lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.

question: How long did william tubman rule?, answer: 27 year | question: In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?, answer: 1980 | question: How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?, answer: five years | question: How long was the rule of the national democratic party?, answer: five years | question: What did the liberian civil war result in?, answer: the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy.
Loop antennas consist of a loop or coil of wire. Loops with circumference of a wavelength or larger act similarly to dipole antennas. However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently. They interact with the magnetic field of the radio wave instead of the electric field as other antennas do, and so are relatively insensitive to nearby electrical noise. However they have low radiation resistance, and so are inefficient for transmitting. They are used as receiving antennas at low frequencies, and also as direction finding antennas.

question: What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?, answer: Loop antennas | question: What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?, answer: circumference of a wavelength | question: If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?, answer: loops small | question: Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?, answer: low radiation resistance | question: What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?, answer: direction finding
Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: "It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."

question: When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?, answer: in a letter sent on February 13, 1814 | question: What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?, answer: British Foreign Secretary | question: What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?, answer: if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace
Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements. Finally, in December 1894, the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills, tactics and weaponry. These units were collectively called the New Army. The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China.

question: Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?, answer: Japan | question: Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?, answer: Beiyang Fleet | question: When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?, answer: 1894 | question: What was the new modern army called?, answer: the New Army | question: Who became the President of the Republic of China?, answer: General Yuan Shikai
Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.

question: What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?, answer: Lossless audio compression | question: What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?, answer: Lossless | question: What are around 50-60% of the original size?, answer: Compression ratios
Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.

question: What usually exploits statistical redundancy?, answer: Lossless data compression algorithms | question: What represents statistical redundancy?, answer: Lossless compression | question: What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?, answer: an image
Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.

question: What compression is used in a lot of applications?, answer: Lossy | question: What is used in most video DVDs?, answer: digitally compressed audio streams | question: What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless?, answer: Lossy
Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

question: What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?, answer: Lossy | question: What can save storage space?, answer: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source | question: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?, answer: JPEG image compression
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the "fastest mind I ever met", and Jacob Bronowski wrote "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius." George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper." Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:

question: How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann?, answer: "fastest mind I ever met", | question: What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?, answer: He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius. | question: What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?, answer: Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of.
Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

question: In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?, answer: 1682 | question: What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?, answer: Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides. | question: What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?, answer: To show that the city was safe against attack | question: In what city was the French Academy of Science founded, answer: Paris
Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

question: Where did Louis XVI and his family live?, answer: Tuileries Palace | question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?, answer: 9 November 1799 | question: Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?, answer: 16,000
Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.

question: Who re-translated the Reflections into French?, answer: Louis XVI | question: Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?, answer: Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox | question: What political party was Charles James Fox?, answer: Whig | question: What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?, answer: Whigs | question: What political party was Richard Sheridan?, answer: Whig
Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

question: In what year did Louis die?, answer: 1382 | question: Who did Louis name as his heir?, answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg | question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?, answer: 11 | question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?, answer: Buda and Visegrád | question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?, answer: internal war
Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.

question: How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?, answer: three | question: When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?, answer: September 1681 | question: When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?, answer: 30 September 1681
Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

question: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?, answer: 1848 | question: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?, answer: 1860 | question: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?, answer: Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

question: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?, answer: a special PID value, PRE | question: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?, answer: four 0 bits | question: Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?, answer: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents
Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

question: What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?, answer: Erichtho | question: Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?, answer: Sextus Pompeius | question: What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?, answer: order of gods | question: How was Erichtho portrayed?, answer: stereotypical witch | question: From what country did Erichtho come?, answer: Thessaly
Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London, chiefly by night attack; second, to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands, again chiefly by night attack; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bombers. Kesselring, commanding Luftflotte 2, was ordered to send 50 sorties per night against London and attack eastern harbours in daylight. Sperrle, commanding Luftflotte 3, was ordered to dispatch 250 sorties per night including 100 against the West Midlands. Seeschlange would be carried out by Fliegerkorps X (10th Air Corps) which concentrated on mining operations against shipping. It also took part in the bombing over Britain. By 19/20 April 1941, it had dropped 3,984 mines, ⅓ of the total dropped. The mines' ability to destroy entire streets earned them respect in Britain, but several fell unexploded into British hands allowing counter-measures to be developed which damaged the German anti-shipping campaign.

question: What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?, answer: to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands | question: Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?, answer: Kesselring | question: How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing?, answer: 250 | question: What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on?, answer: mining operations against shipping | question: By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped?, answer: 3,984 mines
Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?, answer: Luke's gospel | question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?, answer: do not weep for me | question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?, answer: Lk. 23:28-31 | question: What followed Jesus around?, answer: crowd of mourners
Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.

question: What does the acronym LER refer to?, answer: radiant luminous efficacy | question: What is the maximum LER possible?, answer: 683 lm/W | question: In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?, answer: two ways | question: What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?, answer: the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths | question: What does the acronym LES refer to?, answer: source luminous efficacy
Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.

question: Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?, answer: Luís Cabral | question: How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?, answer: thousands | question: Where did one of the massacres occur?, answer: Bissorã | question: When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?, answer: 29 November 1980 | question: Where were the soldiers buried?, answer: Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá
Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]

question: What tourist commonly visits Guam?, answer: Japanese | question: Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?, answer: 20 large hotels | question: How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?, answer: seven | question: About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?, answer: a million | question: Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?, answer: Kmart