lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?, answer: 1397 | question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?, answer: King Christian II | question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?, answer: 1523 | question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?, answer: 1814 | question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?, answer: 1520
After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

question: After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?, answer: Napoleonic Code | question: Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?, answer: law | question: How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?, answer: favorable | question: Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?, answer: Russia | question: One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?, answer: serfdom
After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts. The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napoléon Bonaparte. The Barrière de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side.

question: When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?, answer: After the fall of Napoléon | question: Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?, answer: Savoy | question: Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?, answer: to protect the major alpine passes | question: Who ordered the construction of a paved road?, answer: Napoléon Bonaparte
After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, or into the mountainous interior. At this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951. After these dramatic reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of conflict became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their Communist allies.

question: At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?, answer: Pusan Perimeter | question: In 1950, what country got involved in the war?, answer: China | question: How many times did the control of Seoul change?, answer: four | question: On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?, answer: close to the 38th parallel | question: What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?, answer: air-to-air combat
After the formal end of Reconstruction, the struggle over power in Southern society continued. Through violence and intimidation against freedmen and their allies, White Democrats regained political power in Tennessee and other states across the South in the late 1870s and 1880s. Over the next decade, the state legislature passed increasingly restrictive laws to control African Americans. In 1889 the General Assembly passed four laws described as electoral reform, with the cumulative effect of essentially disfranchising most African Americans in rural areas and small towns, as well as many poor Whites. Legislation included implementation of a poll tax, timing of registration, and recording requirements. Tens of thousands of taxpaying citizens were without representation for decades into the 20th century. Disfranchising legislation accompanied Jim Crow laws passed in the late 19th century, which imposed segregation in the state. In 1900, African Americans made up nearly 24% of the state's population, and numbered 480,430 citizens who lived mostly in the central and western parts of the state.

question: Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?, answer: African Americans | question: In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?, answer: 1889 | question: Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?, answer: poor Whites | question: What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?, answer: Jim Crow laws | question: Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?, answer: 480,430
After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security. Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century, American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War, and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries, the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism. As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.

question: What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?, answer: Western nations | question: Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?, answer: China | question: To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?, answer: promoted Communist revolutions | question: Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?, answer: the Nationalists
After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?, answer: the grant of the royal charter | question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?, answer: the reference to London | question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?, answer: 1892 | question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?, answer: Portland Place | question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?, answer: King George V and Queen Mary
After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups.

question: What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?, answer: that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq | question: How many US troops participated in the invasion?, answer: 250,000 | question: What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?, answer: Turkey | question: How long did the first phase of fighting last?, answer: approximately three weeks | question: How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?, answer: 9 years
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)

question: What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?, answer: "an abstract of my whole work". | question: Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?, answer: John Murray III | question: What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?, answer: 2⁄3 of the profits | question: What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?, answer: 6th edition | question: How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?, answer: nearly £3000
After the preamble comes numbered articles, which contain the substance of the parties' actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. A long treaty may further group articles under chapter headings.

question: What follows the preamble in a treaty?, answer: numbered articles | question: What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?, answer: the substance of the parties' actual agreement | question: What does each article heading usually encompass?, answer: a paragraph | question: How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?, answer: under chapter headings | question: The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?, answer: A long treaty
After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia, the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension didn't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia.

question: War broke out with which other countries?, answer: Portugal and Catalonia | question: When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?, answer: second half of the 17th century | question: In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?, answer: there were frequent urban mutinies
After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.

question: Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?, answer: six weeks | question: On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?, answer: 30 June | question: Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?, answer: 180,000 | question: How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?, answer: 150,000 | question: How long did the Battle of Wagram last?, answer: two days
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.

question: Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?, answer: Somali entrepreneurs | question: China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms., answer: expertise | question: What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?, answer: affordable mobile phone and internet services | question: Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?, answer: mobile phones | question: When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?, answer: infrastructure
After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.

question: Where did Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity, answer: quantum electrodynamics | question: What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?, answer: consequences of a free massless spin 2 field | question: What equation did Feyman derive?, answer: Einstein field equation of general relativity | question: Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?, answer: QCD and the electro-weak theory | question: What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?, answer: Yang–Mills theories
After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs bit-stuffing, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. However, trailing 1 bits in the PID may require bit-stuffing within the first few bits of the payload.)

question: After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?, answer: 8-bit bytes | question: How are the bit bytes transmitted?, answer: least-significant bit first | question: The first byte is what?, answer: a packet identifier (PID) byte
After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?, answer: UK and France | question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?, answer: Aswan Dam | question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?, answer: China | question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?, answer: Algerian | question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?, answer: Baghdad Pact
After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.

question: At which college did Feyman turn down a job?, answer: Institute for Advanced Study | question: Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?, answer: Cornell University | question: Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?, answer: Hans Bethe | question: His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?, answer: Nobel Prize–winning work | question: Why did Feynman go through a depression?, answer: destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb
After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

question: What did Nasser do after the war ended?, answer: instructor at the Royal Military Academy | question: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?, answer: Muslim Brotherhood | question: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?, answer: religious agenda | question: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?, answer: humiliating | question: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?, answer: Eilat
After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government. After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name. From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.

question: What was the point of Operation Glory?, answer: to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead | question: How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?, answer: 4,167 | question: Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?, answer: National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific | question: How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?, answer: 220
After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small, and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the "United States Army" in 1796.

question: What political party did not have trust in standing armies?, answer: republican | question: Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?, answer: General St. Clair | question: Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?, answer: Native Americans | question: In what year was the Legion of the United States established?, answer: 1791 | question: In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?, answer: 1796