lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Another important factor is the apparent consensus among Western great powers that military force is no longer an effective tool of resolving disputes among their peers. This "subset" of great powers – France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States – consider maintaining a "state of peace" as desirable. As evidence, Baron outlines that since the Cuban missile crisis (1962) during the Cold War, these influential Western nations have resolved all disputes among the great powers peacefully at the United Nations and other forums of international discussion.

question: What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?, answer: military force | question: What great powers have maintained peace?, answer: France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States | question: Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?, answer: United Nations and other forums | question: What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?, answer: Cuban missile crisis (1962
Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.

question: In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?, answer: the Middle Ages | question: From where did pubs without written names derive their names?, answer: the illustration on the pub's sign
Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.

question: Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?, answer: Thomas Menino | question: Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?, answer: Mayor Thomas Menino | question: The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?, answer: cost of living | question: The goal is to get how many residents to sign up?, answer: 500 | question: How much does the program cost?, answer: free
Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.

question: Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?, answer: Gathas of Zarathustra | question: When was this writing penned?, answer: 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE | question: When was this writing penned?, answer: afterlife | question: What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?, answer: Voltaire
Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.

question: What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?, answer: a hypopodium | question: Why was a platform used?, answer: the hands may not have been able to support the weight | question: Who considered this topic in the 17th century?, answer: Rasmus Bartholin | question: Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?, answer: Frederick Zugibe | question: Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?, answer: Nazis
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

question: What is a landmark in the city, answer: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city | question: What does the inner city look like, answer: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact | question: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city, answer: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out | question: What part of the city remains open, answer: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open
Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

question: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?, answer: community creativity | question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?, answer: indigenous cultural "property" | question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?, answer: Western | question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?, answer: written
Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on Tibet was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011.

question: When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?, answer: 2011 | question: What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?, answer: Holocaust | question: The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?, answer: September 2011 | question: What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?, answer: discrimination and genocide
Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.

question: What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?, answer: Russian minority | question: Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?, answer: the Russian Orthodox Church | question: What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?, answer: Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia
Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory.

question: What are some catgories of retrospective memory?, answer: semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory | question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?, answer: Time-based prospective memories | question: What is something somebody can use to remember something?, answer: Cues | question: If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?, answer: Event-based prospective memories
Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."

question: When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?, answer: 1638 | question: Who promoted strict immersion baptism?, answer: John Spilsbury | question: Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?, answer: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary | question: What was Tom Nettles a professor of?, answer: historical theology
Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

question: What was explained by the man Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?, answer: dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime | question: What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?, answer: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour | question: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?, answer: Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless. | question: What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?, answer: Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.
Another objection is that it is not always possible to demonstrate falsehood definitively, especially if one is using statistical criteria to evaluate a null hypothesis. More generally it is not always clear, if evidence contradicts a hypothesis, that this is a sign of flaws in the hypothesis rather than of flaws in the evidence. However, this is a misunderstanding of what Popper's philosophy of science sets out to do. Rather than offering a set of instructions that merely need to be followed diligently to achieve science, Popper makes it clear in The Logic of Scientific Discovery that his belief is that the resolution of conflicts between hypotheses and observations can only be a matter of the collective judgment of scientists, in each individual case.

question: What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?, answer: statistical | question: What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?, answer: flaws in the evidence | question: According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?, answer: the collective judgment of scientists
Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is that of linguistic authority, a more sociolinguistic notion. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of Bavarian German and East Franconian German might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. By way of contrast, although Yiddish is classified by linguists as a language in the "Middle High German" group of languages, a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary to determine the word to use in such a case.

question: What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?, answer: linguistic authority | question: Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?, answer: East Franconian German | question: Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?, answer: Middle High German | question: Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?, answer: a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary
Another point of interest is the Old Town. In the centre are the large Marktkirche (Church St. Georgii et Jacobi, preaching venue of the bishop of the Lutheran Landeskirche Hannovers) and the Old Town Hall. Nearby are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old royal sports hall, now called the Ballhof theatre. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument to the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Sculptures, which starts from Trammplatz, leads along the river bank, crosses Königsworther Square, and ends at the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district of Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic Basilica Minor of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church and the Lutheran Neustädter Hof- und Stadtkirche St. Johannis are located.

question: Where are the large Martkirche located?, answer: Old Town | question: What is the old royal sports hall now called?, answer: Ballhof theatre | question: What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?, answer: Aegidien Church | question: What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?, answer: Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle | question: Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?, answer: Trammplatz
Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?, answer: compensation argument | question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?, answer: society today should compensate for the injuries | question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?, answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical | question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?, answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over | question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?, answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices
Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade". The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High (a non-public charter school), which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.

question: What season is February in Tucson?, answer: spring | question: What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?, answer: rodeo week | question: What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?, answer: February | question: Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?, answer: Leighton Kramer | question: How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?, answer: two rodeo days off
Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test.

question: What is IBS?, answer: irritable bowel syndrome | question: What symptoms do you have with IBS?, answer: abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months | question: How can symptoms be managed with IBS?, answer: a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications
Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.

question: What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?, answer: the laser | question: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?, answer: the late 1960s | question: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?, answer: Tactical High Energy Laser | question: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?, answer: experimental usefulness | question: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?, answer: in the next ten years
Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly.

question: What is microscopy used for?, answer: diagnosis of infectious disease | question: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?, answer: microscopic examination | question: What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?, answer: light microscope | question: When is microscopy exquisitely specific?, answer: when used in combination with antibody based techniques. | question: What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do?, answer: bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen