lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

question: When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?, answer: 1813 | question: The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?, answer: the 1860s and 1870s | question: What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?, answer: 1868
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."

question: Who was Takeda's rival?, answer: Uesugi Kenshin | question: What did Uesugi encourage?, answer: the "way of the warrior as death" | question: What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?, answer: Japanese historian | question: When was Takeda born?, answer: 1521 | question: When was Uesugi born?, answer: 1530
The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus.

question: In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?, answer: 692 | question: During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?, answer: 740–743 CE | question: What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?, answer: Marwanid
The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history, in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with more mature titles aimed at older gamers, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition. Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point, the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992, and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation, and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn. According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S. According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.

question: What market did the Genesis target?, answer: older gamers | question: How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?, answer: over a year | question: How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?, answer: 60% | question: What game was key to the SNES's success?, answer: Donkey Kong Country | question: How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?, answer: more than 20 million
The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks.

question: Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?, answer: Germany | question: What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?, answer: south side | question: What do the rivers form?, answer: lakes
The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from the latter's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as "The Race to the Dan" or "The Race for the River."

question: Who met the British army as they moved north?, answer: the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia | question: Who lost the battle of Cowpens?, answer: the British Cavalry | question: Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?, answer: Commander Banastre Tarleton | question: What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?, answer: January 17, 1781 | question: What is another name for the race to the Dan?, answer: The Race for the River
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

question: What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?, answer: Secret Intelligence Service | question: What does ASIS stand for?, answer: Australian Secret Intelligence Service | question: What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?, answer: Mossad | question: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?, answer: RAW | question: What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?, answer: DGSE
The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection.

question: What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?, answer: introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) | question: What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?, answer: chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight | question: What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?, answer: to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses | question: How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?, answer: The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament
The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

question: Are minority leadership roles specified closely?, answer: are not well-defined | question: What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?, answer: Representative Bertrand Snell | question: What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?, answer: He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. | question: What defines a large part of minority leader role?, answer: tradition and custom
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.

question: Do the roots and shoots need each other?, answer: interdependent | question: What do the roots get from the shoots?, answer: food | question: What are roots used for in beets and carrots?, answer: to store food | question: What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?, answer: can often regrow it | question: What do the shoots get from the roots?, answer: water and minerals
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

question: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ?, answer: the Greek tradition of education and commerce | question: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?, answer: the wealth of the extensive merchant class | question: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?, answer: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce | question: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?, answer: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.
The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?, answer: 19th century | question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?, answer: early 19th century | question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?, answer: education | question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?, answer: absolute divine authorship
The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon "Plan of Union of 1801" for frontier areas.

question: Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?, answer: Scotland | question: When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?, answer: 16th century | question: Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?, answer: Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists
The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the 1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

question: What genre laid the roots for hard rock?, answer: electric blues | question: Who recorded "Rumble"?, answer: Link Wray | question: When was "Rumble" released?, answer: 1958 | question: What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?, answer: "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962) | question: What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?, answer: Memphis
The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.

question: Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?, answer: electromagnet | question: What rotates the motor shaft?, answer: force between the two magnetic fields | question: What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?, answer: commutator | question: What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?, answer: compass
The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship. The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park, as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006, the Newfoundland Rock. The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006, where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56–7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France. The 2007 age-grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city.

question: Where do The Rock play their home games at?, answer: Swilers Rugby Park | question: Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?, answer: Newfoundland Rock | question: In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?, answer: France | question: In what year did Canada beat USA 56–7 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?, answer: 2006 | question: In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?, answer: 2007
The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

question: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?, answer: more than 200 countries | question: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?, answer: nomocracy | question: What is the Greek word for law?, answer: nomos | question: What is the Greek word for power?, answer: kratos | question: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?, answer: rule of law
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?, answer: Samuel Rutherford | question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?, answer: A. V. Dicey | question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?, answer: Law should govern | question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?, answer: against the divine right of kings | question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land?, answer: law
The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?, answer: the Himalayas | question: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?, answer: Qin Mountains | question: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?, answer: Yangtze | question: Where was the Qin dynasty based?, answer: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi | question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?, answer: mountainous areas of Yunnan
The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

question: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920?, answer: a third | question: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?, answer: Frederick Jackson Turner | question: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?, answer: more than 6,000 | question: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?, answer: 139,000 square miles