lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several places. The northernmost bridge, and the first to be built, is at Mansbridge, where the A27 road crosses the Itchen. The original bridge is closed to road traffic, but is still standing and open to pedestrians and cyclists. The river is bridged again at Swaythling, where Woodmill Bridge separates the tidal and non tidal sections of the river. Further south is Cobden Bridge which is notable as it was opened as a free bridge (it was originally named the Cobden Free Bridge), and was never a toll bridge. Downstream of the Cobden Bridge is the Northam Railway Bridge, then the Northam Road Bridge, which was the first major pre-stressed concrete bridge to be constructed in the United Kingdom. The southernmost, and newest, bridge on the Itchen is the Itchen Bridge, which is a toll bridge.

question: Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?, answer: western | question: What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?, answer: New Forest | question: What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?, answer: the M27 | question: Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?, answer: Mansbridge | question: What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?, answer: Woodmill Bridge
The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide "conclusive evidence" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." But the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear.

question: What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?, answer: The Rohingya people | question: When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?, answer: 1982 | question: How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?, answer: Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races | question: What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma?, answer: national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee | question: What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?, answer: Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 | question: When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?, answer: the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law | question: How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?, answer: Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races | question: What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ?, answer: national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. | question: How can one prove their race in Burma ?, answer: prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 | question: How many of the Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ?, answer: expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,
The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?, answer: rites | question: How many major rites exist?, answer: five | question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: the Supreme Pontiff | question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: full union | question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?, answer: Roman Catholic
The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).

question: When is his feast day celebrated?, answer: 11 October | question: What is October 11?, answer: the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council | question: When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?, answer: 11 September 2014 | question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?, answer: by the Evangelical Lutheran Church | question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?, answer: by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.

question: Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?, answer: 150 years | question: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?, answer: K-8 parochial schools | question: How old are some of Charleston's private school?, answer: 150 years | question: Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?, answer: Bishop England High School | question: Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?, answer: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education | question: Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?, answer: Ashley Hall
The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent of Roman religious law. Newly municipal Sabratha built a Capitolium near its existing temple to Liber Pater and Serapis. Autonomy and concord were official policy, but new foundations by Roman citizens or their Romanised allies were likely to follow Roman cultic models. Romanisation offered distinct political and practical advantages, especially to local elites. All the known effigies from the 2nd century AD forum at Cuicul are of emperors or Concordia. By the middle of the 1st century AD, Gaulish Vertault seems to have abandoned its native cultic sacrifice of horses and dogs in favour of a newly established, Romanised cult nearby: by the end of that century, Sabratha’s so-called tophet was no longer in use. Colonial and later Imperial provincial dedications to Rome's Capitoline Triad were a logical choice, not a centralised legal requirement. Major cult centres to "non-Roman" deities continued to prosper: notable examples include the magnificent Alexandrian Serapium, the temple of Aesculapeus at Pergamum and Apollo's sacred wood at Antioch.

question: From what were countries in the empire free?, answer: Roman religious law | question: What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?, answer: inclusionist policies | question: What was Rome's policy towards government?, answer: Autonomy and concord | question: What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults?, answer: Romanised | question: What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?, answer: centralised legal requirement
The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, with emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers. Military expenses increased steadily during the 3rd century, mainly in response to the war with Sassanid Persia, which revived in the middle of the 3rd century. The army doubled in size, and cavalry and smaller units replaced the legion as the main tactical unit. The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns. More bureaucrats were needed in the central administration to deal with the needs of the army, which led to complaints from civilians that there were more tax-collectors in the empire than tax-payers.

question: In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?, answer: the 2nd century AD | question: In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?, answer: 3rd century | question: How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?, answer: doubled | question: What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?, answer: taxes | question: What is another term for the Roman landowning class?, answer: curial
The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

question: What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?, answer: Your clothing is white as snow, | question: The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?, answer: The Roman Missal | question: What type of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and unaccompanied sacred song?, answer: polyphonic settings have been composed | question: What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?, answer: Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours
The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century, it included North Africa, Spain, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic.

question: When did the Roman Republic begin?, answer: 509 BC | question: When did the Roman Republic end?, answer: 27 BC | question: What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?, answer: the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom | question: When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?, answer: 31 BC | question: What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?, answer: Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian
The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.

question: What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?, answer: The Roman expansion | question: When were the Allobrogi defeated?, answer: in 121 BC | question: When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?, answer: 58 BC | question: What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?, answer: Germanic tribes
The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137–136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC – 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be – sometimes forcibly – abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and León.

question: Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?, answer: Decimus Junius Brutus | question: Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?, answer: Augustus | question: Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?, answer: gold | question: Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?, answer: latin | question: The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?, answer: Tower of Hercules
The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon, usually translated as "animal spirits". Galen's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages, but not much further progress came until the Renaissance, when detailed anatomical study resumed, combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him. Descartes, like Galen, thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms. He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans, but that the majority of behaviors of humans, and all behaviors of animals, could be explained mechanistically.

question: The physician Galen was from which country in history?, answer: Roman | question: What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?, answer: the Renaissance | question: Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?, answer: The Roman physician Galen | question: Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?, answer: animal spirits
The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury.

question: How deities did the Romans have?, answer: great number | question: What group was an influence to Roman culture?, answer: Greeks | question: What sort of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?, answer: religious | question: What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?, answer: Greek | question: What religion influenced augury for the Romans?, answer: Etruscan
The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.

question: What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?, answer: verdigris | question: How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?, answer: ten | question: What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?, answer: green
The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River. Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital. Hannibal was recalled to Africa, and defeated at the Battle of Zama.

question: What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?, answer: Hasdrubal Barca | question: At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?, answer: Metaurus River | question: In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?, answer: the Battle of Zama | question: Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?, answer: Scipio Africanus | question: Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?, answer: to threaten the Carthaginian capital
The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

question: What made up Mauretania?, answer: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla | question: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?, answer: The Romans | question: During what period did Mauretania exist?, answer: the classical period. | question: Where were the people of the region noted?, answer: in Classical literature | question: What is Mauri in English?, answer: Moors
The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

question: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?, answer: vermilion | question: From where did vermilion originate?, answer: the mineral cinnabar | question: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?, answer: mercury | question: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?, answer: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain | question: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?, answer: prisoners