lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.

question: What are ganglia?, answer: local control centers | question: What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?, answer: the pharynx | question: What is a pharynx?, answer: throat | question: Where are clitellates' brains?, answer: in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium | question: Where are polychaetes' brains?, answer: in the prostomium
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.

question: What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?, answer: The brain | question: What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?, answer: The brain | question: In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?, answer: 15–33 billion | question: Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?, answer: axons | question: A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?, answer: sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts
The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1–100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10–100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.

question: Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?, answer: neurons and glial cells | question: Glial cells are also referred to as what?, answer: glia or neuroglia | question: Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?, answer: neurons | question: Axons send signals that are named what?, answer: action potentials | question: What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?, answer: 1–100 meters per second
The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals, but are generally larger in proportion to body size. The most widely accepted way of comparing brain sizes across species is the so-called encephalization quotient (EQ), which takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain-to-body relationship. Humans have an average EQ in the 7-to-8 range, while most other primates have an EQ in the 2-to-3 range. Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans, but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower.

question: Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?, answer: encephalization quotient (EQ) | question: What is the average EQ of a person?, answer: 7-to-8 range | question: Primates have an EQ in what range?, answer: 2-to-3
The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue. Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside, with subtle variations in color. Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain. Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers. The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood–brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain).

question: Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?, answer: pinkish | question: The color of the brain inside is what?, answer: white | question: Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?, answer: meninges | question: Meninges separate what structure from the brain?, answer: the skull | question: The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?, answer: cells in the blood vessel walls
The breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) received permission from the Frankish King Charles the Simple (r. 898–922) to settle in what became Normandy.[Q] The eastern parts of the Frankish kingdoms, especially Germany and Italy, were under continual Magyar assault until the invader's defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. The breakup of the Abbasid dynasty meant that the Islamic world fragmented into smaller political states, some of which began expanding into Italy and Sicily, as well as over the Pyrenees into the southern parts of the Frankish kingdoms.

question: What group settled in Iceland during this period?, answer: the Vikings | question: Who was king of the Franks in 899?, answer: Charles the Simple | question: In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?, answer: Normandy | question: What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?, answer: Magyar | question: In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?, answer: 955
The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

question: How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?, answer: More than 133 billion | question: How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?, answer: $294.5 billion | question: What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?, answer: 2002 | question: What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?, answer: InBev | question: What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?, answer: AB InBev
The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

question: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?, answer: the French colonies abroad | question: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?, answer: Saint-Domingue | question: Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?, answer: Toussaint Louverture | question: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?, answer: 1794 | question: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?, answer: Leclerc
The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Market, were the first to panic under attack (even the cause of the panic), and secured the best shelters via underhanded methods, were also widespread. Moreover, there was also racial antagonism between the small Black, Indian and Jewish communities. However, the feared race riots did not transpire despite the mixing of different peoples into confined areas.

question: The success of the Communists helped what political group?, answer: British Union of Fascists (BUF) | question: Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?, answer: particularly in London | question: What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?, answer: secured the best shelters via underhanded methods | question: What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?, answer: race riots
The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

question: How is animal communication defined?, answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal | question: What is the study of animal communication called?, answer: zoo semiotics | question: What is the study of human communication called?, answer: anthroposemiotics | question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?, answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning | question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?, answer: vibrational communication
The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed (BWRSDF) machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology (i.e., both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port). The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set. If a precision means were available to instantaneously control torque angle and slip for synchronous operation during motoring or generating while simultaneously providing brushless power to the rotor winding set, the active current of the BWRSDF machine would be independent of the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit and bursts of torque significantly higher than the maximum operating torque and far beyond the practical capability of any other type of electric machine would be realizable. Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated.

question: What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?, answer: brushless wound-rotor | question: What is a brushless wound-rotor?, answer: both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port | question: How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?, answer: a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set | question: What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?, answer: eight times operating torque
The budget of the city for 2013 was €7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while €2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by the state budget); 5 percent for parks and gardens; and 4 percent for culture. The main source of income for the city is direct taxes (35 percent), supplemented by a 13-percent real estate tax; 19 percent of the budget comes in a transfer from the national government.

question: What was the budget of the city in 2013, answer: €7.6 billion | question: How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?, answer: 5.4 billion | question: What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?, answer: 38 | question: What is the main source of income for Paris?, answer: taxes | question: What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?, answer: 8
The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build. According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release. Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013.

question: What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?, answer: standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools | question: What developer tools did the build have?, answer: Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend | question: How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours?, answer: 535,000 | question: When did the developer preview expire?, answer: January 15, 2013 | question: When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire?, answer: March 11, 2012
The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

question: What do most masonic rituals consist of?, answer: degree ceremonies | question: What is the first degree of Masonry?, answer: Entered Apprentice | question: What is the second degree of Masonry?, answer: Fellowcraft | question: What is the final degree of Masonry?, answer: Master Mason | question: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?, answer: passwords, signs and grips | question: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?, answer: degree ceremonies | question: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?, answer: the degree of Fellowcraft | question: What is the first of degree ceremonies?, answer: the degree of Entered Apprentice | question: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?, answer: the degree of Master Mason | question: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?, answer: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.

question: What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?, answer: Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service | question: What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?, answer: Cessna Caravan | question: How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?, answer: 70%
The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, it was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935. In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.

question: What was the bureau's first task?, answer: visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution | question: What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?, answer: White Slave Traffic Act | question: What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?, answer: White Slave Traffic Act | question: When was the Mann Act passed?, answer: June 25, 1910 | question: When was the bureau renamed?, answer: In 1932,
The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS.

question: What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau?, answer: The calabash | question: What type of music is the calabash used in?, answer: extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music | question: What language are lyrics typically sung in?, answer: Guinea-Bissau Creole | question: What do typical song lyrics revolve around?, answer: current events and controversies | question: What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?, answer: AIDS
The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar amounting to a 0.002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Because the celebration of Easter was tied to the spring equinox, the Roman Catholic Church considered the steady drift in the date of Easter caused by the year being slightly too long to be undesirable. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe. Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time, for the sake of convenience in international trade. The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923.

question: What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?, answer: 0.002% | question: What was the correction due to?, answer: length of the year | question: What change in date motivated the change in calendars?, answer: celebration of Easter | question: To what astrological date was Easter tied?, answer: spring equinox | question: What was wrong in the Julian calendar?, answer: slightly too long