lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention to the importance of "ancestry" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this "race science", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:

question: Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?, answer: Y | question: What does the new "race science" call attention to the importance of?, answer: ancestry | question: What do people desire to use science to confirm?, answer: their claims about ancestry | question: What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?, answer: race science | question: How were older notions of race used?, answer: to explain differences in human behaviour or social status
As anticipated by Nimitz, the Japanese fleet arrived off Midway on 4 June and was spotted by PBY patrol aircraft. Nagumo executed a first strike against Midway, while Fletcher launched his aircraft, bound for Nagumo's carriers. At 09:20 the first U.S. carrier aircraft arrived, TBD Devastator torpedo bombers from Hornet, but their attacks were poorly coordinated and ineffectual; thanks in part to faulty aerial torpedoes, they failed to score a single hit and all 15 were wiped out by defending Zero fighters. At 09:35, 15 additional TBDs from Enterprise attacked in which 14 were lost, again with no hits. Thus far, Fletcher's attacks had been disorganized and seemingly ineffectual, but they succeeded in drawing Nagumo's defensive fighters down to sea level where they expended much of their fuel and ammunition repulsing the two waves of torpedo bombers. As a result, when U.S. dive bombers arrived at high altitude, the Zeros were poorly positioned to defend. To make matters worse, Nagumo's four carriers had drifted out of formation in their efforts to avoid torpedoes, reducing the concentration of their anti-aircraft fire. Nagumo's indecision had also created confusion aboard his carriers. Alerted to the need of a second strike on Midway, but also wary of the need to deal with the American carriers that he now knew were in the vicinity, Nagumo twice changed the arming orders for his aircraft. As a result, the American dive bombers found the Japanese carriers with their decks cluttered with munitions as the crews worked hastily to properly re-arm their air groups.

question: When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?, answer: 4 June | question: How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?, answer: 15 | question: How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?, answer: twice | question: How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?, answer: four | question: What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?, answer: munitions
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.

question: Whose culture included tea ceremonies?, answer: samurai | question: What kind of painting did samurai do?, answer: monochrome ink | question: What was Japanese culture influenced by?, answer: Chinese arts | question: Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?, answer: Zen monks | question: When was Muso Soseki born?, answer: 1275
As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?, answer: make casing operations an unholy mess | question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?, answer: shapes | question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?, answer: single codepoint | question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?, answer: sets of symbols | question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?, answer: letter case
As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds. Recently, some researchers suggested an interesting theory of evolution of dietary antioxidants. Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors (glutathione, Vitamin C), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources (Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K) or produced by the body from other compounds (Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight). Phytochemicals (Section Below) and their subgroup, polyphenols, make up the majority of antioxidants; about 4,000 are known. Different antioxidants are now known to function in a cooperative network. For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself. Some antioxidants are more effective than others at neutralizing different free radicals. Some cannot neutralize certain free radicals. Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development (Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects those areas). When interacting with a free radical, some antioxidants produce a different free radical compound that is less dangerous or more dangerous than the previous compound. Having a variety of antioxidants allows any byproducts to be safely dealt with by more efficient antioxidants in neutralizing a free radical's butterfly effect.

question: What is another term that can be used to describe "potentially damaging" compounds?, answer: mutation causing | question: What are oxidizers?, answer: acceptors of electrons | question: In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?, answer: antioxidant compounds | question: What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?, answer: polyphenols | question: Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?, answer: fat areas
As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigrants in the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters that hit El Salvador, including earthquakes and hurricanes. By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.

question: Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?, answer: civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s | question: When did Salvadorans flee, answer: Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990 | question: Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?, answer: the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. | question: Is the Salvadoran population still growing?, answer: the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters | question: How many Salvadorans are in America now?, answer: By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States.
As computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s a number of such systems had come into commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, the Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 the Database Task Group delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "CODASYL approach", and soon a number of commercial products based on this approach entered the market.

question: Why was COBOL created?, answer: Interest in a standard | question: When were DBMSs first used commercially?, answer: mid-1960s | question: When was the standard protocol completed?, answer: 1971 | question: What group discovered COBOL?, answer: Database Task Group | question: What was the standard protocol called?, answer: CODASYL approach
As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main strength of the state. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices.

question: Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?, answer: mercantilist theory | question: How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?, answer: procuring abundance | question: Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?, answer: Foucault | question: Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?, answer: because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.
As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taihō Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.

question: What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?, answer: Land management | question: What grew during the second phase of shoen development?, answer: "house governments," | question: What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?, answer: Taihō Code | question: Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?, answer: Fujiwara
As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729.

question: In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?, answer: Virginia | question: What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?, answer: 1663 | question: What did King Charles II's charter establish?, answer: North Carolina's borders | question: Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?, answer: Charles I | question: What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?, answer: 1665
As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned.

question: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?, answer: 1794 | question: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?, answer: it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain | question: When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?, answer: February 1805 | question: By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?, answer: 200 | question: Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?, answer: to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings
As early as 1934, Popper wrote of the search for truth as "one of the strongest motives for scientific discovery." Still, he describes in Objective Knowledge (1972) early concerns about the much-criticised notion of truth as correspondence. Then came the semantic theory of truth formulated by the logician Alfred Tarski and published in 1933. Popper writes of learning in 1935 of the consequences of Tarski's theory, to his intense joy. The theory met critical objections to truth as correspondence and thereby rehabilitated it. The theory also seemed, in Popper's eyes, to support metaphysical realism and the regulative idea of a search for truth.

question: Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?, answer: Alfred Tarski | question: What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?, answer: semantic theory of truth | question: Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?, answer: truth as correspondence | question: What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?, answer: metaphysical
As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war. They wanted to be free of white supervision. In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.

question: When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?, answer: As early as the late 18th century | question: Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?, answer: freedmen | question: Who wanted to be free from white submission?, answer: freedmen | question: What states setup black conventions?, answer: Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky | question: What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?, answer: 45%
As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?, answer: economic and demographic | question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?, answer: Johan Huizinga | question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?, answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages | question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?, answer: France and the Low Countries | question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?, answer: Belgian
As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?, answer: Richard Meade | question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?, answer: daylight savings time | question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?, answer: daylight saving time | question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?, answer: American Heritage | question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?, answer: daylight time
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).

question: What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?, answer: a form of lamellar armor | question: What was the first samurai armor called?, answer: yoroi | question: What were the small scales in yoroi called?, answer: kozane | question: What were kozane made of?, answer: iron or leather | question: What was a full chest armor called?, answer: dou