lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.

question: What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?, answer: African National Congress | question: What group was Nigeria a founding member of?, answer: Organisation for African Unity | question: What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?, answer: the African Union | question: Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?, answer: the Economic Community of West African States
Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion.

question: How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?, answer: rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment | question: What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?, answer: harsh and life‑threatening | question: How are children mistreated in Nigeria?, answer: child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation | question: What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?, answer: sex, ethnicity, region and religion
NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £35 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.

question: What was Nigeria's second satellite called?, answer: NigeriaSat-2 | question: Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?, answer: Surrey Space Technology Limited | question: Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?, answer: United Kingdom | question: Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?, answer: Abuja | question: Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?, answer: China
Nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John were heavily influenced by Sir Walter Scott's historical romance, Ivanhoe, which presented "an almost totally unfavourable picture" of the king; the work drew on Victorian histories of the period and on Shakespeare's play. Scott's work influenced the late 19th-century children's writer Howard Pyle's book The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which in turn established John as the principal villain within the traditional Robin Hood narrative. During the 20th century, John was normally depicted in fictional books and films alongside Robin Hood. Sam De Grasse's role as John in the black-and-white 1922 film version shows John committing numerous atrocities and acts of torture. Claude Rains played John in the 1938 colour version alongside Errol Flynn, starting a trend for films to depict John as an "effeminate ... arrogant and cowardly stay-at-home". The character of John acts either to highlight the virtues of King Richard, or contrasts with the Sheriff of Nottingham, who is usually the "swashbuckling villain" opposing Robin. An extreme version of this trend can be seen in the Disney cartoon version, for example, which depicts John, voiced by Peter Ustinov, as a "cowardly, thumbsucking lion". Popular works that depict John beyond the Robin Hood legends, such as James Goldman's play and later film, The Lion in Winter, set in 1183, commonly present him as an "effete weakling", in this instance contrasted with the more masculine Henry II, or as a tyrant, as in A. A. Milne's poem for children, "King John's Christmas".

question: What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?, answer: Ivanhoe | question: Who played John in 1938?, answer: Claude Rains | question: Who was John depicted alongside?, answer: Robin Hood
Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.

question: What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?, answer: Ninety-five percent | question: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?, answer: sperm storage mechanisms | question: What is extra-pair copulation?, answer: infidelity | question: Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?, answer: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise
Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

question: What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?, answer: Zhoushan | question: What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?, answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge | question: What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?, answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge | question: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?, answer: commercial | question: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?, answer: Cixi
Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

question: What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?, answer: NES Advantage and the NES Max | question: What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?, answer: shoot much faster during shooter games | question: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?, answer: The NES Max | question: Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?, answer: Power Pad and the Power Glove | question: The NES Max also did not feature what?, answer: "Slow" button
Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.

question: What did Nintendo consider emulators?, answer: flagrant software piracy | question: What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?, answer: abandonware | question: What device allows backing up SNES games?, answer: Retrode | question: What is the term for homemade software?, answer: homebrew
Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.

question: What was Nintendo accused of?, answer: antitrust behavior | question: Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?, answer: strict licensing requirements | question: Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?, answer: FTC | question: Who began probing Nintendo's business?, answer: United States Department of Justice | question: How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?, answer: $5
Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.

question: When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?, answer: summer 1988 | question: What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?, answer: Mediagenic | question: Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?, answer: cartridges | question: As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?, answer: risk | question: What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?, answer: 1988
Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.

question: Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?, answer: Activision | question: Nintendo actively encouraged the involvement of what?, answer: third-party software developers | question: Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?, answer: Sega, Sony, and Microsoft
Nishimura's force consisted of two battleships, one cruiser and four destroyers. Because they were observing radio silence, Nishimura was unable to synchronize with Shima and Kurita. Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks – they were long-time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other. When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02:00, Shima was 22 miles (40 km) behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte. As they passed Panaon Island, Nishimura's force ran into a trap set for them by the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet Support Force. R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships, four heavy cruisers, four light cruisers, 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats. To pass the strait and reach the landings, Nishimura had to run the gauntlet. At about 03:00 the Japanese battleship Fusō and three destroyers were hit by torpedoes and Fusō broke in two. At 03:50 the U.S. battleships opened fire. Radar fire control meant they could hit targets from a much greater distance than the Japanese. The battleship Yamashiro, a cruiser and a destroyer were crippled by 16-inch (406 mm) shells; Yamashiro sank at 04:19. Only one of Nishimura's force of seven ships survived the engagement. At 04:25 Shima's force of two cruisers and eight destroyers reached the battle. Seeing Fusō and believing her to be the wrecks of two battleships, Shima ordered a retreat, ending the last battleship-vs-battleship action in history.

question: How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?, answer: two | question: Which Japanese admiral was a rival of Nishimura?, answer: Shima | question: How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?, answer: 22 | question: Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?, answer: R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf | question: How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?, answer: six
No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?, answer: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry | question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?, answer: God is incorporeal | question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?", answer: All but one | question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?, answer: prohibited | question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?, answer: Jewish and some Christian theology
No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today′s city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel (peninsula) north of Bern, fortified since the 2nd century BC (late La Tène period), thought to be one of the twelve oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, there was a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor ("dwelling of Breno"). In the Early Middle Ages, there was a settlement in Bümpliz, now a city district of Bern, some 4 km (2 mi) from the medieval city.

question: When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre?, answer: 12th century | question: What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site?, answer: Roman era | question: What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet?, answer: Brenodor | question: When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city?, answer: Early Middle Ages
No definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tree gets larger, the sapwood must necessarily become thinner or increase materially in volume. Sapwood is thicker in the upper portion of the trunk of a tree than near the base, because the age and the diameter of the upper sections are less.

question: What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?, answer: crown | question: Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?, answer: narrow | question: As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?, answer: thinner | question: In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?, answer: near the base | question: Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?, answer: age
No evidence has yet been found of a Jewish presence in antiquity in Germany beyond its Roman border, nor in Eastern Europe. In Gaul and Germany itself, with the possible exception of Trier and Cologne, the archeological evidence suggests at most a fleeting presence of very few Jews, primarily itinerant traders or artisans. A substantial Jewish population emerged in northern Gaul by the Middle Ages, but Jewish communities existed in 465 CE in Brittany, in 524 CE in Valence, and in 533 CE in Orleans. Throughout this period and into the early Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures, mostly through conversion to Christianity.[better source needed] King Dagobert I of the Franks expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629. Jews in former Roman territories faced new challenges as harsher anti-Jewish Church rulings were enforced.

question: Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?, answer: King Dagobert I of the Franks | question: Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?, answer: very few Jews | question: In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?, answer: traders or artisans | question: In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?, answer: 465 CE | question: During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?, answer: conversion to Christianity
No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime the Protestant Reformation had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified, Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, laden with treasure from the New World. At the same time, influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee (who was the first to use the term "British Empire") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China, and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area, later to become New France.

question: What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?, answer: the Protestant Reformation | question: When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?, answer: 1562 | question: Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?, answer: off the coast of West Africa | question: Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?, answer: Elizabeth I | question: Which author was the first to use the term "British Empire"?, answer: John Dee