lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the "rational sciences," as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

question: Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?, answer: royal courts | question: What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?, answer: Caliphate | question: What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?, answer: maktab and madrasa institutions | question: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?, answer: several centuries
At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87–74 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital.

question: What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?, answer: male | question: At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?, answer: twenty-three | question: How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?, answer: one year | question: What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?, answer: twenty | question: Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?, answer: Minister of the Guards
At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

question: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?, answer: 220–280 CE | question: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?, answer: Zhejiang | question: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?, answer: the Kingdom of Wu | question: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?, answer: Jianye | question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?, answer: Funan
At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.

question: How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?, answer: thirteen | question: Who could appoint staff to the kings?, answer: imperial court | question: When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?, answer: 154 BC | question: From what source did kings derive their personal income from?, answer: tax revenues | question: The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?, answer: Liu
At the centre of this wing is the famous balcony with the Centre Room behind its glass doors. This is a Chinese-style saloon enhanced by Queen Mary, who, working with the designer Sir Charles Allom, created a more "binding" Chinese theme in the late 1920s, although the lacquer doors were brought from Brighton in 1873. Running the length of the piano nobile of the east wing is the great gallery, modestly known as the Principal Corridor, which runs the length of the eastern side of the quadrangle. It has mirrored doors, and mirrored cross walls reflecting porcelain pagodas and other oriental furniture from Brighton. The Chinese Luncheon Room and Yellow Drawing Room are situated at each end of this gallery, with the Centre Room obviously placed in the centre.

question: Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?, answer: Centre Room | question: What is the main theme of the Centre Room?, answer: Chinese | question: Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?, answer: Queen Mary | question: The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?, answer: 1873 | question: The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?, answer: mirrored doors | question: Which room feature the famous balcony?, answer: Centre Room | question: Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?, answer: Sir Charles Allom | question: The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?, answer: mirrored doors | question: What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?, answer: 1873
At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.

question: In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?, answer: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled | question: What did this agreement establish?, answer: established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. | question: When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?, answer: The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 | question: Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?, answer: The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League | question: Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?, answer: giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. | question: On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?, answer: 17 July 1991 | question: What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?, answer: extra income | question: In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?, answer: 1991
At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.

question: When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?, answer: in 1140 | question: What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front?, answer: the eastern end | question: What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?, answer: the Carolingian nave | question: What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?, answer: clustered columns | question: What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?, answer: the flying buttresses
At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendants' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain, Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean. Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America) to Britain.

question: King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?, answer: Treaty of Utrecht | question: Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?, answer: France | question: Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?, answer: Spain | question: Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?, answer: permission to sell slaves in Spanish America | question: What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?, answer: asiento
At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

question: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?, answer: during the 1720s | question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?, answer: James Anderson | question: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?, answer: women | question: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?, answer: Lodges of Adoption | question: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?, answer: early 19th century | question: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?, answer: during the 1720s | question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?, answer: James Anderson | question: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?, answer: women | question: What were lodges called that included women?, answer: Lodges of Adoption | question: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?, answer: The French
At the decision-making point of their lives, youth is susceptible to drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities. Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) is a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences. This association conducts youth interventions that mutually assist both the needs of the community as well as psychologically stranded youth by focusing on risky and inappropriate behaviors while promoting positive self-development along with self-esteem among adolescents.

question: What is DIS?, answer: a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences | question: What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?, answer: drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities | question: What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?, answer: risky and inappropriate behaviors
At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

question: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?, answer: At the east end of the Lady Chapel | question: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?, answer: the Battle of Britain | question: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?, answer: Tudor stained glass window
At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be "featured with" Queen as "Queen + Paul Rodgers", not replacing Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. In November 2004, Queen were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and the award ceremony was the first event at which Rodgers joined May and Taylor as vocalist.

question: Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?, answer: 2005 | question: Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?, answer: Free and Bad Company | question: Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?, answer: John Deacon | question: In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?, answer: 2004
At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen. Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the Army Air Forces, to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England, Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on Coombe, Kingston upon Thames, and replaced Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7.

question: As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?, answer: Henry H. Arnold | question: To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?, answer: London | question: What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?, answer: Commanding General, European Theater of Operations | question: Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?, answer: James E. Chaney | question: To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?, answer: lieutenant general
At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan.

question: Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?, answer: Kuril Islands | question: What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?, answer: the RSFSR | question: The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?, answer: the southernmost Kurils
At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

question: At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?, answer: the end of the 12th century | question: What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?, answer: the Holy Roman Empire | question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?, answer: modern France | question: Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?, answer: the Hanseatic League | question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?, answer: Angevin kings
At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446–1453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.

question: Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?, answer: Ottoman | question: In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?, answer: 1444 | question: Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?, answer: Vladislaus I | question: Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?, answer: count John Hunyadi | question: Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?, answer: Pope Pius II
At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade, an effort focused mainly on two regions; the East Indies archipelago, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the Netherlands and England. A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability, and by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch.

question: When was the British East India Company chartered?, answer: 1600 | question: When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?, answer: 1602 | question: When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?, answer: 1720 | question: How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?, answer: three | question: The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?, answer: spice
At the end of the 16th century, the Aussa Sultanate was established in the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea. The polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Sultanate of Harar. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito Dynasty. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period.

question: When was the Aussa Sultanate established?, answer: end of the 16th century | question: Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?, answer: Denkel lowlands of Eritrea | question: Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?, answer: Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan | question: What did Kedafu establish in 1734?, answer: Mudaito Dynasty | question: What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?, answer: Mudaito Dynasty
At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.

question: How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?, answer: a national catastrophe | question: What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?, answer: Russian military bases | question: What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?, answer: 69%
At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu, withdrew from Hebron, and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority. Ehud Barak, elected Prime Minister in 1999, began the new millennium by withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat and U.S. President Bill Clinton at the 2000 Camp David Summit. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The proposed state included the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital, although some argue that the plan was to annex areas which would lead to a cantonization of the West Bank into three blocs, which the Palestinian delegation likened to South African "bantustans", a loaded word that was disputed by the Israeli and American negotiators. Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks.

question: Who led Israel in the 1990s?, answer: Benjamin Netanyahu | question: What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?, answer: Wye River Memorandum | question: Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?, answer: Ehud Barak