lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

question: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?, answer: Translation | question: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?, answer: Language | question: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?, answer: mass media | question: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?, answer: New words | question: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?, answer: Translation | question: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?, answer: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. | question: What problems can arise due to translation issues?, answer: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation | question: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?, answer: Language
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.:3

question: What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?, answer: Translation | question: What does a ribosome consist of?, answer: large complexes of RNA and protein | question: What is a ribosome responsible for?, answer: carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain | question: How is the genetic code read?, answer: via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) | question: How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?, answer: three
Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

question: What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?, answer: poetry | question: What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?, answer: verse | question: What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?, answer: stanzaic | question: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?, answer: church hymns | question: Who translated German chorales into English?, answer: Catherine Winkworth
Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

question: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?, answer: 5th century | question: What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?, answer: creation of Arabic script | question: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?, answer: politics | question: What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?, answer: Greek and Persian | question: What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?, answer: Arabic
Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

question: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?, answer: more restrictive | question: Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?, answer: little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation | question: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?, answer: assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical | question: How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?, answer: by subdividing or combining notes
Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

question: Who can translations of a sung text aid?, answer: audiences, singers and conductors | question: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?, answer: subtitles or surtitles | question: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?, answer: works in languages they do not know | question: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?, answer: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.
Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

question: How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?, answer: three | question: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?, answer: Bribe Payers Index | question: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?, answer: CPI | question: When was the CPI first released?, answer: 1995 | question: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?, answer: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.

question: Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?, answer: the Mayor of London | question: London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?, answer: Transport for London (TfL) | question: Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?, answer: the London Overground network
Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless:

question: Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?, answer: consent | question: What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?, answer: procedures of notification | question: Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?, answer: not necessarily | question: What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?, answer: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs | question: Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?, answer: Article 56
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

question: What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?, answer: live up to their obligations | question: What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?, answer: contracts | question: Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?, answer: international law | question: What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?, answer: willing | question: What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?, answer: obligations
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing.

question: What formed an important part of European colonization?, answer: Treaties | question: With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?, answer: indigenous peoples | question: What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?, answer: extremely disadvantageous terms | question: What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?, answer: the implications | question: What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?, answer: their sovereignty
Treaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would be one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes.

question: A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?, answer: self-executing | question: What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?, answer: implementing legislation | question: What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?, answer: a change in the domestic law of a state party | question: A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?, answer: non-self-executing | question: Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?, answer: puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action
Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under certain conditions.[citation needed]

question: Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?, answer: self-termination | question: What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?, answer: set to expire on a given date | question: In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?, answer: certain defined conditions are met | question: What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?, answer: automatically terminated | question: What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?, answer: temporarily binding
Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.

question: What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?, answer: wall | question: Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?, answer: rifampicin | question: What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?, answer: antibiotic resistance | question: What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?, answer: Directly observed therapy | question: What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?, answer: WHO
Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

question: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha, answer: volcanic | question: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?, answer: south Atlantic Ocean | question: how many square kilometres is the island?, answer: 98 | question: what type of island group are the islands?, answer: archipelago
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

question: what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?, answer: the British overseas territory of Saint Helena | question: What is the population of the island?, answer: 267 | question: what other island is included in the territory?, answer: Ascension Island
True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?, answer: True aspirated voiced consonants | question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?, answer: rare | question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?, answer: Kx'a languages
True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.

question: What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?, answer: opinion polling | question: What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?, answer: Intramural | question: Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?, answer: Football Bowl Subdivision
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

question: What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?, answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis | question: What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?, answer: lungs | question: Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?, answer: 10% | question: Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?, answer: fever | question: What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?, answer: consumption
Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).

question: What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?, answer: consumption | question: How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?, answer: one | question: In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?, answer: 1880s | question: What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?, answer: spitting | question: What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?, answer: sanatoria