lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

question: What law allowed the existence of beer houses?, answer: Beer Act of 1830 | question: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?, answer: low alcohol content | question: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?, answer: gin | question: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?, answer: reducing public drunkenness
Under a front page headline "The Truth", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable "whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient." Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said – a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.

question: What did the paper report that some fans did?, answer: picked the pockets of crushed victims | question: Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?, answer: a police constable | question: Who wrote the headline "The Truth"?, answer: Kelvin MacKenzie | question: Who wrote the actual story?, answer: Harry Arnold | question: What was the story based on?, answer: allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said
Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H 2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:

question: What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?, answer: anaerobic | question: What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?, answer: formation of ferrous hydroxide | question: What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?, answer: green rust
Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.

question: A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?, answer: the U.S. Military | question: How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?, answer: 43 lb (20 kg) | question: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?, answer: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player
Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

question: What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure?, answer: marine sedimentary rocks | question: When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?, answer: As the rising peaks underwent erosion | question: What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?, answer: Coarse sediments | question: Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?, answer: flysch
Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

question: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?, answer: ministers | question: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?, answer: reserve powers | question: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?, answer: his or her ministers | question: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?, answer: ministers | question: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?, answer: improbable
Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

question: When were the papal terms for submission accepted?, answer: May 1213 | question: How many marks did John surrender?, answer: 1,000 | question: Where was the agreement formalised?, answer: Bulla Aurea
Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.

question: How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?, answer: third most abundant | question: what produces hydrogen gas?, answer: bacteria and algae
Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

question: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?, answer: £168 | question: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?, answer: beer or cider | question: On what day were beer houses closed?, answer: Sundays | question: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?, answer: jugs | question: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?, answer: spirits and fortified wines
Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

question: When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?, answer: 1995–2004 | question: What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?, answer: Soviet Union | question: In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?, answer: 1978 | question: Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?, answer: Charlotte | question: What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?, answer: Citizens Business Bank Arena
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

question: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?, answer: 1996 | question: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?, answer: one | question: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?, answer: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 | question: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?, answer: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

question: When was the Bretton Woods system established?, answer: after World War II | question: What was the fixed value of gold?, answer: $35 per ounce | question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?, answer: the value of gold | question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?, answer: convert dollars to gold | question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?, answer: 1971
Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.

question: Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?, answer: Rogers Communications | question: Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?, answer: a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers | question: Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?, answer: on CBC-owned stations
Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154–89) and his son Richard I (r. 1189–99), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226–70), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]

question: Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?, answer: William the Conqueror | question: During what period did William reign over England?, answer: 1066–87 | question: When did Robert Guiscard die?, answer: 1085 | question: What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?, answer: Kingdom of Sicily | question: To what dynasty did Henry II belong?, answer: Angevin
Under the Köppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.

question: What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?, answer: humid subtropical climate zone | question: What is the summer weather like?, answer: hot and muggy | question: What is the normal snowfall?, answer: 22.4 in | question: How much rain does Philly get on average?, answer: 41.5 inches | question: What is the most rain in one day?, answer: 8.02 in
Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

question: When was the Qing dynasty in power?, answer: 1644–1911 | question: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?, answer: Jiangning | question: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?, answer: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors | question: What year did the First Opium War end?, answer: 1842
Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...").

question: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?, answer: does not require both houses to meet jointly | question: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?, answer: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament | question: Which document formats the letters patent?, answer: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992 | question: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?, answer: 2000
Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951. The first record, a Chicago Symphony Orchestra performance of Pictures at an Exhibition, conducted by Rafael Kubelik, was described as "being in the living presence of the orchestra" by The New York Times music critic. The series of records was then named Mercury Living Presence. In 1955, Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961, Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35 mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, Wilma Cozart Fine, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.

question: For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?, answer: Mercury Records | question: What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?, answer: prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response | question: Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?, answer: Mercury | question: Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?, answer: The center | question: In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?, answer: 1955
Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).

question: What states that there is no general federal common law?, answer: the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins | question: When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?, answer: 1938 | question: Why can't federal courts just make up law?, answer: lack the plenary power possessed by state courts | question: When are states allowed to use plenary power?, answer: absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law