lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.

question: Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?, answer: ECB | question: Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?, answer: refinancing facilities | question: What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?, answer: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans | question: Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?, answer: the Fed
In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.

question: What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?, answer: metamorphized deep-water sediments | question: What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?, answer: Greenstone | question: From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?, answer: volcanic island arcs | question: Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?, answer: deep-sea sediments | question: What is a greenstone belt?, answer: sutured protocontinents
In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.

question: Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?, answer: LaserDiscs | question: Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?, answer: entirely | question: What is contrast banding?, answer: subtle visible lines in gradient areas | question: What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?, answer: MPEG-2 encoding process
In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??, answer: 1.9 children | question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?, answer: 4.1 children | question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?, answer: 2% | question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?, answer: 71% | question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?, answer: half
In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

question: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune?, answer: Great Dark Spot | question: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet?, answer: sustained winds | question: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune?, answer: 2,100 kilometres per hour | question: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature?, answer: 55 K (−218 °C). | question: What is Neptune's planet center temperature?, answer: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)
In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).

question: What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?, answer: latency | question: What has zero samples in a minimum case?, answer: latency | question: What often has low latencies?, answer: LPC
In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to overemphasize the problems created by financial conflicts of interest. The article noted that major healthcare organizations such as National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, the World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration had encouraged greater interactions between physicians and industry in order to bring greater benefits to patients.

question: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?, answer: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration | question: When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?, answer: May 2015 | question: What was the reason behind these interactions?, answer: bring greater benefits to patients | question: What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?, answer: moral outrage over industry malfeasance | question: Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?, answer: New England Journal of Medicine | question: What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?, answer: New England Journal of Medicine | question: When was the editorial published?, answer: May 2015 | question: Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?, answer: encouraged greater interactions
In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?, answer: many monosyllabic words | question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?, answer: consonant clusters | question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?, answer: obstruent | question: What do many words feature?, answer: couplets
In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

question: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?, answer: a precipitous wildlife decline | question: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?, answer: antelope | question: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?, answer: hippopotamus | question: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?, answer: poaching, drought and habitat loss | question: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?, answer: Uganda | question: What Botswana was resently forced to do?, answer: ban trophy hunting | question: What animal declined across Botswana?, answer: antelope | question: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?, answer: hippopotamus | question: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?, answer: elephant | question: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda?, answer: poaching
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

question: Who has a greater history of unitary states?, answer: Europe | question: What does federalism mean in Europe?, answer: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state | question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model?, answer: judiciary
In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.

question: Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?, answer: simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical | question: Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?, answer: Christians
In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill. This had some important similarities to (and important differences from) the events in Italy centuries earlier, but this time on a global scale.

question: What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?, answer: destabilisation | question: Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?, answer: Polybius | question: Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?, answer: alliance-seeking | question: Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?, answer: Greek
In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

question: What is another term for procedural memory?, answer: implicit memory | question: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?, answer: procedural memory | question: What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?, answer: motor skills | question: If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?, answer: no new explicit memories have been formed,
In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). The ultimate goal of this test process is to achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently.

question: Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"?, answer: extreme programming and the agile software development | question: Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?, answer: unit tests are written first | question: What is the goal of Unit testing?, answer: achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently
In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the U.S. military, but requests were denied), and a 22-piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at the time of the invasion, but there were large U.S. garrisons and air forces in Japan.

question: What was the problem with the ROK Army?, answer: Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped | question: Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?, answer: U.S. military | question: In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?, answer: Japan | question: Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?, answer: R.E. Appleman
In contrast, the Salon Cubists built their reputation primarily by exhibiting regularly at the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Indépendants, both major non-academic Salons in Paris. They were inevitably more aware of public response and the need to communicate. Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio near the Boulevard de Montparnasse. These soirées often included writers such as Guillaume Apollinaire and André Salmon. Together with other young artists, the group wanted to emphasise a research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.

question: Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?, answer: Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and Léger | question: Where was Fauconnier's studio located?, answer: Boulevard de Montparnasse | question: What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?, answer: research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.
In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172th), Tláhuac (177th) and Iztapalapa (183th) presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481, .8473 and .8464 respectively—values still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a "medium" HDI of .7984, far below all other boroughs (627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of .9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, and Mexico's highest.

question: What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?, answer: Iztapalapa | question: Which borough had the lowest HDI score?, answer: Milpa Alta | question: What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?, answer: 627th | question: All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?, answer: top 200 | question: What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?, answer: .7984
In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded. This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table.

question: Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?, answer: To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law | question: What could be impeded without police interference?, answer: the realization of the private right | question: How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?, answer: establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper
In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen). The nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight.

question: What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?, answer: stellar phenomena | question: What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?, answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun | question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?, answer: Big Bang | question: Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?, answer: fusion
In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?, answer: China and Vietnam | question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?, answer: the transition to a market economy | question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?, answer: legal scholars and politicians | question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?, answer: foreign investors | question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?, answer: democracy and human rights