lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

question: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?, answer: annexation | question: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?, answer: 1947 | question: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?, answer: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia | question: What was the result of the War of Independence?, answer: Eritrean independence | question: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?, answer: modern-day Eritrea
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig-Holstein, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.

question: What year was the Federal Republic of Germany created?, answer: 1949 | question: The Federal Republic of Germany was founded after which world war?, answer: World War II | question: What area was initially not apart of the Federal Republic of Germany?, answer: West Berlin | question: When was the Federal Republic of Germany formed?, answer: 1949 | question: How did this republic come to be?, answer: the aftermath of World War II | question: How was the republic controlled at the end World War II?, answer: American, British, and French administration | question: Which state was NOT a part of the Federal Republic in 1949?, answer: West Berlin | question: When was the Federal Republic of Germany created, answer: 1949 | question: Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?, answer: American, British, and French | question: Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?, answer: West Berlin | question: What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?, answer: World War II
The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long-term historical trends: the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism. The modern nation state, in its consolidation of public power, created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state, which allowed for the public sphere. Capitalism also increased society's autonomy and self-awareness, and an increasing need for the exchange of information. As the nascent public sphere expanded, it embraced a large variety of institutions; the most commonly cited were coffee houses and cafés, salons and the literary public sphere, figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters. In France, the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy's move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720, since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations, especially fine paintings.

question: The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?, answer: rise of the modern nation state | question: What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?, answer: Capitalism | question: In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?, answer: 1720
The creation–evolution controversy in the United States raises the issue of whether creationistic ideas may be legitimately called science and whether evolution itself may be legitimately called science. In the debate, both sides and even courts in their decisions have frequently invoked Popper's criterion of falsifiability (see Daubert standard). In this context, passages written by Popper are frequently quoted in which he speaks about such issues himself. For example, he famously stated "Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program—a possible framework for testable scientific theories." He continued:

question: Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?, answer: criterion of falsifiability | question: What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?, answer: metaphysical | question: What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?, answer: possible framework | question: Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?, answer: creation–evolution
The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

question: What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?, answer: Moriscos | question: When were the Jews expelled?, answer: 1609 | question: Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?, answer: North Africa | question: What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?, answer: a third | question: When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?, answer: 1613
The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to "break the tie" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.

question: What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?, answer: critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. | question: Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?, answer: the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. | question: To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?, answer: editors tended to favor trees with two branches | question: Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?, answer: this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment | question: What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method?, answer: the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.
The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

question: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?, answer: assassination attempt | question: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?, answer: Brotherhood | question: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?, answer: Sayyid Qutb | question: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?, answer: house arrest | question: Who assumed total control of Egypt?, answer: Nasser
The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, which had been captured by Saladin (d. 1193) in 1187.[Z] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Holy Land to Constantinople, and captured the city in 1204, setting up a Latin Empire of Constantinople and greatly weakening the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261, but never regained their former strength. By 1291 all the crusader states had been captured or forced from the mainland, although a titular Kingdom of Jerusalem survived on the island of Cyprus for several years afterwards.

question: What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?, answer: to regain Jerusalem | question: Who took Jerusalem in 1187?, answer: Saladin | question: In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?, answer: 1203 | question: What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?, answer: Latin Empire of Constantinople | question: After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?, answer: Cyprus
The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence to anyone who took part. Tens of thousands of people from all levels of society mobilised across Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews that often took place as the crusaders left their countries for the East. These were especially brutal during the First Crusade, when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction. Another outgrowth of the crusades was the foundation of a new type of monastic order, the military orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, which fused monastic life with military service.

question: What pope launched the First crusade?, answer: Urban II | question: At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?, answer: the Council of Clermont | question: In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?, answer: 1095 | question: What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?, answer: Alexios I Komnenos | question: In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?, answer: 1099
The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages. Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.

question: What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?, answer: western Switzerland | question: What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?, answer: Gruyère | question: What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?, answer: climate and languages | question: What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?, answer: Emmental | question: How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?, answer: similar
The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are pulaka, taro, bananas, breadfruit and coconut. Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including coconut crab and fish from the lagoon and ocean. A traditional food source is seabirds (taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).

question: What is the stable protein of Tuvalu?, answer: fish | question: What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?, answer: coconut | question: What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?, answer: animal | question: What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?, answer: seabirds | question: At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?, answer: fateles
The cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE. The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis, Apollo's twin sister. At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho. For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods. In archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with "healing". In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil. Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed "a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component."

question: Who was Apollo's twin sister?, answer: Artemis | question: To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?, answer: Artemis | question: Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship?, answer: Walter Burkert
The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.

question: How long ago were grapes first cultivated?, answer: 6,000–8,000 years ago | question: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?, answer: Yeast | question: Where is the oldest know winery located?, answer: Armenia | question: What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?, answer: Shiraz | question: How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?, answer: hieroglyphics
The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?, answer: copper lumps | question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?, answer: the shape and look | question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?, answer: Julius Caesar | question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?, answer: 15,000 t | question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?, answer: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys
The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.

question: Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?, answer: Brunei | question: Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?, answer: Chinese | question: The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?, answer: Singapore
The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning "to be blessed". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea ("shai" ሻሂ shahee) will instead be served.

question: What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?, answer: Red Sea coast | question: How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?, answer: three | question: What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?, answer: the coffee ceremony | question: What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?, answer: most likely tea | question: What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?, answer: awel
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.

question: Where did Greece culture begin?, answer: Mycenaean Greece | question: What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?, answer: Greek War of Independence | question: The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?, answer: thousands of years
The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia.

question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?, answer: Northeast | question: Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?, answer: Southeast | question: What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?, answer: India | question: Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?, answer: the Arabian Peninsula
The cup triumph was also Everton's passport to the Cup Winners' Cup—their first European campaign in the post-Heysel era. Progress under Joe Royle continued in 1995–96 as they climbed to sixth place in the Premiership. A fifteenth-place finish the following season saw Royle resign towards the end of the campaign, to be temporarily replaced by club captain, Dave Watson. Howard Kendall was appointed Everton manager for the third time in 1997, but the appointment proved unsuccessful as Everton finished seventeenth in the Premiership; only avoiding relegation due to their superior goal difference over Bolton Wanderers. Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table.

question: Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?, answer: Dave Watson | question: In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?, answer: 1997 | question: Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?, answer: Walter Smith | question: How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?, answer: three | question: What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?, answer: seventeenth
The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr.'s then-majority interest in the island in 1919. Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training: it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field. (The ballpark is long gone, but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club.) However, by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa, Arizona. The Cubs' 30-year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book, The Cubs on Catalina, by Jim Vitti . . . which was named International 'Book of the Year' by The Sporting News.

question: Who had a majority interest in Cataline island in 1919?, answer: William Wrigley Jr | question: What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?, answer: a ballpark | question: When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island?, answer: 1951