lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.

question: What is the aggregate population of Paris?, answer: 10,550,350 | question: From what census is this information from?, answer: 2012 census | question: What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?, answer: 12,341,418 | question: How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?, answer: 12,012 km² | question: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?, answer: 12 million
Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.

question: What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?, answer: 2006 | question: What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?, answer: 2010 | question: what percentage have a negative view of Germany?, answer: 14% | question: What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?, answer: 59
Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.

question: In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?, answer: reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy | question: What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?, answer: a mixed economy | question: Where was Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?, answer: house arrest | question: What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?, answer: granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners | question: Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?, answer: new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes
Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

question: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?, answer: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 | question: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?, answer: John C. Bowen | question: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?, answer: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected | question: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?, answer: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

question: When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?, answer: two hundred years ago | question: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?, answer: keep foods fresh longer | question: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?, answer: Cooling | question: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?, answer: last longer without becoming spoiled | question: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?, answer: heating
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

question: How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?, answer: thirteen | question: How many municipalities exist in Greece?, answer: 325 | question: What went into effect on January 1, 2011?, answer: Kallikratis programme reform | question: What is the one autonomous area in Greece?, answer: Mount Athos | question: Where is Mount Athos located?, answer: borders the region of Central Macedonia
Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated.

question: When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?, answer: 2007
Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondoñedo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil provincial divisions. The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops. Moreover, of five dioceses, Galicia is divided between 163 districts and 3,792 parishes, a few of which are governed by administrators, the remainder by parish priests.

question: Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?, answer: Catholic Church | question: Which five positions are held by church leaders?, answer: one archbishop and four bishops
Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rhön Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.

question: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia?, answer: Lutheranism | question: How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?, answer: Today over two thirds of the population | question: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?, answer: The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany | question: How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?, answer: 7.8% of the population | question: How many Jews live in Thuringia?, answer: 750 Jews
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students. There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?, answer: Catalan | question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?, answer: in all schools | question: Since the transition, what is the official language?, answer: Catalan | question: Besides as an official and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?, answer: mass media
Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

question: What happened in 1975-1982?, answer: Spanish transition to democracy | question: What has this official language state done for Catalan?, answer: increased prestige | question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?, answer: Europe | question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?, answer: mass media
Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century.

question: In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?, answer: minting | question: Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?, answer: its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation | question: During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?, answer: Ming | question: In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?, answer: Qing | question: During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?, answer: around 200 thousand jobs
Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (emf)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.

question: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?, answer: back electromotive force | question: EMP is proportional to what?, answer: the running speed of the motor | question: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?, answer: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance | question: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?, answer: more current is drawn from the supply
Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).

question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator?, answer: glass | question: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?, answer: as the dielectric | question: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?, answer: strip of impregnated paper | question: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?, answer: in 1876 | question: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?, answer: as decoupling capacitors
Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-text editing (a complete rejection of eclecticism) became one extreme. Stemmatics and copy-text editing – while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources – sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by "objective" criteria.[citation needed] The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.

question: When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?, answer: 19th century | question: What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?, answer: The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images | question: What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?, answer: the depth of research of the critic | question: Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?, answer: justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda
Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

question: Where was Henry III crowned?, answer: Gloucester Cathedral | question: When was Henry III crowned?, answer: 1216 | question: Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?, answer: French prince Louis | question: Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?, answer: the Pope | question: Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?, answer: The Archbishop of Canterbury
Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon. The BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers even though he was lying on the ground in a public area. The footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila and was used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.

question: Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?, answer: Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee | question: Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?, answer: unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence | question: What news company discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?, answer: BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers | question: Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident?, answer: footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila | question: Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?, answer: used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.
Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

question: When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?, answer: early 1950s | question: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?, answer: hitting aircraft parked forward | question: How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?, answer: one or two | question: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?, answer: two | question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?, answer: An angled deck
Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology.

question: When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?, answer: early 1960s | question: On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?, answer: abstract | question: What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?, answer: morphophonemes | question: What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?, answer: morphophonology | question: What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?, answer: theoretical
Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.

question: Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?, answer: Latvia and Lithuania | question: What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?, answer: The Baltic Council | question: What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?, answer: Nordic-Baltic Eight | question: What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?, answer: 1989