lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spoken in the region. The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.

question: What is Texas official language?, answer: In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language | question: Are there exceptions to Texas official language?, answer: , the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. | question: How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?, answer: . The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish | question: How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?, answer: websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency.
In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life?, answer: Thailand | question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?, answer: executive branch | question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?, answer: royalist | question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?, answer: 1932 | question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?, answer: Ancient prejudices and political bias
In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning "queen of video" is Madonna. He further asserted that "the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory." The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."

question: Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?, answer: Allen Metz and Carol Benson | question: Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?, answer: MTV | question: The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?, answer: Madonna
In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.

question: What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?, answer: historicism | question: What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?, answer: authoritarianism and totalitarianism | question: What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?, answer: the growth of human knowledge | question: Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?, answer: The Poverty of Historicism
In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.

question: In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?, answer: 1952 | question: Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?, answer: Hebbian learning | question: What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?, answer: "Hebbian synapse" | question: What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?, answer: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology
In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.

question: Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?, answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society | question: Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?, answer: central planning | question: The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?, answer: Oliver Williamson | question: The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?, answer: the Nobel prize
In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).

question: In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?, answer: The Wombles | question: What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?, answer: Very Behind the Times | question: In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?, answer: Uncle Bulgaria
In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names.

question: Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?, answer: Algeria | question: What is the liturgical language of Islam?, answer: Literary Arabic | question: In what language is the Qur'an written?, answer: Literary Arabic | question: What does the term Dariajs refer to?, answer: spoken North African languages | question: What is the dominant religion of North Africa?, answer: Islam
In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

question: How is UTF-32 widely used?, answer: internal representation of text in programs | question: What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters?, answer: Seed7 | question: what version of python can be used with UTF-32?, answer: 2.2
In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On February 11–12, 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On February 15, 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16, 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil.

question: What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?, answer: Ukrainian Independence Day | question: What is a moleben?, answer: religious service | question: Where was the moleben held?, answer: in front of St. George's Cathedral.
In Ukraine, Russian is seen as a language of inter-ethnic communication, and a minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook. 20% of school students receive their education primarily in Russian.

question: How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?, answer: 14,400,000 | question: How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?, answer: 29 million | question: What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?, answer: 65% | question: What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?, answer: 38% | question: What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?, answer: minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine
In Virginia prior to 1920, for example, a person was legally white if having seven-eights or more white ancestry. The one-drop rule originated in some Southern United States in the late 19th century, likely in response to whites' attempt to maintain white supremacy and limit black political power following the Democrats' regaining control of state legislatures in the late 1870s. The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.

question: Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?, answer: if having seven-eights or more white ancestry | question: What year was mulatto left off the US Census?, answer: 1920 | question: Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?, answer: Southern-dominated Congress
In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?, answer: five | question: Which letters remain distinct?, answer: /a u i/ | question: Where did this pattern come from?, answer: Proto-Romance | question: In what other languages is this pattern found?, answer: Italian and Portuguese | question: What do other Western dialects sometimes offer?, answer: further reduction
In Western Europe, some of the older Roman elite families died out while others became more involved with Church than secular affairs. Values attached to Latin scholarship and education mostly disappeared, and while literacy remained important, it became a practical skill rather than a sign of elite status. In the 4th century, Jerome (d. 420) dreamed that God rebuked him for spending more time reading Cicero than the Bible. By the 6th century, Gregory of Tours (d. 594) had a similar dream, but instead of being chastised for reading Cicero, he was chastised for learning shorthand. By the late 6th century, the principal means of religious instruction in the Church had become music and art rather than the book. Most intellectual efforts went towards imitating classical scholarship, but some original works were created, along with now-lost oral compositions. The writings of Sidonius Apollinaris (d. 489), Cassiodorus (d. c. 585), and Boethius (d. c. 525) were typical of the age.

question: What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?, answer: Cicero | question: In what year did Jerome die?, answer: 420 | question: In what century did Gregory of Tours live?, answer: 6th | question: Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?, answer: music | question: When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?, answer: 489
In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.

question: Where did studying politics originate?, answer: Ancient Greece | question: What did Plato study?, answer: political systems | question: What method did Plato use to understand political systems?, answer: philosophy | question: What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?, answer: historical empirical evidence
In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

question: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?, answer: Trousers | question: What gender's clothing is often more practical?, answer: Male | question: What can males typically bare in more places?, answer: their chests | question: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?, answer: male clothing | question: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?, answer: unusual
In Why F A Hayek is a Conservative, British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook. Conservatives, he says, are not averse to change – but like Hayek, they are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in authority who think they know how to run things better. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook, says Pirie, that Hayek and conservatives both share.

question: Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?, answer: Madsen Pirie | question: According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?, answer: people in authority who think they know how to run things better | question: Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?, answer: mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook | question: What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?, answer: to function smoothly
In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Islands, except for Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.

question: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?, answer: World War II | question: What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?, answer: the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign | question: In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?, answer: 1944 | question: How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?, answer: one | question: Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?, answer: Wotje
In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

question: Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?, answer: Osama bin Laden | question: Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?, answer: Donald Rumsfeld | question: Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?, answer: Al-Qaeda | question: What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?, answer: Special Air Service and Delta Force | question: Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?, answer: Fazlur Rehman Khalil
In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that "house" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music.

question: who ran the D.J. International record label?, answer: Rocky Jones | question: House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?, answer: dance music, | question: what was 'house music' once synonymous with?, answer: older disco music
In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

question: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?, answer: New York Times | question: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?, answer: James Gleick | question: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?, answer: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm | question: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?, answer: write down the answer
In a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, Murdoch stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from exercising editorial control.

question: In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?, answer: 2007 | question: In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?, answer: exercising editorial control | question: What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?, answer: House of Lords Select Committee on Communications