lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
These processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment. Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste. Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they find themselves.

question: What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?, answer: the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury | question: What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?, answer: ethanol | question: How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?, answer: can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors
These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

question: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?, answer: wood structural panels | question: What's another word for glued laminated timber?, answer: glulam | question: What does LVL stand for?, answer: laminated veneer lumber | question: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?, answer: plywood | question: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?, answer: 100 million
These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts.

question: Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?, answer: French models | question: How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?, answer: three | question: What was the new Ottoman court system known as?, answer: Nizamiye | question: What code regulated marriage?, answer: the Mecelle
These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire.

question: These regions were occupied by who?, answer: the brown men | question: Where where the yellow?, answer: the Far East | question: Where were the black?, answer: Africa | question: When did Kenya become independent?, answer: 1963 | question: The color issue was not settled until when?, answer: Kenya became independent
These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake. They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space, but only as parts in a larger whole. While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs. In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals, to suggest a passage to and fro a busy battlefield. The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order, and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy.

question: Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?, answer: The artists | question: What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?, answer: These representations | question: While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?, answer: the general sequence to which it belongs
These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

question: What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?, answer: economic development | question: What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?, answer: economic reforms | question: What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?, answer: emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world | question: What do international actions do according to these scholars?, answer: increase child labour
These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

question: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?, answer: nutritional information | question: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?, answer: food | question: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?, answer: healthful foods | question: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?, answer: socioeconomic | question: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?, answer: low levels of education
These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.

question: What do these studies suggest?, answer: that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns | question: How is this reflected in the studies?, answer: in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. | question: What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?, answer: attractions, behavior, identity | question: What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?, answer: physical component of attractions | question: What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?, answer: emotional attachment
These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated other types of music, although it too is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument.

question: What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have?, answer: two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) | question: Where are the soundholes located?, answer: directly under the strings | question: What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?, answer: Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins | question: What style is associate with other types of music?, answer: A-style | question: Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?, answer: complicated woodwork
These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90° clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as

question: What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry?, answer: functions | question: What gives another symmetry function?, answer: Composing two of these symmetry functions | question: What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?, answer: the dihedral group
These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

question: What are the Paisos Catalans, answer: Catalan Countries | question: What is that determination based on?, answer: cultural affinity and common heritage | question: What status does Catalan Countries have?, answer: no official status | question: What is the interpretation of the term?, answer: Various interpretations | question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?, answer: Països Catalans
These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of "state" and "government." It was decided that "state" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.

question: What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified?, answer: state | question: What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?, answer: government | question: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?, answer: the physical world
These troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions.[AD] Large areas of land were left sparsely inhabited, and in some places fields were left unworked. Wages rose as landlords sought to entice the reduced number of available workers to their fields. Further problems were lower rents and lower demand for food, both of which cut into agricultural income. Urban workers also felt that they had a right to greater earnings, and popular uprisings broke out across Europe. Among the uprisings were the jacquerie in France, the Peasants' Revolt in England, and revolts in the cities of Florence in Italy and Ghent and Bruges in Flanders. The trauma of the plague led to an increased piety throughout Europe, manifested by the foundation of new charities, the self-mortification of the flagellants, and the scapegoating of Jews. Conditions were further unsettled by the return of the plague throughout the rest of the 14th century; it continued to strike Europe periodically during the rest of the Middle Ages.

question: When did the Black Death start?, answer: 1347 | question: How many million people died from the Black Death?, answer: 35 | question: What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?, answer: the jacquerie | question: What English popular revolt took place during this period?, answer: the Peasants' Revolt | question: What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?, answer: Florence
These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.

question: What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?, answer: host or transmit infringing content | question: What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?, answer: BitTorrent | question: What do Torrent files NOT contain?, answer: copyrighted content | question: What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?, answer: The Pirate Bay
These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a "wall of separation between church and state" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.

question: John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?, answer: Thomas Jefferson | question: Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?, answer: the United States Constitution | question: Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?, answer: Isaac Newton
These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under chilling circumstances:

question: Miller's words were considered what?, answer: fighting words | question: It was considered Europe needed what country?, answer: Turkey | question: What was Miller citing?, answer: the "collective wisdom" of Europe
These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.

question: Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?, answer: Michael Foot | question: Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?, answer: Labour Party | question: Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?, answer: Ronald Reagan | question: How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?, answer: 74 | question: What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?, answer: "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"
These years saw an evolution in the participation of Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade–Giles: Tz'u-Hsi) in state affairs. She entered the imperial palace in the 1850s as a concubine to the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861) and came to power in 1861 after her five-year-old son, the Tongzhi Emperor ascended the throne. She, the Empress Dowager Ci'an (who had been Xianfeng's empress), and Prince Gong (a son of the Daoguang Emperor), staged a coup that ousted several regents for the boy emperor. Between 1861 and 1873, she and Ci'an served as regents, choosing the reign title "Tongzhi" (ruling together). Following the emperor's death in 1875, Cixi's nephew, the Guangxu Emperor, took the throne, in violation of the dynastic custom that the new emperor be of the next generation, and another regency began. In the spring of 1881, Ci'an suddenly died, aged only forty-three, leaving Cixi as sole regent.

question: What was the name of Xianfeng's concubine?, answer: Cixi | question: Who was Cixi's son?, answer: Tongzhi | question: When did Tongzhi Emperor die?, answer: 1875 | question: Who took over from Tongzhi?, answer: Guangxu
They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?, answer: unaspirated | question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?, answer: compound words | question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?, answer: aspirated | question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?, answer: unaspirated
They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A "shoot-to-kill" policy was recently introduced in South Africa, which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, president Jacob Zuma states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.

question: What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?, answer: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal" | question: What are common less-lethal weapons?, answer: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons | question: What is supposed to be the last resort for police?, answer: The use of firearms or deadly force | question: What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?, answer: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians | question: Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?, answer: Brazil
They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services, and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties. Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.

question: What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?, answer: associated with the military | question: What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?, answer: their arrest and imprisonment | question: What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?, answer: a worldwide brotherhood | question: What profession is Ronald Lawson?, answer: Sociologist | question: What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?, answer: intellectual and organizational isolation