lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

question: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?, answer: 1870 | question: Where did Russell and others form their group?, answer: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | question: What was the purpose of Russell's group?, answer: to study the Bible | question: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?, answer: the Gentile Times | question: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?, answer: Three Worlds
In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.

question: When did France attack Prussia?, answer: 1870 | question: Who won the Franco-Prussian War?, answer: Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany | question: When was the German Empire founded?, answer: 1871 | question: What regions was excluded from the German Empire?, answer: effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy | question: What was the primary religion of Germany?, answer: Protestant | question: When was the German empire created?, answer: 1871 | question: Who was excluded from the German Nation State?, answer: Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein | question: What religion was a majority in Germany?, answer: Protestant | question: What did many people in Germany still want to do?, answer: Integrating the Austrians
In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]

question: How old was Bell when he went to Canada?, answer: 23 | question: What boat did Bell travel on?, answer: SS Nestorian | question: In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?, answer: Quebec City | question: What city did Bell arrive at by train?, answer: Paris | question: How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?, answer: 10.5
In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.

question: Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?, answer: the French Army | question: After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?, answer: the Paris Commune | question: For how long did the Paris Commune exist?, answer: two months | question: Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?, answer: Vladimir Lenin | question: In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?, answer: 1921
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

question: What year was the Third French Republic established?, answer: 1870 | question: Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?, answer: Trafalgar Square | question: Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?, answer: Radical MPs | question: In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?, answer: arm | question: Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?, answer: Joseph Lister | question: How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?, answer: boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic | question: Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held?, answer: Trafalgar Square | question: What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?, answer: new antiseptic carbolic acid spray | question: What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life?, answer: typhoid fever | question: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?, answer: acid spray | question: What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?, answer: establishment of the Third French Republic | question: When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?, answer: 1870 | question: WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?, answer: carbolic acid spray | question: What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?, answer: typhoid fever | question: Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?, answer: Radical MPs | question: After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?, answer: the tenth anniversary of her husband's death
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

question: In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?, answer: 1871 | question: What was the Treaty in 1871 called?, answer: Treaty of Frankfurt | question: What year was the university founded?, answer: 1567 | question: What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?, answer: Rodolphe Reuss | question: What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?, answer: Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität
In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.

question: Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?, answer: Alexander Lodygin | question: What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?, answer: two carbon rods | question: In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?, answer: 1900 | question: What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?, answer: Alexander de Lodyguine | question: When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?, answer: 1872
In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

question: When was the first paper written about asthma?, answer: In 1873 | question: What was first used as a cure for asthma?, answer: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment | question: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?, answer: pilocarpin | question: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used?, answer: in the 1960s
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.

question: What business was William Orton in charge of?, answer: Western Union | question: In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?, answer: nervous system | question: What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?, answer: cost | question: Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?, answer: Elisha Gray
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).

question: What did Bell promise to split with his financers?, answer: U.S. profits | question: In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?, answer: Britain | question: Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?, answer: Britain | question: Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?, answer: George Brown | question: What kind of telegraph did Bell create?, answer: acoustic
In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

question: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?, answer: 57% | question: What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?, answer: 73% | question: In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?, answer: white Democrats | question: The second riot of 1876 happened when?, answer: the day after the election in November | question: How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?, answer: two
In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.

question: Who opened the original "modern" department store in America?, answer: John Wanamaker | question: What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time?, answer: fixed prices marked on every article | question: How were important documents and money transported throughout the store?, answer: pneumatic tubes | question: When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store?, answer: 1878 | question: In what state was Wanamakers established?, answer: Pennsylvania
In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a "telephone repeater" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a hollow wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device. The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century.

question: In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?, answer: 1877 | question: How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?, answer: capable of both recording and reproducing sound | question: What was unique about Einsteins invention?, answer: reproducing sound | question: At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?, answer: 1880s
In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

question: When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?, answer: 1877 | question: When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?, answer: Beginning in the 20th century | question: How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?, answer: Famous earlier missionaries
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

question: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?, answer: $250,000 | question: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?, answer: Alexandre Dumas | question: Who first established the Volta Prize?, answer: Napoleon Bonaparte | question: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?, answer: wax | question: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?, answer: Volta Bureau
In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.

question: What year did the News and the Observer merge?, answer: 1880 | question: What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?, answer: The News & Observer | question: What was North Carolina State called before?, answer: The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, | question: What year was the college founded?, answer: 1887 | question: When did Merideth College open?, answer: 1891
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.

question: In what year was salt water taffy conceived?, answer: 1883 | question: Who was the creator of salt water taffy?, answer: David Bradley | question: What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?, answer: Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm | question: Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?, answer: a girl | question: Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?, answer: Atlantic Ocean
In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation. The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in what was known as the Triple Intervention, successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.

question: What coup happened in 1884?, answer: Gapsin Coup | question: Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?, answer: pro-Japanese Koreans | question: What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?, answer: Tensions | question: Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?, answer: Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang | question: When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?, answer: 1895