lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

question: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?, answer: 1925 | question: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?, answer: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law | question: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?, answer: more than 3,000 people | question: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?, answer: Germans and Jewish minorities
The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

question: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?, answer: two | question: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?, answer: the northern and southern dialects | question: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?, answer: Tallinn | question: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?, answer: the northeastern coast of Estonia | question: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?, answer: Tartu
The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

question: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?, answer: the Northern Crusades | question: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?, answer: Germany, Sweden, and Russia | question: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?, answer: the 13th century | question: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?, answer: The Liber Census Daniae
The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

question: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?, answer: Mario Draghi | question: What is the official, central bank for the euro?, answer: The European Central Bank | question: What is the Eurozone?, answer: consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world | question: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?, answer: the central banks of all 28 EU member states | question: What established The European Central Bank?, answer: The Treaty of Amsterdam
The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.

question: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?, answer: the sickness of the euro | question: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?, answer: the German government | question: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?, answer: The European Central Bank | question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?, answer: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency | question: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?, answer: the crisis of 2010
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

question: When did the European revolutions occur?, answer: 1848 | question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions?, answer: tens of thousands | question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?, answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution | question: In what country did the revolutions begin?, answer: France
The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes micro-USB adapters available – as permitted in the Common EPS MoU – for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.

question: Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?, answer: The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI | question: How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?, answer: 14 | question: Who was one of the original MoU signers?, answer: Apple
The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with "race". In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that "the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts".

question: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably?, answer: The European Union | question: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?, answer: its existence | question: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?, answer: European | question: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?, answer: Fascist | question: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?, answer: 1996
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.

question: What did the European colonization forever change?, answer: lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents | question: How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?, answer: between 80 and 90% | question: What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?, answer: disease | question: What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?, answer: smallpox, measles, and cholera | question: Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?, answer: lack of prior exposure
The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions. As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. The rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. Drawing on Classical sources and upon their own internal interactions — for example, the hostility between the English and Irish powerfully influenced early European thinking about the differences between people — Europeans began to sort themselves and others into groups based on physical appearance, and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups behaviors and capacities which were claimed to be deeply ingrained. A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. Similar ideas can be found in other cultures, for example in China, where a concept often translated as "race" was associated with supposed common descent from the Yellow Emperor, and used to stress the unity of ethnic groups in China. Brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout history and across the world.

question: When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise?, answer: time of the scientific revolution | question: What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?, answer: colonization | question: Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?, answer: Europeans | question: Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?, answer: African slaves | question: What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?, answer: ethnic
The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

question: What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?, answer: United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia | question: Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?, answer: Count Karl von Buol | question: In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?, answer: 1853 | question: Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?, answer: Abdülmecid I | question: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?, answer: Nicholas I
The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate. In World War II, the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Along with other Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands were then consolidated into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands governed by the US. Self-government was achieved in 1979, and full sovereignty in 1986, under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991.

question: In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?, answer: 1874 | question: In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?, answer: the German Empire | question: What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?, answer: the South Pacific Mandate | question: Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war?, answer: the United States | question: In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?, answer: 1986 | question: What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874?, answer: Spain | question: Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884?, answer: the German Empire | question: Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War?, answer: Japan | question: In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created?, answer: 1919 | question: In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation?, answer: 1986
The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories, which appeared in both the UK's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine, Wickid. These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02. When the comic switched to the Tamers series the storylines adhered to continuity more strictly; sometimes it would expand on subject matter not covered by the original Japanese anime (such as Mitsuo Yamaki's past) or the English adaptations of the television shows and movies (such as Ryo's story or the movies that remained undubbed until 2005). In a money saving venture, the original stories were later removed from Digimon Magazine, which returned to printing translated German adaptations of Tamers episodes. Eventually, both magazines were cancelled.

question: What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?, answer: UK comics | question: What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?, answer: Adventure 02 | question: What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?, answer: both magazines were cancelled
The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?, answer: Rodolphe Töpffer | question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?, answer: Richard F. Outcault | question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?, answer: 1890s | question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?, answer: satirical
The Everton board finally ran out of patience with Smith and he was sacked in March 2002 after an FA Cup exit at Middlesbrough, with Everton in real danger of relegation. David Moyes, was his replacement and guided Everton to a safe finish in fifteenth place. In 2002–03 Everton finished seventh, their highest finish since 1996. A fourth-place finish in 2004–05, ensured Everton qualified for the Champions League qualifying round. The team failed to make it through to the Champions League group stage and were then eliminated from the UEFA Cup. Everton qualified for the 2007–08 and 2008–09 UEFA Cup competitions and they were runners-up in the 2009 FA Cup Final.

question: When did the Everton club board fire Smith?, answer: 2002 | question: Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?, answer: David Moyes | question: In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?, answer: seventh | question: Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?, answer: runners-up
The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.

question: Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?, answer: The Executive Board | question: Who is the current president of the ECB?, answer: Mario Draghi | question: Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?, answer: Vitor Constâncio | question: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?, answer: four | question: For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?, answer: non-renewable terms of eight years
The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.

question: What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?, answer: The Associate Director of military affairs | question: What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?, answer: providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities | question: Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?, answer: The Executive Director
The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs – a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or split on the whims of the taxonomist. Fleas are now thought to be closely related to boreid mecopterans. Many questions remain in the basal relationships amongst endopterygote orders, particularly the Hymenoptera.

question: What are likely to be paraphyletic?, answer: The Exopterygota | question: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?, answer: Matters | question: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?, answer: Halteria | question: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?, answer: the entomological community | question: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?, answer: The Neuropterida