lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

question: What is SMTP?, answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol | question: What is IMAP?, answer: Internet Message Access Protocol | question: How is access to mail provided?, answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol. | question: what are most mailbox providers as well?, answer: access providers | question: who possibly controls their own mail servers?, answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Many major battles of the American Civil War were fought in Tennessee—most of them Union victories. Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers in February 1862. They held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April. Memphis fell to the Union in June, following a naval battle on the Mississippi River in front of the city. The Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the western and middle sections; this control was confirmed at the Battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 and by the subsequent Tullahoma Campaign.

question: Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?, answer: Union | question: Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?, answer: Ulysses S. Grant | question: During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?, answer: June | question: Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?, answer: Battle of Murfreesboro
Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

question: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen?, answer: 1453 | question: When is the modern period dated in England?, answer: Battle of Bosworth in 1485 | question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?, answer: Richard III
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD.

question: Who invented the planisphere?, answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī | question: Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?, answer: Hipparchus | question: The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?, answer: the planisphere and dioptra | question: The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?, answer: 1235 | question: The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?, answer: Persia
Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.

question: What does it mean if God can't predict the future?, answer: God may not be omniscient. | question: Who posited the existence of God?, answer: medieval philosophers | question: What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?, answer: God's omniscience
Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

question: With whom did the Dutch Republic align?, answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact | question: Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?, answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power | question: How did the war impact the Russian population?, answer: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship | question: What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?, answer: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 | question: What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?, answer: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia. | question: Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?, answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe | question: Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?, answer: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party | question: What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?, answer: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. | question: Why did Naples remain neutral?, answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power
Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.

question: What do pigments do with the color green?, answer: reflect | question: What are green paints and dyes usually made of?, answer: minerals | question: What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?, answer: chromium | question: What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?, answer: Copper | question: What is the source of amazonite's color?, answer: small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar
Many modern specialty matches have been devised, with unique winning conditions. The most common of these is the ladder match. In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. As a result, the ladder can be used as a weapon. The prizes include – but are not limited to any given championship belt (the traditional prize), a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot, or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match (such as one granting the winner a cash prize). Another common specialty match is known as the battle royal. In a battle royal, all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time. When the match begins, the simple objective is to throw the opponent over the top rope and out of the ring with both feet on the floor in order to eliminate that opponent. The last wrestler standing is declared the winner. A variant on this type of match is the WWE's Royal Rumble where two wrestlers enter the ring to start the match and other wrestlers follow in 90 second intervals (previously 2 minutes) until 30-40 wrestlers have entered the ring. All other rules stay the same. For more match types, see Professional wrestling match types.

question: What is the most common of the special matches?, answer: The most common of these is the ladder match | question: What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?, answer: In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. | question: How does one win a ladder match?, answer: the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. | question: What is a common prize in a ladder match?, answer: championship belt | question: How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?, answer: 20-30 wrestlers
Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

question: Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?, answer: Admiral Nakhimov | question: What figure died on June 28th 1855?, answer: Raglan | question: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?, answer: the base at Balaclava | question: Who defended the base at Balaclava?, answer: newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops | question: Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?, answer: the Russians
Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.

question: What was the "escape" character originally intended for?, answer: to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning | question: What does modern ESC code do?, answer: most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation | question: What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?, answer: an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as "The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God Encompasseth Us), "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.

question: The pub "The Bag o'Nails" was a corruption of what word?, answer: Bacchanals | question: What phrase was "The Goat and Compasses" a corruption of?, answer: God Encompasseth Us | question: What does Chaton Fidèle mean in English?, answer: Faithful Kitten | question: What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?, answer: Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour | question: Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?, answer: Henry VIII
Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

question: What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?, answer: West Frisian | question: Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?, answer: Afrikaans | question: Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?, answer: 17th | question: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?, answer: South Africa | question: What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?, answer: mutually intelligible
Many non-transparent-translation theories draw on concepts from German Romanticism, the most obvious influence being the German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. In his seminal lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation" (1813) he distinguished between translation methods that move "the writer toward [the reader]", i.e., transparency, and those that move the "reader toward [the author]", i.e., an extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text. Schleiermacher favored the latter approach; he was motivated, however, not so much by a desire to embrace the foreign, as by a nationalist desire to oppose France's cultural domination and to promote German literature.

question: Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?, answer: German Romanticism | question: What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?, answer: German | question: When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?, answer: 1813 | question: Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?, answer: transparency | question: What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?, answer: extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text
Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

question: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?, answer: minimal or nonexistent | question: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?, answer: taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations | question: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?, answer: an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy | question: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?, answer: leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public
Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.

question: A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?, answer: universities | question: The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?, answer: Harvard Medical School | question: Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?, answer: Tufts Medical Center | question: What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?, answer: Chinatown | question: What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?, answer: Boston City Hospital
Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.

question: What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?, answer: Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese | question: Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?, answer: the Cock Tavern | question: What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?, answer: Charles Dickens | question: Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?, answer: Ye Olde Cock Tavern
Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.

question: Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?, answer: naturalization records | question: For what time period does NARA have census records available for?, answer: 1790 to 1930
Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931, answer: Edward S. Harkness | question: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?, answer: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading | question: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?, answer: contemporary scenes | question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?, answer: splashing the walls with acid | question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?, answer: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages
Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month." The use of "challenge coins" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the "roof stomp", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.

question: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from?, answer: Royal Air Force | question: What traditions does the US Air Force have?, answer: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units | question: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?, answer: U.S. Army | question: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?, answer: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement