lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty. When determining the legal obligations of states, one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty, the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon. Treaties can also be amended informally by the treaty executive council when the changes are only procedural, technical change in customary international law can also amend a treaty, where state behavior evinces a new interpretation of the legal obligations under the treaty. Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a procès-verbal; but a procès-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted, i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it.

question: How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?, answer: three | question: What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?, answer: the ratification process | question: What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?, answer: a procès-verbal | question: Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?, answer: the terms they both agreed upon | question: In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?, answer: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty
There are traditions long associated with football games. Students growl like wildcats when the opposing team controls the ball, while simulating a paw with their hands. They will also jingle keys at the beginning of each kickoff. In the past, before the tradition was discontinued, students would throw marshmallows during games. The Clock Tower at the Rebecca Crown Center glows purple, instead of its usual white, after a winning game, thereby proclaiming the happy news. The Clock Tower remains purple until a loss or until the end of the sports season. Whereas formerly the Clock Tower was lighted only for football victories, wins for men's basketball and women's lacrosse now merit commemoration as well; important victories in other sports may also prompt an empurpling.

question: What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff?, answer: jingle keys | question: What football game tradition has since been discontinued?, answer: students would throw marshmallows during games | question: What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game?, answer: purple | question: What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football?, answer: growl | question: How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game?, answer: until a loss or until the end of the sports season
There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.

question: There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?, answer: DATA0 and DATA1 | question: A data packet must always be preceded by what?, answer: an address token | question: What is a data packet usually followed by?, answer: a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter
There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

question: What are the two categories of public funding?, answer: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect | question: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?, answer: 25% | question: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?, answer: 58% | question: Are parties required to reveal their funding?, answer: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body. | question: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?, answer: 60%
There are two levels of service provided — a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.

question: What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?, answer: a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military | question: What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?, answer: 10-meter location-tracking accuracy | question: What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?, answer: 10 centimetres | question: As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?, answer: the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan | question: What is something the licensed military service can be used for?, answer: communication
There are two main termini for bus services. As the biggest operator, First uses stops around Pound Tree Road. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Uni-link passes West Quay in both directions, and Wilts & Dorset drop passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.

question: What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?, answer: Pound Tree Road | question: Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?, answer: Uni-link | question: What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?, answer: Wilts & Dorset | question: When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?, answer: 1949 | question: Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?, answer: Hanover Buildings
There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.

question: Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?, answer: groundwood pulp | question: What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?, answer: debarked logs | question: What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?, answer: weak
There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. Wutaishan Sports Center was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

question: Which sports center started in 1952?, answer: Wutaishan Sports Center | question: How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?, answer: two | question: What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?, answer: comprehensive sports centers | question: What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?, answer: it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China. | question: Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?, answer: tennis court
There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

question: How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?, answer: two | question: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?, answer: executive | question: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?, answer: separation of powers | question: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?, answer: judiciary
There are two sovereign states in the isles: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called the Republic of Ireland, governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply the United Kingdom, which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown Dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights of self-government and judicial independence; responsibility for international representation rests largely upon the UK (in consultation with the respective governments); and responsibility for defence is reserved by the UK. The United Kingdom is made up of four constituent parts: England, Scotland and Wales, forming Great Britain, and Northern Ireland in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Of these, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have "devolved" governments meaning that they have their own parliaments/assemblies and are self-governing with respect to certain areas set down by law. For judicial purposes, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England and Wales (the latter being one entity) form separate legal jurisdiction, with there being no single law for the UK as a whole.

question: What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?, answer: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | question: What is another name that Ireland is also called?, answer: Republic of Ireland | question: Northern Ireland is part of which country?, answer: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | question: What is another name for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?, answer: United Kingdom | question: Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?, answer: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

question: How many types of transistors are there?, answer: two | question: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?, answer: A small current at the base terminal | question: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?, answer: gate, source, and drain | question: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?, answer: a voltage at the gate | question: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?, answer: base, collector, and emitter
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

question: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?, answer: 40 million bacterial cells | question: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?, answer: million bacterial cells | question: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?, answer: by converting dissolved compounds | question: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?, answer: Mariana Trench | question: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?, answer: thrive inside rocks
There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "variety"; "lect" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.

question: What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?, answer: languoid | question: What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?, answer: variety | question: Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?, answer: lect
There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.

question: Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?, answer: accidents of survival | question: Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?, answer: Hagia Sophia | question: The empress Eirene had what color hair?, answer: red | question: What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?, answer: the Theotokos | question: The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?, answer: the cathedral of Serres
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt?, answer: 2:3 resonance | question: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?, answer: Pluto | question: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?, answer: 200 | question: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?, answer: 2:3 | question: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?, answer: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5
There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1⁄2+1⁄2); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1⁄2–1⁄2). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the "normal form". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.

question: How many different spin isomers exist?, answer: 2 | question: What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?, answer: triplet state | question: When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>, answer: normal | question: What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?, answer: 25% | question: What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?, answer: 75%
There has also been an increase of yuppie, bohemian, and hipster types particularly around Center City, the neighborhood of Northern Liberties, and in the neighborhoods around the city's universities, such as near Temple in North Philadelphia and particularly near Drexel and University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.

question: Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?, answer: yuppie, bohemian, and hipster | question: What is the name of the gay district?, answer: Gayborhood | question: Name a University located in the city?, answer: Drexel and University of Pennsylvania
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

question: Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?, answer: 1932 | question: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?, answer: 1996 | question: What year were professional players allowed to play in the Summer Olympics?, answer: 1984 | question: What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament?, answer: Under-23 | question: What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics?, answer: 1900
There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

question: Who said "then art dissapeared"?, answer: Pliny the Elder | question: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?, answer: Vergina | question: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style period?, answer: Golden Age of Classical Athens | question: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?, answer: 18th