lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
This period also saw some contacts with Jesuits and Capuchins from Europe, and in 1774 a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade for the British East India Company. However, in the 19th century the situation of foreigners in Tibet grew more tenuous. The British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the Himalayas, the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire were expanding into Central Asia and each power became suspicious of the others' intentions in Tibet.

question: When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade., answer: 1774 | question: Who came to Tibet from Europe?, answer: Jesuits and Capuchins | question: When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?, answer: 19th century
This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths. This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Henceforth Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language, similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe.

question: What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands?, answer: compromised | question: The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?, answer: Soil | question: Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what?, answer: dissolved salts | question: What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase?, answer: wheat | question: How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity?, answer: by nearly three fifths
This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories, many permanently. Mustafa II (1695–1703) led the counterattack of 1695–96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary, but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta (in modern Serbia), 11 September 1697.

question: Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?, answer: Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha | question: What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?, answer: the Great Turkish War | question: Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?, answer: Jan III Sobieski | question: What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?, answer: the Holy League | question: What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?, answer: Treaty of Karlowitz
This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?, answer: D.C. Statehood Party | question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?, answer: the local Green Party affiliate | question: When did the movement get closest to success?, answer: 1978 | question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?, answer: New Columbia | question: When did the drive for statehood falter?, answer: 1985
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

question: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?, answer: 1953 | question: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?, answer: he refused | question: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?, answer: facilitate relations with Congress
This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are the same as existing states), then total energy spreads over all available degrees equally without distinction between "new" and "old" degrees. This mathematical result is called the second law of thermodynamics.

question: What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?, answer: entropy | question: What is entropy?, answer: measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system | question: What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?, answer: second law of thermodynamics
This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

question: What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?, answer: Cumberland | question: What country won the battle at Hanover?, answer: French | question: How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?, answer: Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war | question: How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?, answer: Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance
This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

question: What does URL stand for?, answer: Uniform Resource Locator | question: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?, answer: The prefix of the URL | question: What does http stand for?, answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol | question: What does ftp stand for?, answer: File Transfer Protocol | question: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?, answer: default newsgroup reader
This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H 2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:

question: At what pressure does PSA work best in?, answer: high pressures | question: What is synthesis gas used for?, answer: production of methanol | question: Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?, answer: Hydrocarbons
This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]

question: What is another term for coset multiplication?, answer: coset addition | question: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?, answer: coset multiplication | question: What group does the inverse of gN include?, answer: quotient group
This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.

question: When did the Habsburgs sell the Sundgau territory to France?, answer: 1646 | question: How much did France pay for Sundgau?, answer: 1.2 million Thalers | question: In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?, answer: the suppression of French Protestantism
This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World.

question: What does IMF stand for?, answer: International Monetary Fund | question: What dos EBRD stand for?, answer: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development | question: What does IFI stand for?, answer: international financial institutions | question: How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?, answer: $1.1 billion | question: When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?, answer: 5 February 2003
This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness and research on behavioral inhibition. Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.

question: What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?, answer: Direction Model | question: What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?, answer: Movement Model | question: According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?, answer: passive yielding | question: Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?, answer: shyness
This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier’s Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911, and Delaunay's City of Paris, shown at the Indépendants in 1912. These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism. Léger’s The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Indépendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force. The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carrà; themselves made in response to early Cubism.

question: What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?, answer: relative motion) | question: Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?, answer: Léger | question: Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or?, answer: Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)
This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

question: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?, answer: telemedicine | question: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?, answer: AT&T Corporation | question: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?, answer: the 1950s | question: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?, answer: 6 Mbit/s | question: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?, answer: 1 MHz
This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

question: What did the Queen give them for suceeding?, answer: a Royal Charter | question: What was the name of the Royal Charter?, answer: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies | question: What did this charter give them?, answer: a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan | question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?, answer: Sir James Lancaster | question: Who led the third voyage?, answer: General William Keeling | question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?, answer: Sir James Lancaster | question: Who commanded the second voyage in 1604?, answer: Sir Henry Middleton | question: What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?, answer: General | question: what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?, answer: Merchants of London | question: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?, answer: fifteen
This trend for the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia – "anger and ill-will" – and John's own personality. From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia – royal ill-will. In the Norman period, suffering the king's ill-will meant difficulties in obtaining grants, honours or petitions; Henry II had infamously expressed his fury and ill-will towards Thomas Becket; this ultimately resulted in Becket's death. John now had the additional ability to "cripple his vassals" on a significant scale using his new economic and judicial measures, which made the threat of royal anger all the more serious.

question: Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?, answer: Thomas Becket | question: What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?, answer: the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons | question: John had to additional ability to do what?, answer: cripple his vassals
This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

question: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?, answer: A. W, Kinglake | question: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?, answer: as victims | question: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?, answer: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart
This view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary pirates on behalf of freedom, their countries were promulgating a vigorous African slave trade of their own. Charles George Gordon is known as the saint of all British colonial officers. A dedicated Christian, he spent his time between assignments living among the poor and donating his salary on their behalf. He won Ottoman confidence as a junior officer in the Crimean War. In his later career he became a high official in the Ottoman Empire, working as Governor of Egypt for the Ottoman khedive for the purpose of conducting campaigns against slavers and slavery in Egypt and the Sudan.

question: The Ottomans were portrayed as what?, answer: the slavers | question: Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?, answer: Charles George Gordon | question: What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?, answer: assignments living among the poor and donating his salary | question: When did he win Ottoman confidence?, answer: as a junior officer in the Crimean War | question: What did he become in his later career?, answer: a high official in the Ottoman Empire
This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.

question: What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?, answer: Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965 | question: In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?, answer: 1965 | question: In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?, answer: Rome | question: Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?, answer: Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III | question: How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?, answer: three