lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal."

question: What has caused serious financial damage?, answer: security breaches | question: Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?, answer: the organizations involved | question: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?, answer: $13 billion | question: Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?, answer: Several computer security consulting firms | question: What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?, answer: basically anecdotal
Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive.

question: What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?, answer: Serological | question: What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?, answer: bind specifically to an antigen | question: What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?, answer: a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent | question: What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?, answer: a chain of events | question: What is the causative agent of "strep throat"?, answer: S. pyogenes
Serotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in the limbic system make adolescents more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stress. The corresponding increase in emotional variability also can increase adolescents' vulnerability. The effect of serotonin is not limited to the limbic system: Several serotonin receptors have their gene expression change dramatically during adolescence, particularly in the human frontal and prefrontal cortex .

question: Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?, answer: Serotonin | question: Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?, answer: not | question: Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?, answer: mood and behavior | question: Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?, answer: limbic | question: Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?, answer: dopamine and serotonin
Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.

question: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?, answer: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets | question: How was target lead watched at short range?, answer: by watching the tracers | question: Target area is relatively large at what range?, answer: short range | question: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?, answer: slide rules | question: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?, answer: small errors in distance
Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.

question: Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?, answer: renewable energy policy | question: The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?, answer: 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix | question: Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?, answer: Australia
Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415

question: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?, answer: eleven months | question: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?, answer: Russia | question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?, answer: Treaty of Paris | question: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?, answer: 30 March 1856 | question: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?, answer: Orthodox church
Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double, namely Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986), Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) and Chelsea (2010). In 1993, Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–1 in both finals. Liverpool (in 2001) and Chelsea (in 2007) have since repeated this feat. In 2012, Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League. In 1998–99, Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble. Two years later, in 2000–01, Liverpool won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble. An English Treble has never been achieved.

question: How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?, answer: Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double | question: Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?, answer: Preston North End (1889) | question: Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double?, answer: Chelsea (2010) | question: Has any club won both in a same season?, answer: Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season | question: What year did that take place?, answer: 1993
Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke, and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance. Attempts to reconcile science and religion resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy, miracle and revealed religion in preference for Deism – especially by Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible – from which all supernatural aspects were removed.

question: Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?, answer: Benjamin Franklin | question: Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?, answer: both directions | question: As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?, answer: John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733) | question: All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?, answer: The Age of Reason | question: Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?, answer: science and religion
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

question: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?, answer: Nerthus or Freyr | question: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?, answer: Germanic | question: What season did fertility typically return?, answer: spring | question: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus?, answer: a procession of people in animal disguise | question: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?, answer: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated | question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?, answer: the returning of the daylight | question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?, answer: on wheels | question: Why was the winter driven out?, answer: to make sure that fertility could return in spring | question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?, answer: fertility | question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?, answer: be consummated
Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?, answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan | question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India?, answer: trading communities | question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?, answer: western coast | question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?, answer: Arabian peninsula | question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?, answer: Judaism and Christianity
Several MLB teams used to play regular exhibition games during the year against nearby teams in the other major league, but regular-season interleague play has made such games unnecessary. The two Canadian MLB teams, the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League and the Montreal Expos of the National League, met annually to play the Pearson Cup exhibition game; this tradition ended when the Expos moved to Washington DC for the 2005 season. Similarly, the New York Yankees played in the Mayor's Trophy Game against various local rivals from 1946 to 1983.

question: What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?, answer: regular-season interleague play | question: What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?, answer: American League | question: What league are the Montreal Expos in?, answer: National League | question: What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?, answer: the Pearson Cup | question: When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?, answer: 1983
Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?, answer: Higher Education Commission | question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?, answer: 5-fold increase | question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?, answer: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology | question: Where is Zayed University?, answer: United Arab Emirates | question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?, answer: 115
Several animal phyla are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry, and are thought to have diverged from other animals early in evolution. Among these, the sponges (Porifera) were long thought to have diverged first, representing the oldest animal phylum. They lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges typically feed by drawing in water through pores. However, a series of phylogenomic studies from 2008-2015 have found support for Ctenophora, or comb jellies, as the basal lineage of animals. This result has been controversial, since it would imply that that sponges may not be so primitive, but may instead be secondarily simplified. Other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as the earliest-diverging animal phylum is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes.

question: Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?, answer: other animals early in evolution | question: Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?, answer: sponges | question: How do sponges typically feed?, answer: drawing in water through pores | question: During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?, answer: 2008-2015
Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.

question: What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?, answer: juried fairs | question: What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?, answer: Ann Arbor Film Festival | question: How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?, answer: 2,500
Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction.

question: What is the name of the sampling theorem?, answer: Nyquist–Shannon | question: In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?, answer: less than half | question: Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?, answer: 4 kHz | question: What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?, answer: imperfect filters | question: A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?, answer: 48
Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

question: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?, answer: Kingsbridge National Ice Center | question: What was the largest armory in the world?, answer: Kingsbridge Armory | question: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?, answer: the Mott Haven waterfront | question: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?, answer: US$350–500 million | question: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?, answer: 2,000,000 square feet
Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.

question: When was the capital of Armenia established?, answer: 782 BC | question: What is the capital of Armenia?, answer: Yerevan | question: The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?, answer: Yerevan | question: Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?, answer: King Argishti I
Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

question: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?, answer: 1894 | question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?, answer: city police officers | question: Why was the campus police established?, answer: quell unrest between students and city residents | question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?, answer: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.
Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to declare that the testing field is not ready for certification. Certification itself cannot measure an individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge, and cannot guarantee their competence, or professionalism as a tester.

question: With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?, answer: requires the applicant to show their ability to test software | question: What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?, answer: testing field is not ready for certification | question: What four traits can a certification not measure?, answer: individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge