lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.

question: What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?, answer: Kuru kingdom | question: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?, answer: 1200 – 800 BCE | question: At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?, answer: Iron Age | question: What is the first Indian text to mention iron?, answer: Atharvaveda | question: When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?, answer: Panchala
The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.

question: From what area did the Kushan Empire come?, answer: Afghanistan | question: Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?, answer: Kujula Kadphises | question: In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?, answer: 1st century CE | question: What was the language base of the Kushans?, answer: Indo-European | question: What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka, answer: northern India
The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The "Hall" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions.

question: Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?, answer: The LSPU Hall | question: How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?, answer: 1000 | question: Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?, answer: downtown | question: Where is Rick Mercer from?, answer: Newfoundland
The Labour Party's origins lie in the late 19th century, when it became apparent that there was a need for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban proletariat, a demographic which had increased in number and had recently been given franchise. Some members of the trades union movement became interested in moving into the political field, and after further extensions of the voting franchise in 1867 and 1885, the Liberal Party endorsed some trade-union sponsored candidates. The first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, with the intention of linking the movement to political policies. Among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party.

question: About when did the Labour Parry start?, answer: late 19th century | question: when was george odger elected?, answer: 1870
The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales, and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940. These later laws had a low cost to society–the species were relatively rare–and little opposition was raised.

question: What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?, answer: Lacey Act of 1900 | question: What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?, answer: interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws | question: What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?, answer: all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants | question: What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?, answer: Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940
The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

question: What does the Lancashire economy rely on?, answer: the M6 motorway | question: Which direction does the M6 motorway run?, answer: north to south | question: What road connects Preston to Blackpool?, answer: The M55 | question: Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?, answer: M58
The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years. Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash. Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god (δεινὸς θεός) who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods. In Iliad, his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats. All these functions, including the function of the healer-god Paean, who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.

question: What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?, answer: The Late Bronze Age | question: Who was a god of plague?, answer: Hittite and Hurrian Aplu | question: Who is the mouse God?, answer: Apollo Smintheus | question: What word means "the son of?", answer: Aplu
The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.

question: What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?, answer: 100 million to 65 million years | question: What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?, answer: cooling | question: What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?, answer: tropics | question: What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?, answer: extreme seasonal changes | question: What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?, answer: K-T Extinction
The Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found, and it provided support for the theory of evolution in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail, as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor.

question: What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?, answer: Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx | question: What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?, answer: Archaeopteryx | question: Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?, answer: reptilian
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

question: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?, answer: 163 million to 145 million | question: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?, answer: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs | question: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?, answer: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction | question: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?, answer: Sea levels rose | question: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways?, answer: Atlantic sea
The Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a courtly style that reached much of Europe in the decades around 1400, producing masterpieces such as the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry. All over Europe secular art continued to increase in quantity and quality, and in the 15th century the mercantile classes of Italy and Flanders became important patrons, commissioning small portraits of themselves in oils as well as a growing range of luxury items such as jewellery, ivory caskets, cassone chests, and maiolica pottery. These objects also included the Hispano-Moresque ware produced by mostly Mudéjar potters in Spain. Although royalty owned huge collections of plate, little survives except for the Royal Gold Cup. Italian silk manufacture developed, so that western churches and elites no longer needed to rely on imports from Byzantium or the Islamic world. In France and Flanders tapestry weaving of sets like The Lady and the Unicorn became a major luxury industry.

question: Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?, answer: 1400 | question: What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?, answer: the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry | question: Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?, answer: Early Renaissance | question: Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?, answer: Mudéjar potters | question: What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?, answer: the Royal Gold Cup
The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and schism within the Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.

question: When did the Black Death end?, answer: 1350 | question: In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?, answer: Late | question: What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?, answer: a third | question: What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?, answer: the early modern period | question: Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?, answer: heresy
The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

question: What was the span of the Late Triassic?, answer: 237 million to 200 million years | question: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?, answer: heat spells | question: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?, answer: Triassic | question: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?, answer: Triassic-Jurassic extinction | question: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?, answer: crocodiles
The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: ⟨æ⟩ (æsc, modern ash) and ⟨ð⟩ (ðæt, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn ⟨þ⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note ⟨⁊⟩ (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun þæt. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.

question: When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?, answer: u | question: Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?, answer: q | question: What is the term for the letter þ?, answer: thorn | question: What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?, answer: ƿ | question: What was the term for the letter ƿ?, answer: wynn
The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

question: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?, answer: Purple | question: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?, answer: too many other universities had used these colors | question: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?, answer: Whatsoever things are true | question: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?, answer: The Word full of grace and truth | question: What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?, answer: white
The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer to this sacred precinct, and the more common Latin words aedes, delubrum, or fanum for a temple or shrine as a building. The ruins of temples are among the most visible monuments of ancient Roman culture.

question: Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?, answer: ritual | question: What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?, answer: augury | question: What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?, answer: templum | question: What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?, answer: aedes, delubrum, or fanum | question: What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?, answer: temples
The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It is from the United States side, that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region, with trees originally only along the watercourses. The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area, while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty, and in the south it is practically barren.

question: What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?, answer: Laurentian Highlands | question: How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?, answer: Arctic Ocean | question: Which two nations are the central plains divided in?, answer: Canadian and a United States | question: Where does the Mississippi discharge?, answer: Gulf of Mexico
The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.

question: Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?, answer: The League of American Bicyclists | question: When does El Tour de Tucson happen?, answer: in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving | question: Who runs El Tour de Tucson?, answer: Perimeter Bicycling | question: How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?, answer: as many as 10,000 | question: How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?, answer: nine
The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".

question: What is the local government of Mexico City called?, answer: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District | question: How is the local government of Mexico City formed?, answer: parallel voting | question: What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?, answer: plurinominal deputies | question: How many representatives make up the Federal District?, answer: 26
The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

question: What is the legislature composed of?, answer: the Senate and the House of Representatives | question: How many members are in a house?, answer: 73 | question: Who is the house led by?, answer: a speaker | question: What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among?, answer: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census | question: What is the senate made up of?, answer: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.
The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv–Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.

question: What compression methods are among the most popular?, answer: Lempel–Ziv (LZ) | question: What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?, answer: DEFLATE | question: What serves as the basis of the Zip method?, answer: LZR | question: What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?, answer: Brotli | question: What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?, answer: LZX