lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary. The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence. The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase. In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests. In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.

question: What is the population density of the plateau?, answer: 450 people per km2 | question: Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?, answer: Zürich and Geneva | question: What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?, answer: increase
Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).

question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?, answer: nineteenth largest | question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?, answer: thirty-sixth largest | question: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?, answer: 8th in the world | question: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?, answer: highest European rating
Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.

question: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?, answer: 20th | question: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?, answer: about 37% | question: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?, answer: low
Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

question: How many official languages does Switzerland have?, answer: four | question: What is the principal official language in Switzerland?, answer: German | question: What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?, answer: French | question: What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?, answer: Italian | question: What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?, answer: Romansh
Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.

question: When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?, answer: 1998 | question: When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol, answer: 2003 | question: What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?, answer: Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) | question: What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?, answer: 66% to 96% | question: How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?, answer: among the top 10 green economies in the world
Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world, with the former ranked 2nd globally, according to Mercer.

question: How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?, answer: top or close to the top | question: Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?, answer: Switzerland | question: Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?, answer: Zürich and Geneva | question: What assets are included in nominal wealth?, answer: financial and non-financial | question: What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?, answer: eighth-highest
Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camarque region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1000 km apart, both springs are only about 22 km apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.

question: Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?, answer: Swiss Alps | question: Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?, answer: Swiss Plateau | question: Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?, answer: Jura mountains | question: How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?, answer: 60% | question: What is the largest lake in Switzerland?, answer: Lake Geneva
Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.

question: How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?, answer: through bilateral agreements | question: In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?, answer: the EU | question: What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?, answer: international competitiveness | question: How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?, answer: 3% | question: Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?, answer: SVP party
Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984–1989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.

question: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?, answer: women | question: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?, answer: 1971 | question: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?, answer: Elisabeth Kopp | question: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?, answer: 1999 | question: Who was Switzerland's first female president?, answer: Ruth Dreifuss
Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

question: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?, answer: first among 132 nations | question: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?, answer: plants not found at other altitudes | question: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?, answer: climate change | question: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?, answer: renewable
Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

question: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?, answer: manufacturing | question: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?, answer: chemicals | question: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?, answer: machines/electronics | question: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?, answer: precision instruments/watches | question: What percentage of exports are exported services?, answer: a third
Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.

question: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?, answer: by both the Allies and by the Axis | question: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?, answer: a crucial rail link through Vichy France | question: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?, answer: over 300,000 | question: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?, answer: end of the 20th century | question: Where was the International Red Cross based?, answer: Geneva
Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.

question: What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?, answer: Symmetry groups | question: What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?, answer: geometric nature | question: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?, answer: group theory | question: What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?, answer: group law | question: The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?, answer: group action
Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

question: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?, answer: mild zinc deficiency | question: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?, answer: depresses immunity | question: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?, answer: twice as much food
Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

question: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?, answer: 100 trillion synapses; | question: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?, answer: several million | question: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?, answer: excitatory | question: The primary job of the brain is what?, answer: cell-to-cell communication
Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

question: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?, answer: syncrude | question: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?, answer: upgrading facility | question: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?, answer: Dr. Karl Clark | question: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?, answer: 1920s | question: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?, answer: 1 million barrels
Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.

question: How did Linnaeus group organisms?, answer: shared physical characteristics | question: How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?, answer: by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics | question: How are grouping determined currently?, answer: DNA sequences | question: Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?, answer: International Botanical Congress.
Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

question: Were young apprentices hired for pay?, answer: without pay | question: Was child labour common in European colonies?, answer: child labour was common place in the colonies of European | question: What was the age range of colonial child workers?, answer: 5–14 | question: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?, answer: 19th | question: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?, answer: Millions