scales | question: What were the two scales defined as?, answer: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual) | question: How many points were on each scale?, answer: 10-point | question: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?, answer: From at least the late nineteenth century | question: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?, answer: Magnus Hirschfeld | question: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire., answer: 1896 | question: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?, answer: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0 | question: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?, answer: an asexual would be A0, B0
From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

question: When did Libya become an independent nation?, answer: In 1951 | question: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?, answer: an absolute monarchy | question: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?, answer: British and French forces | question: Who was the first leader of Libya?, answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris | question: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?, answer: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 | question: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?, answer: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 | question: What happened to Libya right after World War II?, answer: Libya was occupied by British and French forces | question: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?, answer: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership | question: What was the first type of government that Libya had?, answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy. | question: What country occupied Libya during World War II?, answer: his nation was occupied by Italy | question: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?, answer: Italy | question: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?, answer: British | question: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?, answer: Abdessalam Bouminyar | question: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?, answer: 1911 | question: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?, answer: French
From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.

question: Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?, answer: Housatonic River | question: How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?, answer: 11,000 | question: How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?, answer: 110 mg/kg | question: What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?, answer: Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260 | question: Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?, answer: Monsanto
From earliest days, Virginia, and Richmond in particular, have welcomed live theatrical performances. From Lewis Hallam's early productions of Shakespeare in Williamsburg, the focus shifted to Richmond's antebellum prominence as a main colonial and early 19th century performance venue for such celebrated American and English actors as William Macready, Edwin Forrest, and the Booth family. In the 20th century, Richmonders' love of theater continued with many amateur troupes and regular touring professional productions. In the 1960s a small renaissance or golden age accompanied the growth of professional dinner theaters and the fostering of theater by the Virginia Museum, reaching a peak in the 1970s with the establishment of a resident Equity company at the Virginia Museum Theater (now the Leslie Cheek) and the birth of Theatre IV, a company that continues to this day.

question: In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare's plays?, answer: Williamsburg | question: What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond?, answer: Booth | question: What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today?, answer: Leslie Cheek | question: During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond?, answer: 1970s
From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion, Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and 11 mi (18 km) of underground tunnels. The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground, making their positions impervious to enemy fire. Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out, it could be reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender.

question: How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?, answer: 11 | question: What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?, answer: underground tunnels | question: Who transformed the island into a fortress?, answer: Kuribayashi | question: Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?, answer: the defender
From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

question: Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?, answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics | question: Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?, answer: Corpus Juris Canonici | question: What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?, answer: Pope Innocent III | question: What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?, answer: not all hunting is illicit | question: What type of hunting is unlawful?, answer: clamorosa | question: Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?, answer: Roman Catholic Church clerics | question: What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?, answer: Corpus Juris Canonici | question: Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?, answer: Pope Innocent III | question: How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?, answer: mildly | question: Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?, answer: Council of Trent
From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use." However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.

question: When was ISO/IEC 646 published?, answer: 1972 | question: What was ASCII inteded to be?, answer: one of several national variants of an international character code standard | question: When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?, answer: 1967 | question: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?, answer: ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world
From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.

question: How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?, answer: three hours | question: At what time did Paul VI die?, answer: 21:41 | question: On what day did Paul VI die?, answer: 6 August | question: From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?, answer: bed | question: What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?, answer: Castel Gandolfo
From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.

question: What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?, answer: quark model | question: What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?, answer: parton model | question: Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?, answer: not real particles | question: Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?, answer: Ernest Rutherford | question: After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?, answer: sixth quark
From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and "voice tricks" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness, (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12) and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.

question: Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?, answer: music | question: What did Bell succeed at without being taught?, answer: piano | question: How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?, answer: 12 | question: What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?, answer: forehead | question: What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?, answer: acoustics
From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of "symbols and omina" (σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata), and of the observation of the omens of the days. The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia. The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning. The Greeks created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony. Apollo became the god of shining youth, the protector of music, spiritual-life, moderation and perceptible order. The improvement of the old Anatolian god, and his elevation to an intellectual sphere, may be considered an achievement of the Greek people.

question: Who brought the art of inspection of "symbols and omina?", answer: Apollo | question: The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?, answer: Anatolia | question: Which group created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony?, answer: The Greeks
From its base in India, the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island, at that time a minor settlement.

question: What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in?, answer: opium | question: How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?, answer: 20,000 | question: The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?, answer: Hong Kong | question: Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?, answer: Qing | question: When did China outlaw opium trade?, answer: 1729
From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

question: What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered?, answer: farthest known planet | question: What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet?, answer: the Kuiper belt | question: What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet?, answer: 2006 | question: Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system?, answer: the outermost known planet | question: What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune?, answer: between 1979 and 1999