lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Short Films, Big Ideas was launched at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in partnership with cinelan. Stories included breakthroughs in Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), cancer research, energy production, pain management and food access. Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. The winning amateur director film, The Cyborg Foundation, was awarded a US$100,000 prize at the 2013 at Sundance Film Festival.[citation needed] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5 billion total media impressions, 14 million online views, and was seen in 156 countries.[citation needed]

question: What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?, answer: Short Films, Big Ideas | question: Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?, answer: cinelan | question: What type of system is Sligshot?, answer: water vapor distillation | question: What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?, answer: US$100,000 | question: How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?, answer: 14 million
Short-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the northern hemisphere.

question: How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?, answer: two | question: Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?, answer: the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita | question: Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?, answer: to stay in the northern hemisphere
Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7±2 items (the title of his famous paper, "The magical number 7±2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4–5 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers.

question: What is another name for short-term memory?, answer: working memory. | question: What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?, answer: recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal | question: How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?, answer: capacity is also very limited | question: How can one higher their memory capacity?, answer: chunking. | question: Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?, answer: because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers
Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D). Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text; thus, while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalisations to all forms of memory cannot be made.

question: What does short-term memory depend on?, answer: an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. | question: What did conrad find about test subjects?, answer: subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar | question: What does Conrads finding seem to mean?, answer: . Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. | question: What was Conrads deal with?, answer: encoding of written text;
Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.

question: Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?, answer: frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe | question: Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?, answer: hippocampus | question: How much information can the hippocampus store?, answer: does not | question: If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?, answer: may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.
Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?, answer: Mutt and Jeff | question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?, answer: 1907 | question: When did comic books make an appearance?, answer: 1930s | question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?, answer: Action Comics
Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118–119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.

question: Who sent armies across the Pruth River?, answer: the Tsar | question: Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?, answer: Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov | question: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?, answer: Ottoman | question: In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?, answer: 1853 | question: How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?, answer: sickness
Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against her husband Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills.

question: Where did Eleanor leave to?, answer: Poitiers | question: John was taught by who?, answer: Ranulph Glanville | question: John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?, answer: magister
Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

question: When did France outlaw Catalan?, answer: 1789 | question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?, answer: French Revolution | question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?, answer: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque | question: What are French non standard languages called?, answer: patois
Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?, answer: 800,000 | question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?, answer: 45 camps | question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?, answer: 48,000 | question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?, answer: Wolf children
Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

question: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?, answer: the unification of the region | question: When did the Jin court head South?, answer: 317 | question: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?, answer: Nanjing | question: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?, answer: nobles and wealthy families
Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure.

question: In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?, answer: before 312 BCE | question: Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?, answer: plebeians | question: Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?, answer: only patricians | question: What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?, answer: Plebiscitum Ovinium | question: Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?, answer: the censor
Shortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.

question: What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?, answer: decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon | question: What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?, answer: while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time | question: In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test?, answer: 1959
Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.

question: When might an individual experience shortness of breath?, answer: heart limits the output of the left ventricle | question: What does diaphoresis refer to?, answer: excessive form of sweating | question: What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?, answer: inadequate blood flow to the brain
Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).

question: Who had increased access to better military technology?, answer: Shōen holders | question: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?, answer: civil and religious | question: Which class became a new military elite?, answer: provincial upper class | question: What does the word "bushi" mean?, answer: warrior
Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.

question: During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?, answer: Tang dynasty | question: Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?, answer: Du Fu | question: What was Chengu known to supply the country with?, answer: armies | question: Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?, answer: 755-763 | question: Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?, answer: the Tibetan Empire
Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 metres (24,790 ft) above sea level.

question: How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?, answer: two | question: What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?, answer: Sichuan basin | question: Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?, answer: Hengduan Mountains | question: Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?, answer: Daxue Mountains | question: How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?, answer: 24,790 ft
Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.

question: What area for the "Province of Abundance" refer to?, answer: Sichuan | question: What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?, answer: rice and wheat | question: What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?, answer: pork | question: How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?, answer: 93% | question: What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?, answer: transported to more developed eastern regions
Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country’s total production in 2000.

question: What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?, answer: coal, energy, iron and steel | question: What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?, answer: Chengdu and Mianyang | question: How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?, answer: 21.9% | question: Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?, answer: Deyang | question: Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?, answer: Panzhihua
Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world, after Uttar Pradesh, India and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until 1991, when the Soviet Union was dissolved. It is also one of the only six to ever reach 100 million people (Uttar Pradesh, Russian RSFSR, Maharashtra, Sichuan, Bihar and Punjab). It is currently 10th.

question: What are the three most populist provinces in China?, answer: Guangdong, Shandong and Henan | question: What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?, answer: 21 million | question: What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?, answer: Sichuan | question: How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?, answer: six | question: In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?, answer: 1991
Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Palermo's population had declined to 51,000. From 1479 until 1713 Palermo was ruled by the Kingdom of Spain, and again between 1717 and 1718. Palermo was also under Savoy control between 1713 and 1717 and 1718–1720 as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht. It was also ruled by Austria between 1720 and 1734.

question: What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?, answer: 1194 | question: What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?, answer: emigrated or were expelled | question: What was Palermos population in 1330?, answer: 51,000 | question: During what years did Austria rule Palermo?, answer: 1720 and 1734
Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John's. It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901. Today, Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists and locals alike; 97% of all tourists to St. John's visit Signal Hill. Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo, showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of foot, c. 1795, and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast.

question: What city does Signal Hill overlook?, answer: St. John's | question: Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?, answer: Signal Hill | question: What year was Cabot Tower built?, answer: 1897 | question: In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?, answer: 1897 | question: Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?, answer: Guglielmo Marconi