lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state, they may not always be soluble in the solid state. If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase. If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble, they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals, creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases. However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because, if cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals, forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally.

question: What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?, answer: If the metals remain soluble when solid | question: What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?, answer: to reinforce the crystals internally | question: What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?, answer: intermetallic alloys
Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.

question: Which author wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls"?, answer: Isidore | question: Which original ethnic name is "Galicia" derived from?, answer: Kallaikói | question: What does Galicia's name mean?, answer: the land of the Galicians
Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite. As the 18th century progressed, the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers' tastes. Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology.

question: How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?, answer: from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words | question: What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?, answer: to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite | question: How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?, answer: tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology | question: Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?, answer: secular affairs, particularly science and technology
Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.

question: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?, answer: infantry positions | question: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?, answer: altitude | question: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?, answer: most anti-aircraft gunnery
Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.

question: Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?, answer: higher-quality | question: Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?, answer: high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming | question: With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?, answer: videophiles and film enthusiasts | question: In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?, answer: Hong Kong
Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.

question: When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?, answer: 1792 | question: The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?, answer: 1827 | question: Who banned slavery in their colonies?, answer: British Parliament | question: Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?, answer: 800
Although the initial focus of the humanist scholars in the university was the discovery, exposition and insertion of ancient texts and languages into the university, and the ideas of those texts into society generally, their influence was ultimately quite progressive. The emergence of classical texts brought new ideas and led to a more creative university climate (as the notable list of scholars above attests to). A focus on knowledge coming from self, from the human, has a direct implication for new forms of scholarship and instruction, and was the foundation for what is commonly known as the humanities. This disposition toward knowledge manifested in not simply the translation and propagation of ancient texts, but also their adaptation and expansion. For instance, Vesalius was imperative for advocating the use of Galen, but he also invigorated this text with experimentation, disagreements and further research. The propagation of these texts, especially within the universities, was greatly aided by the emergence of the printing press and the beginning of the use of the vernacular, which allowed for the printing of relatively large texts at reasonable prices.

question: Discovery and exposition were examples of the focus of what type of university scholar?, answer: humanist | question: A concentration on the study of the self resulted in what field of study?, answer: the humanities | question: What work did Vesalius push the study of?, answer: Galen | question: What spread the use of texts by Galen within universities?, answer: the printing press
Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote "By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit ... the British are stronger and in a better position than they were at its beginning". People referred to raids as if they were weather, stating that a day was "very blitzy".:75,261 However, another American who visited Britain, the publisher Ralph Ingersoll, wrote soon after the Blitz eased on 15 September that:

question: What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?, answer: American | question: With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?, answer: psychiatric crisis | question: People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?, answer: weather
Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi (195.5 km) long. The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.

question: What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?, answer: The inner ring road | question: What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?, answer: the Ringways Plan | question: London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?, answer: The A1 and M1 | question: How long is the M25 motorway?, answer: 121.5 mi (195.5 km) | question: Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?, answer: the suburbs
Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.

question: What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?, answer: pubs | question: By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?, answer: 19th | question: Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?, answer: corners or road junctions | question: What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?, answer: real ale micro-brewers
Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined. Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000. Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000–100,000 transcribed genes (expressed sequence tags). Subsequently, the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes, and the total number of protein-coding genes was revised down to ~20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome. Of the human genome, only 1–2% consists of protein-coding genes, with the remainder being 'noncoding' DNA such as introns, retrotransposons, and noncoding RNAs.

question: Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?, answer: the 1960s | question: What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?, answer: 2,000,000 | question: What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?, answer: alternative variants | question: After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?, answer: 13 | question: What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?, answer: 1–2%
Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village, they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village, which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. Streets that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. The grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north.

question: The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?, answer: 14th Street north | question: Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?, answer: East Houston Street | question: In what village is East Houston Street located?, answer: East Village | question: Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?, answer: Greenwich Village | question: Who laid out the Grid Plan?, answer: Commissioners' Plan of 1811
Although the rivers and coast of this area were among the first places colonized by the Portuguese, who set up trading posts in the 16th century, they did not explore the interior until the 19th century. The local African rulers in Guinea, some of whom prospered greatly from the slave trade, controlled the inland trade and did not allow the Europeans into the interior. They kept them in the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. African communities that fought back against slave traders also distrusted European adventurers and would-be settlers. The Portuguese in Guinea were largely restricted to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. A small number of European settlers established isolated farms along Bissau's inland rivers.

question: What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?, answer: the rivers and coast | question: When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 16th century | question: When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 19th century | question: Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?, answer: local African rulers | question: What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?, answer: Bissau and Cacheu
Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains, some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry, especially in the forebrain area. The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way, but in teleost fishes (the great majority of existing fish species), the forebrain has become "everted", like a sock turned inside out. In birds, there are also major changes in forebrain structure. These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species.

question: The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?, answer: teleost fishes | question: Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?, answer: forebrain area
Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained (Cote & Levin 2002, p. 24). From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information (Cote & Levin 2002).

question: What is distinct from the self?, answer: identity | question: What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?, answer: how identity is maintained | question: What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?, answer: self-esteem | question: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?, answer: self-psychology
Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very specific curriculum; this model tended to train specialists. There was a collegiate or tutorial model based on the system at University of Oxford where teaching and organization was decentralized and knowledge was more of a generalist nature. There were also universities that combined these models, using the collegiate model but having a centralized organization.

question: What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?, answer: masters | question: The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?, answer: a standard | question: What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?, answer: specialists | question: Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?, answer: University of Oxford | question: How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?, answer: at least three
Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?, answer: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; | question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?, answer: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?, answer: Gaddafi | question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?, answer: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses | question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?, answer: 10 January 1970 | question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?, answer: young | question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?, answer: none | question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?, answer: men | question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?, answer: middle
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.

question: Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?, answer: Queen Boudica | question: What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?, answer: around 60,000 | question: The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?, answer: 43 AD | question: What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?, answer: Colchester | question: Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?, answer: the Iceni tribe
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

question: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back, answer: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) | question: What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide, answer: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. | question: What was built along the Rhine, answer: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed along the main branch of the river Rhine | question: How many soldiers did the fortress hold, answer: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers | question: Who settled near the fort, answer: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.

question: What were some of the original Australian department stores?, answer: Grace Bros. and Waltons | question: When did Sydney Myer come to Australia?, answer: 1899 | question: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store?, answer: Bendigo, Victoria | question: What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones?, answer: up-market chains | question: What department store brand is now out of business in Australia?, answer: Venture