lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500.

question: Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?, answer: Petrarch | question: When did Chaucer die?, answer: 1400 | question: Who was a notable female French author of this period?, answer: Christine de Pizan | question: In what language was most religious literature of this period written?, answer: Latin | question: Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?, answer: Meister Eckhart
The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

question: When was the pulp papermaking process developed?, answer: 2nd century AD | question: What country was the process developed in?, answer: China | question: What country is leading in production of paper?, answer: China | question: What country is the second largest produced of paper?, answer: United States | question: Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?, answer: Cai Lun
The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

question: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?, answer: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS | question: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?, answer: The Eye in the Sky | question: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?, answer: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it | question: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force?, answer: Electronic Warfare/Jamming | question: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?, answer: Airborne Command Post
The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

question: What does GRECO stand for?, answer: Group of States Against Corruption | question: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?, answer: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption | question: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?, answer: transnational
The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

question: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?, answer: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests. | question: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?, answer: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. | question: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?, answer: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. | question: From what country do most domesticated quails today descend from ?, answer: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

question: The Vacuum state is considered what?, answer: the ground state of matter. | question: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?, answer: reduce air pressure by around 20% | question: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?, answer: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum | question: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?, answer: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter | question: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?, answer: it would still not be "empty"
The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.

question: What indicated the quality of a vacuum?, answer: amount of matter remaining in the system | question: How is vacuum generally measured?, answer: its absolute pressure | question: What does the MFP of residual gases show?, answer: average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. | question: What is particle gas dynamics?, answer: study of fluid flows
The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

question: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?, answer: literary and artistic | question: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?, answer: early 1690s | question: Moderns support the merits of whom?, answer: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle | question: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?, answer: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor. At the resonant frequency, the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node (minimum) at the feed. In electrical terms, this means the element has minimum reactance, generating the maximum current for minimum voltage. This is the ideal situation, because it produces the maximum output for the minimum input, producing the highest possible efficiency. Contrary to an ideal (lossless) series-resonant circuit, a finite resistance remains (corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point) due to the antenna's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses.

question: How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?, answer: imitate | question: What frequency develops a current peak?, answer: resonant frequency | question: How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?, answer: minimum reactance | question: What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?, answer: lossless
The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.

question: What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?, answer: variable resistance | question: When did Bell put in his prior patent?, answer: February 25, 1875 | question: What liquid did Bell use in his first application?, answer: mercury
The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?, answer: a crucial need for regulation | question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?, answer: San Francisco | question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?, answer: executives from the private sector | question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?, answer: R. Clarke | question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?, answer: cyberspace
The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.

question: What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?, answer: whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized | question: If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?, answer: the Endangered Species Committee | question: How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?, answer: seven | question: How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?, answer: Five | question: What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?, answer: at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur
The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems.

question: What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?, answer: The quick German victory | question: What outcome had most people expected from the war?, answer: French victory | question: Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?, answer: the Germans | question: What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath?, answer: their military system | question: What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?, answer: highly detailed mobilization systems
The race was the most expensive for Congress in the country that year and four days before the general election, Durkin withdrew and endorsed Cronin, hoping to see Kerry defeated. The week before, a poll had put Kerry 10 points ahead of Cronin, with Dukin on 13%. In the final days of the campaign, Kerry sensed that it was "slipping away" and Cronin emerged victorious by 110,970 votes (53.45%) to Kerry's 92,847 (44.72%). After his defeat, Kerry lamented in a letter to supporters that "for two solid weeks, [The Sun] called me un-American, New Left antiwar agitator, unpatriotic, and labeled me every other 'un-' and 'anti-' that they could find. It's hard to believe that one newspaper could be so powerful, but they were." He later felt that his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks cost him the race.

question: How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?, answer: 110,970 | question: What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?, answer: 53.45% | question: How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?, answer: 92,847 | question: What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?, answer: 44.72% | question: What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?, answer: his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks
The racial categories represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the U.S. Census as not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.

question: Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?, answer: OMB | question: What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?, answer: national-origin | question: In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?, answer: ancestry
The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.

question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?, answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges | question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?, answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities | question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?, answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it | question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?, answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate
The radiation of many antennas shows a pattern of maxima or "lobes" at various angles, separated by "nulls", angles where the radiation falls to zero. This is because the radio waves emitted by different parts of the antenna typically interfere, causing maxima at angles where the radio waves arrive at distant points in phase, and zero radiation at other angles where the radio waves arrive out of phase. In a directional antenna designed to project radio waves in a particular direction, the lobe in that direction is designed larger than the others and is called the "main lobe". The other lobes usually represent unwanted radiation and are called "sidelobes". The axis through the main lobe is called the "principal axis" or "boresight axis".

question: What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero?, answer: nulls | question: What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?, answer: interfere | question: If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?, answer: lobe | question: What is the main distinction of side lobes?, answer: represent unwanted radiation
The radiation pattern and even the driving point impedance of an antenna can be influenced by the dielectric constant and especially conductivity of nearby objects. For a terrestrial antenna, the ground is usually one such object of importance. The antenna's height above the ground, as well as the electrical properties (permittivity and conductivity) of the ground, can then be important. Also, in the particular case of a monopole antenna, the ground (or an artificial ground plane) serves as the return connection for the antenna current thus having an additional effect, particularly on the impedance seen by the feed line.

question: What is the radiation patter influenced by?, answer: dielectric constant | question: The ground is important for what antenna?, answer: terrestrial antenna | question: Whats another name for the ground?, answer: artificial ground plane | question: What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?, answer: return connection
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio waves emitted by the antenna at different angles. It is typically represented by a three-dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal and vertical cross sections. The pattern of an ideal isotropic antenna, which radiates equally in all directions, would look like a sphere. Many nondirectional antennas, such as monopoles and dipoles, emit equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power dropping off at higher and lower angles; this is called an omnidirectional pattern and when plotted looks like a torus or donut.

question: A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?, answer: relative field strength | question: What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?, answer: three-dimensional graph | question: A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?, answer: isotropic | question: Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?, answer: nondirectional | question: What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?, answer: donut