lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time".

question: Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?, answer: copyright | question: What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?, answer: the printing press | question: What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?, answer: copyright | question: What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?, answer: property rights and free speech | question: Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?, answer: Stallman
On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

question: When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?, answer: 1980 | question: When was the Medical Institute formed?, answer: 1930 | question: When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?, answer: 1995 | question: Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?, answer: Mkhitar Heratsi | question: Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?, answer: Mkhitar Heratsi
On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

question: What is the Oireachtas?, answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State | question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?, answer: all direct mention of the monarch | question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?, answer: External Relations Act | question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?, answer: day of the abdication
On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.

question: Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?, answer: McCarthyism | question: What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?, answer: executive privilege | question: Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?, answer: Nixon | question: What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?, answer: moderate | question: What does DARPA stand for?, answer: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
On the east side of the main park area is the National Museum of Visual Arts. On this side, a very popular street market takes place every Sunday. On the north side is an artificial lake with a little castle housing a municipal library for children. An area to its west is used as an open-air exhibition of photography. West of the park, across the coastal avenue Rambla Presidente Wilson, stretches Ramirez Beach. Directly west of the main park are, and belonging to Parque Rodó barrio, is the former Parque Hotel, now called Edifício Mercosur, seat of the parliament of the members countries of the Mercosur. During the guerilla war the Tupamaros frequently attacked buildings in this area, including the old hotel.

question: What is on the east side of the park?, answer: the National Museum of Visual Arts | question: What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?, answer: a very popular street market | question: What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?, answer: north side | question: What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?, answer: a municipal library
On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

question: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?, answer: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them | question: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?, answer: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons | question: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians, answer: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania | question: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians., answer: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. | question: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?, answer: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
On the eve of America's entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war. The application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. In 1946, meanwhile, Congress gave CAA the added task of administering the federal-aid airport program, the first peacetime program of financial assistance aimed exclusively at promoting development of the nation's civil airports.

question: When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?, answer: World War II | question: What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?, answer: radar | question: When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?, answer: 1946 | question: What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?, answer: civil airports
On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup d'état and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. Former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, assumed control of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.

question: When was a coup d'etat staged?, answer: 12 April 2012 | question: Who staged the coup d'etat?, answer: members of the country's military | question: Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?, answer: Mamadu Ture Kuruma | question: Who did Kuruma negotiate with?, answer: opposition parties | question: What was Kuruma's former position?, answer: vice chief of staff
On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.

question: What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction?, answer: the towers and spires | question: What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?, answer: The roofline | question: What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?, answer: gable ends | question: Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?, answer: Milan Cathedral | question: What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?, answer: buttresses
On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a "direct snap" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:

question: How many players does each side field in an American football game?, answer: 11 | question: What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?, answer: offence | question: What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?, answer: the snap | question: Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?, answer: quarterback or punter
On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.

question: What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?, answer: attached shafts | question: Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?, answer: the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces | question: What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?, answer: a strongly unifying feature | question: What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?, answer: horizontal divisions of the interior structure
On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the laouto. Stelios Foustalierakis reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyra in the beginning of the 20th century in the city of Rethimno. There are also reports that the mandolin was mostly a woman's musical instrument. Nowadays it is played mainly as a solo instrument in personal and family events on the Ionian islands and Crete.

question: What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music?, answer: island of Crete | question: When did the mandolin appears on Crete?, answer: around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. | question: What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?, answer: mantola | question: Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria?, answer: Stelios Foustalierakis | question: The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex?, answer: woman
On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.

question: How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?, answer: four | question: Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?, answer: Hamburg | question: Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?, answer: California | question: How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?, answer: 19 | question: How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?, answer: within two hours
On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

question: How old was Eisenhower when he died?, answer: 78 | question: At what facility did Eisenhower die?, answer: Walter Reed Army Medical Center | question: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?, answer: congestive heart failure | question: What was Eisenhower's date of death?, answer: March 28, 1969 | question: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?, answer: Episcopal
On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.

question: Who was demonstrating?, answer: Kazakh students | question: How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?, answer: 3,000 | question: How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?, answer: blows to the head | question: What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?, answer: 30,000 to 40,000 | question: Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?, answer: Mukhtar Shakhanov
On the night of 10 August in Washington, American Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel. This was incorporated into America's General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August. Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement...we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops". He noted that he was "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area". As Rusk's comments indicate, the Americans doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this. Stalin, however, maintained his wartime policy of co-operation, and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south.

question: What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?, answer: dividing the Korean Peninsula | question: What order was the division of Korea included in?, answer: General Order No. 1 | question: What two areas was Korea divided into?, answer: Soviet and U.S. occupation zones | question: What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?, answer: the capital of Korea | question: Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?, answer: Stalin
On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

question: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?, answer: Soviet flag | question: What replaced the Soviet flag?, answer: Russian tricolor | question: When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?, answer: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time | question: What was declared as having ceased to exist?, answer: the Soviet Union | question: What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?, answer: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,
On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the "Apollinare". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares ("Apollonian Games") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.

question: Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?, answer: Flaminian fields | question: When was the Second Punic war?, answer: 212 BCE | question: What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?, answer: Apollonian Games
On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

question: How many components does the Belgian federalism have?, answer: three components | question: What passed on July 18, 2007?, answer: Brussels' parliament | question: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?, answer: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party | question: What is Belgian Federalism?, answer: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.
On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?, answer: South Slavic populations | question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?, answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina | question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?, answer: north-eastern Italians | question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?, answer: west Balkans | question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?, answer: Ken Nordtvedt