lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.

question: What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?, answer: produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron | question: By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?, answer: steel | question: When did puddling start occurring?, answer: 1700s | question: When was the Bessemer process developed?, answer: 1858 | question: Steel and manganese combines form to make what?, answer: Mangalloy
With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.

question: What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?, answer: 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' | question: What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?, answer: Niger Delta Regions | question: What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?, answer: rural | question: What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?, answer: indigenous
With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music.

question: Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?, answer: less and less new music fits their bill | question: By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?, answer: dance-pop and electronic dance music | question: Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?, answer: too alternative
With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, "The only space or place of the world is the soul" and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul", Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

question: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?, answer: neoplatonist | question: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?, answer: Plotinus | question: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?, answer: whether we know external objects | question: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?, answer: Time
With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?, answer: the Macintosh IIx | question: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?, answer: the Macintosh IIci | question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?, answer: US$9,900 | question: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?, answer: two | question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?, answer: 40 MHz
With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.

question: What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?, answer: bankruptcy | question: When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?, answer: 2001 | question: What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?, answer: Marvel Rating System | question: What was the first book published under this new ratings system?, answer: X-Force #119 | question: What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?, answer: MAX
With the new stadium, Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup, which, at the time, consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region. The contest was the most prestigious in that era. From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913, Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times. Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion, managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell. The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917. The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona, which local rivals Espanyol won.

question: How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?, answer: four | question: From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?, answer: Marca Hispanica | question: When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?, answer: 1910 | question: Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?, answer: Jack Greenwell | question: When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?, answer: 1914
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

question: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?, answer: 1095 | question: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?, answer: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century) | question: What year were the expulsions from England?, answer: 1290 | question: What year were the expulsions from France?, answer: 1394 | question: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?, answer: Jewish migration pushed eastward
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

question: How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?, answer: four | question: What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?, answer: three-star | question: De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?, answer: five-star | question: What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?, answer: casinos
With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

question: What was ASCII published as and when?, answer: ASA X3.4-1963 | question: How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?, answer: 28 code positions | question: When was the change to ASCII made official?, answer: May 1963 | question: The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?, answer: simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

question: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?, answer: Jimmy Hoffa | question: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?, answer: Walter Reuther | question: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?, answer: 8 | question: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?, answer: 40
With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records.

question: CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?, answer: 1965
With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partnered with Las Vegas casino mogul Steve Wynn to develop a new roadway to a barren section of the city near the Marina. Nicknamed "The Tunnel Project", Steve Wynn planned the proposed 'Mirage Atlantic City' around the idea that he would connect the $330 million tunnel stretching 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Atlantic City Expressway to his new resort. The roadway was later officially named the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, and funnels incoming traffic off of the expressway into the city's marina district and Brigantine, New Jersey.

question: Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?, answer: to diversify away from gaming | question: Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?, answer: Steve Wynn | question: Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?, answer: to develop a new roadway | question: What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?, answer: The Tunnel Project | question: "The Tunnel Project" was later officially named what?, answer: Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector
With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited.

question: What were "Squeeze LDs"?, answer: enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs | question: With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?, answer: 16:9-ratio widescreen | question: Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?, answer: very few people owned 16:9 displays | question: Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?, answer: distorted | question: What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?, answer: 33%
With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.

question: What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?, answer: disco in the US and punk rock in the UK | question: What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?, answer: The Ramones | question: What were three midwestern hard rock bands?, answer: Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx | question: What city was Van Halen originally from?, answer: Los Angeles | question: Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?, answer: "Eruption"
With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

question: How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?, answer: five | question: What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?, answer: Argentina | question: What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?, answer: Brazil | question: What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?, answer: Roman Curia | question: What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?, answer: regal vestments
With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

question: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?, answer: Richard Lazarus | question: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?, answer: judgments | question: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?, answer: unconscious
With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.

question: What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?, answer: Pastoral Care | question: What dialect did Alfred's government use?, answer: West Saxon | question: In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?, answer: 9th | question: When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?, answer: 871 | question: What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?, answer: Alfred the Great
With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

question: When were Castille and Aragon united?, answer: 1479 | question: After 1479, what language became more valued?, answer: Spanish | question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?, answer: 16th century | question: What language began to supersede Catalan?, answer: Spanish | question: At this time what classes became bilingual?, answer: urban and literary
With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.

question: When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?, answer: public buildings | question: During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?, answer: 1850s and 1860s | question: Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?, answer: gold rush
With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of Königsberg, in which Kurt Gödel announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language. This result was sufficiently innovative as to confound the majority of mathematicians of the time.

question: In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?, answer: Kurt Gödel | question: What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?, answer: they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language | question: Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?, answer: Congress of Königsberg