lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.

question: Who settled in parts of England?, answer: Polabian Slavs (Wends) | question: Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?, answer: parts of England (Danelaw) | question: Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?, answer: Norse age Iceland | question: What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?, answer: Saqaliba | question: Saqaliba served as what?, answer: caliph's guards
Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

question: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?, answer: staunchly pro-American | question: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?, answer: favorable American intervention in World War I | question: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?, answer: a large force
Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.

question: Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?, answer: German attack | question: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?, answer: Battle of Britain | question: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?, answer: Army's Anti-aircraft command | question: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?, answer: 3 | question: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?, answer: RAF regiment
Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?, answer: 10–12% | question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?, answer: 8% | question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?, answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania | question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?, answer: 1–3% | question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?, answer: March Constitution of Poland
Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

question: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?, answer: at the time of their election to the throne | question: What specified the kings privileges?, answer: king-elect's Pacta conventa | question: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?, answer: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax | question: What did nobles get in from the king during election?, answer: privileges
Polarization is predictable from an antenna's geometry, although in some cases it is not at all obvious (such as for the quad antenna). An antenna's linear polarization is generally along the direction (as viewed from the receiving location) of the antenna's currents when such a direction can be defined. For instance, a vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically oriented will transmit and receive in the vertical polarization. Antennas with horizontal elements, such as most rooftop TV antennas in the United States, are horizontally polarized (broadcast TV in the U.S. usually uses horizontal polarization). Even when the antenna system has a vertical orientation, such as an array of horizontal dipole antennas, the polarization is in the horizontal direction corresponding to the current flow. The polarization of a commercial antenna is an essential specification.

question: Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?, answer: Polarization | question: The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?, answer: commercial antenna | question: Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?, answer: horizontal | question: What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?, answer: quad antenna
Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and circular polarization (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are designated as right-handed or left-handed using the "thumb in the direction of the propagation" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite right hand rule from the one used by radio engineers.

question: What are electrical fields projected on to?, answer: imaginary plane | question: What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?, answer: radio wave | question: What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?, answer: elliptical | question: How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?, answer: one direction
Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. "Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls "a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".

question: Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?, answer: Ezra Pound | question: What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?, answer: sentimental | question: Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?, answer: Timothy Laurie | question: Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?, answer: Kate Soper
Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

question: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?, answer: German "schlachten" | question: What does schlachtan mean in german?, answer: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher") | question: What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta?, answer: Schlacht | question: What does schlacht mean?, answer: battle | question: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?, answer: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, 2007) With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).

question: Where has transnational policing become more important?, answer: in United Nations peacekeeping | question: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?, answer: Goldsmith and Sheptycki | question: What kind of countries get assistance with policing?, answer: weak, failed or failing states | question: What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?, answer: With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark | question: What concern did Hills raise about police models?, answer: there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions
Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

question: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?, answer: the Ministry of Defence Police | question: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?, answer: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London | question: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?, answer: The British Transport Police | question: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?, answer: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). | question: What is the name of the City of London's police force?, answer: the City of London Police
Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France.

question: The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?, answer: free trade | question: The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?, answer: religion | question: What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?, answer: Protestant churches | question: Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?, answer: François Marie Arouet de Voltaire
Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.

question: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: Political and religious animosity | question: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?, answer: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military | question: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?, answer: 10,000 | question: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?, answer: purple triangles | question: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?, answer: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states
Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies.

question: In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?, answer: the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand | question: Where did many Indians move to?, answer: Malaysia and Fiji | question: Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?, answer: Chinese | question: When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?, answer: after the Second World War
Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

question: What is the color red associated with?, answer: right-wing Republican Party | question: What political party is the color blue associated with?, answer: left-wing Democratic Party | question: Did the political parties choose those colors?, answer: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors | question: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?, answer: 2000
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

question: What do you call government officials using power for illicit private gain?, answer: political corruption | question: Who benefits from political corruption?, answer: government officials | question: It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?, answer: their official duties | question: Trading in what is considered political corruption?, answer: influence | question: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?, answer: Political corruption
Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

question: When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?, answer: 30 July 2003 | question: What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?, answer: First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process | question: What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?, answer: a person's business, bookstore, and library records | question: Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?, answer: governing bodies in a number of communities
Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

question: What are called factions by some people?, answer: Political parties | question: What are political parties lobbied by?, answer: organizations, businesses and special interest groups | question: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?, answer: Money and gifts | question: Around which time was the mass membership party started?, answer: 19th century
Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.

question: What larger group does political science belong to?, answer: social sciences | question: Where did the ideas of political science begin?, answer: prehistory | question: In history, where could you find someone studying politics?, answer: in almost every geographic area