lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today—once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.

question: In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?, answer: 1901 | question: Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?, answer: "the Marlborough House Set" | question: Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?, answer: Nash's | question: Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?, answer: King Edward | question: What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?, answer: the Marlborough House Set | question: What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?, answer: King Edward's heavy redecorations | question: When did King Edward VII take the throne?, answer: 1901 | question: What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?, answer: Belle époque cream and gold
In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4½ minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).

question: What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?, answer: Blue Amberol cylinders | question: What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?, answer: 1919 | question: What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?, answer: digital compact disc | question: What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?, answer: Amberol cylinder | question: What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?, answer: celluloid
In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

question: What is the federation of Australia?, answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. | question: What was the federal Government responsible for?, answer: matters concerning the whole nation. | question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth of Australia?, answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai "Three-Finger" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the "Hitless Wonders" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.

question: Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?, answer: Jim Hart | question: Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?, answer: Chicago Daily News | question: Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?, answer: the Cubs | question: Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?, answer: Franklin P. Adams
In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913.

question: What company invented the tantalum light filament?, answer: Siemens | question: In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?, answer: 1902 | question: What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?, answer: These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. | question: Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?, answer: General Electric | question: When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?, answer: 1913
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

question: What is phenobarbital used for?, answer: epilepsy | question: Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?, answer: Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering | question: What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?, answer: Veronal | question: What is amphetamine used for today?, answer: attention deficit disorder | question: Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?, answer: addictive properties and abuse potential | question: What compound was discovered to induce sleep?, answer: diethylbarbituric acid | question: What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?, answer: Veronal | question: What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?, answer: epilepsy | question: In what year was phenobarbital discovered?, answer: 1911 | question: What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?, answer: sleep aid
In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant "Y" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called "Temple Hill". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a "religious seminary". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields.

question: In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?, answer: 1903 | question: What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?, answer: Temple Hill | question: How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?, answer: forty | question: What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?, answer: evolution | question: Who was chosen to head BYU?, answer: George H. Brimhall | question: In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?, answer: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University | question: Who we responsible for the giant "Y" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?, answer: BY High School class of 1907 | question: At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?, answer: forty | question: What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?, answer: the theory of evolution | question: What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?, answer: Temple Hill
In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of conversation, White hired the architectural firm of Price and McLanahan. The firm made use of reinforced concrete, a new building material invented by Jean-Louis Lambot in 1848 (Joseph Monier received the patent in 1867). The hotel's Spanish and Moorish themes, capped off with its signature dome and chimneys, represented a step forward from other hotels that had a classically designed influence. White named the new hotel the Blenheim and merged the two hotels into the Marlborough-Blenheim. Bally's Atlantic City was later constructed at this location.

question: In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?, answer: 1903 | question: What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?, answer: Marlborough House | question: In what style was the Malborough House buit?, answer: Queen Anne | question: In what year was reinforced concrete invented?, answer: 1848 | question: What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?, answer: Blenheim
In 1903, after British victory in the Anglo-Boer war, Swaziland became a British protectorate. Much of its early administration (for example, postal services) being carried out from South Africa until 1906 when the Transvaal colony was granted self-government. Following this, Swaziland was partitioned into European and non-European (or native reserves) areas with the former being two-thirds of the total land. Sobhuza's official coronation was in December 1921 after the regency of Labotsibeni after which he led an unsuccessful deputation to the Privy council in London in 1922 regarding the issue of the land.

question: In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate?, answer: 1903 | question: What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?, answer: Anglo-Boer war | question: In what year was Swaziland given self governance?, answer: 1906 | question: How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?, answer: two-thirds of the total land | question: When was Sobhuza coronated?, answer: December 1921
In 1904, a British expedition to Tibet, spurred in part by a fear that Russia was extending its power into Tibet as part of The Great Game, invaded the country, hoping that negotiations with the 13th Dalai Lama would be more effective than with Chinese representatives. When the British-led invasion reached Tibet on December 12, 1903, an armed confrontation with the ethnic Tibetans resulted in the Massacre of Chumik Shenko, which resulted in 600 fatalities amongst the Tibetan forces, compared to only 12 on the British side. Afterwards, in 1904 Francis Younghusband imposed a treaty known as the Treaty of Lhasa, which was subsequently repudiated and was succeeded by a 1906 treaty signed between Britain and China.

question: When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?, answer: 1904 | question: With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?, answer: 13th Dalai Lama | question: How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?, answer: 600 | question: How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?, answer: 12 | question: Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?, answer: Francis Younghusband
In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.

question: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?, answer: Lord Curzon | question: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?, answer: Hindu | question: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?, answer: Muslim | question: What movement did the division of Bengal start?, answer: anti-colonial | question: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?, answer: Indian National Congress
In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminium, titanium, and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and magnesium, Wilm discovered that the alloy increased in hardness when left to age at room temperature. Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919, duralumin was one of the first "age hardening" alloys to be used, and was soon followed by many others. Because they often exhibit a combination of high strength and low weight, these alloys became widely used in many forms of industry, including the construction of modern aircraft.

question: Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?, answer: Alfred Wilm | question: When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?, answer: 1906 | question: What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?, answer: harden over time | question: One of the first "age hardening" alloys used were called?, answer: duralumin | question: What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?, answer: duralumin
In 1906, the franchise recorded a Major League record 116 wins (tied by the 2001 Seattle Mariners) and posted a modern-era record winning percentage of .763, which still stands today. They appeared in their first World Series the same year, falling to their crosstown rivals, the Chicago White Sox, four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics, and the first to win it twice. The team has appeared in seven World Series following their 1908 title, most recently in 1945. The Cubs have not won the World Series in 107 years, the longest championship drought of any major North American professional sports team, and are often referred to as the "Lovable Losers" because of this distinction. They are also known as "The North Siders" because Wrigley Field, their home park since 1916, is located in Chicago's North Side Lake View community at 1060 West Addison Street. The Cubs have a major rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals.

question: What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?, answer: 1906 | question: What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?, answer: .763 | question: Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?, answer: The Cubs | question: How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?, answer: seven
In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small "doping" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments.

question: What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?, answer: Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. | question: Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?, answer: William D. Coolidge | question: When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?, answer: 1910 | question: When was the tungsten filament introduced?, answer: 1906 | question: What other materials were combined with tungsten?, answer: potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides
In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London. Imperial's Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on 8 July 1907. The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute in South Kensington.

question: Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?, answer: Board of Education | question: What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?, answer: greater capacity for higher technical education was needed | question: When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?, answer: The Imperial College of Science and Technology | question: Who did the constituent college belong to?, answer: University of London | question: Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?, answer: Imperial's Royal Charter
In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.

question: Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?, answer: the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton | question: What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?, answer: Intercollegiate Athletic Association | question: Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?, answer: Arthur Hadley | question: Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?, answer: A. Lawrence Lowell | question: Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?, answer: Woodrow Wilson
In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

question: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?, answer: National Child Labor Committee | question: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?, answer: 1910 | question: What did children roll in a factory?, answer: cigarettes | question: What did child do in textile mills in the US?, answer: bobbin doffers