lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the Soviet Union, in the 1970s, a comparison was made between systems electrified at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz). The results showed that percentage losses in the overhead wires (catenary and contact wires) was over 3 times greater for 3 kV DC than for 25 kV AC. But when the conversion losses were all taken into account and added to overhead wire losses (including cooling blower energy) the 25 kV AC lost a somewhat higher percent of energy than for 3 kV DC. Thus in spite of the much higher losses in the catenary, the 3 kV DC was a little more energy efficient than AC in providing energy from the USSR power grid to the terminals of the traction motors (all DC at that time). While both systems use energy in converting higher voltage AC from the USSR's power grid to lower voltage DC, the conversions for the DC system all took place (at higher efficiency) in the railway substation, while most of the conversion for the AC system took place inside the locomotive (at lower efficiency). Consider also that it takes energy to constantly move this mobile conversion hardware over the rails while the stationary hardware in the railway substation doesn't incur this energy cost. For more details see: Wiki: Soviet Union DC vs. AC.

question: What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?, answer: 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz | question: Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?, answer: 3 kV DC | question: Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?, answer: 3 kV DC | question: What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?, answer: stationary hardware
In the State Department, Kerry quickly earned a reputation "for being aloof, keeping to himself, and not bothering to read staff memos." Career State Department officials have complained that power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips. Others in State describe Kerry as having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder" as he shifts from topic to topic instead of focusing on long-term strategy. When asked whether he was traveling too much, he responded, "Hell no. I'm not slowing down." Despite Kerry's early achievements, morale at State is lower than under Hillary Clinton according to department employees. However, after Kerry's first six months in the State Department, a Gallup poll found he had high approval ratings among Americans as Secretary of State. After a year, another poll showed Kerry's favorability continued to rise. Less than two years into Kerry's term, the Foreign Policy Magazine's 2014 Ivory Tower survey of international relations scholars asked, "Who was the most effective U.S. Secretary of State in the past 50 years?"; John Kerry and Lawrence Eagleburger tied for 11th place out of the 15 confirmed Secretaries of State in that period.

question: Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?, answer: Career State Department officials | question: What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?, answer: power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips | question: How had some State employees described Kerry?, answer: having "a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder" | question: Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?, answer: Foreign Policy Magazine | question: What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?, answer: tied for 11th place out of the 15
In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the Allies exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km (12 mi) off the Tuscan coast. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods.

question: In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?, answer: the Treaty of Fontainebleau | question: What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?, answer: Elba | question: In what sea is Elba located?, answer: the Mediterranean | question: The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?, answer: Emperor | question: When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?, answer: Austria
In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.

question: What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?, answer: Treaty of Paris | question: What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?, answer: Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw | question: When was the Battle of Wabash fought?, answer: 1791 | question: What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?, answer: the Battle of Fallen Timbers | question: When was this deciding battle fought?, answer: 1794
In the U.S. News & World Report's "America’s Best Colleges" 2016 issue, KU’s School of Engineering was ranked tied for 90th among national universities.

question: Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?, answer: U.S. News & World Report | question: In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?, answer: 90th | question: Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?, answer: national universities
In the U.S., a push for revisions of the FD&C Act emerged from Congressional hearings led by Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee in 1959. The hearings covered a wide range of policy issues, including advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry. While momentum for new legislation temporarily flagged under extended debate, a new tragedy emerged that underscored the need for more comprehensive regulation and provided the driving force for the passage of new laws.

question: What act needed provisions?, answer: FD&C | question: Who led the congressional hearings?, answer: Senator Estes Kefauver | question: What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?, answer: advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry | question: What caused a need for more regulation?, answer: a new tragedy emerged | question: When did this push occur?, answer: 1959 | question: Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?, answer: FD&C | question: Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?, answer: Senator Estes Kefauver | question: Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?, answer: greater
In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.

question: In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?, answer: civil court | question: Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?, answer: Grokster and Streamcast | question: In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?, answer: MGM | question: What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?, answer: venues for acquiring copyrighted movies | question: What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?, answer: Sony
In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?, answer: U.S. | question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?, answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test | question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?, answer: doesn't affect copyright protection
In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity"). New York–based performers such as Mateo & Matos and Blaze had slickly produced disco house tracks. In Detroit a proto-techno music sound began to emerge with the recordings of Juan Atkins, Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson.

question: what group did Marshall Jefferson form?, answer: Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity") | question: what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?, answer: proto-techno music sound | question: where were mateo & matos based?, answer: New York | question: where was marshall jefferson based?, answer: Chicago | question: what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?, answer: drum loops and short samples
In the UK and Ireland, "exhibition match" and "friendly match" refer to two different types of matches. The types described above as friendlies are not termed exhibition matches, while annual all-star matches such as those held in the US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League are called exhibition matches rather than friendly matches. A one-off match for charitable fundraising, usually involving one or two all-star teams, or a match held in honor of a player for contribution to his/her club, may also be described as exhibition matches but they are normally referred to as charity matches and testimonial matches respectively.

question: Where are "exhibition match" and "friendly match" not synonymous?, answer: the UK and Ireland | question: What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?, answer: US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League | question: What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?, answer: charity matches | question: What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?, answer: testimonial matches
In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

question: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?, answer: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents | question: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?, answer: postal workers | question: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?, answer: northern regions
In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the "Mattel Version" and "NES Version". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.

question: Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?, answer: Mattel | question: When did Nintendo take over European distribution?, answer: 1990 | question: Which three countries share the PAL A region?, answer: UK, Italy and Australia | question: What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?, answer: "Mattel Version" and "NES Version"
In the UK, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London, London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909. Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911. Peckham Rye to West Norwood opened in June 1912. Further extensions were not made owing to the First World War. Two lines opened in 1925 under the Southern Railway serving Coulsdon North and Sutton railway station. The lines were electrified at 6.7 kV 25 Hz. It was announced in 1926 that all lines were to be converted to DC third rail and the last overhead electric service ran in September 1929.

question: When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?, answer: 1 December 1909 | question: What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?, answer: Victoria to Crystal Palace | question: What was the cause of lines not being extended?, answer: the First World War | question: What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?, answer: 6.7 kV 25 Hz
In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use. The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians.

question: Who is the core guide?, answer: The British National Formulary | question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?, answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency | question: After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?, answer: comes later | question: Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?, answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) | question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?, answer: European Medicines Agency | question: What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?, answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency | question: What UK organization evaluates drugs?, answer: European Medicines Agency | question: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?, answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence | question: What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?, answer: British National Formulary
In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.

question: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do?, answer: drop bombs | question: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks?, answer: bomber | question: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF?, answer: fighter bombers and attack aircraft | question: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?, answer: aerial refueling | question: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions?, answer: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

question: In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?, answer: 75% | question: In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?, answer: 50% | question: What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?, answer: one-drop rule | question: What does the one drop rule do?, answer: discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. | question: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?, answer: illiteracy and education levels
In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.

question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?, answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education | question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?, answer: legacy admissions | question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?, answer: Bakke v. Regents | question: What are public universities not allowed to do?, answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment | question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?, answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set
In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian," as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. In California, registered dietitians must abide by the "Business and Professions Code of Section 2585-2586.8". Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title "nutritionist" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.

question: What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?, answer: LD | question: Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?, answer: Commission for Dietetic Registration | question: Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?, answer: nutritionist | question: Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"?, answer: Florida | question: What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?, answer: disclosure/labeling requirements
In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which replaced the Four Food Groups. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN.

question: Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?, answer: US Department of Health and Human Services | question: Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?, answer: USDA | question: What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?, answer: MyPlate | question: The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?, answer: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee | question: On which channel are committee meetings often shown?, answer: C-SPAN