lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

question: What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?, answer: commonplace | question: To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain?, answer: lawful Roman | question: What were the characteristics of state religious observances?, answer: impressive, costly, and centralised | question: Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome?, answer: individual | question: What type of deities did Roman communities have?, answer: patron
The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

question: What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?, answer: global warming | question: How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?, answer: at least 30 nations | question: Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?, answer: Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow
The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26–34).

question: What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?, answer: one's total identity | question: How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?, answer: age and accumulated experiences | question: The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?, answer: the life cycle | question: The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?, answer: the height of one's powers
The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?, answer: Everson v. Board of Education | question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?, answer: state law | question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?, answer: state governments | question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?, answer: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet | question: When was the case of v. Grumet?, answer: 1994
The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total.

question: The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?, answer: reading materials | question: Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?, answer: the Industrial Revolution | question: In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?, answer: demand for information | question: In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?, answer: France | question: The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?, answer: just one-tenth of the total
The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

question: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?, answer: independence | question: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?, answer: The European Parliament | question: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?, answer: bound by the treaties | question: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?, answer: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament
The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.

question: When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?, answer: 1783 | question: Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?, answer: American War of Independence | question: In which wars was France defeated?, answer: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars | question: What did Pax Britannica mean?, answer: British Peace | question: When was Britain called the "workshop of the world"?, answer: 1851
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.

question: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?, answer: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas | question: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?, answer: Pueblos indígenas | question: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?, answer: Amerindian | question: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?, answer: Aborigen | question: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?, answer: Native Americans
The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

question: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?, answer: face-down to a backing paper | question: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?, answer: gives the maker time to rework | question: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?, answer: the indirect method | question: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?, answer: murals | question: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?, answer: repetitive
The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

question: Who was prime minister in 1936?, answer: Manuel Azana | question: What building did the government move to in 1936?, answer: Palau de Benicarló | question: How many bomb shelters were built?, answer: over two hundred | question: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?, answer: 13 January 1937 | question: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?, answer: Barcelona
The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".

question: What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?, answer: infinitive | question: How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?, answer: three | question: What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?, answer: indicative, imperative and conditional | question: What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?, answer: imperative | question: Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?, answer: conditional
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

question: What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives?, answer: complex | question: What is much like the neighboring languages?, answer: inflection of determinatives | question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?, answer: Spanish | question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?, answer: Italian | question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?, answer: article
The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

question: What philosophy influenced the RCC?, answer: Arab nationalism | question: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?, answer: Syria | question: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?, answer: Nasser | question: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?, answer: Egypt and Sudan | question: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?, answer: 1969
The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: “No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.”

question: What language had the greatest influence on English?, answer: Old Norse | question: What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?, answer: the Danelaw | question: Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?, answer: Simeon Potter | question: What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?, answer: word-endings
The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.

question: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?, answer: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, | question: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?, answer: Gertrude Stein | question: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?, answer: Leo | question: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?, answer: The Making of Americans
The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

question: What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?, answer: scientific topics | question: Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton?, answer: James Thomson | question: Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?, answer: Newtonian system | question: What year was Newton's death?, answer: 1727 | question: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?", answer: James Thomson | question: In what year did Newton die?, answer: 1727 | question: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?, answer: Newton | question: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?, answer: Sir Richard Blackmore | question: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?, answer: 1712
The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

question: What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?, answer: imbedded stars | question: What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?, answer: protostars | question: What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?, answer: Stars
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

question: When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?, answer: the Bronze Age | question: With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?, answer: tabernae | question: How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?, answer: the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole | question: What did King Edgar decree in 965?, answer: there should be no more than one alehouse per village | question: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?, answer: the Bronze Age | question: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?, answer: the 1st Century | question: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?, answer: tabernae | question: In what century did the Romans leave Britain?, answer: 5th Century | question: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?, answer: green