lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added. Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing, Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.

question: What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?, answer: Bing-based unified search system | question: How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?, answer: ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen | question: What main feature was added back to the desktop?, answer: a visible Start button | question: How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?, answer: up to four
The urban AC stations resemble soft AC rather than hot AC; they play predominantly R&B and soul music with little hip-hop. This is reflected in many of the urban AC radio stations' taglines, such as "Today's R&B and classic soul", "The best variety of R&B hits and oldies" and "(City/Region)'s R&B leader". Urban AC's core artists include Luther Vandross, Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey.

question: What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to?, answer: soft AC | question: What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC?, answer: hip-hop | question: What two genres of music are popular on urban AC?, answer: R&B and soul music | question: Along with Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey, who is a well-known urban AC artist?, answer: Luther Vandross | question: What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to?, answer: hot AC
The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools, weapons, and nails. In many cultures it was shaped by cold hammering into knives and arrowheads. They were often used as anvils. Meteoric iron was very rare and valuable, and difficult for ancient people to work.

question: What was one of the first alloys used by humans?, answer: meteoric iron | question: What is meteoric iron composed of?, answer: nickel and iron | question: What can forged meteoric iron make?, answer: tools, weapons, and nails | question: Where does meteoric iron come from?, answer: iron meteorites | question: How does meteoric iron come to earth?, answer: occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space
The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

question: What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?, answer: animal fur | question: Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?, answer: arctic | question: Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?, answer: uncontroversial | question: Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?, answer: campaigners | question: What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?, answer: PETA
The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversionary fires. Another innovation was the boiler fire. These units were fed from two adjacent tanks containing oil and water. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. The hope was that, if it could deceive German bombardiers, it would draw more bombers away from the real target.

question: Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?, answer: diversionary | question: What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?, answer: water | question: Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?, answer: boiler | question: What did these flashes simulate?, answer: German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben | question: What was the purpose of these fires?, answer: deceive German bombardiers
The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by[according to whom?] a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.

question: What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?, answer: drones | question: Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?, answer: the Central Intelligence Agency | question: Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?, answer: to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion | question: Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?, answer: Global War on Terror
The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source (44,100 samples per second × 16 bits per sample × 2 channels = 1,411,200 bit/s; MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s: 128,000 bit/s [1 k = 1,000, not 1024, because it is a bit rate]. Ratio: 1,411,200/128,000 = 11.025). An MP3 file can also be constructed at higher or lower bit rates, with higher or lower resulting quality.

question: What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?, answer: sound like a faithful reproduction | question: What kind of compression is used?, answer: created | question: If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?, answer: 1/11 | question: How many total bit/s would a CD have?, answer: 1,411,200 | question: How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?, answer: 128,000
The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà "bodhisattva" (simplified: 菩萨) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2×2 grid of four 十 (derived from the grass radical over two 十). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable.

question: What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?, answer: CPC | question: What is sometimes written as a single character?, answer: bodhisattva
The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).

question: What is the term for teaching by only scripture?, answer: sola scriptura | question: How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?, answer: four | question: What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?, answer: inerrancy | question: What power can help someone overcome sin?, answer: the Holy Spirit | question: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?, answer: necessity
The use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither by the constitution of 1919 nor by the Basic Law (Constitution) of 1949. Three Länder call themselves Freistaaten (Free States, which is the old-fashioned German expression for Republic), Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally since 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). There is little continuity between the current states and their predecessors of the Weimar Republic with the exception of the three free states, and the two city-states of Hamburg and Bremen.

question: What does the term Länder date back to?, answer: the Weimar Constitution of 1919 | question: Before 1919 what were the German states called?, answer: Staaten | question: What does Bavaria refer to itself as?, answer: Freistaaten | question: How many free states are there in Germany?, answer: three | question: What are the two city-states in Germany?, answer: Hamburg and Bremen
The use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an article, The Problem of the Middle East, which began:

question: Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?, answer: in British and American diplomatic circles | question: What was Iran known as to the west?, answer: Persia | question: When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish "The Problem of the Middle East"?, answer: 1900 | question: What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?, answer: The Problem of the Middle East | question: The problem of the Middle East was published by who?, answer: Thomas Edward Gordon
The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

question: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?, answer: Irenaeus | question: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?, answer: orthodox | question: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?, answer: apostolic succession
The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.

question: The use of time is important in understanding what?, answer: human behavior, education, and travel behavior | question: What is a developing field of time related study?, answer: Time-use research | question: Time use is always changing with advances in what?, answer: technology | question: Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?, answer: 20–30 minutes one-way
The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.

question: What varies greatly?, answer: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters | question: What were mandatory in printed works?, answer: Orthodox variants | question: What were adopted for use in mainland China?, answer: Chinese characters
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry. In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines.

question: What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?, answer: 79 CE | question: In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?, answer: Italy | question: What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?, answer: yellow | question: In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?, answer: 1912 | question: What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?, answer: the University of Oxford
The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as "heritage" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.

question: How long were canals used, answer: usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation | question: What was built int the 19th century, answer: 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset | question: How many railways served the county, answer: The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies | question: Were any of the railways electrified, answer: None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. | question: What railways lines are still in use today, answer: The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe
The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

question: Who used copper to produce art?, answer: Renaissance sculptors | question: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?, answer: daguerreotype | question: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?, answer: Statue of Liberty | question: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?, answer: Christopher Columbus | question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?, answer: 1830
The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

question: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?, answer: writing that possesses high quality or distinction | question: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?", answer: belles-lettres | question: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?, answer: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." | question: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?, answer: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded
The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]

question: Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?, answer: royalties | question: What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?, answer: Brussels | question: In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?, answer: 1880
The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.

question: During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?, answer: wartime | question: When was the Federal Reserve established?, answer: 1913 | question: What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?, answer: an "elastic" currency | question: What had previously kept prices stable?, answer: gold standard | question: How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?, answer: 30%
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?, answer: gold | question: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?, answer: Federal Reserve | question: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?, answer: increase the money supply | question: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?, answer: the Phillips curve | question: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?, answer: two thirds