lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.

question: How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?, answer: eating plants or plant-eating animals | question: What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?, answer: light | question: What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?, answer: chemical energy | question: When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?, answer: become a source of energy and building materials for the animal | question: What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?, answer: giving the animal the energy required for motion
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it. The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.

question: What are coelomata?, answer: body cavities | question: What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?, answer: septa | question: What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?, answer: vertical mesenteries | question: What is the mesothelium made of?, answer: modified epitheliomuscular cells
Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome. The genes in bacterial genomes are usually a single continuous stretch of DNA and although several different types of introns do exist in bacteria, these are much rarer than in eukaryotes.

question: What shape is chromosome of bacteria?, answer: circular chromosome | question: What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?, answer: Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia | question: What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?, answer: Borrelia burgdorferi | question: How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?, answer: single linear chromosome
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

question: What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?, answer: spherical | question: What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?, answer: bacilli | question: What shape Spirochaetes are?, answer: tightly coiled | question: What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?, answer: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section | question: Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?, answer: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients
Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.

question: What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?, answer: Glass bottles | question: What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?, answer: yeast | question: What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?, answer: yeast | question: What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?, answer: slowly | question: What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?, answer: wheat beers
Most birds can fly, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for breeding, feeding, and predator avoidance and escape. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb (wing) that serves as an aerofoil. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are flightless, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to "fly" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers.

question: What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?, answer: Most birds can fly, | question: What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?, answer: Flight | question: How many large flight muscles do birds have?, answer: two | question: Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?, answer: 15% | question: Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?, answer: 60
Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the pigeon, finch, mousebird, button-quail and bustard families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and sandgrouse are particularly well known for their daily congregations at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called crop milk that they provide to their chicks.

question: How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?, answer: wetting their belly feathers | question: What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?, answer: The pigeon family | question: What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?, answer: crop milk | question: What is crop milk?, answer: a nutritive fluid
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.

question: HTTP Secure is supported by what?, answer: Most browsers | question: Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?, answer: form and search history | question: A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?, answer: current security vulnerabilities
Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF). Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter, where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF (calculated as XY × 10Z for digits XYZ) and the letter indicates the tolerance (J, K or M for ±5%, ±10% and ±20% respectively).

question: How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?, answer: display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF) | question: What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?, answer: three numeric digits and a letter | question: What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?, answer: the digits indicate the capacitance | question: What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?, answer: the letter indicates the tolerance | question: In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?, answer: in pF
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.

question: Where are cases usually argued?, answer: state courts | question: What types of cases are argued in the state courts?, answer: involve claims and defenses under state laws | question: How many new cases were filed in 2010?, answer: 103.5 million | question: What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?, answer: 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases | question: How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?, answer: 272,795
Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).

question: What did early humans use to make clothing?, answer: animal skins | question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?, answer: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins | question: What were perforated stones used for?, answer: spindle whorls or loom weights | question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?, answer: Ötzi the Iceman
Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

question: Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?, answer: length and width | question: Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?, answer: standard paper sizes | question: Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?, answer: length and width
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.

question: Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?, answer: one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists | question: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?, answer: for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture | question: What are Japanese comic books called?, answer: manga | question: What are Japanese animation called?, answer: anime
Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.

question: What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?, answer: Iron | question: How does barium affect glass?, answer: increases the refractive index | question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?, answer: radioactivity | question: What is another name for lead glass?, answer: flint glass | question: What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?, answer: low dispersion
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.

question: In what form is copper extracted?, answer: copper sulfides | question: From what types of mines is copper extracted?, answer: open pit mines | question: What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?, answer: 0.4 to 1.0% copper | question: What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?, answer: Chile | question: What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?, answer: in-situ leach process
Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

question: How is most cotton harvested?, answer: mechanically | question: What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?, answer: cotton picker | question: What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?, answer: cotton stripper | question: What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?, answer: windy | question: What type of plant is cotton?, answer: perennial
Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

question: What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?, answer: psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component | question: What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?, answer: focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. | question: What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?, answer: an individual's self-definition | question: When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?, answer: typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence | question: What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?, answer: sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.
Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

question: What did most early home computers develop?, answer: their own 8-bit character sets | question: What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?, answer: the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet | question: What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?, answer: graphic symbols such as smiley faces | question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?, answer: Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) | question: What did Macintosh use instead of graphics?, answer: typographic punctuation marks
Most electrification systems use overhead wires, but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution. The use of AC is not feasible because the dimensions of a third rail are physically very large compared with the skin depth that the alternating current penetrates to (0.3 millimetres or 0.012 inches) in a steel rail). This effect makes the resistance per unit length unacceptably high compared with the use of DC. Third rail is more compact than overhead wires and can be used in smaller-diameter tunnels, an important factor for subway systems.

question: What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?, answer: overhead wires | question: Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?, answer: DC distribution | question: What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?, answer: skin depth | question: What is more prefferable for subway lines?, answer: Third rail | question: What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?, answer: Third rail
Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere – such as the maintenance office – and to be made available for inspection on demand. In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab, often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.

question: Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator?, answer: the building owner | question: Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?, answer: some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere | question: Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?, answer: the maintenance office | question: What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?, answer: a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.