lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see.

question: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?, answer: Arian | question: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?, answer: Constantius | question: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?, answer: Athanasius | question: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?, answer: Alexandria | question: What did the decree of Valens do?, answer: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius | question: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do?, answer: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor | question: What did Athanasius do to protect himself?, answer: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October | question: How did Valens get him to return?, answer: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see
The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

question: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?, answer: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace | question: What is the Chax Press?, answer: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions | question: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?, answer: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops | question: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?, answer: University of Arizona
The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?, answer: Department of Defense | question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?, answer: three | question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?, answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft | question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations?, answer: Marine Corps | question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?, answer: Captain Chuck Yeager
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction?, answer: maximum of four stages | question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?, answer: Detection of prey | question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction?, answer: array of adaptations | question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction?, answer: the individuals preyed upon | question: How many stages can predation be divided into?, answer: maximum of four stages | question: What are the four stages of predation?, answer: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption | question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?, answer: obtain food or avoid being eaten | question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?, answer: final
The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

question: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?, answer: squirreling | question: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?, answer: The Religious Technology Center
The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

question: What is considered political corruption is differnt in each what?, answer: country or jurisdiction | question: Sometime sit is hard to tell if actions are legal or illegal because governement officials have what kind of power?, answer: broad or ill-defined | question: How much money is involved in bribery in the world each year?, answer: 1 trillion US dollars | question: unrestrsined political corruption is known as what?, answer: kleptocracy | question: What does kleptocracy mean?, answer: rule by thieves | question: A sate of unrestrained political corruption is known as what?, answer: kleptocracy | question: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?, answer: bribery | question: What does kleptocracy mean?, answer: rule by thieves
The actual antenna which is transmitting the original wave then also may receive a strong signal from its own image from the ground. This will induce an additional current in the antenna element, changing the current at the feedpoint for a given feedpoint voltage. Thus the antenna's impedance, given by the ratio of feedpoint voltage to current, is altered due to the antenna's proximity to the ground. This can be quite a significant effect when the antenna is within a wavelength or two of the ground. But as the antenna height is increased, the reduced power of the reflected wave (due to the inverse square law) allows the antenna to approach its asymptotic feedpoint impedance given by theory. At lower heights, the effect on the antenna's impedance is very sensitive to the exact distance from the ground, as this affects the phase of the reflected wave relative to the currents in the antenna. Changing the antenna's height by a quarter wavelength, then changes the phase of the reflection by 180°, with a completely different effect on the antenna's impedance.

question: What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?, answer: actual antenna | question: Where will the additional current be induced?, answer: antenna element | question: What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?, answer: antenna's impedance | question: what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?, answer: reduced power
The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since incandescent lamps are resistive loads, simple phase-control TRIAC dimmers can be used to control brightness. Electrical contacts may carry a "T" rating symbol indicating that they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps. For a 100-watt, 120-volt general-service lamp, the current stabilizes in about 0.10 seconds, and the lamp reaches 90% of its full brightness after about 0.13 seconds.

question: What determines the resistance of a filament?, answer: temperature | question: What does a "T" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?, answer: they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps | question: How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?, answer: 0.13 seconds | question: How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?, answer: The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance | question: What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?, answer: 144 ohms
The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.

question: Reception statues are generally the same as what law?, answer: the common law of England | question: Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law?, answer: contemporary U.S. courts | question: Which US State did not enact reception statues?, answer: Louisiana | question: What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?, answer: common law of England | question: What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?, answer: Louisiana | question: Some reception statutes impose what?, answer: a specific cutoff date | question: Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?, answer: pre-Revolution | question: What are reception statutes?, answer: the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state | question: When are reception statutes invaild?, answer: repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions | question: Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?, answer: English law | question: Which is the only stste without reception statutes?, answer: Louisiana | question: What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?, answer: pre-Revolution
The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:

question: Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?, answer: Seneca | question: What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?, answer: ancient manuscripts | question: Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?, answer: Saint Augustine | question: Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?, answer: Church fathers
The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry. However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years. Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was ranked 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report.

question: What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?, answer: diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy | question: The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?, answer: ranked 69 | question: What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly?, answer: the bonyads | question: What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?, answer: lagging corruption in the public sector
The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

question: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?, answer: two | question: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?, answer: the Greater London Authority (GLA) | question: Who is the current Mayor of London?, answer: Boris Johnson | question: How many boroughs does London consist of?, answer: 32 | question: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?, answer: the London Assembly
The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

question: When did Lord North take office?, answer: 1770 | question: When did Lord North leave office?, answer: 1782 | question: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?, answer: New York and Pennsylvania | question: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?, answer: appalled | question: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?, answer: 1776
The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. John continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, Lewis Warren considers that John discharged "his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; John's legal system also only applied to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.

question: What was of particular importance to John?, answer: administration of justice | question: When was the system of coroners first introduced?, answer: 1194 | question: Why was John motivated?, answer: potential of the royal legal process to raise fees
The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

question: Do males or females experience growth spurts first?, answer: females | question: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?, answer: two years later | question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?, answer: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year | question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?, answer: 3.5 inches (9 cm) | question: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?, answer: toddler
The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."

question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?, answer: Isis | question: What type of goddess is Isis?, answer: Egyptian | question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?, answer: iconographic
The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname "Cottonopolis" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

question: What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?, answer: Industrial Revolution | question: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?, answer: 1738 | question: What device did James Hargreaves invent?, answer: spinning jenny | question: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?, answer: spinning mule | question: Whic British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its cotton production?, answer: Manchester