lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency.

question: What was the name given to the proposal?, answer: ASPEC | question: What did the joint proposal provide?, answer: the highest coding efficiency | question: Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?, answer: AT&T Bell Laboratories
Abnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indication of an injury, and in all probability does not of itself affect the properties of the wood. Certain rot-producing fungi impart to wood characteristic colors which thus become symptomatic of weakness; however an attractive effect known as spalting produced by this process is often considered a desirable characteristic. Ordinary sap-staining is due to fungal growth, but does not necessarily produce a weakening effect.

question: What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?, answer: diseased | question: What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?, answer: unsoundness | question: What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?, answer: insect attacks | question: What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?, answer: birds | question: What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?, answer: spalting
Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

question: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?, answer: "eater of raw meat." | question: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?, answer: Aboriginal | question: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?, answer: Hundreds | question: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?, answer: The Métis culture | question: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?, answer: Various laws, treaties, and legislation
About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

question: HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?, answer: 1.7 to 5 billion cases | question: How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?, answer: average three times a year | question: Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?, answer: malnutrition | question: What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?, answer: stunted growth and poor intellectual development
About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

question: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?, answer: About 10,000 years ago | question: What has been found in caves near Vercors?, answer: Evidence of human habitation | question: Why were houses built on piles?, answer: to keep them dry | question: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?, answer: Standing stones | question: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?, answer: more than 5000 years old
About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

question: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?, answer: 1150 | question: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?, answer: cryptoendoliths | question: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?, answer: 400 | question: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?, answer: adaptations | question: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?, answer: similar to Antarctic
About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?, answer: About 150,000 | question: What percent of Israel's population is black?, answer: just over 2% | question: When did they migrate to Israel?, answer: during the 1980s and 1990s | question: Where did they migrate from?, answer: Ethiopia. | question: Where are most of the black converts from?, answer: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
About 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. The recent Head Master, Tony Little, said that Eton is developing plans to allow any boy to attend the school whatever his parents' income and, in 2011, said that around 250 boys received "significant" financial help from the school. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Little said that, in the short term, he wanted to ensure that around 320 pupils per year receive bursaries, and that 70 were educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance would continue to increase. These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Launched in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend state schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent, an area of inner-city deprivation, an intensive one-week residential course, free of charge, designed to help bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level. In 2008, Eton helped found the Eton, Slough, Windsor and Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), with six local state schools. The ISSP's aims are "to raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools". Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months.

question: How many students receive financial aid at Eton?, answer: 20% | question: How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?, answer: 63 | question: What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?, answer: raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools | question: What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?, answer: choral and English language courses
About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). The resulting material is typically further treated to extract small but valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude asphalt is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. This step makes the product harder and more viscous.

question: How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?, answer: 40,000,000 | question: What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?, answer: 500 °C | question: What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?, answer: Vacuum distillation | question: What is the process used to harden the asphalt?, answer: blowing | question: In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?, answer: de-asphalting
About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

question: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?, answer: About 5% | question: How did Creole English come about?, answer: frequent contact with the British | question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?, answer: Miskito | question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?, answer: total power | question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?, answer: some 10,000
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

question: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face, answer: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare | question: percentage of population that's dutch, answer: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry | question: What boroughs are known for high crime, answer: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
About 75% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture upon Swazi Nation Land (SNL). In contrast with the commercial farms, Swazi Nation Land suffers from low productivity and investment. This dual nature of the Swazi economy, with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialised agricultural TDLs on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture (on SNL) on the other, may well explain the country's overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment.

question: What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?, answer: About 75% | question: Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?, answer: textile manufacturing | question: In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?, answer: Swazi Nation Land | question: What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?, answer: low productivity and investment
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?, answer: 98% | question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?, answer: 90% | question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?, answer: 1.6 km | question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?, answer: 70% | question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?, answer: 20 mm
About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

question: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?, answer: About five percent | question: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?, answer: about ten percent | question: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras?, answer: rural westernmost areas | question: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?, answer: indigenous people
About half of the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.

question: How much of the population depends on agriculture?, answer: half | question: How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?, answer: five times | question: Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?, answer: inequality | question: Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?, answer: rural | question: How much of Namibia's land is arable?, answer: 1%
About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?, answer: "executionist movement | question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?, answer: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country | question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?, answer: return many leased crown lands to the king, | question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?, answer: 1605 | question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?, answer: movement lost its political force.
About the creation-evolution controversy, Popper wrote that he considered it "a somewhat sensational clash between a brilliant scientific hypothesis concerning the history of the various species of animals and plants on earth, and an older metaphysical theory which, incidentally, happened to be part of an established religious belief" with a footnote to the effect that "[he] agree[s] with Professor C.E. Raven when, in his Science, Religion, and the Future, 1943, he calls this conflict "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup"; though the force of this remark is perhaps a little impaired by the attention he pays to the vapours still emerging from the cup—to the Great Systems of Evolutionist Philosophy, produced by Bergson, Whitehead, Smuts, and others."

question: Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as "a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?", answer: C.E. Raven | question: What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?, answer: creation-evolution | question: In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?, answer: 1943 | question: What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?, answer: metaphysical
About two thousand Roman colonists were settled there in 138 BC during the rule of consul Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico. The Roman historian Florus says that Brutus transferred the soldiers who had fought under him to that province. This was a typical Roman city in its conception, as it was located in a strategic location near the sea on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, the imperial road that connected the province to Rome, the capital of the empire. The centre of the city was located in the present-day neighbourhood of the Plaza de la Virgen. Here was the forum and the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus, which remain the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the existing Calle de Salvador, Almoina, and the Decumanus corresponds to Calle de los Caballeros.

question: Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?, answer: Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico | question: How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?, answer: two thousand | question: What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?, answer: Via Augusta | question: What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?, answer: Plaza de la Virgen | question: In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?, answer: Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus
Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center.

question: On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?, answer: 114th Street | question: Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?, answer: St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center | question: A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?, answer: 114th Street
Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the tree line is the area defined as "alpine" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.

question: What is often above the forestry?, answer: a band of short pine trees | question: What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer?, answer: acidic soil | question: What is the area above the treeline defined as?, answer: alpine | question: Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly?, answer: because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.