lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

question: Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?, answer: 30 BC | question: All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?, answer: Ptolemy | question: Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?, answer: Ptolemaic queens | question: Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?, answer: Cleopatra VII | question: How did Cleoptra die?, answer: suicide
Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

question: Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?, answer: Ptolemy | question: When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?, answer: 323 BC | question: When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?, answer: 305 BC | question: What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?, answer: Soter | question: Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?, answer: Faiyum
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.

question: What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?, answer: Slug and Lettuce | question: What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?, answer: comic | question: What is the purpose of a pub name?, answer: to identify and differentiate each pub
Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".

question: How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?, answer: increase in both size and capacity | question: Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?, answer: increased strength and tolerance for exercise | question: Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?, answer: males | question: Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?, answer: males | question: Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?, answer: respiratory
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.

question: Puberty causes what to happen in boys?, answer: a deeper voice and larger adam's apple | question: What releases testosterone?, answer: The testes | question: What releases estrogen?, answer: the ovaries | question: What causes gynecomastia?, answer: obesity. | question: What causes puberty?, answer: a surge in hormone production | question: A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?, answer: Puberty | question: Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?, answer: pituitary | question: Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?, answer: testes | question: Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?, answer: ovaries | question: An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?, answer: gynecomastia
Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.

question: What does CCIRC stand for?, answer: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre | question: Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?, answer: CCIRC | question: Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?, answer: on the Public Safety Canada website | question: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?, answer: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).

question: What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?, answer: Central Board of Secondary Education | question: What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad?, answer: two-thirds | question: Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad?, answer: English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu | question: What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad?, answer: a "10+2+3" plan | question: Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates, one is the Secondary School Certificate, what is the other?, answer: Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.

question: What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?, answer: higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work | question: What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?, answer: mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause | question: What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?, answer: do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally | question: Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?, answer: more stable employment
Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".

question: Somerset House was designed by whom?, answer: Sir William Chambers | question: In what year was Somerset House designed?, answer: 1776 | question: Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way?, answer: "architectural in intention" | question: What was considered a lesser class of designers?, answer: surveyors
Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

question: Who runs the public busses in Cork?, answer: Bus Éireann | question: Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?, answer: shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only | question: What do the routes consist of?, answer: connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest
Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Authorities provided stoves and bathrooms and canteen trains provided food. Tickets were issued for bunks in large shelters to reduce the amount of time spent queuing. Committees quickly formed within shelters as informal governments, and organisations such as the British Red Cross and the Salvation Army worked to improve conditions. Entertainment included concerts, films, plays and books from local libraries.

question: What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?, answer: 1940 | question: How many people were the new shelters going to hold?, answer: 80,000 | question: What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?, answer: Tickets | question: Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?, answer: British Red Cross and the Salvation Army | question: What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?, answer: canteen
Public expenditure rose from £10 million in 2001-02 to £12 million in 2005-06 to £28m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from £4.6 million in to £6.4 million to £12.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure.

question: How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?, answer: £10 million | question: By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?, answer: £12 million | question: In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?, answer: £28m | question: UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?, answer: £12.1 million | question: Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?, answer: 38%
Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts. Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan. In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.

question: How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?, answer: $300-million | question: Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?, answer: Mayor Bing | question: What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?, answer: Far Eastside Plan | question: How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?, answer: 1,200 | question: How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?, answer: earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax
Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

question: What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?, answer: College of Charleston | question: Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?, answer: downtown on North Market Street | question: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?, answer: 2007 | question: What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?, answer: The American College of the Building Arts | question: What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?, answer: Trident Technical College
Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process." summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt.

question: How is public notice given regarding a listing?, answer: through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area | question: How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?, answer: 45 days | question: Do listing notices cross international soil?, answer: Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing
Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

question: Which city did Villa raid?, answer: Columbus, New Mexico | question: Which American president pursued Villa?, answer: President Wilson | question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?, answer: nearly a year | question: In which city was Villa killed?, answer: Parral | question: In which year was Villa assassinated?, answer: 1923
Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050. There are now 144 countries with renewable energy policy targets.

question: What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?, answer: Public policy and political leadership | question: Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?, answer: 2050 | question: How many countries now have renewable energy policies?, answer: 144
Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.

question: What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?, answer: Public policy | question: Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?, answer: Energy regulators | question: Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?, answer: Since policies are not self-implementing
Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religious law was collegial and traditional; it informed political decisions, could overturn them, and was difficult to exploit for personal gain. Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. Cult donations were the property of the deity, whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding – this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds. For those who had reached their goal in the Cursus honorum, permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime's service in military or political life, or preferably both: it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty. For a freedman or slave, promotion as one of the Compitalia seviri offered a high local profile, and opportunities in local politics; and therefore business. During the Imperial era, priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office; in effect, it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum. In Rome, the same Imperial cult role was performed by the Arval Brethren, once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities, then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms. The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. Every January 3 they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year, provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time.

question: What group selected public priests in Rome?, answer: collegia | question: What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?, answer: lifetime | question: What limited an individual's access to religious offices?, answer: law | question: Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?, answer: costly | question: What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?, answer: Roman citizenship