lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.

question: Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?, answer: malware and spyware | question: When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?, answer: early 2011 | question: How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?, answer: an increasing problem | question: How many users were affected by the increase in malware?, answer: 100,000 | question: What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?, answer: the removal
Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River. The public wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles of sewers. A 2007 investigation by the Environmental Protection Agency found elevated levels of Iodine-131 in the city's potable water.[citation needed] In 2012, the EPA's readings discovered that the city had the highest readings of I-131 in the nation. The city campaigned against an Associated Press report that the high levels of I-131 were the results of local gas drilling in the Upper Delaware River.[citation needed]

question: What was the first water supply system called?, answer: Fairmount Water Works, | question: Who provides the city water now?, answer: Philadelphia Water Department | question: Where dos PWD get it's water from?, answer: Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River | question: How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?, answer: 21 | question: How many miles of sewers are in the city?, answer: 3,657 miles
Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauhtémoc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San Ángel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with "Mixed heritage" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.

question: in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?, answer: 54.78 | question: How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?, answer: less than one million | question: What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?, answer: 18.74
Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

question: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?, answer: transistors | question: Transistors are typically made up of what today?, answer: photolithographed semiconductors | question: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?, answer: billiard ball computer)
Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides.

question: What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?, answer: boll weevil | question: What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?, answer: Boll Weevil Eradication Program | question: What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?, answer: US Department of Agriculture | question: What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?, answer: Bt cotton | question: On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?, answer: synthetic insecticides.
Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?, answer: male | question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?, answer: harpist | question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?, answer: 1997 | question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?, answer: the Berlin Philharmonic | question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?, answer: Dieter Flury
Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, turtle doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.

question: When was migration first recorded?, answer: 3,000 years ago | question: Who recorded the earliest records of migration?, answer: Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job | question: Where was Johannes Leche from?, answer: Finland | question: Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?, answer: storks, turtle doves, and swallows | question: What is a major threat to migratory birds?, answer: habitat destruction
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.

question: Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?, answer: to obscure the clientele from the street | question: What fares do most pubs offer?, answer: beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks | question: What are traditional pub windows made out of?, answer: smoked or frosted glass | question: What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?, answer: clear glass | question: Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?, answer: snacks
Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cinéma), Spain (TCM España), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa.

question: Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?, answer: 1950 | question: Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?, answer: May 1986 | question: What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?, answer: Time Warner | question: What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?, answer: TCM Cinéma | question: What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?, answer: TCM España
Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.

question: What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?, answer: seasons and simple peasant food | question: What are the most common foods in Estonia?, answer: black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. | question: What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?, answer: berries, herbs, vegetables | question: What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?, answer: Hunting and fishing
Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina ( ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

question: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?, answer: around the 6th century BC | question: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?, answer: 476 BC | question: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?, answer: Hecataeus of Miletus | question: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?, answer: Xenophon | question: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?, answer: Persians
Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.

question: At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?, answer: peculiarly detached | question: What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?, answer: Con-Lib coalition | question: After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?, answer: Tory | question: From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?, answer: Conservatives | question: After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?, answer: Eurosceptic
Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

question: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?, answer: six red bands in the Tibetan flag | question: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?, answer: ethnic Tibetans | question: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?, answer: India
Historically, there has been much dispute over whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. Ancient Greek philosophers debated the existence of a vacuum, or void, in the context of atomism, which posited void and atom as the fundamental explanatory elements of physics. Following Plato, even the abstract concept of a featureless void faced considerable skepticism: it could not be apprehended by the senses, it could not, itself, provide additional explanatory power beyond the physical volume with which it was commensurate and, by definition, it was quite literally nothing at all, which cannot rightly be said to exist. Aristotle believed that no void could occur naturally, because the denser surrounding material continuum would immediately fill any incipient rarity that might give rise to a void.

question: What did Aristotle believe about a void?, answer: no void could occur naturally, | question: What was historically disputed about vacuums?, answer: whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist. | question: What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?, answer: cannot rightly be said to exist | question: Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?, answer: denser surrounding material continuum
Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

question: What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?, answer: UK and France | question: Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia, answer: Chamberlain | question: The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?, answer: put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany
Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries.

question: What was Hitler's Directive 23?, answer: Directions for operations against the British War Economy | question: What was a top priority of Directive 23?, answer: aerial interdiction of British imports by sea | question: What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?, answer: Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain | question: What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?, answer: bombing land-based aircraft industries
Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character’s situation in literature allows literature to be considered “ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion”. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.

question: How does literature unite members of a society?, answer: by provoking universal emotions | question: How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?, answer: allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to | question: What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?, answer: what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe | question: What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?, answer: literary devices
Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for the Balkans, the region matches the later Middle East. It differs from the Ottoman Empire of the times in including Greece and Iran. Hogarth gives no evidence of being familiar with the contemporaneous initial concept of the Middle East.

question: What does Hogarth say in detail?, answer: where and why | question: Hogarth makes no mention of what?, answer: the classics | question: How is Hogarth's analysis?, answer: geopolitical
Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.

question: Where did Hokkien originate?, answer: southern Fujian. | question: What dialect is Hokkien closely related to?, answer: Teochew | question: What is Hokkien?, answer: a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. | question: Where is Hokkien spoken?, answer: Southeast Asia | question: Where did Hokkien originate?, answer: southern Fujian | question: What language is Hokkien closely related to?, answer: Teochew | question: What language is Hokkien distantly related to?, answer: Hainanese | question: Min and Hakka dialects are found where?, answer: Fujian province
Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.

question: In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?, answer: meaning | question: What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?, answer: subject–verb–object | question: Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?, answer: subject–verb–object | question: Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?, answer: time, gender and plural | question: What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?, answer: Different particles