lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.

question: Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?, answer: federal judge Alex Kozinski | question: Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?, answer: reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked | question: What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?, answer: law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said | question: Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?, answer: saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law | question: Why would one judge reject another's opinion?, answer: incorrect statement of the law
As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.

question: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?, answer: chromosome Y | question: What is the differentiation process driven by?, answer: androgen hormones, | question: What results in sexual differences in males and females?, answer: secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain | question: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?, answer: the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life
As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.

question: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?, answer: Mac OS, System 7 | question: Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?, answer: Frogdesign | question: What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?, answer: the Apple Industrial Design Group | question: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?, answer: Apple Industrial Design Group | question: How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?, answer: co-operative multitasking
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.

question: What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called?, answer: Villa Schutzenberger | question: Who lost the architectural contest?, answer: Le Corbusier | question: Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?, answer: Richard Rogers | question: What did Zaha Hadid design?, answer: Hoenheim-Nord | question: What is considered to be the finest building?, answer: European Court of Human Rights
As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750–550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as "born in Lycia", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).

question: Who was god of colonization?, answer: Apollo | question: When was the height of colonization?, answer: 750–550 BCE | question: What does Lykegenes mean?, answer: born in Lycia
As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the "ghoostli" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.

question: The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?, answer: priory of Poissy | question: Where was the priory of Poissy located?, answer: France | question: What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?, answer: Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom | question: What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?, answer: a religious house founded by a royal house
As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument in their versions of Joropo as well as Puntos, Jotas, Polos, Fulias, Merengues and Malagueñas. Also, in the west of the country the sound of the mandolin is intrinsically associated with the regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes: Bambucos, Pasillos, Pasodobles, and Waltzes. In the western city of Maracaibo the Mandolin has been played in Decimas, Danzas and Contradanzas Zulianas; in the capital, Caracas, the Merengue Rucaneao, Pasodobles and Waltzes have also been played with mandolin for almost a century. Today, Venezuelan mandolists include an important group of virtuoso players and ensembles such as Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.

question: What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?, answer: Venezuela | question: What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country?, answer: regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes | question: Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist?, answer: Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto.
As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.

question: What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?, answer: arthropods | question: What are giant axons?, answer: the output signal lines of nerve cells | question: How do annelids withdraw from danger?, answer: shortening their bodies
As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.

question: What is Kaminfegerkinder?, answer: chimney sweep children | question: What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?, answer: spinning mills, factories and in agriculture | question: Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?, answer: poor farmers who needed cheap labour
As in most of eastern China the ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly Han nationality (98.56 percent), with 50 other minority nationalities. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to minority nationalities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were Hui nationalities, contributing 83.76 percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were Manchu (2,311) and Zhuang (533) nationalities. Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13 percent of the district's population.

question: What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?, answer: Han nationality | question: What minority nationality is most common?, answer: Hui nationalities | question: What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?, answer: Manchu | question: How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?, answer: 2,311 | question: How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?, answer: 50
As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of Basel. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance.

question: About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?, answer: 14th century | question: Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?, answer: harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death | question: Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?, answer: blamed on Jews | question: What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?, answer: accused of poisoning the wells with plague | question: When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?, answer: 1356,
As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.

question: In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?, answer: 1956 | question: How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?, answer: 60 | question: What made car travel much easier?, answer: highways
As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as "18° DIN". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as "18° DIN" would now be labeled as "21 DIN" without emulsion changes.

question: What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds?, answer: degrees | question: How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?, answer: as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN") | question: When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?, answer: with DIN 4512:1961-10 | question: Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?, answer: to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard | question: What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?, answer: would become doubled
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").

question: What is the usual way to make a plural?, answer: suffix -s | question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?, answer: morphological alternations | question: To what are these morphological changes similar?, answer: gender inflection | question: What is an important plural alternation?, answer: addition of -o-
As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont, based on cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities. The state was the site of the first successful controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the first half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration. Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas.

question: What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?, answer: Democratic | question: What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?, answer: tobacco, cotton and agriculture | question: When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?, answer: late 19th century | question: Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?, answer: western counties of the Piedmont | question: What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?, answer: cotton mills
As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.

question: Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?, answer: kill weeds | question: How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices?, answer: from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac" | question: How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?, answer: three times | question: When would farmers flood their fields?, answer: after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu | question: The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?, answer: salt-tolerant barley
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.

question: During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?, answer: 18 | question: How many times were Bell's patents contested?, answer: 587 | question: How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?, answer: 5 | question: Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?, answer: Amos Dolbear
As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

question: Who wrote the "Charleston"?, answer: Chris Smith | question: What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?, answer: 1920s | question: Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?, answer: Eubie Blake | question: Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?, answer: the Gullah community | question: Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?, answer: dock workers
As many Japanese had feared, Japan's supply arrangements could not maintain her forces. Once Mutaguchi's hopes for an early victory were thwarted, his troops, particularly those at Kohima, starved. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imphal. The two Allied attacks met on 22 June, breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal. The Japanese finally broke off the operation on 3 July. They had lost over 50,000 troops, mainly to starvation and disease. This represented the worst defeat suffered by the Japanese Army to that date.[citation needed]

question: What happened to Mutaguchi's troops?, answer: starved | question: When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken?, answer: 22 June | question: How many troops had the Japanese lost?, answer: 50,000 | question: What was the main cause of death of the Japanese troops?, answer: starvation and disease
As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.

question: What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?, answer: Theodore Roosevelt | question: What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?, answer: Porgy | question: What was the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?, answer: Porgy and Bess | question: Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?, answer: Folly Beach outside of Charleston | question: When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?, answer: summer of 1934
As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.

question: What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?, answer: pictorial signs
As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown. Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.

question: What group of buildings opened in 1977?, answer: The Renaissance Center | question: What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?, answer: high crime rate | question: What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?, answer: suburbs