lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The legend of Virgil in his Basket arose in the Middle Ages, and is often seen in art and mentioned in literature as part of the Power of Women literary topos, demonstrating the disruptive force of female attractiveness on men. In this story Virgil became enamoured of a beautiful woman, sometimes described as the emperor's daughter or mistress and called Lucretia. She played him along and agreed to an assignation at her house, which he was to sneak into at night by climbing into a large basket let down from a window. When he did so he was only hoisted halfway up the wall and then left him trapped there into the next day, exposed to public ridicule. The story paralleled that of Phyllis riding Aristotle. Among other artists depicting the scene, Lucas van Leyden made a woodcut and later an engraving.

question: During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?, answer: Middle Ages | question: What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?, answer: Lucretia | question: Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?, answer: Phyllis riding Aristotle | question: Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?, answer: Lucas van Leyden
The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each century was separated further into 10 "tent groups" of 8 men each. The cavalry troops were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry. Legions also contained a dedicated group of artillery crew of perhaps 60 men. Each legion was normally partnered with an approximately equal number of allied (non-Roman) troops.

question: Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?, answer: 480 infantrymen | question: How many troops were placed into each tent group?, answer: 8 men | question: Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?, answer: cavalry troops | question: What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?, answer: cohort
The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in megapodes ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the great frigatebird, whose chicks take up to six months to fledge and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months. The chick guard stage describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.

question: When does parental care end in megapodes?, answer: at hatching | question: What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care?, answer: frigatebird | question: What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest?, answer: chick guard stage
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m (110–120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m (100–130 yd) length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

question: What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?, answer: 100–110 m | question: In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?, answer: 2008 | question: When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented?, answer: never | question: What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?, answer: 90–120 m | question: What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?, answer: 64–75 m
The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

question: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?, answer: Antikythera mechanism | question: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?, answer: 10th | question: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?, answer: Al-Biruni | question: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?, answer: 150–100 BC
The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

question: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?, answer: liberal | question: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?, answer: Chihuahua | question: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?, answer: President Juárez | question: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?, answer: Governor Luis Terrazas | question: To where was the battalion first deployed?, answer: Puebla
The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

question: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?, answer: 66 Portland Place | question: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?, answer: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A | question: What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?, answer: Art Deco | question: In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?, answer: 2004 | question: Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?, answer: students, education groups and families
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22–28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.

question: How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?, answer: hatch from eggs | question: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?, answer: inelastic exoskeleton | question: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?, answer: pupal stage | question: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?, answer: nymphal | question: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans?, answer: Paleozoic | question: Insects hatch from what?, answer: eggs | question: Insects growth is constrained by what?, answer: the inelastic exoskeleton | question: An insects developement involves a series of what?, answer: molts | question: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?, answer: 4-stage | question: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?, answer: flowering plants
The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.

question: Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?, answer: positive | question: How are household chores frequently divided?, answer: self-care tasks and family-care tasks | question: What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?, answer: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities
The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme rubisco to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesized. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while inulin, a polymer of fructose is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family Asteraceae. Some of the glucose is converted to sucrose (common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant.

question: What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?, answer: store and transport energy | question: When is the raw form of glucose formed?, answer: first product of photosynthesis | question: What is stored in the chloroplast?, answer: starch | question: What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?, answer: fructose | question: Why is table sugar produced?, answer: for export to the rest of the plant
The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to provide a signal path with electrical isolation between two circuits. This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential.

question: Where are LEDs often used?, answer: free space optics communications | question: Where are opto-isolators found?, answer: medical equipment | question: What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?, answer: remote controls | question: What does an optoisolator do?, answer: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential | question: In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?, answer: LED Computers
The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.

question: What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?, answer: technical and economic | question: What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?, answer: use bandwidths greater than normal television
The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

question: What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?, answer: Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra | question: What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?, answer: went into a Dawr-e-Satr | question: Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?, answer: Dai-al-Mutlaq | question: What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?, answer: manages the affairs of the Imam | question: Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?, answer: Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin
The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages—the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century. The Norman languages of Guernésiais, Jèrriais and Sarkese spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French. A cant, called Shelta, is spoken by Irish Travellers, often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group. However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region. The Norn language of Orkney and Shetland became extinct around 1880.

question: How many groups do these languages belong to?, answer: six groups | question: What are the three Insular Celtic languages?, answer: Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic | question: What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?, answer: Cornish, Welsh and Breton | question: Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?, answer: Shelta
The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually elected consular offices. In the early Republic, as presumably in the regal era, plebeians were excluded from high religious and civil office, and could be punished for offenses against laws of which they had no knowledge. They resorted to strikes and violence to break the oppressive patrician monopolies of high office, public priesthood, and knowledge of civil and religious law. The senate appointed Camillus as dictator to handle the emergency; he negotiated a settlement, and sanctified it by the dedication of a temple to Concordia. The religious calendars and laws were eventually made public. Plebeian tribunes were appointed, with sacrosanct status and the right of veto in legislative debate. In principle, the augural and pontifical colleges were now open to plebeians. In reality, the patrician and to a lesser extent, plebeian nobility dominated religious and civil office throughout the Republican era and beyond.

question: The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?, answer: religious and political | question: Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?, answer: patrician elite | question: What group was excluded from high offices ?, answer: plebeians | question: Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?, answer: Camillus | question: To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?, answer: Concordia
The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.

question: Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?, answer: Marion Nestle | question: What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?, answer: macro-nutrients | question: What is notable about cellulose in humans?, answer: non-digestible | question: What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?, answer: phytochemicals | question: In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?, answer: 2014
The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

question: Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?, answer: Kirtipur | question: What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?, answer: Licchavi | question: How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?, answer: 50 | question: When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?, answer: April 2015 | question: How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?, answer: four
The local councils are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989 such as urban planning and waste management. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include services which are associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects. The state government retains the right to override certain local government decisions, including urban planning, and Melburnian issues often feature prominently in state election.

question: Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?, answer: Local Government Act 1989 | question: From where does the Victorian state government operate?, answer: Parliament House in Spring Street | question: Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?, answer: state government
The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.

question: What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?, answer: EcoBici | question: When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?, answer: 2010 | question: How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?, answer: 4,000 | question: What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?, answer: Ciclovías | question: What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?, answer: Denmark