lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment. The first journal, the Parisian Journal des Sçavans, appeared in 1665. However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market – such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese – found journal success more difficult, and more often than not, a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the lingua franca of learned circles. This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced.

question: During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?, answer: the Enlightenment | question: What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?, answer: the Parisian Journal des Sçavans | question: In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?, answer: 1665 | question: Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?, answer: French and Latin | question: Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?, answer: Holland
The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

question: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?, answer: South Georgia | question: In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?, answer: 1786 | question: What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?, answer: sealers | question: What was the nationality of most whalers?, answer: Norwegian | question: When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?, answer: 1910
The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

question: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?, answer: 8 December 1962 | question: When was the next session scheduled?, answer: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June | question: When was the next session announced?, answer: 12 November 1962 | question: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?, answer: Pope Pius IX
The first set of subsidiary forts were planned by the Portuguese at Montevideo in 1701 to establish a front line base to stop frequent insurrections by the Spaniards emanating from Buenos Aires. These fortifications were planned within the River Plate estuary at Colonia del Sacramento. However, this plan came to fruition only in November 1723, when Captain Manuel Henriques de Noronha reached the shores of Montevideo with soldiers, guns and colonists on his warship Nossa Senhora de Oliveara. They built a small square fortification. However, under siege from forces from Buenos Aires, the Portuguese withdrew from Montevideo Bay in January 1724, after signing an agreement with the Spaniards.

question: Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?, answer: Portuguese | question: When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?, answer: 1701 | question: the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?, answer: frequent insurrections by the Spaniards | question: Where were the Spaniards emanating from?, answer: Buenos Aires
The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

question: Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?, answer: in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis | question: What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?, answer: prevent attacks from foreign threats | question: Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?, answer: Cassaro
The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

question: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?, answer: Catholics | question: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?, answer: 1830 | question: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?, answer: England | question: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?, answer: American Revolution | question: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?, answer: Barbados
The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity, in the vernacular, and with the entertainment of readers in mind, was Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686). The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works. These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises, and books published by the academies and scientists. Charles Leadbetter's Astronomy (1727) was advertised as "a Work entirely New" that would include "short and easie [sic] Rules and Astronomical Tables." The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was Eléments de la philosophie de Newton, published by Voltaire in 1738. Émilie du Châtelet's translation of the Principia, published after her death in 1756, also helped to spread Newton's theories beyond scientific academies and the university. Francesco Algarotti, writing for a growing female audience, published Il Newtonianism per le dame, which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter. A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pembarton. His A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy was published by subscription. Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book, indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class. During the Enlightenment, women also began producing popular scientific works themselves. Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782), which was published for many years after in eleven editions.

question: What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?, answer: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds | question: Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?, answer: Bernard de Fontenelle | question: Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?, answer: Sarah Trimmer | question: How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?, answer: eleven | question: Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?, answer: Principia
The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

question: What rounds are the qualifiers?, answer: first six rounds | question: How many teams in the first round?, answer: 92 professional teams. | question: What league enters in the third round?, answer: Premier League and Championship clubs | question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??, answer: never reached the quarter finals | question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?, answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

question: What appointments were the first step in Indian self-rule?, answer: councillors | question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?, answer: 1909 | question: What more local councils were set up?, answer: Provincial Councils | question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?, answer: British | question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?, answer: minority groups
The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.

question: How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?, answer: 723 million | question: When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?, answer: The next day
The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.

question: What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?, answer: mashing | question: How is hot water referred to by brewers?, answer: liquor | question: How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?, answer: 1 to 2 hours | question: In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?, answer: sugars | question: What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?, answer: wort separation
The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.

question: What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?, answer: automobile | question: The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?, answer: trolleybus | question: When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?, answer: 1929 | question: In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?, answer: 1939 | question: In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?, answer: 1889
The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.

question: What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?, answer: carbon | question: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?, answer: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased | question: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?, answer: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency | question: What properties of graphite improved the filament?, answer: further strengthened and smoothed the filament | question: What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?, answer: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage
The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. (During this period the road now known as Yesler Way won the nickname "Skid Road", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to Henry Yesler's sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as Skid Row.) Like much of the American West, Seattle saw numerous conflicts between labor and management, as well as ethnic tensions that culminated in the anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886. This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle (anti-Chinese riots also occurred in Tacoma). In 1900, Asians were 4.2% of the population. Authorities declared martial law and federal troops arrived to put down the disorder.

question: What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?, answer: lumber | question: What name was given to the street Yesler Way?, answer: Skid Road | question: After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?, answer: Skid Row | question: What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?, answer: 4.2% | question: What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?, answer: anti-Chinese riots
The first task of a database designer is to produce a conceptual data model that reflects the structure of the information to be held in the database. A common approach to this is to develop an entity-relationship model, often with the aid of drawing tools. Another popular approach is the Unified Modeling Language. A successful data model will accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled: for example, if people can have more than one phone number, it will allow this information to be captured. Designing a good conceptual data model requires a good understanding of the application domain; it typically involves asking deep questions about the things of interest to an organisation, like "can a customer also be a supplier?", or "if a product is sold with two different forms of packaging, are those the same product or different products?", or "if a plane flies from New York to Dubai via Frankfurt, is that one flight or two (or maybe even three)?". The answers to these questions establish definitions of the terminology used for entities (customers, products, flights, flight segments) and their relationships and attributes.

question: What should a conceptual data model do?, answer: reflects the structure of the information to be held | question: What makes a successful data model?, answer: accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled | question: Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?, answer: definitions of the terminology used for entities | question: What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?, answer: the application domain
The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. Harris' book avoided theological and biographical entries; instead it concentrated on science and technology. Published in 1704, the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation. Other technical dictionaries followed Harris' model, including Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia (1728), which included five editions, and was a substantially larger work than Harris'. The folio edition of the work even included foldout engravings. The Cyclopaedia emphasized Newtonian theories, Lockean philosophy, and contained thorough examinations of technologies, such as engraving, brewing, and dyeing.

question: Who drafted the first technical dictionary?, answer: John Harris | question: What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?, answer: Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | question: Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?, answer: science and technology | question: What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?, answer: 1704 | question: In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?, answer: English
The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

question: When were the first telephone lines installed?, answer: 1882 | question: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?, answer: 1886 | question: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?, answer: 1888 | question: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated?, answer: 1897
The first time "affirmative action" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the executive order. He wanted a phrase that "gave a sense of positivity to performance under the order." He was torn between the words "positive action" and "affirmative action," and selected the later due to its alliterative quality. The term "active recruitment" started to be used as well. This order, albeit heavily worked up as a significant piece of legislation, in reality carried little actual power. The scope was limited to a couple hundred defense contractors, leaving nearly $7.5 billion in federal grants and loans unsupervised.:60

question: Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"?, answer: Executive Order 10925 | question: Who co - authored the executive order?, answer: Hobart Taylor Jr. | question: Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?, answer: Vice President Johnson | question: What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered?, answer: positive action | question: What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?, answer: alliterative quality