lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the "enlightened" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments, and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld "the legitimacy of God-ordained authority"—the Bible—in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories.

question: Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?, answer: Jonathan Israel | question: To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?, answer: established authorities | question: What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?, answer: toleration and intellectual objectivity | question: The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?, answer: science and reason
Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization "was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority".

question: What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?, answer: the ideas themselves | question: What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?, answer: largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority | question: Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?, answer: social and economic | question: What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?, answer: 1650 to the end of the 18th century
Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?, answer: Jordanes | question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?, answer: the Sclaveni | question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?, answer: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

question: In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?, answer: 1980 | question: During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?, answer: the Partisans, | question: For what country is Tito viewed as unifying figure?, answer: Yugoslavia | question: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?, answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser | question: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?, answer: Sukarno
Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy.

question: How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?, answer: 119 | question: Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?, answer: 21 | question: Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?, answer: French | question: Which government awards the Order of the Bath?, answer: British | question: Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?, answer: Japanese
Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911–1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

question: Where was Josip Broz born?, answer: Kumrovec | question: In what year was Broz born?, answer: 1892 | question: What ethnicity was Broz's father?, answer: Croat | question: What ethnicity was Broz's mother?, answer: Slovene | question: What grade did he fail?, answer: 2nd
Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).

question: What ethnicity was Tito's mother?, answer: Slovene | question: What ethnicity was Tito's father?, answer: Croat | question: Who captured him during World War I?, answer: the Imperial Russians | question: Tito joined which unit in Omsk?, answer: Red Guard | question: What party in Yugoslavia did he join?, answer: Communist Party
José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

question: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?, answer: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña | question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?, answer: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch | question: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?, answer: June 2012 | question: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?, answer: June 2004 | question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?, answer: ECB veteran who heads its legal department
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.

question: Who was elected as President in 2005?, answer: João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira | question: What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?, answer: CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições) | question: How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?, answer: six years | question: What year did Vieira first assume power?, answer: 1980 | question: Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?, answer: Luís Cabral
Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term "house" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their "house" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJs were inspired to create their own "house" records.

question: What is Juan Atkins an originator of?, answer: Detroit techno music | question: What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?, answer: the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs | question: Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?, answer: differentiate the clubs and DJs
Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.

question: In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?, answer: three | question: What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly?, answer: whether a religious or national approach to identity is used | question: Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?, answer: Judaism
Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

question: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?, answer: approximately 1000 AD | question: When was Kievan Rus' formed?, answer: about 880 | question: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?, answer: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus | question: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?, answer: Old East Slavic | question: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?, answer: 988
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.

question: Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?, answer: convergent evolution | question: How can two different plants acquire the same traits?, answer: arisen independently | question: What traits show a shared ancestry?, answer: derived characters | question: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?, answer: tree-like diagrams
Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

question: When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?, answer: 1956 | question: When did Kubitschek leave office?, answer: 1961 | question: Who ordered Brasilia be built?, answer: Juscelino Kubitschek | question: How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?, answer: 5550 | question: When was Brasilia inaugurated?, answer: April 21, 1960
Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.

question: What have a characteristic shape?, answer: Roman letters | question: What occupy a more or less space area?, answer: Chinese characters | question: What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?, answer: Square-Block Characters
Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably in the very late Republic, the Julii claimed Venus Genetrix as ancestor; this would be one of many foundations for the Imperial cult. The claim was further elaborated and justified in Vergil's poetic, Imperial vision of the past.

question: What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?, answer: divine ancestor | question: What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?, answer: personal claim | question: Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?, answer: Imperial cult | question: What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?, answer: Venus Genetrix | question: What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood?, answer: Vergil
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.

question: Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?, answer: Leonardo da Vinci | question: Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?, answer: Juan Luis Vives | question: Where did this initiate?, answer: universities | question: What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?, answer: Aristotelian
Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.

question: How does a program collect information using a navigational system?, answer: require programs to loop | question: What is used to solve the problem of looping?, answer: a set-oriented language | question: What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?, answer: SQL | question: What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?, answer: tuple calculus | question: Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?, answer: Codd
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?, answer: upstream ISPs | question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?, answer: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP | question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?, answer: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to | question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?, answer: upstream ISPs
Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

question: Besides tax shifting, what is another need?, answer: subsidy shifting | question: What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?, answer: the Internet | question: What helped create the modern wind power industry?, answer: federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California
Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country.

question: What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?, answer: terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 | question: How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?, answer: eight months | question: Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?, answer: surged to near 90% | question: How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?, answer: Within a month | question: By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?, answer: December
Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.

question: Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?, answer: Moscardi, N.D. | question: What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?, answer: hack-and-slash | question: What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?, answer: gritty urban
Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent. Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.

question: What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?, answer: health and education | question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?, answer: 19 | question: What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?, answer: wholesale and retail | question: By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?, answer: 18.5 | question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?, answer: 16.2
KU Endowment was established in 1891 as America’s first foundation for a public university. Its mission is to partner with donors in providing philanthropic support to build a greater University of Kansas.

question: What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?, answer: KU Endowment | question: When was the KU Endowment founded?, answer: 1891 | question: To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?, answer: donors | question: What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?, answer: philanthropic support