lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s, with locations across the country. It also previously owned Zellers, another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada. Other department stores in Canada are: Canadian Tire, Sears Canada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco and Holt Renfrew. Grocery giant Superstores carry many non-grocery items akin to a department store. Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased (Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994). Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman's, Spencer's, Simpsons, Morgan's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities. Department stores in Canada are similar in design and style to department stores in the United States.

question: What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in?, answer: the fur trade | question: What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?, answer: Zellers | question: How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart?, answer: 160 | question: Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada?, answer: Walmart
From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.

question: When did the European debt Crisis begin?, answer: 2009 | question: What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?, answer: the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced | question: Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?, answer: Greece | question: Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?, answer: new elected government | question: What had Greece's previous government been hiding?, answer: its true indebtedness and budget deficit
From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18. On May 27, 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held. On June 18, 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky's call for an international day of prayer.

question: What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?, answer: plight of their Church. | question: When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?, answer: May 27, 1989 | question: How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?, answer: an estimated 100,000
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom.

question: The band Rush is what nationality?, answer: Canadian | question: What are the first three Rush albums?, answer: Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel | question: What nationality was Thin Lizzy?, answer: Irish | question: What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?, answer: "The Boys Are Back in Town" | question: The Scorpions hailed from what country?, answer: Germany
From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.

question: Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?, answer: the Xiongnu | question: When was the first national census taken in China?, answer: 2 AD | question: What was the population of China in 2 AD?, answer: 57,671,400 | question: What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?, answer: 60 BC | question: Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?, answer: Dian
From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire, found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589, and the siege of A Coruña in 1589 by the English Armada. Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates, but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town of Cangas in 1617. At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; the Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia (the local Cortes or representative assembly) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting the conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom.

question: Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?, answer: Vigo | question: Who attacked Cangas in 1617?, answer: Barbary pirates
From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.

question: During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?, answer: 10th to the 13th century | question: What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?, answer: Croatia | question: Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?, answer: proximity of some regions | question: During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?, answer: the Gothic | question: England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?, answer: Spain
From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups. Subsequent influential classifications by Georges Buffon, Petrus Camper and Christoph Meiners all classified "Negros" as inferior to Europeans. In the United States the racial theories of Thomas Jefferson were influential. He saw Africans as inferior to Whites especially in regards to their intellect, and imbued with unnatural sexual appetites, but described Native Americans as equals to whites.

question: What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?, answer: an "ideology of race" | question: What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?, answer: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct | question: How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?, answer: mixture between formerly distinct populations | question: What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?, answer: Negros | question: Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?, answer: Thomas Jefferson
From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?, answer: 1880s to 1914 | question: What was Europe competing for?, answer: Africa’s land and resources. | question: What did Great Britain control?, answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa | question: Where in Africa did the French have control?, answer: West Africa | question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control?, answer: southern Africa
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

question: What replaced false beliefs?, answer: true theories | question: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?, answer: Thomas Kuhn | question: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?, answer: the 18th century | question: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?, answer: competing paradigms
From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They gained federal money from national programs; like other southern states, Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary. Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South. They have had "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending."

question: What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960, answer: 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats | question: Does Florida benefit from taxes, answer: Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary | question: What party political party dominates Florida now, answer: Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party | question: How does Florida vote in presidential elections, answer: continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South | question: What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge, answer: the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government
From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-bearing strata dating from the last ice age. Center pivot irrigation is used extensively in drier sections of the Great Plains, resulting in aquifer depletion at a rate that is greater than the ground's ability to recharge.

question: around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing, answer: 1950s | question: what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?, answer: Ogallala Aquifer | question: what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?, answer: Center pivot irrigation
From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

question: When were students used as workers?, answer: 1950s | question: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?, answer: 21 days | question: Did they need parental consent?, answer: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission | question: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?, answer: 2012
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?, answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie | question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?, answer: international intellectual movement. | question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?, answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender | question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?, answer: a process called globalization
From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?, answer: 1980s | question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?, answer: as albums | question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?, answer: L'Association | question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?, answer: print market
From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.

question: In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?, answer: ESPN | question: In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?, answer: midnight | question: What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?, answer: Arena Bowl XII | question: In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?, answer: 1998 | question: On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?, answer: Wide World of Sports
From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

question: What is used now to group plants?, answer: DNA sequences | question: What was previously used to group plants?, answer: morphological characters | question: How is DNA grouping superior?, answer: genetic code itself is used | question: Are fungi more like plants or animals?, answer: closely related to animals | question: When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?, answer: 1990s