lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.

question: What were the two proto-political parties?, answer: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party | question: In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?, answer: 1816 | question: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?, answer: partisan | question: Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?, answer: Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE, when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

question: What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?, answer: Israelites | question: When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?, answer: after the 720s BCE | question: From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?, answer: Israelite tribes of Judah
Although the Jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area as described, genetic research done by Gil Atzmon of the Longevity Genes Project at Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests "that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of the destruction of the First Temple, 2,500 years ago ... flourished during the Roman Empire but then went through a 'severe bottleneck' as they dispersed, reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left Northern Italy around the year 1000 for Central and eventually Eastern Europe."

question: Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?, answer: the destruction of the First Temple | question: The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?, answer: 2,500 years ago | question: It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?, answer: 1000 | question: Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?, answer: Central and eventually Eastern Europe
Although the LaserDisc format was supplanted by DVD by the late 1990s, many LD titles are still highly coveted by movie enthusiasts (for example, Disney's Song of the South which is unavailable in the US in any format, but was issued in Japan on LD). This is largely because there are many films that are still only available on LD and many other LD releases contain supplemental material not available on subsequent DVD versions of those films. Until the end of 2001, many titles were released on VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan.

question: By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?, answer: late 1990s | question: Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?, answer: movie enthusiasts | question: Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?, answer: 2001 | question: What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?, answer: Japan
Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established "elitist aura" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.

question: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?, answer: MacBook Air | question: What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?, answer: MacBook Air | question: What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?, answer: Intel's latest CPUs | question: Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?, answer: 56 | question: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?, answer: when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks
Although the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal lands on the Black Sea and around the Aegean Sea. The former Byzantine lands in the Balkans were divided between the new Kingdom of Serbia, the Second Bulgarian Empire and the city-state of Venice. The power of the Byzantine emperors was threatened by a new Turkish tribe, the Ottomans, who established themselves in Anatolia in the 13th century and steadily expanded throughout the 14th century. The Ottomans expanded into Europe, reducing Bulgaria to a vassal state by 1366 and taking over Serbia after its defeat at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Western Europeans rallied to the plight of the Christians in the Balkans and declared a new crusade in 1396; a great army was sent to the Balkans, where it was defeated at the Battle of Nicopolis. Constantinople was finally captured by the Ottomans in 1453.

question: Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?, answer: Palaeologi | question: Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?, answer: Venice | question: What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?, answer: Ottomans | question: In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?, answer: 1366 | question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?, answer: Serbia
Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts. Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry. Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries. Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. bishops), in most Protestant churches.

question: What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?, answer: the Reformation | question: What churches let their clergy marry?, answer: Protestant | question: When did women join the Protestant ministry?, answer: 1950 | question: What types of churches have women had leading positions?, answer: Protestant | question: What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?, answer: celibate
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

question: Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?, answer: Nikolai Yudenich | question: Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?, answer: Andranik Ozanian | question: When was the Bolshevik Revolution?, answer: 1917 | question: Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?, answer: Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan | question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?, answer: May 1918
Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recognition of Britain's rights in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. On October 13, 1885, SMS Nautilus under Captain Rötger brought German emissaries to Jaluit. They signed a treaty with Kabua, whom the Germans had earlier recognized as "King of the Ralik Islands," on October 15.

question: What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?, answer: the Spanish Empire | question: What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?, answer: the German Empire | question: What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?, answer: Britain | question: On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?, answer: SMS Nautilus | question: What title did the Germans give to Kabua?, answer: King of the Ralik Islands
Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.

question: Who did the Tories oppose?, answer: Whigs | question: Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?, answer: the "Opposition Whigs" | question: When did the Tories regain power?, answer: 1760 | question: For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?, answer: half a century | question: Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?, answer: ideological gap
Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, especially at the management level. Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents, in Spanish and English, and other commonly used languages. By 2015, there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.

question: Is there such a thing as bilingual state?, answer: Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents | question: Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?, answer: there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home. | question: What language is spoken in the U.S.A?, answer: English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. | question: Is there an official language of the United States?, answer: United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language
Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication. In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded northern Burma from Yunnan province. They captured a fortified position at Mount Song. By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains, the NCAC had secured a vital airfield at Myitkyina (August 1944), which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over "The Hump".

question: What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?, answer: Battle of Imphal | question: Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?, answer: Chindits | question: What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force?, answer: Mount Song | question: When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?, answer: middle of 1944 | question: What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August, 1944?, answer: Myitkyina
Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a core. The change in heat capacity at a glass transition and a melting transition of comparable materials are typically of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the change in active degrees of freedom is comparable as well. Both in a glass and in a crystal it is mostly only the vibrational degrees of freedom that remain active, whereas rotational and translational motion is arrested. This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales.

question: Atomically, glass is similar to what?, answer: a supercooled liquid | question: What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?, answer: A supercooled liquid | question: Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?, answer: a solid | question: In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?, answer: rotational and translational
Although the campaign was criticized in Australia at the time, and in subsequent years, as pointless or a "waste" of the lives of soldiers, it did achieve a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the Dutch East Indies, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions. At one of the very worst sites, around Sandakan in Borneo, only six of some 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived.

question: How many British and Australian prisoners survived out of about 2500 around Sandakan?, answer: six | question: Sandakan was located in what providence?, answer: Borneo
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika and Lalithakala Thoranam. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances. The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood and as of 2012[update], produces the second largest number of films in India behind Bollywood. Films in the local Hyderabadi dialect are also produced and have been gaining popularity since 2005. The city has also hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio.

question: What type of art might one encounter at Lalithakala Thoranam?, answer: theatre and drama | question: What is Numaish?, answer: annual exhibition of local and national consumer products | question: What is a popular name for the Telugu film industry?, answer: Tollywood | question: Where was the Telugu film industry ranked in 2012 in India in comparison to Bollywood?, answer: second largest | question: What did Guinness World Records say of Ramoji Film City was in 20015?, answer: world's largest film studio
Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

question: What city became the state capital of South Carolina?, answer: Columbia | question: Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?, answer: 1786 | question: In what year was the cotton gin invented?, answer: 1793 | question: What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?, answer: cotton | question: Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations?, answer: Slaves
Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary "prepurified" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was "purified" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally "holier than all 'Men' born of woman" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of "purifying the waters of baptism by touching them." This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's "pre purification" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the "all pure seed" of Joachim and the womb "wider than heaven" of St. Ann.

question: Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?, answer: Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians | question: In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary in his writings ?, answer: to call Mary "prepurified" | question: What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?, answer: Emperor Justinian I, | question: What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?, answer: she was "purified" at the Annunciation | question: How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible?, answer: holier than all 'Men' born of woman
Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.

question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?, answer: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg | question: Who opposed the European Federalism?, answer: United Kingdom, Denmark and France | question: When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position?, answer: Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995
Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, church activities and school functions. Women organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. The Grange was a nationwide farmers' organization, they reserved high offices for women, and gave them a voice in public affairs.

question: who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?, answer: Women