lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Romans under Nero Claudius Drusus established a military outpost belonging to the Germania Superior Roman province at Strasbourg's current location, and named it Argentoratum. (Hence the town is commonly called Argentina in medieval Latin.) The name "Argentoratum" was first mentioned in 12 BC and the city celebrated its 2,000th birthday in 1988. "Argentorate" as the toponym of the Gaulish settlement preceded it before being Latinized, but it is not known by how long. The Roman camp was destroyed by fire and rebuilt six times between the first and the fifth centuries AD: in 70, 97, 235, 355, in the last quarter of the fourth century, and in the early years of the fifth century. It was under Trajan and after the fire of 97 that Argentoratum received its most extended and fortified shape. From the year 90 on, the Legio VIII Augusta was permanently stationed in the Roman camp of Argentoratum. It then included a cavalry section and covered an area of approximately 20 hectares. Other Roman legions temporarily stationed in Argentoratum were the Legio XIV Gemina and the Legio XXI Rapax, the latter during the reign of Nero.

question: What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?, answer: Argentoratum | question: What was the Roman camp destroyed by?, answer: fire | question: Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?, answer: Nero Claudius Drusus | question: After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?, answer: year 90 | question: How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?, answer: six times
The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry). The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement, Positivism, began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880.

question: Which movement took place during the 19th century?, answer: The Romantic Movement | question: What theory did Darwin introduce?, answer: theory of evolution | question: Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?, answer: electromagnetism | question: What caused Romanticism to end?, answer: Positivism | question: What year did Positivism end?, answer: 1880
The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.

question: What is the Rose Garden also known as?, answer: Rosengarten | question: What can you see from the Rose Garden?, answer: view of the medieval town centre | question: What was the Rosarium converted into?, answer: a park | question: What year was the Rosarium converted?, answer: 1913
The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills." If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.

question: From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?, answer: House of Commons | question: Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?, answer: The governor general or his or her deputy | question: Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?, answer: Clerk of the Senate | question: Which position nods their head to signify assention?, answer: governor general
The Royal Australian Navy is in the process of procuring two Canberra-class LHD's, the first of which was commissioned in November 2015, while the second is expected to enter service in 2016. The ships will be the largest in Australian naval history. Their primary roles are to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force and to carry out or support humanitarian assistance missions. The LHD is capable of launching multiple helicopters at one time while maintaining an amphibious capability of 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles (tanks, armoured personnel carriers etc.). The Australian Defence Minister has publicly raised the possibility of procuring F-35B STOVL aircraft for the carrier, stating that it "has been on the table since day one and stating the LHD's are "STOVL capable".

question: Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?, answer: The Royal Australian Navy | question: How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?, answer: the largest in Australian naval history | question: How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?, answer: 1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles | question: What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?, answer: to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force | question: How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?, answer: multiple helicopters at one time
The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.

question: What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?, answer: Crown Jewels | question: What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?, answer: official residences | question: What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?, answer: Balmoral Castle | question: How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?, answer: £9.4 billion | question: How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?, answer: in trust
The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?, answer: 1845 | question: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?, answer: Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel | question: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?, answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann | question: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?, answer: in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany | question: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?, answer: Prince Albert | question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?, answer: 1845 | question: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?, answer: practical aspects of the experimental sciences | question: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?, answer: Germany | question: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?, answer: Prince Albert | question: Who was the first professor of the college?, answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

question: What does RIBA stand for?, answer: Royal Institute of British Architects | question: What is the goal of RIBA?, answer: the advancement of architecture | question: When was RIBA founded?, answer: 1837 | question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?, answer: 1971 | question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?, answer: United Kingdom
The Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three now retired Invincible-class carriers. The ships are HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft on peace time operations with a tailored group of up to 50, and will have a displacement of 70,600 tonnes. HMS Queen Elizabeth is projected to commission in 2017 followed by Prince of Wales in about 2020. The ships are due to become operational starting in 2020. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of F-35B Lightning IIs, and their ship's company will number around 680 with the total complement rising to about 1600 when the air group is embarked. The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy.

question: Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?, answer: Queen Elizabeth | question: What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?, answer: 70,600 tonnes | question: When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?, answer: in 2017 | question: When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?, answer: in about 2020 | question: Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?, answer: Royal Navy
The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.

question: What school was established in 1851?, answer: The Royal School of Mines | question: Who established the Royal School of Mines?, answer: Sir Henry de la Beche | question: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?, answer: the Museum of Economic Geology | question: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?, answer: Prince Albert | question: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?, answer: South Kensington
The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

question: What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?, answer: English | question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?, answer: not yet fully clarified | question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?, answer: developing and transitional | question: What other countries have successful democracies?, answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan | question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?, answer: common language
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

question: Where did Soviets under the rule of the Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?, answer: Petrograd (St. Petersburg) | question: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?, answer: demobilized | question: What was Bolshevik's main military force?, answer: volunteer-based Red Guard | question: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?, answer: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. | question: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized?, answer: as "military specialists"
The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.

question: Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?, answer: R-7 rocket
The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.

question: What event happened in October of 1917?, answer: a red faction revolution | question: What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?, answer: the Russian Provisional Government was established. | question: What happened during the red faction revolution?, answer: armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg | question: What is the Russian Revolution?, answer: the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.
The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

question: What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?, answer: the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | question: What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?, answer: the abortive 1991 August coup | question: Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?, answer: Yeltsin
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika listen (help·info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.

question: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?, answer: the Pacific Ocean | question: Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?, answer: the Soviet Union | question: When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?, answer: 91 | question: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?, answer: sixteen | question: The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?, answer: forty | question: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?, answer: five | question: How many krais were present in the RSFSR?, answer: six
The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) created chaos and ended by establishing different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 1995–2005.

question: Who created KOI8-R encoding?, answer: the Soviet government | question: What system used CP1251 encoding?, answer: Microsoft Windows | question: What systems used IBM866 encoding?, answer: MS-DOS and OS/2 | question: What encoding did early Macs use?, answer: ISO/IEC 8859-5 | question: In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?, answer: 1995–2005
The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge.

question: When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?, answer: Alexander | question: What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?, answer: Feodor Rostopchin | question: How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?, answer: five weeks | question: What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?, answer: the Malet coup | question: Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?, answer: 10,000
The Russians avoided Napoleon's objective of a decisive engagement and instead retreated deeper into Russia. A brief attempt at resistance was made at Smolensk in August; the Russians were defeated in a series of battles, and Napoleon resumed his advance. The Russians again avoided battle, although in a few cases this was only achieved because Napoleon uncharacteristically hesitated to attack when the opportunity arose. Owing to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found it increasingly difficult to forage food for themselves and their horses.

question: To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?, answer: Russia | question: Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?, answer: Smolensk | question: In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?, answer: August | question: What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?, answer: scorched earth tactics
The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311

question: In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?, answer: 1854 | question: War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?, answer: UK and France | question: Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?, answer: Parliament
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible."

question: Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?, answer: Moscow | question: On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?, answer: 7 September | question: Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?, answer: 44,000 | question: Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?, answer: 35,000 | question: Who won the Battle of Borodino?, answer: the French