lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.

question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?, answer: The maximum energy | question: If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor?, answer: no change of the maximum amount of energy | question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?, answer: fringing fields outside the dielectric | question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?, answer: will increase the effective capacitance | question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?, answer: negligibly small
The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th) to 36 members for the most populated (the 15th). The elected council members select the mayor. Sometimes the candidate who receives the most votes city-wide is not selected if the other candidate has won the support of the majority of council members. Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001-2014) was elected by only a minority of city voters, but a majority of council members. Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government; it meets only once a month. The current council is divided between a coalition of the left of 91 members, including the socialists, communists, greens, and extreme left; and 71 members for the centre right, plus a few members from smaller parties.

question: How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?, answer: 163 | question: How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected, answer: majority of council members | question: How often does the council meet?, answer: once a month | question: What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?, answer: 2001-2014
The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, Ovid. In his Fasti, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a vates or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia, Consualia, and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals.

question: What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?, answer: reinterpretation | question: What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?, answer: reform | question: What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?, answer: Ovid | question: What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?, answer: authoritative calendar | question: Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?, answer: Christian
The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the "federalist" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.

question: What is the meaning of federalism?, answer: as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context | question: What types of movements are associated with federalism?, answer: Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends. | question: What countries advocate for a strong central government?, answer: United States and Australia
The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

question: What is the average household income in Boston?, answer: $51,739 | question: What is the average family income in Boston?, answer: $61,035 | question: What is the average income for a full time male worker?, answer: $52,544 | question: What is the average income for a full time female worker?, answer: $46,540 | question: What percent of families fall below the poverty line?, answer: 16.0%
The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.

question: What was the median income for a household in the city?, answer: $26,969 | question: What was the median income for a family in the city?, answer: $31,997 | question: What was the per capita income for the city?, answer: $15,402 | question: What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?, answer: 19.1% | question: What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?, answer: 23.6%
The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.

question: What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?, answer: field of Infectious Disease | question: Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?, answer: Epidemiology | question: Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?, answer: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists | question: What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?, answer: lung physician | question: Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?, answer: infectious diseases specialist
The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen.

question: The medieval city is a foundation of what family?, answer: Zähringer | question: When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?, answer: 12th century | question: Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?, answer: Upper Burgundy | question: What year was Bern founded?, answer: 1191 | question: Who founded Bern?, answer: Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
The medieval period is frequently caricatured as a "time of ignorance and superstition" that placed "the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity." This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultures with those of the medieval period, to the detriment of the Middle Ages. Renaissance scholars saw the Middle Ages as a period of decline from the high culture and civilisation of the Classical world; Enlightenment scholars saw reason as superior to faith, and thus viewed the Middle Ages as a time of ignorance and superstition.

question: Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?, answer: Enlightenment | question: What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?, answer: the Classical world | question: How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?, answer: as a time of ignorance and superstition | question: What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?, answer: faith
The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.

question: Who were MBE'S?, answer: The members of The Beatles | question: In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?, answer: 1965 | question: Who compared military membership in the Order?, answer: John Lennon | question: Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war., answer: John Lennon | question: When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?, answer: 25 November 1969
The members of the city council are each elected from single member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit. Elections are held on a non-partisan basis per California state law; nevertheless, most officeholders do identify themselves as either Democrats or Republicans. In 2007, registered Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 in the city, and Democrats currently (as of 2015[update]) hold a 5-4 majority in the city council. The current mayor, Kevin Faulconer, is a Republican.

question: Who votes in the city's attorney and mayor?, answer: voters of the entire city | question: How long is the term for council members?, answer: four-year terms, | question: Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007?, answer: Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6 | question: Who is Kevin Faulconer?, answer: current mayor | question: Who elects members of city council?, answer: single member districts within the city
The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA which also owned CBS rival NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold. Davis is still with Sony Music as Chief Creative Officer.

question: Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?, answer: 1989 | question: Who is the CCO of Sony Music?, answer: Clive Davis
The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.

question: What pigment color is natural to copper?, answer: green | question: What property does the final patina on cooper have?, answer: highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion | question: What mixture of compounds is the final patina?, answer: carbonate and sulfate | question: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?, answer: environmental | question: What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?, answer: finished
The metaphysics in Mīmāṃsā school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The Mīmāṃsākas held that the Vedas are "eternal authorless infallible", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.

question: What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa school?, answer: atheistic and theistic | question: How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?, answer: eternal | question: What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?, answer: dharma | question: How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?, answer: rituals and duties | question: What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?, answer: Vedanta school
The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003.

question: Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?, answer: Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 | question: According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?, answer: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 | question: In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?, answer: June 2001 | question: Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?, answer: Louis Jones, Jr. | question: In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?, answer: Indiana
The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, whereas the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.

question: What is the Rodoviária?, answer: bus station | question: As of 2000, how many people lived in Ceilândia?, answer: 344,039 | question: As of 2000, how many people lived in Taguatinga?, answer: 243,575 | question: As of 2000, how many people lived in the Plano Piloto?, answer: approximately 400,000 | question: What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?, answer: most of the political and tourist areas
The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of micro-A plugs, micro-AB receptacles (which accept both micro-A and micro-B plugs), and micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to micro-A plug adapter.

question: What is the micro connector designed for?, answer: to reduce the mechanical wear on the device | question: What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?, answer: to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection | question: What is the micro-plug rated for?, answer: 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles
The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."

question: Where did the social aspect of science originate?, answer: Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962 | question: What idea did social science add to science as a whole?, answer: positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science | question: How did Kuhn view the history of science?, answer: competing paradigms or conceptual systems
The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB: quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain, via automatic gain control in the playback equipment; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages). A similar and very short-lived scheme involved using the CBS-developed "CX" noise reduction encoding/decoding scheme.

question: What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?, answer: automatic gain control | question: When were DBX recordings released?, answer: mid-1970s | question: How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies?, answer: completely incompatible with | question: What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings?, answer: reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages | question: What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?, answer: "CX" noise reduction
The middle of summer is hot – in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C (91 °F) during the day and around 22 °C (72 °F) at night (inland, in the highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C (95 °F)) while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and around 20 °C (68 °F) at night in Limassol, while is usually around 28 °C (82 °F) during the day and around 18 °C (64 °F) at night in Paphos. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Inland temperatures are more extreme, with colder winters and hotter summers compared with the coast of the island.

question: When does the middle of summer occur on Cyprus?, answer: July and August | question: What is the average day temperature on the coast during summer?, answer: 33 °C (91 °F) | question: What is the average day temperature on the coast in June and September?, answer: 30 °C (86 °F) | question: Where are temperatures more extreme compared to the coast of Cyprus?, answer: Inland
The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.

question: Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?, answer: Singapore and Sogo from Japan | question: When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open?, answer: 2007 | question: Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia?, answer: Pacific Place Mall | question: Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?, answer: PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. | question: What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed?, answer: Harvey Nichols