lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called "enumeration") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.

question: What is a pipe?, answer: a connection from the host controller to a logical entity | question: A USB connection is based on what?, answer: pipes (logical channels) | question: What is a pipe named at?, answer: an endpoint | question: Where do pipes correspond?, answer: 1-to-1 to endpoints | question: How many endpoints can a USB device have?, answer: up to 32 endpoints
USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.

question: What do USB's implement connections to?, answer: storage devices | question: What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?, answer: the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS) | question: What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?, answer: extension | question: Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?, answer: maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.
USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D− in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D− signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.

question: What is USB?, answer: a serial bus | question: What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?, answer: four shielded wires | question: What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?, answer: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals
USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.

question: What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?, answer: PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter | question: What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?, answer: whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port | question: USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?, answer: appropriate protocol | question: What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?, answer: Converters | question: What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?, answer: a microcontroller
USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

question: What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?, answer: USB | question: USB has become what on other devices?, answer: commonplace | question: What has USB effectively replaced?, answer: a variety of earlier interfaces
Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was — for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself — that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.

question: How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?, answer: air bombardment | question: What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause?, answer: policy of moderation | question: What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?, answer: political | question: Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain?, answer: to produce a stalemate
Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

question: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?, answer: mid-19th century's | question: How many years after world war I did world war II start?, answer: 20 years later. | question: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?, answer: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire | question: Who did The League of Nations grant France mandates over?, answer: Syria and Lebanon | question: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about?, answer: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening years. The RCA Victor New Orthophonic curve was within the tolerances for the NAB/NARTB, Columbia LP, and AES curves. It eventually became the technical predecessor to the RIAA curve.

question: How far back could these recording practices be traced?, answer: 1925 | question: What were the recording standards based off from?, answer: long-held recording practices | question: What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve?, answer: New Orthophonic curve | question: Who developed the New Orthophonic curve?, answer: RCA Victor | question: Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve?, answer: R.C. Moyer
Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

question: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?, answer: artificial | question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?, answer: national anti-corruption initiatives
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.

question: What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?, answer: jizyah | question: What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?, answer: mawali | question: Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?, answer: Zoroastrian
Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

question: What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?, answer: fox hunting | question: How do the English hunt foxes?, answer: on horseback with hounds | question: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for?, answer: birds | question: Why were foxes originally hunted?, answer: form of vermin control to protect livestock | question: How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?, answer: on foot without hounds, using stealth | question: What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?, answer: fox | question: Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?, answer: United Kingdom | question: In Victorian times a popular social activity was?, answer: fox hunting | question: What is carried out on foot without hounds?, answer: Deer stalking | question: Hounds were used for what purpose?, answer: to pursue
Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?, answer: with the modifier letter | question: What is the superscript equal sign?, answer: ⟨t˭⟩ | question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?, answer: left unmarked | question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?, answer: ⟨t⟩
Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format.

question: What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?, answer: Unauthorized | question: Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?, answer: authorized | question: What kind of music is sold by these companies?, answer: unrestricted | question: Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?, answer: MP3
Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively.

question: What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?, answer: Uncompressed audio | question: What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?, answer: 11:1 | question: What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?, answer: 9:1 | question: What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?, answer: 7:1
Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".

question: What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?, answer: the relationship among the states | question: Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?, answer: the power to admit new states to the union | question: What does the states' requirement to give "full faith and credit" help recognize?, answer: legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments | question: What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?, answer: military and civil defense | question: What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?, answer: guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government | question: What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?, answer: Article IV, Section Three | question: What does the concept of "full faith and credit" protect?, answer: the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments | question: Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?, answer: admit new states to the union | question: What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?, answer: military and civil defense
Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined, and did not recover for several decades.

question: In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?, answer: Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. | question: What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?, answer: rice | question: What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?, answer: Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. | question: What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?, answer: 75% of the world's teak | question: What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?, answer: a highly literate population
Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military power in East Asia.

question: What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?, answer: the Meiji Restoration | question: In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?, answer: East Asia | question: Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?, answer: traders
Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los Héroes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Juárez.

question: Under which governor was the education system unified?, answer: Miguel Ahumada | question: Which system of measurement was standardized?, answer: metric system | question: What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?, answer: Civilian Hospital | question: The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?, answer: Chuviscar River
Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

question: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?, answer: Peter I | question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?, answer: 1721 | question: Through what period did Peter I rule?, answer: 1682 to 1725 | question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?, answer: Sweden | question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?, answer: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

question: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?, answer: the Seleucids | question: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?, answer: Coele-Syria | question: Who won the great battle of Raphia?, answer: Ptolemy IV | question: When was the great battle of Raphia?, answer: 217 BCE | question: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?, answer: Seleucids
Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.

question: Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?, answer: Tito | question: In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?, answer: 1961 | question: Nasser led which country in 1961?, answer: Egypt | question: Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?, answer: Nehru | question: Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?, answer: Tito
Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

question: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?, answer: integrated | question: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?, answer: Dyche Stadium | question: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?, answer: Northwestern with the University of Chicago | question: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?, answer: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) | question: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?, answer: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship