lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.

question: How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto?, answer: 380,000 | question: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?, answer: 43,000 | question: Which group of people were considered inferior?, answer: Poles and other Slavs | question: How many Polish people were used in labor camps?, answer: Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens | question: How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?, answer: 1.1 million people
Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand." The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be indifferent.

question: Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?, answer: the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced | question: What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?, answer: if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand. | question: What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?, answer: indifferent
Although John was the Count of Poitou and therefore the rightful feudal lord over the Lusignans, they could legitimately appeal John's actions in France to his own feudal lord, Philip. Hugh did exactly this in 1201 and Philip summoned John to attend court in Paris in 1202, citing the Le Goulet treaty to strengthen his case. John was unwilling to weaken his authority in western France in this way. He argued that he need not attend Philip's court because of his special status as the Duke of Normandy, who was exempt by feudal tradition from being called to the French court. Philip argued that he was summoning John not as the Duke of Normandy, but as the Count of Poitou, which carried no such special status. When John still refused to come, Philip declared John in breach of his feudal responsibilities, reassigned all of John's lands that fell under the French crown to Arthur – with the exception of Normandy, which he took back for himself – and began a fresh war against John.

question: When did Philip summon John to attend court?, answer: 1202 | question: What was John summoned as?, answer: Count of Poitou
Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taishōgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.

question: What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?, answer: Emishi | question: What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?, answer: Sakanoue no Tamuramaro | question: What was Tamuramaro's military title?, answer: Sei-i Taishōgun | question: The Emishi were defeated in what year?, answer: 801 | question: The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?, answer: Honshū
Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.

question: Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?, answer: To counter a possible U.S. deployment | question: Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?, answer: Incheon | question: Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?, answer: Chai Chengwen | question: Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?, answer: the Korean border | question: Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?, answer: Chinese leaders
Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.

question: Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?, answer: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs | question: Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?, answer: Malian government | question: What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?, answer: radical Islamists | question: What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?, answer: servitude and bondage | question: Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?, answer: discrimination
Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst Gábor Szegő. On their first meeting, Szegő was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szegő, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics.

question: At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?, answer: 15 | question: Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?, answer: Gábor Szegő | question: By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?, answer: two major mathematical papers | question: Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?, answer: Georg Cantor | question: What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?, answer: Eötvös Prize, a national prize for mathematics
Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

question: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?, answer: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans | question: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?, answer: controlling members or a board of directors | question: How do NPOs handle staffing?, answer: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation | question: What are token fees used for?, answer: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization
Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madaris – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

question: What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?, answer: spiritual learning | question: Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?, answer: confirm the doctrines of Islam | question: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?, answer: pluralistic | question: What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?, answer: Islam | question: What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?, answer: wide range of studies
Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

question: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?, answer: using the ramp and a running start | question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?, answer: STOVL | question: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?, answer: vertical | question: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?, answer: a ski-jump ramp | question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?, answer: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft
Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991, Turkey has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel. Relations between Turkey and Israel took a downturn after the 2008–09 Gaza War and Israel's raid of the Gaza flotilla. IHH, which organized the flotilla, is a Turkish charity that has been challenged on ties to Hamas and Al-Qaeda. Relations between Israel and Greece have improved since 1995 due to the decline of Israeli-Turkish relations. The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece’s Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the Leviathan gas field are an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus. Cooperation in the world's longest sub-sea electric power cable, the EuroAsia Interconnector, has strengthened relations between Cyprus and Israel.

question: When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?, answer: 1991 | question: Who organized the flotilla?, answer: IHH | question: When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?, answer: after the 2008–09 Gaza War
Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: "...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it "with great Satisfaction". Burke wrote of its reception: "Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice". Charles Burney viewed it as "a most admirable book—the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.

question: Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?, answer: Portland and Fitzwilliam | question: Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?, answer: Francis Basset | question: What was Francis Basset's political party?, answer: Whig | question: How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?, answer: galled | question: Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?, answer: Charles Burney
Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for building grand Las Vegas style mega casinos to revitalize the aging city.

question: In what year did the tunnel open?, answer: 2001 | question: What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?, answer: The Borgata | question: When did The Borgata open?, answer: July 2003 | question: In what year was Wynn's plans for development scrapped?, answer: 2002 | question: The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies?, answer: Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage
Although a resonant antenna has a purely resistive feed-point impedance at a particular frequency, many (if not most) applications require using an antenna over a range of frequencies. An antenna's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match. Also in the case of a Yagi-Uda array, the use of the antenna very far away from its design frequency reduces the antenna's directivity, thus reducing the usable bandwidth regardless of impedance matching.

question: What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency?, answer: resonant | question: What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?, answer: bandwidth | question: What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?, answer: impedance match | question: What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?, answer: directivity
Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.

question: What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?, answer: Shia | question: What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?, answer: Occultation | question: Who deny the concept of Occulation?, answer: Shia Nizari Ismailis | question: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?, answer: present and living | question: What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?, answer: come to an end
Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

question: Are all sources of the crucification literary?, answer: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary | question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?, answer: the 1968 archeological discovery | question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?, answer: ben Hagkol | question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?, answer: about 70 AD | question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?, answer: Israel Museum
Although an alloy is technically an impure metal, when referring to alloys, the term "impurities" usually denotes those elements which are not desired. These impurities are often found in the base metals or the solutes, but they may also be introduced during the alloying process. For instance, sulfur is a common impurity in steel. Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide, which is very brittle, creating weak spots in the steel. Lithium, sodium and calcium are common impurities in aluminium alloys, which can have adverse effects on the structural integrity of castings. Conversely, otherwise pure-metals that simply contain unwanted impurities are often called "impure metals" and are not usually referred to as alloys. Oxygen, present in the air, readily combines with most metals to form metal oxides; especially at higher temperatures encountered during alloying. Great care is often taken during the alloying process to remove excess impurities, using fluxes, chemical additives, or other methods of extractive metallurgy.

question: What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?, answer: very brittle | question: What makes pure metals impure metals?, answer: unwanted impurities | question: Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?, answer: remove excess impurities | question: What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?, answer: Lithium, sodium and calcium
Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

question: Who's definition of culture did anthropologist accept?, answer: Tylor's | question: What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?, answer: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology. | question: In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?, answer: 20th century