lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

question: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?, answer: development of writing | question: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?, answer: the Mesoamerican region | question: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?, answer: extensive text | question: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?, answer: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE | question: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?, answer: 900 BCE
The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

question: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?, answer: the U.S. Army | question: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?, answer: the 75 mm Skysweeper system | question: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?, answer: the 40 mm Bofors | question: What does NADGE stand for?, answer: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment | question: What did NADGE become?, answer: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.

question: What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?, answer: devotio | question: What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?, answer: Decius Mus | question: With what does the devotio link to military ethics?, answer: Roman gladiator | question: By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?, answer: disastrous consequences | question: Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?, answer: Livy
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?, answer: uniformity | question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?, answer: other Romance languages | question: What is high among dialects?, answer: intelligibility | question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?, answer: 90% to 95% | question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?, answer: Alguerese
The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

question: Whose regime prohibited political parties?, answer: Franco | question: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?, answer: eighty-one | question: What river flooded in 1957?, answer: Turia | question: What park is located in the previous river bed?, answer: Garden of the Turia | question: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?, answer: motorway
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.

question: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?, answer: die | question: How is the positive image on a CD protected?, answer: lacquer | question: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?, answer: rapid spinning
The difference in the above factors for the case of θ=0 is the reason that most broadcasting (transmissions intended for the public) uses vertical polarization. For receivers near the ground, horizontally polarized transmissions suffer cancellation. For best reception the receiving antennas for these signals are likewise vertically polarized. In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position, as in mobile phones, the base station antennas use mixed polarization, such as linear polarization at an angle (with both vertical and horizontal components) or circular polarization.

question: What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?, answer: broadcasting | question: If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?, answer: cancellation | question: What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?, answer: mobile phones | question: If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?, answer: circular polarization. | question: What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?, answer: mixed polarization
The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

question: What's the Dutch word for "money"?, answer: geld | question: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?, answer: "h" | question: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?, answer: French | question: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?, answer: held | question: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?, answer: g-sound
The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.

question: What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?, answer: wheel-and-disc | question: In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?, answer: Lord Kelvin | question: During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?, answer: 1920s | question: In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?, answer: Vannevar Bush
The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.

question: What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?, answer: stare decisis | question: What is stare decisis?, answer: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself | question: Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?, answer: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases | question: Who else does stare decisis affect?, answer: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]

question: Where is the start of data on a CD?, answer: the center | question: What size CD is most frequently used?, answer: 120 millimetres (4.7 in) | question: What is the size of a Mini CD?, answer: Eighty-millimeter | question: What is the size of a Maxi Single?, answer: 120 mm | question: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?, answer: Norio Ohga
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

question: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment?, answer: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 | question: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength?, answer: strong quadrupole moment | question: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?, answer: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn | question: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?, answer: the planet's centre | question: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?, answer: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)
The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

question: What other language has a telicity contrast?, answer: Finnish | question: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?, answer: partitive | question: What is the accusative used for?, answer: total objects
The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

question: What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?, answer: the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load | question: What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?, answer: heavily laden aircraft | question: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?, answer: a catapult or JATO rocket | question: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?, answer: would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas | question: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?, answer: with a minimal armament and fuel load
The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.

question: The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?, answer: Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography | question: What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?, answer: the cycle of life concept | question: Who came up with the word "ecology"?, answer: Ernst Haeckel | question: When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?, answer: in the 1960s | question: What movement occurred during the 1970s?, answer: Deep Ecology
The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants.

question: What did Warming believe that plants can do?, answer: form communities | question: What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?, answer: climax vegetation | question: Who created the concept of ecosystems?, answer: Arthur Tansley | question: Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?, answer: Alphonse de Candolle | question: What history did Vavilov write about?, answer: history of economic plants
The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.

question: What is another term for uranium ore?, answer: pitchblende | question: Who isolated radium in uranium ore?, answer: Marie Curie | question: In what types of paints was radium first used?, answer: glow-in-the-dark | question: What devices were painted with radium paint?, answer: clock and aircraft dials | question: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?, answer: mauve
The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Additionally, Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era.

question: Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?, answer: gold | question: Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?, answer: Ballarat and Geelong | question: How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?, answer: three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants | question: By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?, answer: 1865
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

question: Who discovered infrared radiation?, answer: William Herschel | question: To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?, answer: the Royal Society of London | question: In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?, answer: 1800 | question: What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?, answer: a prism | question: What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?, answer: Calorific Rays
The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.

question: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?, answer: new maritime trade routes | question: What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?, answer: the Cape of Good Hope | question: Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?, answer: the Indian Ocean | question: Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?, answer: The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire | question: New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?, answer: the Portuguese