lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full marquess, came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule. Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige. The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses. By the Eastern Han period, local elites of unattached scholars, teachers, students, and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger, nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship. When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.

question: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?, answer: mid-to-late Eastern Han | question: What rank provided its holder territorial rule?, answer: full marquess | question: What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?, answer: commoner social | question: What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?, answer: cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships | question: What rank is below that of full marquess?, answer: ordinary marquess
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.

question: Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?, answer: goalkeeper | question: The maximum amount of players exclude what?, answer: substitutes | question: If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?, answer: seven | question: Players are usually strategically placed by who?, answer: coach | question: What is the maximum amount of players allowed?, answer: eleven
Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal traces. In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground plane for shielding and power return. For microwave circuits, transmission lines can be laid out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a consistent impedance. In radio-frequency and fast switching circuits the inductance and capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant circuit elements, usually undesired; but they can be used as a deliberate part of the circuit design, obviating the need for additional discrete components.

question: What process is a trace left over from?, answer: etching | question: Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?, answer: width | question: What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?, answer: signal | question: In a multi-layer board, what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of?, answer: copper | question: What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format?, answer: microwave circuits
Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.

question: How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?, answer: $200 million | question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?, answer: over $700 million | question: How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?, answer: 5,200,000 acres | question: What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?, answer: management of game animals | question: What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?, answer: to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting | question: Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?, answer: state agencies | question: What do the taxes support?, answer: wildlife management programs | question: How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?, answer: $700 million | question: What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?, answer: 5,200,000 acres | question: Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?, answer: hunting
Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the "model minority" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the "glass ceiling" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation.

question: What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?, answer: not having the ability to become naturalized citizens | question: What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?, answer: school segregation | question: Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?, answer: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | question: Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?, answer: Immigration Act of 1924 | question: According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?, answer: communication skills and personality
Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

question: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?, answer: over four times | question: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?, answer: about twice | question: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?, answer: by satellite | question: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?, answer: Early HDTV commercial experiments
Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.

question: What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?, answer: essence and existence | question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?, answer: al-Farabi | question: What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?, answer: Islamic theology
Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording.

question: What does the term CBR mean?, answer: Constant Bit Rate | question: Which early MPEG layer used CBR?, answer: Layer III | question: The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?, answer: uniform | question: What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?, answer: bit reservoir | question: What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?, answer: the complexity of the sound
Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages: natural philosophy, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy (and astrology), law, grammar and rhetoric. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of-affairs cannot be underestimated. Once humanist professors joined the university faculty, they began to transform the study of grammar and rhetoric through the studia humanitatis. Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction, to translate and interpret classical texts, and to live honorable lives. Other scholars within the university were affected by the humanist approaches to learning and their linguistic expertise in relation to ancient texts, as well as the ideology that advocated the ultimate importance of those texts. Professors of medicine such as Niccolò Leoniceno, Thomas Linacre and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts. The critical mindset imparted by humanism was imperative for changes in universities and scholarship. For instance, Andreas Vesalius was educated in a humanist fashion before producing a translation of Galen, whose ideas he verified through his own dissections. In law, Andreas Alciatus infused the Corpus Juris with a humanist perspective, while Jacques Cujas humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist. Philipp Melanchthon cited the works of Erasmus as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities. Galileo Galilei, who taught at the Universities of Pisa and Padua, and Martin Luther, who taught at the University of Wittenberg (as did Melanchthon), also had humanist training. The task of the humanists was to slowly permeate the university; to increase the humanist presence in professorships and chairs, syllabi and textbooks so that published works would demonstrate the humanistic ideal of science and scholarship.

question: What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?, answer: the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages | question: What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?, answer: Galen and Arabic scholarship | question: The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?, answer: Humanist | question: Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?, answer: medicine | question: Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?, answer: Andreas Alciatus
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.

question: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?, answer: Egyptians | question: Who was Marwan I related to?, answer: Muawiyah I | question: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?, answer: Ali ibn Abi Talib | question: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?, answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.

question: Presbyterians had to distinguished between "Church" and "Meeting house" What was "Church" referring too?, answer: the members | question: What did "Meeting house" refer to?, answer: building | question: What were churches called before the 19th century?, answer: meeting house | question: Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?, answer: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.

question: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?, answer: Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma | question: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ?, answer: in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. | question: What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?, answer: The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged | question: Whose rule was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?, answer: Taungoo Dynasty | question: When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?, answer: In the 16th century
Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.

question: The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?, answer: Alan Turing | question: When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?, answer: 1936 | question: When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?, answer: 1945 | question: The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?, answer: 1945. | question: Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?, answer: University of Pennsylvania
Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs," "bulletin boards" or "online publishers," early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]

question: Who did early court cases focus on?, answer: Internet service providers | question: What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?, answer: libel, defamation, or pornography | question: What was the result of early law on online liability?, answer: varied widely from country to country | question: When were the first laws of liability passed?, answer: mid-1990s
Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

question: Who created the relay computer, the Z2?, answer: Konrad Zuse | question: When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?, answer: 1939 | question: What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?, answer: The Z2 | question: Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?, answer: German
Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the "Yong Ying" (Brave Camp).

question: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?, answer: Taiping Rebellion | question: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?, answer: Nanjing | question: What was Zeng Guofan?, answer: Xiang Army | question: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?, answer: Zeng Guofan | question: What was the Xiang Army named after?, answer: Hunan region where it was raised
Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).

question: In what text is Shaivism recounted?, answer: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad | question: When was the text on Shaivism written?, answer: 400 – 200 BCE | question: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?, answer: Vidyaranya | question: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?, answer: three | question: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?, answer: Pratyabhijña
Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house.

question: House music is characterized by what type of beats?, answer: 4/4 beats | question: What are some subgenres of House music?, answer: euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house | question: What are rhythms provided by in House music?, answer: drum machines | question: What are some differences between House and Disco music?, answer: it was more electronic and minimalistic | question: What type of music is House based on?, answer: dance-based music