lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?, answer: Indo-Aryan | question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?, answer: north-west India | question: In what language did the Vedic culture speak?, answer: Vedic Sanskrit | question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?, answer: The Vedas | question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?, answer: 1750 to 500 BCE
The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Each of these have been further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each sub-school of Vedanta.

question: On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?, answer: Upanishads and Brahma | question: In what time did the Vedanta school become active?, answer: first millennium BCE | question: Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?, answer: Vedānta | question: How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?, answer: five or six methods | question: On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?, answer: sub-school
The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festival of Vestalia, they participated directly in the rites of Parilia, Parentalia and Fordicidia. Indirectly, they played a role in every official sacrifice; among their duties was the preparation of the mola salsa, the salted flour that was sprinkled on every sacrificial victim as part of its immolation.

question: Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?, answer: Vesta's flame | question: For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?, answer: Lares and Penates | question: What was the Vestal festival called?, answer: Vestalia | question: To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?, answer: mola salsa | question: What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?, answer: Indirect
The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her office, a Vestal was emancipated from her father's authority. In archaic Roman society, these priestesses were the only women not required to be under the legal guardianship of a man, instead answering directly to the Pontifex Maximus.

question: How many Vestals were there in Rome?, answer: six | question: Of what was Vesta the goddess?, answer: hearth | question: Of what were the Vestals protectors?, answer: vital flame | question: What was the benefit of being a Vestal?, answer: political influence | question: To whom did the Vestal answer?, answer: Pontifex Maximus
The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?, answer: 80 | question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?, answer: over 120,000 | question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?, answer: four | question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?, answer: 52 | question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?, answer: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades
The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom?, answer: the period of Queen Victoria's reign | question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign?, answer: 1837 to January 1901 | question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?, answer: a long period of prosperity for the British people | question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?, answer: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.
The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence & advising/training roles, they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. American forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. On a tactical level, American soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.

question: What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?, answer: 1959 | question: What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?, answer: Gulf of Tonkin Incident | question: What political structure did Vietnam have?, answer: communist
The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

question: When was the Vietnam War fought?, answer: between 1959 and 1975 | question: Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?, answer: Cambodia and Laos | question: What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?, answer: Operation Rolling Thunder | question: When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?, answer: 1964 | question: What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?, answer: the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was "refounded" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.

question: According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?, answer: Alfred the Great | question: Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what geographical area?, answer: London to Chester | question: What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?, answer: Guthrum | question: Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?, answer: about 950 | question: What was Danelaw?, answer: political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions
The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ("young woman") in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.

question: Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?, answer: Matthew | question: What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?, answer: alma | question: Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?, answer: 19th | question: Which verse in Luke states that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth?, answer: 1:34 | question: Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?, answer: the Apostles' Creed
The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and operated canteens, salvage and recycling schemes. By the end of 1941, the WVS had one million members. Prior to the outbreak of war, civilians were issued with 50 million respirators (gas masks). These were issued in the event of bombing taking place with gas before evacuation.

question: What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?, answer: Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence | question: Who was Home Secretary in 1938?, answer: Samuel Hoare | question: How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941?, answer: one million | question: How many gas mask were issued before the war?, answer: 50 million
The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?, answer: The Wagner tuba | question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?, answer: Symphony No. 7 in E Major | question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?, answer: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky | question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?, answer: freelance musicians | question: What Debussy piece features a cornet?, answer: La Mer
The War of 1812, the second and last American war against the United Kingdom, was less successful for the U.S. than the Revolution and Northwest Indian War against natives had been, though it ended on a high note for Americans as well. After the taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the Americans were able to seize parts of western Upper Canada, burn York and defeat Tecumseh, which caused his Indian Confederacy to collapse. Following ending victories in the province of Upper Canada, which dubbed the U.S. Army "Regulars, by God!", British troops were able to capture and burn Washington. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo ante bellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and became a national hero. Per the treaty both sides returned to the status quo with no victor.

question: The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?, answer: United Kingdom | question: In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?, answer: 1813 | question: Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?, answer: Tecumseh | question: In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?, answer: Andrew Jackson
The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France’s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France had concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Austrian alignment after 1748 was deemed essential by the Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother Henry Pelham. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” or the “reversal of alliances.”

question: Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?, answer: Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced | question: What was gained or lost by Austria?, answer: British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria | question: What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?, answer: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British | question: What alliances were formed in the "diplomatic reversal"?, answer: The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” | question: Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?, answer: . Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria
The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities. It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Since 2001, terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas.

question: What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?, answer: The War on Terrorism | question: What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?, answer: Islamic Extremist | question: What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?, answer: al-Qaeda | question: The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?, answer: the September 11, 2001 attacks | question: Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?, answer: Arkansas and Texas
The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or °W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10° and 25° Warnerke at the time.

question: What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?, answer: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer | question: What do degrees Warnerke measure?, answer: The speed of the emulsion | question: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?, answer: an increase of 1/3 in speed | question: What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds?, answer: between 10° and 25° Warnerke | question: What does the last exposed number on the plate represent?, answer: 'degrees' Warnerke
The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?, answer: 1955 | question: Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?, answer: Soviet Union | question: Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?, answer: the Cold War | question: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?, answer: seven | question: The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?, answer: West Germany
The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

question: Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?, answer: the USSR | question: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?, answer: the USSR
The Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the Near East to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa." Details can be found in Policy Focus #65.

question: What is WINEP?, answer: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy | question: What is WINEPS target countries as?, answer: the Middle East | question: How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?, answer: under "North Africa."
The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), located in Suitland, Maryland is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records which are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.

question: Where is The Washington National Records Center located?, answer: Suitland, Maryland | question: What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?, answer: federal records | question: After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?, answer: the National Archives | question: What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?, answer: destroyed | question: Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?, answer: research