lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

question: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?, answer: Spanish | question: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?, answer: Juan de Bermúdez | question: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?, answer: pigs | question: What company permanently settled Bermuda?, answer: the English Virginia Company | question: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?, answer: Juan de Bermúdez | question: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?, answer: 1503 | question: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?, answer: two | question: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?, answer: pigs | question: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?, answer: 1609
The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.

question: Where did smelting of iron begin?, answer: Anatolia | question: When did the smelting of iron first begin?, answer: around 1800 BC | question: When did iron making technology begin in Japan?, answer: around 700 AD | question: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?, answer: carbon | question: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?, answer: lower melting point
The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

question: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?, answer: AD 380 | question: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?, answer: Thessalonica of Theodosius I | question: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?, answer: state-sponsored support | question: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?, answer: state powers of legal enforcement | question: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?, answer: death sentence
The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.

question: When was the first known use of the word "computer"?, answer: 1613 | question: In which book, was the term "computer" first used?, answer: The Yong Mans Gleanings | question: Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?, answer: Richard Braithwait | question: From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?, answer: 19th century
The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).

question: When was the second landing on the Moon successful?, answer: November 1969 | question: When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?, answer: February 1971 | question: Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?, answer: July 1971 | question: On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?, answer: April 1972 | question: Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?, answer: December 1972
The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era.

question: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?, answer: enantiornithes | question: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?, answer: opposite birds | question: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?, answer: enantiornithes | question: When did enantiornithes become extinct?, answer: end of the Mesozoic era
The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as

question: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer., answer: first law of thermodynamics | question: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?, answer: energy | question: What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?, answer: for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes
The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

question: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?, answer: 1966 | question: What did this act due?, answer: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 | question: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?, answer: 1989 | question: What did it help do to?, answer: helped to reduce the exploitation of children
The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

question: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?, answer: 1910 | question: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?, answer: pesticide era | question: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?, answer: 1970 | question: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?, answer: Seventy-five percent | question: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?, answer: USA
The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

question: When was the first lighting used on an airport?, answer: latter part of the 1920s | question: When did approach lighting come into use?, answer: 1930s | question: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?, answer: 1940s | question: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?, answer: approach lighting | question: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?, answer: slope-line approach system
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around wide central vista, Shanti Path.

question: In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?, answer: the 1950s | question: What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?, answer: the Central Public Works Department | question: What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?, answer: Chanakyapuri | question: In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?, answer: southwest | question: What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?, answer: residences of ambassadors
The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?, answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver | question: What did the first model for communication consist of?, answer: sender, channel, and receiver | question: What was the sender in the initial model?, answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into | question: What was the channel in the initial model?, answer: the telephone itself | question: What was the receiver in the initial model?, answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
The first mention of the name "Rajasthan" appears in James Tod's 1829 publication Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, while the earliest known record of "Rajputana" as a name for the region is in George Thomas's 1800 memoir Military Memories. John Keay, in his book India: A History, stated that "Rajputana" was coined by the British in 1829, John Briggs, translating Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, used the phrase "Rajpoot (Rajput) princes" rather than "Indian princes".

question: When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?, answer: 1829 | question: In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?, answer: Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India | question: What is another name for the Rajasthan region?, answer: Rajputana | question: In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?, answer: 1800 | question: Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?, answer: John Keay
The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief-holding. The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. The Ottoman Turks began using falconets, which were short but wide cannons, during the Siege of Constantinople. The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour, using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses (progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse), and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent-shaped formation and then making the real attack. The decline in the army's performance became clear from the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War. The 18th century saw some limited success against Venice, but in the north the European-style Russian armies forced the Ottomans to concede land.

question: In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?, answer: 13th century | question: From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?, answer: the hills of western Anatolia | question: There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?, answer: Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân | question: The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?, answer: muskets and cannons | question: In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?, answer: Siege of Constantinople
The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin.

question: Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?, answer: Sir William Thomson | question: When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?, answer: 1872 | question: Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?, answer: James Thomson | question: James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?, answer: Lord Kelvin
The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.

question: What was the first Namibian newspaper?, answer: Windhoeker Anzeiger | question: What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?, answer: German | question: When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?, answer: 1898 | question: When was radio introduced in Namibia?, answer: 1969 | question: When was TV introduced in Namibia?, answer: 1981
The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.

question: Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?, answer: the British | question: What year was this done?, answer: 1919 | question: What year did the airship get destroyed?, answer: 1937 | question: What city was the ship over when it caught fire?, answer: New Jersey
The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931– 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.

question: What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?, answer: The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian | question: What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?, answer: thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire | question: The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?, answer: scholarly | question: Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?, answer: Angela Barry
The first of the Diadochi wars broke out when Perdiccas planned to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra and began to question Antigonus I Monophthalmus' leadership in Asia Minor. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. The rebels were supported by Lysimachus, the satrap of Thrace and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although Eumenes, satrap of Cappadocia, defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt (c. 21 May to 19 June, 320). Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and Seleucus I controlled Babylon.

question: Who did Diadochi plan to marry?, answer: Cleopatra | question: Who was Alexander's sister?, answer: Cleopatra | question: Who was the leader in Asia Minor?, answer: Antigonus I Monophthalmus | question: Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?, answer: Anatolia | question: Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?, answer: Perdiccas
The first part of the campaign went well, with John outmanoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy. A peace agreement was signed in which John returned Anjou to Philip and paid the French king compensation; the truce was intended to last for six years. John arrived back in England in October.

question: John besieged what castle?, answer: Roche-au-Moine | question: Who refused to advance with the king?, answer: The local Angevin nobles | question: Who won the battle of Bouvines?, answer: Philip | question: How long was the truce intended to last for?, answer: six years