lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

question: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?, answer: 20 | question: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?, answer: Mediterranean western coast | question: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?, answer: second | question: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?, answer: oranges
Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

question: How is Valencian classified?, answer: Western dialect | question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?, answer: northwestern varieties | question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?, answer: Western Catalonia | question: What forms are mutually intelligible?, answer: Catalan and Valencian | question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?, answer: 90% to 95%
Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

question: What did Valerian call the Christian religion?, answer: subversive foreign cult | question: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?, answer: assemblies | question: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?, answer: Rome's traditional | question: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?, answer: threat | question: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?, answer: stronger
Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

question: What does the north of the province lie just south of?, answer: the Yangtze Delta | question: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?, answer: Hangzhou | question: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?, answer: Ou Rivers | question: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?, answer: West Lake | question: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?, answer: South Lake
Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.

question: What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?, answer: The Rainbow Times | question: What year was the Rainbow Times founded?, answer: 2006 | question: What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?, answer: all of New England | question: Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?, answer: Boston
Various auto racing organizations hold exhibition events; these events usually award no championship points to participants, but they do offer prize money to participants. The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series holds two exhibition events annually - the Sprint Unlimited, held at Daytona International Speedway at the start of the season, and the NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race, held at Charlotte Motor Speedway midway through the season. Both events carry a hefty purse of over USD $1,000,000. NASCAR has also held exhibition races at Suzuka Circuit and Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and Calder Park Thunderdome in Australia.

question: How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?, answer: two | question: Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?, answer: Daytona International Speedway | question: Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?, answer: Charlotte Motor Speedway | question: What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?, answer: over USD $1,000,000 | question: Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?, answer: Australia
Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English.

question: What does the Busk Fund support?, answer: individual ventures that show particular initiative | question: Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?, answer: Marsden Fund | question: Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?, answer: the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund
Various cases for rape, physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly monetary fines, periods of forced hard labor for convicts, and the penalty of death by beheading. Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law. A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado.

question: What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?, answer: mutilation | question: What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?, answer: progressively less-severe beatings | question: What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?, answer: criminals were never imprisoned | question: What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?, answer: death by beheading | question: What did women commonly have less of?, answer: rights
Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007.

question: What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?, answer: Various connectors | question: What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?, answer: The mini-B USB connector | question: How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?, answer: approximately 3 by 7 mm | question: When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?, answer: 23 May 2007
Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines, and some compositions were entirely electronic; examples include Giorgio Moroder's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer's hit single "I Feel Love" from 1977, Cerrone's "Supernature" (1977), Yellow Magic Orchestra's synth-disco-pop productions from Yellow Magic Orchestra (1978), Solid State Survivor (1979), and several early 1980s disco-pop productions by the Hi-NRG group Lime.

question: What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?, answer: synthesizers and drum machines | question: who produced Donna Summer's hit single "I Feel Love"?, answer: Giorgio Moroder | question: what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce?, answer: 1980s disco-pop | question: What year did Cerrone's "Supernature" get released?, answer: 1977 | question: What year was solid state survivor released?, answer: 1979
Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

question: What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?, answer: Various ecumenical | question: Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?, answer: divisions | question: What beliefs do most denominations agree on?, answer: common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith | question: What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?, answer: secondary | question: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?, answer: idiosyncratic
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.

question: Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?, answer: dissident anatomists | question: Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?, answer: the Church of England | question: What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?, answer: Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial | question: How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?, answer: that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. | question: Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?, answer: natural theology
Various industrial businesses are located in Hannover. The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter (VWN) factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2. Jointly with a factory of German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG, they have a coal-burning power plant. Continental AG, founded in Hanover in 1871, is one of the city's major companies, as is Sennheiser. Since 2008 a take-over is in progress: the Schaeffler Group from Herzogenaurach (Bavaria) holds the majority of the stock but were required due to the financial crisis to deposit the options as securities at banks. TUI AG has its HQ in Hanover. Hanover is home to many insurance companies, many of which operate only in Germany. One major global reinsurance company is Hannover Re, whose headquarters are east of the city centre.

question: What does VWN stand for?, answer: Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter | question: What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?, answer: northern edge of town | question: Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?, answer: Continental AG | question: Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?, answer: Hanover | question: Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?, answer: Hannover Re
Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.

question: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?, answer: five | question: What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?, answer: hanging | question: In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?, answer: South Carolina | question: Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?, answer: John Marshall | question: When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?, answer: 1888
Various models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff.

question: What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?, answer: Various models of climate change | question: What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?, answer: increased temperatures | question: What have the various models been of?, answer: climate change
Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that "during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon." Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that "She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality." Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that "really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye." William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to." Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.

question: Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?, answer: Madonna | question: Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?, answer: Laura Barcella | question: Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?, answer: William Langley from The Daily Telegraph | question: Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?, answer: Alan McGee from The Guardian
Various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long since fallen into decay, and the area was mostly wasteland. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold but retained part of the site on which he established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden for the production of silk. (This is at the northwest corner of today's palace.) Clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana (1649) refers to "new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. James's"; this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies.

question: Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?, answer: Sir Hugh Audley | question: Which village had fallen into decay?, answer: Eye Cross | question: Who established a mulberry garden on the property?, answer: James I | question: What product did the mulberry garden produce?, answer: silk | question: Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?, answer: Clement Walker | question: What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?, answer: the freehold | question: Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?, answer: Eye Cross | question: Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?, answer: James I | question: What type of garden did James I create?, answer: mulberry | question: What did the mulberry garden produce?, answer: silk.
Various studies have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of the non-Levantine admixture in Ashkenazim, particularly in respect to the extent of the non-Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages, which is in contrast to the predominant Levantine genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi paternal lineages. All studies nevertheless agree that genetic overlap with the Fertile Crescent exists in both lineages, albeit at differing rates. Collectively, Ashkenazi Jews are less genetically diverse than other Jewish ethnic divisions.

question: All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?, answer: Fertile Crescent
Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years. Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.

question: What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?, answer: epidemic disease | question: Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?, answer: 90 to 95% | question: How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?, answer: 150 years | question: What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?, answer: Smallpox | question: How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?, answer: By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac
Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

question: What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?, answer: selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests | question: What does varmint hunting achieve?, answer: selective control of pests | question: What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?, answer: crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. | question: Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?, answer: Louisiana | question: What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?, answer: initiated a bounty program | question: What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals., answer: Varmint hunting | question: What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?, answer: wolves | question: What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?, answer: nutria | question: What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?, answer: bounty program