lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers.

question: What did the Japanese government institute?, answer: series of orthographic reforms | question: What was restricted?, answer: The number of characters in common use | question: When was the 2136 character reformed?, answer: 2010
In the years following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, some historians stated that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito, particularly in the first decade up until the Tito-Stalin split. On 4 October 2011, the Slovenian Constitutional Court found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be unconstitutional. While several public areas in Slovenia (named during the Yugoslav period) do already bear Tito's name, on the issue of renaming an additional street the court ruled that:

question: On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional?, answer: 2011 | question: Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located?, answer: Ljubljana | question: Several public area of Slovenia bear which person's name., answer: Tito | question: Under which ruler do historians argue human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia?, answer: Tito
In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936). In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.

question: What is Detroit's sports related nickname?, answer: City of Champions | question: What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?, answer: The Midnight Express | question: Who won the boxing title in 1937?, answer: Joe Louis | question: Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?, answer: Red Wings | question: Who won the World Series in 1935?, answer: Tigers
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

question: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?, answer: ten | question: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?, answer: New York City | question: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?, answer: 900 | question: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?, answer: John Foster Dulles | question: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?, answer: there were no better alternatives
In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

question: What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?, answer: republicanism | question: What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?, answer: Charles and Diana's marriage | question: In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?, answer: high | question: What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?, answer: monarchy | question: When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?, answer: December 1995
In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a hypodescent rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group.

question: What is the one-drop rule?, answer: defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry | question: What did some courts call the one-drop rule?, answer: "the traceable amount rule." | question: What is a hypodesecnt rule?, answer: meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group | question: When was the one-drop rule in effect?, answer: in the early 20th century | question: What is the one-drop rule?, answer: black, persons with any known African ancestry. | question: What is the hypodescent rule?, answer: racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group. | question: Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?, answer: In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation | question: What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?, answer: it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. | question: In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?, answer: persons with any known African ancestry | question: Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?, answer: judging a person by appearance and association. | question: What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?, answer: a hypodescent rule | question: What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?, answer: the one-drop rule | question: What was the rule in the 1800s called?, answer: the traceable amount rule
In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.

question: Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?, answer: Liberal Government | question: Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?, answer: Keir Hardie | question: How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?, answer: one vote | question: Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?, answer: David Shackleton
In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.

question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules?, answer: dynamism | question: What's window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use?, answer: hexagonal | question: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?, answer: dynamism and expressive plasticity
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent". Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.

question: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?, answer: theism | question: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?, answer: the creator, but not the sustainer | question: Which belief is that God is the universe?, answer: pantheism | question: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?, answer: atheism | question: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?, answer: agnosticism | question: What is God in theism?, answer: creator and sustainer of the universe | question: What is monotheism?, answer: belief in the existence of one God | question: What is pantheism?, answer: God is the universe itself | question: What is atheism?, answer: God is not believed to exist | question: What is God in deism?, answer: the creator
In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?, answer: equals | question: Was was unique about the dignities?, answer: not hereditary | question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?, answer: ritual | question: Nobles held land form whom?, answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"
In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in CODASYL, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records, with each table used for a different type of entity. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables (or relations), with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed. Data may be freely inserted, deleted and edited in these tables, with the DBMS doing whatever maintenance needed to present a table view to the application/user.

question: Who proposed using a table to store data?, answer: Codd | question: How is data accessed in a table?, answer: A linked-list system | question: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?, answer: relational | question: What system assists a user in seeing a table?, answer: DBMS
In this respect, the counterpart of Ashkenazi is Sephardic, since most non-Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews follow Sephardic rabbinical authorities, whether or not they are ethnically Sephardic. By tradition, a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman who marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family raises her children to be Ashkenazi Jews; conversely an Ashkenazi woman who marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man is expected to take on Sephardic practice and the children inherit a Sephardic identity, though in practice many families compromise. A convert generally follows the practice of the beth din that converted him or her. With the integration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside Orthodox Judaism.

question: By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?, answer: Ashkenazi Jews | question: When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?, answer: children inherit a Sephardic identity | question: A convert generally follows which practice?, answer: the practice of the beth din that converted him or her
In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.

question: Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?, answer: Friedrich Fröbel's | question: Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?, answer: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi | question: Who were the founders of progressive education?, answer: John Dewey and Francis Parker
In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

question: The network spread to be known as what today?, answer: the Internet.
In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.

question: What was the dominant form of written communication?, answer: Literary Chinese | question: What is treated as being conservative and confucian?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What comes directly from China?, answer: science and sociology
In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed.

question: Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?, answer: 156
In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

question: Most town people lived in what type of houses?, answer: terraced houses | question: What was used to protect the "area"?, answer: iron railings | question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?, answer: main reception rooms
In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.

question: During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?, answer: property developers | question: Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?, answer: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol | question: What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?, answer: a square of garden | question: What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?, answer: all over the English-speaking world | question: What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?, answer: generally high
In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.

question: What do athletes perform for tumbling?, answer: an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track | question: When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?, answer: 1932 | question: Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?, answer: only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets | question: What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?, answer: 1999
In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.

question: When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?, answer: nineteenth century | question: What made binding precedent a possibility?, answer: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing | question: What can invalidate the rule of law?, answer: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability | question: Why was the rule of precedent allowed?, answer: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided | question: How is a court hierarchy established?, answer: the Judiciary Acts