lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000–72,000 BP.

question: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?, answer: when clothing was first developed | question: What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?, answer: lice | question: What habitat is the body louse specific to?, answer: clothing | question: What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?, answer: primates | question: How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?, answer: 650
There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.

question: What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?, answer: an optical illusion | question: Where are green eyes most common?, answer: Northern and Central Europe | question: Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?, answer: women
There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.

question: Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?, answer: Green S (E142) | question: What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?, answer: Quinoline Yellow | question: What is the most common green chemical found in nature?, answer: Chlorophyll
There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding.

question: What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?, answer: sfb21 | question: What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?, answer: 16 kHz | question: The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?, answer: less efficient storage | question: What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?, answer: wasted bitrate
There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier", and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, and sometimes as distinct types of naval aviation-capable ships. Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said that "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers".

question: What is the definition of an "aircraft carrier"?, answer: There is no single definition | question: How may aircraft carriers be classified?, answer: according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments | question: Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?, answer: former head of the Royal Navy | question: Who said, "countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers"?, answer: Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope
There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.

question: Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?, answer: no | question: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?, answer: YUV | question: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?, answer: a RGB color space | question: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?, answer: 8-bit RGB channels | question: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?, answer: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen
There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user's frame of reference. For example, there is discussion about if the Limón Creole English must be considered as "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendant of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends on the University they belong.

question: In what country is Limón Creole English spoken?, answer: Costa Rica | question: On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?, answer: Caribbean | question: Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?, answer: Jamaican
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.

question: What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?, answer: El Clásico | question: What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?, answer: rival regions | question: What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?, answer: Catalonia and Castile | question: What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?, answer: political and cultural | question: Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?, answer: two cities
There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.

question: What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?, answer: constant value | question: What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?, answer: low, stable inflation | question: Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?, answer: some economists | question: A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?, answer: central bank | question: With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?, answer: stimulate the economy
There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.

question: What lake is thought to contain microbial life?, answer: Lake Vostok | question: To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?, answer: Europa | question: With what is Europa associated??, answer: Jupiter's moon | question: When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?, answer: 7 February 2008 | question: For what was NASA searching?, answer: extremophiles
There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large.

question: What is used in the treatment of AIDS?, answer: AZT | question: How was the course of AIDS followed?, answer: monitoring the composition of patient blood samples | question: What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?, answer: resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk | question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?, answer: geographical origins of the virus | question: What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?, answer: Molecular diagnostics
There was a distinct difference between Kahnweiler’s Cubists and the Salon Cubists. Prior to 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris and Léger (to a lesser extent) gained the support of a single committed art dealer in Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who guaranteed them an annual income for the exclusive right to buy their works. Kahnweiler sold only to a small circle of connoisseurs. His support gave his artists the freedom to experiment in relative privacy. Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912, while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War. Léger was based in Montparnasse.

question: Where did Picassos work until 1912?, answer: Montmartre | question: Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?, answer: Montmartre | question: Where was Leger based around 1912?, answer: Montparnasse
There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in Linear B, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of Pylos. Usually these terms were given with reference to a geographic feature, such as a mountain range or a river.

question: Who used the terms near Gaul?, answer: The Romans | question: The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?, answer: the Greeks | question: Usually the terms were given when referencing what?, answer: a geographic feature
There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last Orders" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.

question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?, answer: 10:30 pm | question: What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?, answer: 11 pm | question: What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?, answer: Carlisle | question: In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?, answer: 1973 | question: On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?, answer: Sundays
There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.

question: In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?, answer: ale | question: In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?, answer: 17th | question: What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?, answer: the crown
There was also another government institution called Imperial Household Department which was unique to the Qing dynasty. It was established before the fall of the Ming, but it became mature only after 1661, following the death of the Shunzhi Emperor and the accession of his son, the Kangxi Emperor. The department's original purpose was to manage the internal affairs of the imperial family and the activities of the inner palace (in which tasks it largely replaced eunuchs), but it also played an important role in Qing relations with Tibet and Mongolia, engaged in trading activities (jade, ginseng, salt, furs, etc.), managed textile factories in the Jiangnan region, and even published books. Relations with the Salt Superintendents and salt merchants, such as those at Yangzhou, were particularly lucrative, especially since they were direct, and did not go through absorptive layers of bureaucracy. The department was manned by booi,[o] or "bondservants," from the Upper Three Banners. By the 19th century, it managed the activities of at least 56 subagencies.

question: Which emperor followed Shunzhi?, answer: Kangxi | question: Where were textile factories located?, answer: Jiangnan region | question: What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?, answer: jade, ginseng, salt, furs
There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000, of which 26.5% included children below the age of 18, 39.5% were composed of married couples living together, 11.4% reported a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5% classified themselves as nonfamily. Unmarried partners were present in 2.2% of households. In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.

question: What percent of households had children in 2000?, answer: 26.5% | question: 39.5% of the households comprised of what?, answer: married couples living together | question: How many people lived alone in 2000?, answer: 33.1% | question: How many households had someone 65 or older?, answer: 6.2% | question: What was the average family size?, answer: 2.97 persons.
There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34.

question: How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?, answer: 15,504 | question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?, answer: 27.3% | question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?, answer: 44.8% | question: What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?, answer: 37.5% | question: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?, answer: 3.34
There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.26.

question: How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?, answer: 27.7% | question: How many households were there in Atlantic City?, answer: 15,848 | question: How many households were made up of individuals?, answer: 37.2% | question: What was the average household size in Atlantic City?, answer: 2.46 | question: What was the average family size in Atlantic City?, answer: 3.26
There were 230,233 households, 29.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. One person households account for 30.5% of all households and 8.7% of all households had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11.

question: How many households were in Oklahoma city?, answer: 230,233 | question: What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?, answer: married couples | question: What is the average size for households?, answer: 2.47 | question: What is the average size for families?, answer: 3.11 | question: What is the second highest demographic for households?, answer: non-families
There were 46,917 households, out of which 7,835 (16.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,092 (27.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,510 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,327 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,867 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 416 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 22,716 households (48.4%) were made up of individuals and 5,551 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87. There were 17,929 families (38.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.79.

question: What was the total average family size?, answer: 2.79 | question: What percent of households were made of one person?, answer: 48.4% | question: What percent of households had someone over 65 living in it?, answer: 11.8% | question: Roughly how many same-sex couples were there?, answer: 416 | question: What percent of household have children under 18?, answer: 16.7%
There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural attractions in Paris in 2013 were the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur (10.5 million visitors); the Eiffel Tower (6,740,000 visitors); the Centre Pompidou (3,745,000 visitors) and Musée d'Orsay (3,467,000 visitors). In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vallée, 32 km (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, was the most visited tourist attraction in France, with 14.9 million visitors in 2013.

question: How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?, answer: 72.1 million | question: What is Paris' top tourist attraction?, answer: Notre Dame Cathedral | question: How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?, answer: 9.2 million | question: What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?, answer: Disneyland Paris
There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

question: What class was polands nobility?, answer: closed class | question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?, answer: Many low-born individuals | question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?, answer: enormous influence | question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?, answer: any nobleman | question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?, answer: liberum veto