lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?, answer: resilience | question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?, answer: reefs | question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?, answer: faster rate | question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?, answer: ocean acidification | question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?, answer: on the islands
The attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Balkans Campaign in Yugoslavia and Greece. The shortage of bombers caused the OKL to improvise. Some 50 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos (fighter-bombers) were used, officially classed as Leichte Kampfflugzeuge ("light bombers") and sometimes called Leichte Kesselringe ("Light Kesselrings"). The defences failed to prevent widespread damage but on some occasions did prevent German bombers concentrating on their targets. On occasion, only one-third of German bombs hit their targets.

question: What was focused in March?, answer: western ports | question: What did these attacks accomplish?, answer: breaks in morale | question: Why was the OKL forced to improvise?, answer: shortage of bombers | question: How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?, answer: 50 | question: How many German bombs hit their target?, answer: only one-third
The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. However using different phosphors (fluorescent materials) it also became possible to instead produce green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is not only perceived by humans as white light but is superior for illumination in terms of color rendering, whereas one cannot appreciate the color of red or green objects illuminated only by the yellow (and remaining blue) wavelengths from the YAG phosphor.

question: What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?, answer: white | question: What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?, answer: yellow light
The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation. From 1916–1918, German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible.

question: People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?, answer: great trepidation | question: Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?, answer: countermeasures | question: How many people were killed by bomb drops during the first World War?, answer: 1,413 | question: How many bombs had been dropped?, answer: 9,000
The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a reversal but many instead dropped their discussion of race altogether. The authors attributed this to biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of racial classifications, instead of discussing them, and to the ongoing discussions in biology about the validity of the concept "subspecies". The authors also noted that some widely used textbooks in biology such as Douglas J. Futuyama's 1986 "Evolutionary Biology" had abandoned the race concept, "The concept of race, masking the overwhelming genetic similarity of all peoples and the mosaic patterns of variation that do not correspond to racial divisions, is not only socially dysfunctional but is biologically indefensible as well (pp. 5 18-5 19)." (Lieberman et al. 1992, pp. 316–17)

question: How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?, answer: 77 | question: Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?, answer: the 1970s | question: What did biology textbooks drop altogether?, answer: their discussion of race | question: What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?, answer: racial classifications | question: What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?, answer: biologically indefensible
The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.

question: What is the reason the northern fringe receives more cloudiness and rainfall?, answer: low pressure systems | question: What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?, answer: less than 1 mm | question: How much desert land is the Sahara?, answer: 9,000,000 km2 of desert land | question: What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and rainfall?, answer: Intertropical Convergence Zone
The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was €36,085 for 2011. It ranged from €22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around €25,000 in Paris and €22,200 for Île-de-France. Generally speaking, incomes are higher in the Western part of the city and in the western suburbs than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[citation needed] Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the city of Paris and 8.8 percent in the Île-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015. It ranged from 7.6 percent in the wealthy Essonne department to 13.1 percent in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, where many recent immigrants live.

question: What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?, answer: €36,085 | question: What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?, answer: €22,095 | question: What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?, answer: €82,449 | question: What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?, answer: 8.2 | question: What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?, answer: 13.1
The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile (4,405.4/km²). The Census reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized. In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013[update], 87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435. Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013[update].

question: What is the density?, answer: 11,457 people per square mile | question: How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?, answer: 670,171 | question: What percent are vacant as of 2013?, answer: 13 percent | question: What percent don't own cars?, answer: 32 | question: What percent own 2 or more cars?, answer: 23
The average temperature is 61.4 °F (16.3 °C), with the monthly daily average ranging from 39.2 °F (4.0 °C) in January to 83.0 °F (28.3 °C) in July. Extremes range from −17 °F (−27 °C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 °F (45 °C) on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012; the last sub-zero (°F) reading was −5 °F (−21 °C) on February 10, 2011. Temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C) on 10.4 days of the year, 90 °F (32 °C) on nearly 70 days, and fail to rise above freezing on 8.3 days. The city receives about 35.9 inches (91.2 cm) of precipitation annually, of which 8.6 inches (21.8 cm) is snow.

question: How much precipitation on average falls within the city?, answer: 35.9 inches | question: Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?, answer: 8.6 inches
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by atrioventricular valves which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. The sinoatrial node uses calcium to cause a depolarizing signal transduction pathway from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of endocardial, myocardial and epicardial layers. The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight.

question: The avian circulatory system is driven by what?, answer: four-chambered, myogenic heart | question: Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?, answer: fibrous pericardial sac | question: What lubricates the pericardial sac?, answer: serous fluid | question: Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?, answer: allows more blood to be pumped
The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel, in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession, hence excluding the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration, called the method of inner models, which later became an essential instrument in set theory.

question: What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?, answer: method of inner models | question: Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?, answer: from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps | question: What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?, answer: if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession
The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's Elements, had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and geometry, thanks to David Hilbert. At the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics. But they did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets—the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.

question: What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?, answer: Russell's paradox | question: Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?, answer: Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel | question: What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?, answer: the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.
The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Later, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced by the invention of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". While it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason.

question: Who discovered M. tuberculosis?, answer: Robert Koch | question: What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?, answer: 1905 | question: Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?, answer: milk | question: What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?, answer: tuberculin | question: What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?, answer: World Tuberculosis Day
The back of the cartridge bears a label with instructions on handling. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, manufactured in gold-plastic carts, all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these "test carts" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim. For promotion of DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the Remastered art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show's theme song, "Life is like a hurricane".

question: The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?, answer: gold | question: What is the standard color of all other cartridges?, answer: gray | question: What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?, answer: yellow | question: What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?, answer: licensed US cartridges | question: What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?, answer: Life is like a hurricane
The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (also known as a lipid, cytoplasmic or plasma membrane). This membrane encloses the contents of the cell and acts as a barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components of the cytoplasm within the cell. As they are prokaryotes, bacteria do not usually have membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, and thus contain few large intracellular structures. They lack a true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells. Bacteria were once seen as simple bags of cytoplasm, but structures such as the prokaryotic cytoskeleton and the localization of proteins to specific locations within the cytoplasm that give bacteria some complexity have been discovered. These subcellular levels of organization have been called "bacterial hyperstructures".

question: What is a cell membrane?, answer: lipid | question: What does membrane accomplish?, answer: barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components | question: Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?, answer: do not | question: Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?, answer: true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles | question: What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?, answer: simple bags of cytoplasm
The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places.

question: In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?, answer: figurative depiction | question: Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?, answer: in the ancient harbour area | question: The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?, answer: King David as Orpheus | question: What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?, answer: playing a lyre | question: When was the mosaic floor constructed?, answer: in 508/509
The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band's chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album. They recorded four of their own songs, "Liar", "Keep Yourself Alive", "The Night Comes Down" and "Jesus", for a demo tape; no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to "Mercury", inspired by the line "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in the song "My Fairy King". On 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London.

question: John Deacon played what instrument?, answer: bass | question: In what year did John Deacon join Queen?, answer: 1971 | question: What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?, answer: Mercury | question: What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?, answer: My Fairy King | question: On what date did Queen play their first show?, answer: 2 July 1971
The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums, eighteen number one singles, and ten number one DVDs worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists. Queen have sold over 150 million records, with some estimates in excess of 300 million records worldwide, including 34.5 million albums in the US as of 2004. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the band is the only group in which every member has composed more than one chart-topping single, and all four members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2009, "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions" were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the latter was voted the world's favourite song in a global music poll.

question: How many number one singles did Queen release?, answer: eighteen | question: How many number one DVD's has Queen released?, answer: ten | question: How many albums has Queen sold worldwide?, answer: over 150 million | question: When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame?, answer: 2001 | question: How many number one albums has Queen released?, answer: eighteen