lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

question: When did the Adana massacre take place?, answer: April 1909 | question: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?, answer: 20,000–30,000 | question: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?, answer: 1908 | question: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?, answer: Young Turk Revolution | question: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?, answer: 1914
The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, between the late 13th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin. On eleven occasions, the sultan was deposed (replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty, who were either the former sultan's brother, son or nephew) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state. There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty, both failures, which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability. As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (r. 1299–1326), which was unparallelled in both Europe (e.g. the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal (male-line) descendance of the Ottoman sultans.

question: What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?, answer: House of Osman | question: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?, answer: House of Habsburg | question: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?, answer: Turkish | question: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?, answer: eleven occasions | question: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?, answer: 1918–1922
The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they resided. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the "Eastern Question," as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.

question: How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?, answer: as the sick man of Europe | question: The Balkan states were primarily what religion?, answer: Christian | question: When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?, answer: 1894 | question: What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?, answer: the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people | question: What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?, answer: The Hamidian Massacres
The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.

question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?, answer: Qadi | question: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?, answer: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation | question: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?, answer: an appellate structure | question: What did Qadis focus on in some areas?, answer: local customs and traditions | question: What is another word for Qadi?, answer: judge
The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire's distant overseas territories began to decline. Sultan Abdülaziz (reigned 1861–1876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The shipyard at Barrow, England, built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire.

question: On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?, answer: European continent | question: What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?, answer: North Africa | question: Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?, answer: 1517 | question: In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?, answer: 1821 | question: The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?, answer: Algeria
The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Romania achieved full independence. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. In 1878, Austria-Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.

question: Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?, answer: Ottoman bashi-bazouks | question: What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?, answer: Russo-Turkish War | question: Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?, answer: The Russo-Turkish War | question: What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?, answer: Romania
The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact.

question: The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?, answer: consolidation and extension of the ruler's power | question: In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?, answer: the Middle East | question: What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?, answer: making the productive classes prosperous | question: What was the final goal of the state economic system?, answer: to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects | question: What did the state economic system hope to avoid?, answer: the emergence of social disorder
The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet. The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court". The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun, i.e. laws, a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre, which were developed in the pre-Islamic era.[citation needed]

question: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?, answer: Qanun (or Kanun) | question: What was religious law known as?, answer: Sharia | question: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?, answer: central and local authority | question: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?, answer: three court systems | question: What were the laws of the court system based upon?, answer: Turkic Yassa and Töre
The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.

question: What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?, answer: feudal system | question: Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?, answer: head of the Church of Cyprus | question: Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of?, answer: Roman Catholic Church | question: How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline?, answer: 250 years
The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elaborated them into new forms, which resulted in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire, were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits and customs, and therefore, the empire has been described as a Persianate empire. Intercultural marriages also played their part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture. When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear.

question: The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?, answer: Sultanate of Rum | question: What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?, answer: Persianate empire | question: When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?, answer: some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures | question: The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?, answer: Persianised
The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.

question: What cultural group has dominated the PLP?, answer: West Indians and their descendants. | question: Who are two prominent members of the PLP?, answer: Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans | question: What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?, answer: Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies | question: Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?, answer: Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies
The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.

question: The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?, answer: 2008 | question: What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?, answer: technological advancements | question: What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?, answer: $1.00/W installed cost
The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan.

question: What events ended the war with Japan?, answer: atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | question: On what date did Japan surrender?, answer: 2 September 1945 | question: What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?, answer: a new liberal-democratic constitution | question: Where did Japan's surrender occur?, answer: aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay | question: What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?, answer: Shinto Directive | question: What nation were the allies against?, answer: Japan | question: What nations comprised the Axis?, answer: Germany and Italy | question: What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?, answer: Hiroshima and Nagasaki | question: When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?, answer: 8 August 1945 | question: When did Japan surrender?, answer: 2 September 1945
The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple, near Lake Daumesnil in the Bois de Vincennes, is the former Cameroon pavilion from the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition. It hosts several different schools of Buddhism, and does not have a single leader. It shelters the biggest Buddha statue in Europe, more than nine metres high. There are two other small temples located in the Asian community in the 13th arrondissement. A Hindu temple, dedicated to Ganesh, on Rue Pajol in the 18th arrondissement, opened in 1985.

question: What is the former Cameroon pavilion?, answer: The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple | question: Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?, answer: The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple | question: When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open?, answer: 1985 | question: How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?, answer: more than nine metres high
The Pala Empire (Bengali: পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750–1174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning "protector", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.

question: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?, answer: 750–1174 CE | question: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?, answer: Buddhist | question: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?, answer: golden era of Bengal | question: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?, answer: Nalanda | question: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?, answer: Gopala I
The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th–18th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government.

question: Where is the Palacio Taranco located?, answer: the heart of Ciudad Vieja | question: When was the Palacio Taranco erected?, answer: early 20th century | question: The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?, answer: Ortiz Taranco brothers | question: Who designed the Palacio Taranco?, answer: French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León
The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.

question: Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?, answer: the kings of Navarre | question: Who was the Malbork Castle built for?, answer: the master of the Teutonic order | question: What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?, answer: Brick Gothic architecture | question: What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?, answer: the famous Conciergerie | question: When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?, answer: built in the 15th century
The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

question: During what period was the Paleozoic era?, answer: 541 to 252 million years ago | question: How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?, answer: six | question: The Permian is an example of what?, answer: geologic periods | question: After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?, answer: breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia | question: What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?, answer: Pangaea
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Brasília, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic's new capital city, the "Alvorada" lies on a peninsula at the margins of Lake Paranoá. The principles of simplicity and modernity, that in the past characterized the great works of architecture, motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landed on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m2 with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor. The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.

question: Where does Brazil's president live?, answer: Palácio da Alvorada | question: What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with?, answer: simplicity and modernity | question: How large is the Alvorada?, answer: 7,000 m2 | question: How many floors does the Alvorada have?, answer: three | question: When did Brasilia's presidential residence open?, answer: 1958