lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

question: Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?, answer: writings of sea-farers | question: What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?, answer: Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) | question: When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?, answer: during the time of Julius Caesar | question: What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?, answer: native Celtic-language | question: What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?, answer: Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)
The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.

question: What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?, answer: a work by John Dee | question: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?, answer: 1577 | question: What is another name that is used for the British Isles?, answer: Anglo-Celtic Isles | question: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?, answer: "these islands
The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?, answer: River Danube | question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?, answer: Slavic raids | question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?, answer: c. 600 AD | question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?, answer: the Balkans
The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

question: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?, answer: Josephus | question: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?, answer: Tacitus | question: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?, answer: Nero
The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious – discuss]

question: What year did John Rut visit St. John's?, answer: 1527 | question: Who sent the first known letter from North America?, answer: John Rut | question: What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?, answer: Norman, Breton and Portuguese | question: Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?, answer: King Henry
The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

question: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?, answer: Ptahhotep | question: When do the Vedas date back to?, answer: late 2nd millennium BC | question: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?, answer: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy | question: What do the Vedas describe?, answer: ancient Hindu cosmology | question: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?, answer: 4,320,000 years
The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

question: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?, answer: 4th century B.C.E | question: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?, answer: Androsthenes | question: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?, answer: tamarind | question: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?, answer: medical | question: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?, answer: 13th century
The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

question: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?, answer: Atharva-Veda | question: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?, answer: Jainism and Buddhism | question: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?, answer: Magadha | question: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?, answer: Golden Age | question: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?, answer: Gramakas
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

question: Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?, answer: Latin | question: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?, answer: The Cross | question: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?, answer: the coat of arms | question: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?, answer: hops | question: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?, answer: farming
The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's "Tanasqui" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.

question: Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?, answer: Captain Juan Pardo | question: Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?, answer: Cherokee | question: Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?, answer: 1725 | question: What nationality was Juan Pardo?, answer: Spanish
The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?, answer: the subject's own sex | question: What theorists agreed with this concept?, answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, | question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?, answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation | question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?, answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual | question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?, answer: gender-nonconformity | question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?, answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation | question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?, answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" | question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?, answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker | question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?, answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. | question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?, answer: during their childhood years.
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

question: Where is the English word God derived from?, answer: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan | question: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?, answer: neuter—applying to both genders | question: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?, answer: Christianization of the Germanic peoples | question: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?, answer: Germanic paganism | question: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?, answer: "to call" or "to invoke" | question: Where does the word God come from originally?, answer: Codex Argenteus | question: What language does the English word God come from?, answer: German | question: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?, answer: neuter
The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

question: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?, answer: Vogue | question: when was madonna's hit single "vogue" released?, answer: 1990 | question: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?, answer: 1990s | question: who sang the hit single "vogue"?, answer: Madonna | question: how well did madonna's single "vogue" do in the us?, answer: topped the US charts
The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.

question: What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?, answer: 1990s | question: What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?, answer: softening | question: The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?, answer: widening of the market
The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.

question: Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?, answer: Plato | question: What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?, answer: the moderatation of the Stoicism | question: Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?, answer: Augustine | question: What does Civitas terrena mean?, answer: City of Man | question: What does Civitas Dei mean?, answer: City of God
The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.

question: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?, answer: Muslims | question: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?, answer: Arab Umayyad Caliphate | question: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?, answer: Raja Dahir | question: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?, answer: Muhammad bin Qasim | question: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India?, answer: difficult
The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet. Qianlong propagated the image of himself as Buddhist sage rulers, patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. In the Manchu language, the Qing monarch was alternately referred to as either Huwangdi (Emperor) or Khan with no special distinction between the two usages. The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. Missionaries including Tomás Pereira, Martino Martini, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ferdinand Verbiest and Antoine Thomas held significant positions as military weapons experts, mathematicians, cartographers, astronomers and advisers to the emperor. The relationship of trust was however lost in the later Chinese Rites controversy.

question: What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?, answer: Confucian | question: What declaration solidified Confucian values?, answer: Sacred Edict of 1670 | question: Who did the Manchu appeal to?, answer: Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur | question: What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?, answer: Jesuit missionaries
The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.

question: Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?, answer: Han Chinese and Manchus | question: Where did the Qing find their officials?, answer: imperial examination system | question: How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?, answer: nine
The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the "Lower Five Banners." They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron cap princes". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]

question: Who created the Eight Banners?, answer: Nurhaci | question: How were the 8 banners recognized?, answer: color | question: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?, answer: Upper Three Banners | question: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?, answer: Manchus | question: What were the rest of the banners called?, answer: Lower Five Banners