lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A novelty shop called Au Bon Marché had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, umbrellas and other assorted goods. It originally had four departments, twelve employees, and a floor space of three hundred meters. The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise. The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860. In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de Sèvres on the Left Bank, and enlarged the store again in 1872, with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower. The income rose from twenty million francs in 1870 to 72 million at the time of the Boucicaut's death in 1877. The floor space had increased from three hundred square meters in 1838 to fifty thousand, and the number of employees had increased from twelve in 1838 to 1788 in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors.

question: What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products?, answer: Au Bon Marché | question: Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?, answer: Aristide Boucicaut | question: What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes?, answer: increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860 | question: What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872, answer: Gustave Eiffel | question: What was Boucicaut most widely known for?, answer: marketing innovations
A number of BYU alumni have found success in professional sports, representing the University in 7 MLB World Series, 5 NBA Finals, and 25 NFL Super Bowls. In baseball, BYU alumni include All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, and Jack Morris '76. Professional basketball players include three-time NBA champion Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year and 4-time NBA All-Star Mel Hutchins '51,[citation needed] three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer Krešimir Ćosić '73, and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette '11, currently with the New York Knicks organization. BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. '96, Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer '90, and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon. In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters.

question: Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?, answer: Krešimir Ćosić | question: Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?, answer: Ty Detmer | question: Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?, answer: Jim McMahon | question: Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?, answer: Mike Weir | question: Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?, answer: Johnny Miller
A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.

question: What congresses were held in Bern?, answer: First and Second Internationals | question: In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?, answer: Switzerland was neutral
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

question: Why were decoy towns used in WW2, answer: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night | question: What did the decoy towns mimic, answer: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets | question: Who layed out Beacon Batch, answer: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights | question: What decoy city was hit, answer: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941
A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

question: What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?, answer: Stern Review | question: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?, answer: 2006 | question: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?, answer: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices
A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relatively small studies. However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug, which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use

question: What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?, answer: Bedaquiline | question: What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?, answer: 2012 | question: Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?, answer: five times | question: Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?, answer: physicians | question: What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?, answer: medical journal
A number of meta-analyses have found clinical hypnosis to be effective in controlling pain associated with diagnostic and surgical procedures in both adults and children, as well as pain associated with cancer and childbirth. A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain in some conditions, though the number of patients enrolled in the studies was low, bringing up issues of power to detect group differences, and most lacked credible controls for placebo and/or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."

question: Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?, answer: controlling | question: How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?, answer: 13 | question: What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?, answer: credible controls for placebo and/or expectation | question: What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?, answer: effects of hypnosis
A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland.

question: When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?, answer: 19th century | question: In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the "Disruption"?, answer: 1843
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (dx-ap-pa-li-u-na-aš) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter, perhaps related to Hurrian (and certainly the Etruscan) Aplu, a god of plague, in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply "the son of Enlil", a title that was given to the god Nergal, who was linked to Shamash, Babylonian god of the sun. The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus ("mouse Apollo") by Chryses, the Trojan priest of Apollo, with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks (the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is of course apotropaic, meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague).

question: Who is a god of plague?, answer: Aplu | question: What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil?, answer: the son of Enlil | question: What title was given to the god Nergal?, answer: Akkadian Aplu Enlil | question: Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo?, answer: Chryses
A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time. Atheism was much discussed, but there were few proponents. Wilson and Reill note that, "In fact, very few enlightened intellectuals, even when they were vocal critics of Christianity, were true atheists. Rather, they were critics of orthodox belief, wedded rather to skepticism, deism, vitalism, or perhaps pantheism." Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men. Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined. That is, since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law, and had no fear of eternal consequences, they were far more likely to disrupt society. Bayle (1647–1706) observed that in his day, "prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of [religion].". He believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self-interest to create and interact in society. Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law, the result would be moral anarchy: every individual "could have no law but his own will, no end but himself. He would be a god to himself, and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions".

question: According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?, answer: the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source | question: Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?, answer: Pierre Bayle | question: Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?, answer: Voltaire | question: Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?, answer: Voltaire
A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is not known if asthma causes psychological problems or if psychological problems lead to asthma. Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions.

question: Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?, answer: more frequently | question: What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?, answer: gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea | question: What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?, answer: Psychological disorders | question: What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to?, answer: radiocontrast reactions
A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?, answer: International Budget Partnership | question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?, answer: 2004 | question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?, answer: public surveys | question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?, answer: in-country experts
A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.

question: What is one who replaces a player during a game called?, answer: substitutes | question: What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?, answer: three | question: Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?, answer: individual football associations
A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

question: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?, answer: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks | question: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?, answer: 11th | question: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?, answer: Nottingham | question: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?, answer: 1189 | question: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?, answer: 1086
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

question: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?, answer: A number of sculptural ensembles | question: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?, answer: Qixia and Jiangning District | question: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?, answer: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu | question: Who was Xiao Xiu?, answer: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang | question: When did Xiao Xiu live?, answer: 475–518
A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console.

question: What was the light gun controller called?, answer: Zapper | question: What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?, answer: DA-15 | question: How were the special controllers connected to the NES?, answer: control ports on the front
A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.

question: How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?, answer: 120 million years | question: What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?, answer: Blue moths | question: The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?, answer: 1,800 m (5,906 ft) | question: What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?, answer: Rosalia alpina
A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?, answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior | question: What is higher pathogen load associated with?, answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area | question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?, answer: pathogen transmission | question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?, answer: Higher pathogen load | question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?, answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.