lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the best witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.

question: What is external evidence?, answer: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. | question: Why are older manuscripts preferred?, answer: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. | question: What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?, answer: geographically diverse | question: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?, answer: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one
Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

question: How do orthodox women dress mosly?, answer: covered | question: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?, answer: hair | question: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?, answer: kipa | question: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?, answer: tzitzit | question: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?, answer: Haredi
Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure. In France and Spain, two towers on the front is the norm. In England, Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement, but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing. Smaller churches usually have just one tower, but this may also be the case at larger buildings, such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster, which has the tallest spire in the world, slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral, the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period, at 160 metres (520 ft).

question: What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?, answer: towers | question: What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?, answer: spires | question: How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?, answer: two towers | question: In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?, answer: Italy | question: How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?, answer: just one tower
Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

question: What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?, answer: Extraordinary | question: What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?, answer: every animal born | question: From whom was Rome asking for protection?, answer: Hannibal | question: What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?, answer: withheld | question: What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?, answer: bull
FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States. They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90–351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees. As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover, only to his successors. The current FBI Director is James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama.

question: Who appoints FBI directors?, answer: President of the United States | question: What legislative body confirms FBI directors?, answer: United States Senate | question: How long is the term of a FBI director?, answer: five years | question: What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?, answer: his death | question: Who is the current FBI director?, answer: James B. Comey
FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed "subversive", including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups; the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled "New Left", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.

question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?, answer: 85% | question: Did the FBI target MLK?, answer: including Martin Luther King, Jr. | question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?, answer: 15% | question: What were the key white hate groups targeted?, answer: Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party | question: What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?, answer: New Left
FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.

question: In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy?, answer: 1902 | question: What was the first cup Barcelona won?, answer: Copa Macaya | question: When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?, answer: 1908 | question: How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?, answer: five | question: Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?, answer: stable income
FC Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 474 goals. Messi is also the all-time highest goalscorer for Barcelona in all official competitions, excluding friendlies, with 445 goals. He is the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (82 goals) and international club competitions (90 goals), and the record league scorer with 305 goals in La Liga. Four players have managed to score over 100 league goals at Barcelona: Lionel Messi (305), César Rodríguez (192), László Kubala (131) and Samuel Eto'o (108).

question: What is Lionel Messi's goal total in all competitions?, answer: 474 | question: How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals?, answer: Four | question: What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?, answer: 445 | question: How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions?, answer: 305 | question: Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess?, answer: César Rodríguez
FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating "no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system, where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers, by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman,:12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins.:14FDR's largest contribution to affirmative action, however, lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government.:22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract, then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor.:23–4 To enforce this idea, Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors.:22

question: Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action?, answer: Harold L. Ickes | question: What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold?, answer: Interior Secretary | question: The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what?, answer: employ a fixed percentage of Black workers | question: Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government?, answer: Executive Order 8802 | question: What does the FEPC stand for?, answer: Fair Employment Practices Committee
FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the n-channel JFET the solid-state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.

question: How many groups are FETs split into?, answer: two | question: How is a JFET different from an IGFET?, answer: the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel | question: What are the names of the groups of FETs, answer: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET) | question: What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?, answer: depletion mode | question: What is the common term for an IFGET?, answer: a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)
FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can "deplete" the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n-channel devices and a lower current for p-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode because the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement-mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.

question: How are FET's separated?, answer: depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types | question: At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?, answer: at zero bias | question: At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?, answer: at zero bias | question: What channel corresponds with high current?, answer: n-channel devices | question: What channel corresponds with low current?, answer: p-channel devices
Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

question: What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize?, answer: Soviet Union | question: What was supposed to be signed on August 20?, answer: New Union Treaty | question: Who supported the treaty?, answer: Central Asian republics, | question: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?, answer: Communist Party
Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui, later joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin, felt they had no choice but to revolt. The ensuing Revolt of the Three Feudatories lasted for eight years. Wu attempted, ultimately in vain, to fire the embers of south China Ming loyalty by restoring Ming customs, ordering that the resented queues be cut, and declaring himself emperor of a new dynasty. At the peak of the rebels' fortunes, they extended their control as far north as the Yangtze River, nearly establishing a divided China. Wu then hesitated to go further north, not being able to coordinate strategy with his allies, and Kangxi was able to unify his forces for a counterattack led by a new generation of Manchu generals. By 1681, the Qing government had established control over a ravaged southern China which took several decades to recover. Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han Chinese Green Standard Army, who fought better than them against the rebels and this was noted by Kangxi, leading him to task Generals Sun Sike, Wang Jinbao, and Zhao Liangdong to lead Green Standard Soldiers to crush the rebels. The Qing thought that Han Chinese were superior at battling other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as the dominant and majority army in crushing the rebels instead of Bannermen. Similarly, in northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing used Han Chinese Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Chinese Generals such as Zhang Liangdong, Wang Jinbao, and Zhang Yong as the primary military forces. This choice was due to the rocky terrain, which favoured infantry troops over cavalry, to the desire to keep Bannermen in the reserves, and, again, to the belief that Han troops were better at fighting other Han people. These Han generals achieved victory over the rebels. Also due to the mountainous terrain, Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were also retaken by the Han Chinese Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680, with Manchus only participating in dealing with logistics and provisions. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war. 213 Han Chinese Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.

question: How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?, answer: eight years | question: Who declared himself emperor?, answer: Wu | question: When did the Qing regain power over southern China?, answer: 1681 | question: Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?, answer: other Han people | question: How many Green Standard Army soldiers were on the Qing side?, answer: 400,000
Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

question: Whose government did the guilds rebel against?, answer: Charles I | question: When did the guilds' rebellion take place?, answer: 1519–1523 | question: What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?, answer: plague | question: From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?, answer: Italian republics | question: What were the artisan guilds called?, answer: the Germanies
Facial hair in males normally appears in a specific order during puberty: The first facial hair to appear tends to grow at the corners of the upper lip, typically between 14 to 17 years of age. It then spreads to form a moustache over the entire upper lip. This is followed by the appearance of hair on the upper part of the cheeks, and the area under the lower lip. The hair eventually spreads to the sides and lower border of the chin, and the rest of the lower face to form a full beard. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, around ages 17 and 18, but may not appear until significantly later. Some men do not develop full facial hair for 10 years after puberty. Facial hair continues to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty.

question: When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?, answer: between 14 to 17 years of age | question: For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?, answer: 2–4 years after puberty | question: Where does facial hair first present during puberty?, answer: corners of the upper lip
Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

question: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?, answer: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties. | question: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?, answer: poor | question: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?, answer: mines
Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.

question: What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?, answer: the household | question: What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?, answer: 4800 BC and 4600 BC | question: What did the ditches later evolve into?, answer: causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge | question: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?, answer: required considerable time and labour to construct
Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?, answer: hollow clay tiles | question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?, answer: hollow clay tiles | question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?, answer: xian | question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?, answer: two-part soul | question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?, answer: allowing it to pivot