lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.

question: Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?, answer: process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. | question: Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?, answer: the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons. | question: What happens to information during the encoding process?, answer: g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. | question: What is the second memory stage?, answer: Storage | question: What is the third process that happens during the memory process?, answer: retrieval of information that has been stored
In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of quantum chromodynamics, denoted as QCD vacuum. QED vacuum is a state with no matter particles (hence the name), and also no photons. As described above, this state is impossible to achieve experimentally. (Even if every matter particle could somehow be removed from a volume, it would be impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons.) Nonetheless, it provides a good model for realizable vacuum, and agrees with a number of experimental observations as described next.

question: The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?, answer: vacuum | question: A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?, answer: QED | question: why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?, answer: impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons | question: What is a QCD?, answer: vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,
In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of a slowly changing (non-relativistic) wave function of quantum systems. The solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta. In the solution of the Schrödinger equation for any oscillator (vibrator) and for electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, the resulting energy states are related to the frequency by Planck's relation: (where is Planck's constant and the frequency). In the case of an electromagnetic wave these energy states are called quanta of light or photons.

question: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?, answer: energy | question: What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?, answer: The Schrödinger equation | question: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?, answer: The Schrödinger equation
In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

question: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?, answer: Berlin | question: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?, answer: Jacob Ettlinger | question: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?, answer: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael | question: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?, answer: 177 | question: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?, answer: Berlin
In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.

question: What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?, answer: 154 | question: What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?, answer: bad air quality and pollution | question: New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?, answer: The World Health Organization | question: How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?, answer: 1,600 | question: How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?, answer: 230
In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.

question: What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades?, answer: series of inscribed graphs and pictures | question: What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?, answer: Yellow
In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%). At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country, the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising male and female literacy rates.

question: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?, answer: 38.55% | question: How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?, answer: 20.44% | question: What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?, answer: 23% | question: What is the national average for literacy in India?, answer: 74.04% | question: What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?, answer: 60.41%
In recent years a large number of wartime recordings relating to the Blitz have been made available on audiobooks such as The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting. These collections include period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings, news bulletins and public information broadcasts. Notable interviews include Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside, and Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.

question: What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?, answer: The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting | question: What are some of the things included in these recordings?, answer: period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings | question: What is one of the notable recordings included?, answer: Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside | question: What is a second recording that is of note?, answer: Herbert Morrison's famous "Britain shall not burn" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940.
In recent years a number of well-known tourism-related organizations have placed Greek destinations in the top of their lists. In 2009 Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki, the country's second-largest city, the world's fifth best "Ultimate Party Town", alongside cities such as Montreal and Dubai, while in 2011 the island of Santorini was voted as the best island in the world by Travel + Leisure. The neighbouring island of Mykonos was ranked as the 5th best island Europe. Thessaloniki was the European Youth Capital in 2014.

question: What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?, answer: their lists | question: What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?, answer: Thessaloniki | question: What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?, answer: the country's second-largest city | question: What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?, answer: best island in the world | question: What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?, answer: Mykonos
In recent years it has become common for many AC stations, particularly soft AC stations, to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December. While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same few artists featured under the normal format, most stations will also air some vintage holiday tunes from older pop, MOR, and adult standards artists – such as Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, The Carpenters, Percy Faith, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams – many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year.

question: What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?, answer: soft AC | question: During what two months does the Christmas season take place?, answer: November and December | question: Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?, answer: Johnny Mathis
In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5′40″N and 32°59′0″E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007. Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010, and in August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.

question: What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years?, answer: natural gas | question: With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border?, answer: Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007 | question: Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010?, answer: Israel | question: What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus?, answer: Noble Energy
In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts "Bike Miami", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest-running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.

question: What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during "Bike Miami"?, answer: automobiles | question: How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?, answer: 3,000 | question: Who was a recent mayor of Miami?, answer: Manny Diaz | question: Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?, answer: Brickell | question: In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?, answer: November
In recent years there was a high demand for massively distributed databases with high partition tolerance but according to the CAP theorem it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously provide consistency, availability and partition tolerance guarantees. A distributed system can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time, but not all three. For that reason many NoSQL databases are using what is called eventual consistency to provide both availability and partition tolerance guarantees with a reduced level of data consistency.

question: What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?, answer: eventual consistency | question: What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?, answer: the CAP theorem | question: How many guarantees will most databases tolerate?, answer: two
In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers.

question: What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?, answer: the success of the iPod and the iPhone | question: What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?, answer: iCloud cloud service | question: What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?, answer: smartphones and tablet computers | question: Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?, answer: Apple's own iPhone | question: What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?, answer: iPhone and iPad
In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028, The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039, according to the first scenario projected by the ABS; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney. Another study claims that Melbourne will surpass Sydney in population by 2040.

question: Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?, answer: larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney | question: In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?, answer: two | question: According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?, answer: 2037 or 2039
In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.

question: What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?, answer: RMB 801 billion | question: What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?, answer: RMB 98,174(US$16041) | question: Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?, answer: increase | question: How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?, answer: lower than the national average | question: What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?, answer: 12th
In recent years, the School has put on a musical version of The Bacchae (October 2009) as well as productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (May 2010), The Cherry Orchard (February 2011), Joseph K (October 2011), Cyrano de Bergerac (May 2012), Macbeth (October 2012), London Assurance (May 2013) and Jerusalem (October 2013). Upcoming in May 2014 was a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream . Often girls from surrounding schools, such as St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School, are cast in female roles. Boys from the School are also responsible for the lighting, sound and stage management of all the productions, under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff.

question: Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?, answer: girls from surrounding schools | question: Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?, answer: Boys from the School | question: Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?, answer: Macbeth | question: What are somefemale schools close to Eton?, answer: St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School
In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040. However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws. The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre. As a sign of increasing inner-city growth, the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.

question: How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?, answer: 200,000 | question: What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?, answer: height limits | question: Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?, answer: Greg Nickels | question: How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?, answer: 77% | question: What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?, answer: 60,000
In recent years, the nightclubs on West 27th Street have succumbed to stiff competition from Manhattan's Meatpacking District about fifteen blocks south, and other venues in downtown Manhattan.

question: How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan's Meatpacking District?, answer: fifteen blocks | question: Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?, answer: nightclubs | question: What direction is Manhattan's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street?, answer: south
In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

question: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?, answer: the Americas (mainly South America) | question: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?, answer: preservation of their culture | question: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?, answer: Indian Council of South America | question: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?, answer: Canada and the United States,
In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

question: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?, answer: active and passive bribery
In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old.

question: What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?, answer: reports of child abuse | question: Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?, answer: Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office | question: Who has Britain’s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?, answer: the United Nations