lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.

question: What were von Neumann's model an example of?, answer: viewed as a special case of linear programming | question: What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?, answer: unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself. | question: What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?, answer: fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality
Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil "a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit."

question: On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?, answer: ENIAC | question: In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation, answer: 1950 | question: How much colder was world in last glacial age?, answer: 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder
Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

question: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?, answer: length | question: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?, answer: true | question: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?, answer: zonen | question: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?, answer: length | question: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?, answer: mug
Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.

question: What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?, answer: Voyager 2 | question: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?, answer: 25 August 1989 | question: What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?, answer: Triton | question: What program aired on PBS about Neptune?, answer: Neptune All Night
W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.

question: What is another name for Tenth Avenue?, answer: Amsterdam Avenue | question: At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?, answer: Riverside Drive | question: What is another name for Ninth Avenue?, answer: Morningside Drive | question: Which district surrounds Columbia University?, answer: Morningside Heights
W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue.

question: At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?, answer: Morningside Avenue | question: At which park does W 122nd Street end?, answer: Morningside Park | question: How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?, answer: six | question: Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?, answer: Mount Morris | question: What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?, answer: Lenox Avenue
WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued." And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.

question: What does WHO recommend?, answer: a child with diarrhea continue to be fed | question: What does continuing to eat do for your illness?, answer: Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function | question: What happens when a childs food is restricted?, answer: children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly
WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

question: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?, answer: ION | question: What is the abbreviation of CTN?, answer: Community Television Network
Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.

question: What river is a tributary of the River Thames?, answer: the River Wandle | question: What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?, answer: "Loop" | question: What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?, answer: the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk | question: What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?, answer: Access to canals and rivers | question: Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?, answer: the Thames Path
Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.

question: Which lake is the cities largest lake?, answer: Lake Stanley Draper
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their "families" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.

question: What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?, answer: Hong Kong Disneyland | question: Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?, answer: Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney | question: The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?, answer: Universal Studios | question: What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?, answer: Guardians of the Galaxy | question: What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?, answer: Big Hero 6
Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

question: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?, answer: Walter Bradford Cannon | question: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?, answer: a conscious experience of an emotion | question: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?, answer: too slow and often imperceptible
Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.

question: Who tried to outlaw slavery?, answer: Wang Mang | question: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?, answer: Gradual silt buildup | question: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?, answer: Han engineers | question: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?, answer: The Yellow River | question: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?, answer: massive floods
Wang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 review paper, Štrkalj suggested that the stark contrast of the racial approach between the United States and China was due to the fact that race is a factor for social cohesion among the ethnically diverse people of China, whereas "race" is a very sensitive issue in America and the racial approach is considered to undermine social cohesion - with the result that in the socio-political context of US academics scientists are encouraged not to use racial categories, whereas in China they are encouraged to use them.

question: What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?, answer: Acta Anthropologica Sinica | question: Who is the race concept widely used by?, answer: Chinese anthropologists | question: What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?, answer: social cohesion | question: Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?, answer: sensitive issue | question: What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?, answer: racial categories
War work again brought local prosperity during World War II, this time centered on Boeing aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the Japanese American internment. After the war, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial airliner market. Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair. Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the oil crises, loss of Government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the Boeing 747. Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."

question: During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?, answer: Boeing aircraft | question: What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?, answer: Japanese American internment | question: In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?, answer: commercial airliner market | question: How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?, answer: 1962 World's Fair | question: What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?, answer: Boeing
Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Château Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. As a result, commanders of the period were increasingly drawing on larger numbers of mercenaries.

question: Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?, answer: defensive potential of castles | question: What were mercenary forces called?, answer: Brabançons | question: What castle was built at a strategic point?, answer: Château Gaillard
Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD.

question: With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs?, answer: Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work | question: How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?, answer: 3 semesters | question: What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?, answer: LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers | question: How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?, answer: 85 hours | question: During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?, answer: Spring, Summer, and Fall
Washington University has a large number of student-run musical groups on campus, including 12 official a cappella groups. The Pikers, an all-male group, is the oldest such group on campus. The Greenleafs, an all-female group is the oldest (and only) female group on campus. The Mosaic Whispers, founded in 1991, is the oldest co-ed group on campus. They have produced 9 albums and have appeared on a number of compilation albums, including Ben Folds' Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella! The Amateurs, who also appeared on this album, is another co-ed a cappella group on campus, founded in 1991. They have recorded seven albums and toured extensively. After Dark is a co-ed a cappella group founded in 2001. It has released three albums and has won several Contemporary A Capella Recording (CARA) awards. In 2008 the group performed on MSNBC during coverage of the vice presidential debate with specially written songs about Joe Biden and Sarah Palin. The Ghost Lights, founded in 2010, is the campus's newest and only Broadway, Movies, and Television soundtrack group. They have performed multiple philanthropic concerts in the greater St. Louis area and were honored in November 2010 with the opportunity to perform for Nobel Laureate Douglass North at his birthday celebration.

question: How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?, answer: 12 | question: What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?, answer: The Pikers | question: What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?, answer: The Greenleafs | question: When was the oldest co-ed a cappella group at Washington University founded?, answer: 1991 | question: When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?, answer: 2008
Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996, but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates, the debate was canceled. The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate, between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden, on October 2, 2008, also at the Washington University Athletic Complex.

question: What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?, answer: 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016 | question: What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?, answer: Washington University Athletic Complex | question: Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?, answer: scheduling difficulties between the candidates | question: When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?, answer: October 2, 2008 | question: Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?, answer: Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden
Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the Student Union sponsors large-scale campus programs including WILD (a semesterly concert in the quad) and free copies of the New York Times, USA Today, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch through The Collegiate Readership Program; it also contributes to the Assembly Series, a weekly lecture series produced by the University, and funds the campus television station, WUTV, and the radio station, KWUR. KWUR was named best radio station in St. Louis of 2003 by the Riverfront Times despite the fact that its signal reaches only a few blocks beyond the boundaries of the campus. There are 11 fraternities and 9 sororities, with approximately 35% of the student body being involved in Greek life. The Congress of the South 40 (CS40) is a Residential Life and Events Programming Board, which operates outside of the SU sphere. CS40's funding comes from the Housing Activities Fee of each student living on the South 40.

question: How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus?, answer: 300 | question: How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?, answer: by the Washington University Student Union | question: What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?, answer: $2 million | question: What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?, answer: 35% | question: How many fraternities are located at Washington University?, answer: 11