lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The forces converged in the largest sea battle of World War II up to that point. Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa's screening force. Repeated U.S. raids destroyed the Japanese land-based planes. Ozawa's main attack lacked coordination, with the Japanese planes arriving at their targets in a staggered sequence. Following a directive from Nimitz, the U.S. carriers all had combat information centers, which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the Hellcats. The result was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. The few attackers to reach the U.S. fleet encountered massive AA fire with proximity fuzes. Only one American warship was slightly damaged.

question: How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?, answer: 17 | question: In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?, answer: staggered | question: How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot?, answer: one | question: Where did the radio interception orders to U.S> Hellcat fighters come from?, answer: combat information centers | question: Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?, answer: Nimitz
The forests play a vital role in harbouring more than 45,000 floral and 81,000 faunal species of which 5150 floral and 1837 faunal species are endemic. Plant and animal species confined to a specific geographical area are called endemic species. In reserved forests, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources or products. The unclassed forests covers 6.4 percent of the total forest area and they are marked by the following characteristics:

question: What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?, answer: The forests | question: How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?, answer: 5150 | question: How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?, answer: 1837 | question: What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?, answer: endemic species | question: What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?, answer: hunting and grazing
The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked.

question: Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?, answer: past | question: What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?, answer: indicative, subjunctive and imperative | question: Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?, answer: third | question: What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?, answer: -de | question: How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?, answer: altering the root vowel
The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries[c]), each headed by two presidents[d] and assisted by four vice presidents.[e] In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat,[f] which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming, lost its importance during the Qing and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming formed the core of the Qing "Outer Court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.

question: Who was the main leader of the Qing?, answer: Emperor | question: Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?, answer: Manchu noblemen and Han officials | question: What happened to the Grand Secretariat?, answer: evolved into an imperial chancery
The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.

question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?, answer: G. Stanley Hall | question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?, answer: describing | question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?, answer: Adolescence in 1904 | question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?, answer: Darwin
The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

question: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?, answer: formalist | question: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?, answer: journalism | question: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?, answer: "ordinary language" | question: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?, answer: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history | question: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?, answer: must use language according to particular standards
The format also became quite popular in Hong Kong during the 1990s before the introduction of VCDs and DVD; although people rarely bought the discs (because each LD was priced around USD100), high rental activity helped the video rental business in the city grow larger than it had ever been previously. Due to integration with the Japanese export market, NTSC LaserDiscs were used in the Hong Kong market, in contrast to the PAL standard used for broadcast (This anomaly also exists for DVD). This created a market for multi-system TVs and multi-system VCRs which could display or play both PAL and NTSC materials in addition to SECAM materials (which were never popular in Hong Kong). Some LD players could convert NTSC signals to PAL so that most TVs used in Hong Kong could display the LD materials.

question: How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?, answer: USD100 | question: Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?, answer: PAL standard | question: In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?, answer: NTSC
The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software.

question: What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?, answer: instant-access capability | question: What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?, answer: Sega's Astron Belt | question: In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?, answer: 1983
The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the Alpide belt, from Gibraltar through the Himalayas to Indonesia—a process that began at the end of the Mesozoic and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the African and the Eurasian plates that began in the late Cretaceous Period.

question: When did the formation of the alps began?, answer: about 300 million years ago | question: What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?, answer: a single tectonic plate | question: When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?, answer: the Mesozoic Era | question: The Tethys sea developed during what period of time?, answer: Jurassic Period | question: The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time?, answer: the late Cretaceous Period
The formation of the ice giants, Neptune and Uranus, has proven difficult to model precisely. Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion, and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation. One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.

question: What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?, answer: nearby massive OB star | question: What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?, answer: matter density | question: If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?, answer: core accretion
The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name "Liberal" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.

question: Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?, answer: Sydney Town Hall | question: Where did the name "Liberal" come from?, answer: in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party | question: What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?, answer: Young Liberals | question: How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?, answer: more than 90,000
The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park; the first was built in 1976 as the spring-training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979. Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park, this complex provides 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of team facilities, including major league clubhouse, four practice fields, one practice infield, enclosed batting tunnels, batting cages, a maintenance facility, and administrative offices for the Cubs.

question: Where was the former location in Mesa?, answer: the second HoHoKam Park | question: How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?, answer: 25,000 square feet | question: When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?, answer: 1976
The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.

question: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?, answer: a citizens' initiative | question: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?, answer: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011 | question: What does SFOE stand for?, answer: Swiss Federal Office of Energy | question: What does DETEC stand for?, answer: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications | question: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?, answer: the nation's energy use
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

question: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672, answer: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht | question: In 1674 what hit Utrecht, answer: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado | question: What collapsed during the tornado, answer: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral | question: What did Utrecht host in 1713, answer: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession | question: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become, answer: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
The fossil record indicates that birds are the last surviving dinosaurs, having evolved from feathered ancestors within the theropod group of saurischian dinosaurs. True birds first appeared during the Cretaceous period, around 100 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off all other dinosaurs. Birds in South America survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world via multiple land bridges while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group Avialae, have been found dating back to the mid-Jurassic period. Many of these early "stem-birds", such as Archaeopteryx, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks, and long bony tails.

question: What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?, answer: birds | question: When did true birds first appear?, answer: Cretaceous period | question: Name an example of an early stem-bird., answer: Archaeopteryx
The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists believe that corrected for sampling artifacts, modern biodiversity may not be much different from biodiversity 300 million years ago., whereas others consider the fossil record reasonably reflective of the diversification of life. Estimates of the present global macroscopic species diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million, with a best estimate of somewhere near 9 million, the vast majority arthropods. Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection.

question: What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?, answer: The fossil record | question: Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?, answer: how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. | question: What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?, answer: from 2 million to 100 million | question: What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?, answer: Diversity
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

question: What two entities was the foundation divided into, answer: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust | question: What does the foundation entity focus on, answer: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty | question: What does the Trust entity focus on, answer: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals | question: What is held in the trust entity, answer: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

question: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of, answer: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria | question: How many children were protected from death, answer: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases | question: What are some consequences of the investments, answer: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa | question: What has the focus on a few diseases caused, answer: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation | question: Vaccinations programs encouraged what, answer: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".