lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.

question: The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?, answer: 792 | question: Warriors appointed to a province were called what?, answer: oryoshi | question: Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?, answer: tsuibushi | question: Where did final authority over the military lie?, answer: imperial court
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".

question: Which group originally created the Soviet state?, answer: the Bolsheviks | question: Who led the group which created the Soviet state?, answer: Vladimir Lenin | question: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?, answer: the Russian Provisional Government | question: How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?, answer: five months | question: What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?, answer: Sovdepia | question: Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?, answer: Vladimir Lenin | question: What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?, answer: Russian Provisional Government | question: For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?, answer: five months | question: What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?, answer: Sovdepia
Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.

question: What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?, answer: the millet system | question: What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?, answer: Justinian's Code | question: What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?, answer: zimmi | question: Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?, answer: higher taxes | question: What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?, answer: The Orthodox millet
Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.

question: What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?, answer: 1833 India Act | question: Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?, answer: East India Company | question: During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?, answer: steam ships | question: How many ships were going to the island in 1855?, answer: 1,100 | question: By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?, answer: 288
Under the supervision of May and Taylor, numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen's lengthy audio and video catalogue. DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert (titled Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 Milton Keynes concert (Queen on Fire – Live at the Bowl), and two Greatest Video Hits (Volumes 1 and 2, spanning the 1970s and 1980s) have seen the band's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound. So far, only two of the band's albums, A Night at the Opera and The Game, have been fully remixed into high-resolution multichannel surround on DVD-Audio. A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album's original release (CD+DVD-Video set). In 2007, a Blu-ray edition of Queen's previously released concerts, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, was released, marking their first project in 1080p HD.

question: Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?, answer: 1986 | question: Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?, answer: Milton Keynes | question: When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?, answer: 2005 | question: When was the first Queen Bluray released?, answer: 2007 | question: Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?, answer: May and Taylor
Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.

question: When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?, answer: 1919 | question: How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?, answer: 1,800,000 | question: Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?, answer: Germany and the Ottoman Empire | question: What modern-day country is South-West Africa?, answer: Namibia | question: How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?, answer: 13 million
Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

question: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?, answer: The World Factbook | question: What does NESA stand for?, answer: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis | question: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?", answer: (NESA)
Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

question: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?, answer: Governor Terrazas | question: Who was established as the new governor?, answer: Jesús José Casavantes | question: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?, answer: José María Patoni | question: Which president was forced to flee?, answer: President Benito Juárez | question: Until which year did his extended term last?, answer: 1867
Undergraduate BSBA students take 40–60% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School.

question: How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?, answer: eight | question: What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University?, answer: full-time or part-time | question: Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?, answer: Mahendra R. Gupta | question: What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?, answer: 40–60%
Undergraduate tuition for the 2012/13 school year was $61,240; this includes the basic tuition of $43,380, fees (health $200, etc.), room and board of $13,329 (less if commuting), books and supplies $1,842, personal expenses $1,890, transportation cost of $400. Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009–2010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200.

question: What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?, answer: $61,240 | question: On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?, answer: need | question: What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?, answer: Approximately 44 | question: What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?, answer: $17,200 | question: How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?, answer: in excess of $472 million
Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

question: What muscle movements are used for digestion?, answer: swallowing and peristalsis | question: What does every stpe of digestion require?, answer: energy | question: What does needing energy to digest impose?, answer: an "overhead charge" | question: Over head charges influence what?, answer: lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures
Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.

question: What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?, answer: unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands | question: Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?, answer: Rocky Mountains | question: The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?, answer: oil and natural gas | question: What is halite?, answer: a rock salt | question: What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?, answer: rice farming | question: Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?, answer: clays | question: How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?, answer: several miles | question: What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?, answer: erosion of the Rocky Mountains | question: What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?, answer: rice | question: What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?, answer: oil and natural gas
Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena’s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004.

question: How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?, answer: 31 | question: Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?, answer: public | question: In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?, answer: 800 | question: What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?, answer: 45 | question: How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?, answer: 218
Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

question: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?, answer: they rapidly faded or changed color | question: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?, answer: 16th century | question: What was known as yellow-weed?, answer: reseda luteola
Unfortunately, Isabella was already engaged to Hugh of Lusignan, an important member of a key Poitou noble family and brother of Count Raoul of Eu, who possessed lands along the sensitive eastern Normandy border. Just as John stood to benefit strategically from marrying Isabella, so the marriage threatened the interests of the Lusignans, whose own lands currently provided the key route for royal goods and troops across Aquitaine. Rather than negotiating some form of compensation, John treated Hugh "with contempt"; this resulted in a Lusignan uprising that was promptly crushed by John, who also intervened to suppress Raoul in Normandy.

question: Who was Isabella engaged to?, answer: Hugh of Lusignan | question: Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?, answer: a key Poitou noble family | question: John treated Hugh with what?, answer: contempt
Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.

question: Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome?, answer: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone | question: What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?, answer: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator | question: What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?, answer: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS | question: Who adopted this practice from Multics?, answer: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems | question: When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?, answer: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system
Unhappy with this change of policy by the Portuguese government, Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish cooperation and headed towards Portugal to enforce Napoleon's orders. This attack was the first step in what would eventually become the Peninsular War, a six-year struggle that significantly sapped French strength. Throughout the winter of 1808, French agents became increasingly involved in Spanish internal affairs, attempting to incite discord between members of the Spanish royal family. On 16 February 1808, secret French machinations finally materialized when Napoleon announced that he would intervene to mediate between the rival political factions in the country. Marshal Murat led 120,000 troops into Spain and the French arrived in Madrid on 24 March, where wild riots against the occupation erupted just a few weeks later. Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new King of Spain in the summer of 1808. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. Resistance to French aggression soon spread throughout the country. The shocking French defeat at the Battle of Bailén in July gave hope to Napoleon's enemies and partly persuaded the French emperor to intervene in person.

question: When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?, answer: 17 October 1807 | question: How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?, answer: 24,000 | question: Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?, answer: General Junot | question: The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?, answer: the Peninsular War | question: How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?, answer: 120,000
Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 × 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.

question: What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?, answer: UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2 | question: What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes?, answer: UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character | question: What does UTF-16 expand?, answer: UCS-2 | question: What type of code does UCS-2 use?, answer: 16-bit code unit | question: How are two 16-bit units used?, answer: (4 × 8 bits
Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value (for UCS encodings). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.

question: How many mapping methods does Unicode define?, answer: two | question: What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?, answer: Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings | question: What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate?, answer: the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value | question: What are the most commonly used encodings?, answer: UTF-8 and UTF-16 | question: What does UCS stand for?, answer: Universal Coded Character Set
Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

question: What is the dominant scheme for internal processing?, answer: Unicode | question: What is Unicode available through Windows on?, answer: Microsoft Layer | question: What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16?, answer: UCS-2 | question: What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems?, answer: Unicode