lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Caesar became consul in 59 BC. His colleague, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, was an extreme aristocrat. Caesar submitted the laws that he had promised Pompey to the assemblies. Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws, and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage. Caesar was then made governor of three provinces. He facilitated the election of the former patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher to the tribunate for 58 BC. Clodius set about depriving Caesar's senatorial enemies of two of their more obstinate leaders in Cato and Cicero. Clodius was a bitter opponent of Cicero because Cicero had testified against him in a sacrilege case. Clodius attempted to try Cicero for executing citizens without a trial during the Catiline conspiracy, resulting in Cicero going into self-imposed exile and his house in Rome being burnt down. Clodius also passed a bill that forced Cato to lead the invasion of Cyprus which would keep him away from Rome for some years. Clodius also passed a law to expand the previous partial grain subsidy to a fully free grain dole for citizens.

question: Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?, answer: Bibulus | question: What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?, answer: sacrilege case | question: Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy?, answer: Clodius | question: Which individual lost his home to a fire?, answer: Cicero | question: Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC?, answer: Publius Clodius Pulcher
Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him.

question: In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?, answer: Caesar | question: What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?, answer: power to veto | question: In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?, answer: 46 BC | question: What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?, answer: raised the membership of the Senate to 900
Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and declare himself king. Others feared loss of property or prestige as Caesar carried out his land reforms in favor of the landless classes. Virtually all the conspirators fled the city after Caesar's death in fear of retaliation. The civil war that followed destroyed what was left of the Republic.

question: On what date was Caesar killed?, answer: March 15, 44 BC | question: Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?, answer: senators | question: What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?, answer: the monarchy | question: Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?, answer: fear of retaliation | question: Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?, answer: Caesar
Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC. Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.

question: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?, answer: Caesar | question: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?, answer: senators | question: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?, answer: Mark Antony | question: When did Julius Caesar die?, answer: March 44 BC | question: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?, answer: the Roman Republic was in danger
Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015.

question: How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?, answer: three | question: What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?, answer: Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's | question: What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?, answer: Chapter 11 | question: What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?, answer: 2015 | question: Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?, answer: casino operating unit
Cairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.

question: According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?, answer: 551-600 | question: According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?, answer: 360 | question: According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?, answer: 701+ range | question: What is the aim of new research institutes?, answer: modernising research
Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

question: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?, answer: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758 | question: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?, answer: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania | question: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?, answer: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania | question: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?, answer: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. | question: What political development shaped the policy of the British?, answer: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911. However, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire (as it was officially called) from Calcutta to Delhi. Unlike Calcutta, which was located on the eastern coast of India, Delhi was at the centre of northern India and the Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from the latter rather than the former.

question: What city was the capital of India until December 1911?, answer: Calcutta | question: What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?, answer: Kolkata | question: What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?, answer: Mughal Empire | question: In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?, answer: Delhi | question: In what part of India is Delhi located?, answer: the centre of northern India
Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 when most opinion polls showed Labour to have a narrow lead. However he decided to extend his wage restraint policy for another year hoping that the economy would be in a better shape for a 1979 election. But during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".

question: In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?, answer: 1978 | question: Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?, answer: lorry drivers | question: Why were they striking?, answer: higher pay | question: What was this strike called?, answer: Winter of Discontent
Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers, woodpeckers drum territorially, and palm cockatoos use tools to drum.

question: What do some birds use for auditory communication?, answer: mechanical sounds | question: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?, answer: Calls | question: Which birds drum territorially?, answer: woodpeckers | question: Which type of birds use tools to drum?, answer: palm
Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

question: Where was Jesus Crucified?, answer: Calvary | question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?, answer: all four Gospels | question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?, answer: a place of public execution | question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?, answer: skulls of abandoned victims | question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?, answer: the name was derived from the physical contour
Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born. The complete set of these studies' demographic projections postulates the near-complete assimilation of a given Hispanophone immigrant cohort within two generations. Although his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population.

question: Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?, answer: Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project | question: What is Calvin Veltman' study about?, answer: the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants | question: Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?, answer: his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated), | question: Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?, answer: data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population. | question: What was Calvin Veltman' findings?, answer: high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born.
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.

question: How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?, answer: the way of life | question: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?, answer: Terror Management Theory | question: What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?, answer: larger brain
Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?, answer: Victor Emmanuel II | question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?, answer: 15,000 | question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?, answer: General Alfonso La Marmora | question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?, answer: 1855 | question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?, answer: Piedmont-Sardinia
Camouflage is an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. This sort of protective coloration is common and widespread among beetle families, especially those that feed on wood or vegetation, such as many of the leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) or weevils. In some of these species, sculpturing or various colored scales or hairs cause the beetle to resemble bird dung or other inedible objects. Many of those that live in sandy environments blend in with the coloration of the substrate. Most phasmids are known for effectively replicating the forms of sticks and leaves, and the bodies of some species (such as O. macklotti and Palophus centaurus) are covered in mossy or lichenous outgrowths that supplement their disguise. Some species have the ability to change color as their surroundings shift (B. scabrinota, T. californica). In a further behavioral adaptation to supplement crypsis, a number of species have been noted to perform a rocking motion where the body is swayed from side to side that is thought to reflect the movement of leaves or twigs swaying in the breeze. Another method by which stick insects avoid predation and resemble twigs is by feigning death (catalepsy), where the insect enters a motionless state that can be maintained for a long period. The nocturnal feeding habits of adults also aids Phasmatodea in remaining concealed from predators.

question: What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?, answer: Camouflage | question: What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?, answer: blend | question: Protective coloring is common in what insect family?, answer: beetle | question: What is Chrysomelidae?, answer: leaf beetles | question: A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?, answer: bird dung
Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.

question: In which year was Campus Martius open?, answer: 2004 | question: What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?, answer: riverfront | question: In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?, answer: 2001 | question: What opened in 2011?, answer: Port Authority Passenger Terminal | question: Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?, answer: Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center
Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

question: How are NPOs classified in Canada?, answer: incorporated or unincorporated | question: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?, answer: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations | question: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?, answer: formal approval by the appropriate government | question: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?, answer: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association | question: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?, answer: Letters Patent
Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

question: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?, answer: Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) | question: What are donors to receive from a NPO?, answer: income tax receipts | question: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?, answer: file annual reports | question: How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?, answer: a common law test to its stated objects and activities | question: What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?, answer: cash, investments and fixed assets
Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

question: For what did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?, answer: canoes | question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?, answer: Henry Kelsey | question: For what trading company did Kelsey work?, answer: Hudson’s Bay Company | question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?, answer: Alexander MacKenzie | question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?, answer: Canada