lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

question: When was the Lamian war?, answer: 323-322 | question: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?, answer: 307 | question: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?, answer: Antigonus | question: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?, answer: Ptolemaic Egypt | question: When was the Chremonidean War?, answer: 267-61
Independent service is a special service mode found on most elevators. It is activated by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby. When an elevator is placed on independent service, it will no longer respond to hall calls. (In a bank of elevators, traffic is rerouted to the other elevators, while in a single elevator, the hall buttons are disabled). The elevator will remain parked on a floor with its doors open until a floor is selected and the door close button is held until the elevator starts to travel. Independent service is useful when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors.

question: How is the special sercice mode enabled?, answer: by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby | question: What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode?, answer: it will no longer respond to hall calls | question: At what times is Independant service best utilized?, answer: when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors | question: During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?, answer: the hall buttons are disabled
Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.

question: Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?, answer: Clerk of the Parliaments | question: What is omitted when an act is published?, answer: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula | question: Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?, answer: Clerk of the Parliaments
India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then. According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world. India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after the Russian Federation. India is also the third-largest Asian economic partner of Israel and the two countries have military as well as extensive space technology ties. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year. Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop bilateral strategic and economic relations with Israel. Azerbaijan supplies Israel with a substantial amount of its oil needs, and Israel has helped modernize the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan. In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent due to common political, religious and security interests. Israel provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects and thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel.

question: When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel?, answer: 1992 | question: Who's the most pro-Israel country in the world?, answer: India | question: Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who?, answer: Russian Federation
India started the construction of a 40,000-tonne, 260-metre-long (850 ft) Vikrant-class aircraft carrier in 2009. The new carrier will operate MiG-29K and naval HAL Tejas aircraft along with the Indian-made helicopter HAL Dhruv. The ship will be powered by four gas-turbine engines and will have a range of 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 kilometres), carrying 160 officers, 1,400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is being constructed by Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2018.

question: Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?, answer: India | question: What will power the Indian-made ship?, answer: four gas-turbine engines | question: What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?, answer: 8,000 nautical miles | question: Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?, answer: Cochin Shipyard | question: When was the Indian-made ship launched?, answer: August 2013
India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]

question: How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?, answer: declined | question: During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?, answer: late 18th and early 19th | question: What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?, answer: British East India Company | question: What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?, answer: raw cotton | question: If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?, answer: Britain
India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.

question: Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?, answer: India | question: What is referred to as the Padma Awards?, answer: President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain | question: Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?, answer: President of India | question: What does the Padma Awards consist of?, answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri | question: What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?, answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Arabic translations of the two astronomers' texts were soon available in the Islamic world, introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century. During the 14th–16th centuries, the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics made significant advances in astronomy and especially mathematics, including fields such as trigonometry and analysis. In particular, Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered the "founder of mathematical analysis".

question: When did Aryabhata live?, answer: 476-550 | question: What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?, answer: sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine | question: What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?, answer: gravity was a force of attraction | question: What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?, answer: a placeholder and a decimal digit | question: What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?, answer: Arabic
Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).

question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?, answer: Indian political philosophy | question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order?, answer: The institutions of state | question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?, answer: Mantranga
Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

question: How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated?, answer: 128 | question: What is another word for ligatures?, answer: conjuncts | question: What is the ISCII standard?, answer: 128 code points
Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?, answer: Indigenous Australians | question: What was the original term related to?, answer: skin colour | question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?, answer: since the early days of European settlement | question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians?, answer: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry
Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to "reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students."

question: What makes up Indigenous education?, answer: indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content | question: In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?, answer: formal and non-formal educational systems | question: What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?, answer: improve the educational success of indigenous students
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

question: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?, answer: single | question: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?, answer: in isolation | question: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?, answer: 10–20,000 years | question: When did the glaciers begin to melt?, answer: 16,500 years ago | question: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?, answer: Pleistocene megafauna
Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

question: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?, answer: the contiguous United States | question: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?, answer: Alaska Natives | question: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?, answer: 11 | question: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?, answer: Polynesian | question: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?, answer: geographically and culturally
Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

question: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?, answer: 0.4% | question: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?, answer: Indian reservations | question: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?, answer: millions | question: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?, answer: 67 | question: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?, answer: Brazil
Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

question: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?, answer: 45% | question: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?, answer: Native Peruvian traditions | question: What is not very well developed in Peru?, answer: Cultural citizenship | question: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?, answer: Amazonian
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012-13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.

question: What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?, answer: Indira Gandhi International Airport | question: Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?, answer: 35 million | question: How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?, answer: ₹96.8 billion | question: How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?, answer: 37 million | question: What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?, answer: 2010
Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

question: Individual routines start with what phases?, answer: build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height | question: What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces., answer: a sequence of aerial skills | question: What is the maximum scroe for routines?, answer: 10 points | question: How can additional points be earned?, answer: depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills | question: In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?, answer: two preliminary routines
Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

question: What form must an NPO make available to the public?, answer: 990 forms | question: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?, answer: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements | question: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?, answer: IRS Form 990 | question: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?, answer: Project Vote Smart | question: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?, answer: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

question: Name the largest country in Southeast Asia., answer: Indonesia | question: Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?, answer: volcanically active
Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?, answer: Pompeii and Herculaneum. | question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?, answer: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). | question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?, answer: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts | question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?, answer: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in