lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?, answer: Haredi Judaism | question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?, answer: Chasidic Judaism | question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?, answer: Israel ben Eliezer | question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?, answer: Ba'al Shem Tov | question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?, answer: Yiddish
Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.

question: in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the legal system?, answer: British | question: The highest ranking persons title in British india is?, answer: The Governor General | question: The highest ranking person's title in British india is?, answer: Governor General | question: Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india, answer: trade | question: Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India, answer: export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain
Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album. The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members: two lions for Leo (Deacon and Taylor), a crab for Cancer (May), and two fairies for Virgo (Mercury). The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion. There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters. The original logo, as found on the reverse-side of the first album cover, was a simple line drawing but more intricate colour versions were used on later sleeves.

question: Who designed Queen's logo?, answer: Mercury | question: What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?, answer: Virgo | question: Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?, answer: Leo | question: What was Brian May's zodiac sign?, answer: Cancer | question: The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?, answer: United Kingdom
Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.

question: When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts?, answer: Conquest of Mexico | question: When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?, answer: pre-Classical period | question: What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?, answer: National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum | question: What are the main artifacts that have survived?, answer: pottery and stone-engraving
Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.

question: The USSR launched their first space station on what date?, answer: April 19, 1971 | question: Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?, answer: Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev
Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database. This process is often called logical database design, and the output is a logical data model expressed in the form of a schema. Whereas the conceptual data model is (in theory at least) independent of the choice of database technology, the logical data model will be expressed in terms of a particular database model supported by the chosen DBMS. (The terms data model and database model are often used interchangeably, but in this article we use data model for the design of a specific database, and database model for the modelling notation used to express that design.)

question: A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?, answer: database technology | question: In what form is the output of a logical database design?, answer: schema | question: Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?, answer: logical
Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

question: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:, answer: Addressing the populace by radio | question: List the two names of Gaddafi's coup., answer: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" | question: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?, answer: freedom, socialism, and unity | question: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?, answer: a revolution | question: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?, answer: Libyan Arab Republic | question: What was the Libyan coup called at first?, answer: White Revolution | question: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?, answer: One September Revolution | question: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?, answer: Free Officers | question: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?, answer: reactionary and corrupt
Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.

question: What two apex predators do not have a small population size?, answer: humans and dogs | question: Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?, answer: small | question: Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?, answer: competitive exclusion principle | question: What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?, answer: prey abundance
Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.

question: How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?, answer: more than 300 million | question: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?, answer: Guinness World Records | question: How many certified albums does Madonna have?, answer: 64.5 million | question: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?, answer: $1.31 billion | question: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?, answer: Madonna
Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision."

question: Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?, answer: creating a "safety net" | question: Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?, answer: all | question: According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?, answer: sufficient to preserve health | question: What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?, answer: social insurance
Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.

question: What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?, answer: works were largely ignored | question: Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?, answer: Nicholas Kaldor | question: What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?, answer: Profits, Interest and Investment | question: Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?, answer: the Austrian theory of the business cycle | question: Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?, answer: Lionel Robbins
Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society."

question: What concept did Hayek dislike?, answer: social justice | question: How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?, answer: there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust | question: What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?, answer: the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable | question: According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?, answer: the opposite of a free society
Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

question: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?, answer: they were somehow of a different generation | question: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?, answer: adults | question: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?, answer: read fluently and frequently | question: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?, answer: his father | question: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?, answer: Aristotle
Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas.

question: Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?, answer: Karl Popper | question: Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?, answer: Alfred Tarski | question: Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?, answer: Conjectures and Refutations | question: Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?, answer: Logik der Forschung | question: Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?, answer: the inaugural meeting
Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

question: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?, answer: The Road to Serfdom | question: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?, answer: Aaron Director | question: What group did Hayek form with three other people?, answer: Mont Pèlerin Society | question: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?, answer: Intercollegiate Studies Institute
Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars.

question: Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics?, answer: Milton Friedman's | question: What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?, answer: Free to Choose | question: How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?, answer: Hayekian | question: Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?, answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory which took place there (see Chicago school of economics). When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an "ideologue". Milton Friedman declared himself "an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics. I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time."

question: What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?, answer: the dynamics of capital | question: What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?, answer: macroeconomics | question: What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?, answer: an "ideologue" | question: Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?, answer: The Road to Serfdom | question: Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?, answer: Gunnar Myrdal
Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.

question: In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?, answer: 1979 | question: Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?, answer: Keith Joseph | question: During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?, answer: conservative governments | question: What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?, answer: director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies | question: One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?, answer: Ronald Reagan's
Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

question: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?, answer: The Road to Serfdom | question: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?, answer: Alexis de Tocqueville | question: When was the Road to Serfdom published?, answer: March 1944 | question: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?, answer: United States | question: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?, answer: Max Eastman