lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

question: How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?, answer: 57,5% | question: How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?, answer: 55% | question: What company made The End of History beer in 2010?, answer: BrewDog | question: What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?, answer: fractional freezing | question: How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?, answer: 41%
The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. The inexpensive Francis (1950), the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle (1949), part of a series, became mainstays of the company. Once again, the films of Abbott and Costello, including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), were among the studio's top-grossing productions. But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. Besides Abbott and Costello, the studio retained the Walter Lantz cartoon studio, whose product was released with Universal-International's films.

question: In what year was The Killers produced?, answer: 1946 | question: What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?, answer: Francis | question: In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?, answer: 1949 | question: What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?, answer: Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein | question: Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?, answer: Milton Rackmil
The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

question: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?, answer: The production for sulfidic zinc ores | question: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?, answer: heavy metals | question: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?, answer: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium | question: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?, answer: 20 to 1
The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys. Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to match, ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic. The officers soon switched to sail racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians.

question: What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?, answer: professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys | question: How were sports introduced in Bermuda?, answer: Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, | question: Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?, answer: rowing | question: Which sport was quickly adopted?, answer: sail racing
The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

question: What is the prognosis for asthma?, answer: generally good | question: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?, answer: due to better recognition and improvement in care | question: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?, answer: 19.4 million people as of 2004 | question: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?, answer: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

question: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?, answer: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars | question: When did the Arabs invade Iran?, answer: the 7th century | question: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?, answer: Arab Rashidun Caliphate | question: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?, answer: Jizya | question: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?, answer: Academy of Gunde Shapur
The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

question: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?, answer: Min | question: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?, answer: Han dynasty | question: When was the Han Dynasty?, answer: 206 BCE - 220 CE | question: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?, answer: 420 - 589 CE | question: When was the Tang Dynasty?, answer: 618–907 CE
The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the 17th century was rife with events that adversely affected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the Thirty Years' War, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. War, plague, famine, regicide, and changes in religious power and structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reluctant to give up older curricula, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts. This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state.

question: What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?, answer: the Thirty Years' War | question: Which university is said to have started faculty governance?, answer: University of Paris | question: Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?, answer: the state | question: The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?, answer: the nation-state. | question: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?, answer: student-controlled
The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.

question: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?, answer: tajwid | question: Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?, answer: pronunciation | question: Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?, answer: pause in recitation | question: Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?, answer: musical and melodious
The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

question: What famous tomb is in Lahore?, answer: Jahangir's Tomb | question: Where was Nanak born?, answer: Nankana Sahib | question: Who was the first Sikh Guru?, answer: Guru Nanak | question: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?, answer: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro | question: What famous mosque is in Punjab?, answer: Badshahi Mosque
The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

question: What is the province traditionally known as?, answer: Land of Fish and Rice | question: What is the main crop of the province?, answer: rice | question: What is the second main crop of the province?, answer: wheat | question: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?, answer: north Zhejiang | question: What is the largest fishery in the country?, answer: Zhoushan fishery
The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

question: What country has produced a large number of preachers?, answer: France | question: What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?, answer: Père Lacordaire | question: What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?, answer: Thomas Etourneau | question: What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?, answer: the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem | question: What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?, answer: Jerusalem Bible
The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?, answer: Zhe River | question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?, answer: Hangzhou Bay | question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?, answer: Crooked | question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?, answer: Zhe River | question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?, answer: Hangzhou
The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.

question: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?, answer: Section 4 | question: Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?, answer: habitat protection and recovery goals | question: What does critical habitat regulation require?, answer: the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species | question: What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?, answer: seed germination and dispersal needs
The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand, and millions more work illegally. Burmese migrant workers account for 80% of Thailand's migrant workers. Population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.

question: How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?, answer: provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420 | question: Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?, answer: an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. | question: How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?, answer: 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand | question: How many of the Burmese people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization, answer: millions more work illegally | question: What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?, answer: 80% of Thailand's migrant workers
The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

question: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?, answer: Lord of the Manor of Westminster | question: What did the monastery help fuel?, answer: the town economy | question: What did the abbey build on the west side?, answer: shops and dwellings | question: What encroached upon the sanctuary?, answer: shops and dwellings
The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations.

question: What was first proposed in 1979?, answer: The psychoacoustic masking codec | question: Which country were the researchers located in?, answer: United States | question: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?, answer: Krasner | question: What does LPC stand for?, answer: linear predictive coding | question: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?, answer: audio compression algorithms
The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

question: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?, answer: Monsanto and Illumina | question: When was the sequencing of D genome of G. raimondii mostly completed?, answer: 2010 | question: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?, answer: donate | question: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?, answer: public relations | question: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?, answer: cultivated varieties
The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

question: When were plans for city expansion drawn?, answer: 1858 | question: What was finished in 1850?, answer: public water supply network | question: When did Valencia get electricity?, answer: 1882 | question: What was knocked down in 1866?, answer: city walls | question: What was Valencia's population in 1860?, answer: 140,416