lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.

question: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?, answer: breaking up | question: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?, answer: General Canrobert | question: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?, answer: lethal French gunfire | question: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?, answer: Rezonville
By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

question: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?, answer: 17 May | question: Who led the main Austrian army?, answer: Charles | question: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?, answer: 21 May | question: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?, answer: 110,000 | question: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?, answer: 23,000
By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?, answer: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened | question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?, answer: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army | question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?, answer: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute | question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?, answer: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war | question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?, answer: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

question: What was the population of Alsace in 1790?, answer: 22,500 | question: Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?, answer: in villages | question: in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?, answer: full emancipation | question: Which country was Alsace merged into during 1871-1918, answer: Germany
By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

question: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?, answer: Désirée Clary | question: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?, answer: the Army of the West | question: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?, answer: the War in the Vendée | question: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?, answer: Joseph | question: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?, answer: poor health
By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?, answer: slave revolt | question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?, answer: May 1822 | question: How was Vesey executed in 1822?, answer: hanged | question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey?, answer: five slaves | question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?, answer: Haitian Revolution
By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".

question: The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?, answer: the Belgians | question: What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?, answer: 1831 | question: Who was the nephew of leopold?, answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | question: Who was Alberts father?, answer: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | question: How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?, answer: very plain | question: Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?, answer: William IV | question: Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead?, answer: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands | question: Prince Alexander was the second son of whom?, answer: Prince of Orange | question: What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange?, answer: very plain | question: How did Victoria feel about Albert?, answer: enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning | question: Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?, answer: the Duchess's brother, Leopold | question: Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?, answer: William IV | question: Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?, answer: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands
By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?, answer: The slave trade | question: Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?, answer: the Market Hall and Sheds | question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?, answer: 1808 | question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?, answer: Black Belt | question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?, answer: in the antebellum years
By 1847, the couple had found the palace too small for court life and their growing family, and consequently the new wing, designed by Edward Blore, was built by Thomas Cubitt, enclosing the central quadrangle. The large East Front, facing The Mall, is today the "public face" of Buckingham Palace, and contains the balcony from which the royal family acknowledge the crowds on momentous occasions and after the annual Trooping the Colour. The ballroom wing and a further suite of state rooms were also built in this period, designed by Nash's student Sir James Pennethorne.

question: Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?, answer: Edward Blore | question: The new wing was built by whom?, answer: Thomas Cubitt | question: What is the East front of the palace known as?, answer: "public face" of Buckingham Palace | question: The East Front contains what famous feature?, answer: the balcony | question: Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?, answer: Sir James Pennethorne. | question: Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?, answer: Edward Blore | question: Who built the new wing?, answer: Thomas Cubitt | question: What is considered the public face of the palace?, answer: The large East Front | question: What other wing was built during this time?, answer: The ballroom wing | question: Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?, answer: Sir James Pennethorne
By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston. After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.

question: What commodity was Houston known for in 1860?, answer: cotton | question: What type of roads converged in Houston?, answer: rail lines | question: Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?, answer: General John Bankhead Magruder | question: For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?, answer: Battle of Galveston | question: What was Houston known for by 1890?, answer: railroad center of Texas
By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.

question: On what material did the phonautograph operate?, answer: smoked glass | question: What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?, answer: metal | question: What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?, answer: sound | question: What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?, answer: pen | question: In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?, answer: 1874
By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for their time.

question: By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?, answer: 1878 | question: What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?, answer: Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway | question: What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?, answer: The United States Hotel | question: Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?, answer: rooming houses | question: What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?, answer: Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues
By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.

question: What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?, answer: Breton Island | question: In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?, answer: Bras d'Or | question: What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?, answer: The Lodge | question: How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?, answer: 40
By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

question: What county is Tuscon located in?, answer: Pima County | question: What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?, answer: 535,000 | question: what were veterans in need of after World War I?, answer: respiratory therapy | question: What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?, answer: Veterans Hospital | question: What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?, answer: 36,818 | question: What was Tucson's population in 1900?, answer: 7,531 | question: What was Tucson's population in 1910?, answer: 13,913 | question: What was Tucson's population in 1920?, answer: 20,292 | question: What was Tucson's population in 1940?, answer: 36,818 | question: What was Tucson's population in 2006?, answer: 535,000
By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question," Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then:

question: What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?, answer: 1916 | question: Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?, answer: Arnold J. Toynbee | question: Arnold J Toynbee believed what?, answer: Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms
By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

question: What incident occured on July 7, 1937?, answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident | question: Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?, answer: Soviet Union | question: When did the Nanking Massacre occur?, answer: December 1937 | question: Where was the first Nationalist victory?, answer: Taierzhuang | question: How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?, answer: condemned | question: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?, answer: 7 July 1937 | question: What incident started the war between China and Japan?, answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident | question: What was the capital of China?, answer: Nanking | question: When was Nanking captured?, answer: December 1937 | question: What nation provided material support to China?, answer: Soviet Union
By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.

question: What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine?, answer: the United States Navy | question: When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine?, answer: 1938 | question: What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?, answer: trigonometry