lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be "cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.

question: Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?, answer: Athens of America | question: What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?, answer: the nineteenth century | question: What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?, answer: Old Corner Bookstore | question: Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?, answer: the Old Corner Bookstore | question: What year was the Boston Public Library founded?, answer: 1852
Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new "TitleTown, USA", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.

question: How many major North American sports leagues are there?, answer: four | question: How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?, answer: 36 championships | question: How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?, answer: nine | question: Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?, answer: financial concerns | question: When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?, answer: July 27, 2015
Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.

question: The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?, answer: The Boston Globe | question: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?, answer: Bank of America | question: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?, answer: 2004 | question: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?, answer: Macy's | question: What department stores merged to form Macy's?, answer: Jordan Marsh and Filene's
Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.

question: What s Boston sometimes called?, answer: city of neighborhoods | question: How many neighborhoods are in Boston?, answer: 23 neighborhoods | question: What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?, answer: Office of Neighborhood Services
Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.

question: What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?, answer: Greater Boston | question: What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?, answer: The Charles River | question: What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?, answer: To the east | question: Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?, answer: Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).

question: What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?, answer: 11th largest | question: What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?, answer: WEEI | question: What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?, answer: WZBC | question: What is the name of Harvards radio station?, answer: WHRB | question: WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?, answer: NPR
Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.

question: Boston is culturally similar to what area?, answer: greater New England | question: What is the Boston accent known as?, answer: Boston English | question: Who influences Boston's politics and religion?, answer: Irish Americans | question: What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?, answer: Boston slang | question: Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?, answer: regional cuisine
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

question: Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade?, answer: slave trade | question: What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?, answer: the abolitionist movement | question: What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?, answer: the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 | question: What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?, answer: Franklin Pierce
Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)—away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]

question: On what coast is Boston located?, answer: the North Atlantic | question: What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?, answer: Nor'easter | question: What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?, answer: 43.8 inches | question: What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?, answer: 43.8 inches | question: When does most snowfall occur?, answer: December through March
Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.

question: How many college students does Boston attract?, answer: more than 350,000 | question: Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?, answer: $4.8 billion | question: Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?, answer: biotechnology | question: The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?, answer: life sciences cluster | question: Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?, answer: the National Institutes of Health
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

question: What was the name before the city was called Boston?, answer: Trimountaine | question: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?, answer: Trimountaine | question: What does Trimountaine mean?, answer: three mountains | question: What year was the city renamed Boston?, answer: 1630 | question: Who named the city Boston?, answer: Puritan colonists from England | question: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?, answer: fresh water
Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

question: What ranking does the Boston park system have?, answer: third-best | question: Who ranks city park systems?, answer: ParkScore | question: Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?, answer: a half-mile
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.

question: What science led to botany?, answer: herbalism | question: What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?, answer: plants of medical importance | question: When did universities start growing gardens?, answer: 1540s onwards | question: Why did universities have these gardens?, answer: facilitated the academic study of plants | question: Why was plant taxonomy developed?, answer: to catalogue and describe their collections
Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.

question: What was the first modern text book?, answer: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik | question: What was Schleiden's profession?, answer: microscopist | question: What do Fick's laws do?, answer: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion | question: What theory did Schleiden co-found?, answer: cell theory
Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.

question: What is botany?, answer: science of plant life | question: What does the word botany mean?, answer: "to feed" or "to graze" | question: What is a plant scientist called?, answer: A botanist | question: Does botany only study plants?, answer: included the study of fungi and algae
Both AC-3 and DTS surround audio were clumsily implemented on LaserDiscs, leading to some interesting player- and disc-dependent issues. A disc that included AC-3 audio forfeited the right analog audio channel to the modulated AC-3 RF stream. If the player did not have an AC-3 output available, the next most attractive playback option would be the digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks. The reason for this is the RF signal needs to bypass the audio circuitry in order to be properly processed by the demodulator. If either the player did not support digital audio tracks (common in older players), or the disc did not include digital audio tracks at all (uncommon for a disc which is mastered with an AC-3 track), the only remaining option was to fall back to a monophonic presentation of the left analog audio track. However, many older analog-only players not only failed to output AC-3 streams correctly, but were not even aware of their potential existence. Such a player will happily play the analog audio tracks verbatim, resulting in garbage (static) output in the right channel.

question: Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?, answer: right analog audio channel | question: What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?, answer: digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks | question: What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?, answer: garbage (static) output
Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

question: Which two dialects were banned from public life?, answer: Alsatian and Standard German | question: What did the banning of the two dialects include?, answer: street and city names, official administration, and educational system | question: Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?, answer: Sundgau region | question: What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?, answer: Yiddish
Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an "unbiased judge" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that "civil man" is corrupted, while "natural man" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens.

question: What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?, answer: social contract | question: Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?, answer: Rousseau | question: Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?, answer: Locke | question: For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?, answer: to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom | question: From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?, answer: state of war
Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."

question: Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?, answer: Roger Williams and John Clarke | question: When was the first American Baptist church established?, answer: 1639 | question: Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?, answer: Providence, Rhode Island | question: Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?, answer: Newport, Rhode Island | question: Clarke was what to Williams?, answer: his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom
Both Rousseau and Locke's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights, which are not a result of law or custom, but are things that all men have in pre-political societies, and are therefore universal and inalienable. The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise, when he introduces the state of nature. For Locke the law of nature is grounded on mutual security, or the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights, as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights. These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property. Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature; you cannot surrender your own rights, your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you. Additionally, Locke argues that one person cannot enslave another because it is morally reprehensible, although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights.

question: How does John Locke define mutual security?, answer: the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights | question: What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?, answer: perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property | question: Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?, answer: because it is morally reprehensible | question: What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?, answer: enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights | question: In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?, answer: Second Treatise