lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Since the early days of rail transport in the United States, Philadelphia has served as hub for several major rail companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated out of Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area, known collectively as the Regional Rail system. The two systems today, for the most part still intact but now connected, operate as a single system under the control of the SEPTA, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey.

question: Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub?, answer: Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad | question: Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station?, answer: Broad Street Station | question: Where did the Reading operate out of?, answer: Reading Terminal | question: What is Reading Terminal called now?, answer: Pennsylvania Convention Center
Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During Reconstruction, increasing numbers of Americans began to consider anyone with "one drop" of known "Black blood" to be Black, regardless of appearance.3 By the early 20th century, this notion was made statutory in many states.4 Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of "Indian blood" (called blood quantum). To be White one had to have perceived "pure" White ancestry. The one-drop rule or hypodescent rule refers to the convention of defining a person as racially black if he or she has any known African ancestry. This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black. The one-drop rule is specific to not only those with African ancestry but to the United States, making it a particularly African-American experience.

question: Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?, answer: early | question: What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?, answer: a proliferation of categories | question: When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?, answer: in the late 19th century | question: When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of "Black blood" to be Black?, answer: During Reconstruction | question: What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?, answer: The one-drop rule
Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Demographics of the United States). Nevertheless, it amounts to at least three million people, and has forced the issues of ethnic diversity onto the French policy agenda. France has developed an approach to dealing with ethnic problems that stands in contrast to that of many advanced, industrialized countries. Unlike the United States, Britain, or even the Netherlands, France maintains a "color-blind" model of public policy. This means that it targets virtually no policies directly at racial or ethnic groups. Instead, it uses geographic or class criteria to address issues of social inequalities. It has, however, developed an extensive anti-racist policy repertoire since the early 1970s. Until recently, French policies focused primarily on issues of hate speech—going much further than their American counterparts—and relatively less on issues of discrimination in jobs, housing, and in provision of goods and services.

question: France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?, answer: Second World War | question: What percentage of the French population today is non-European?, answer: approximately five percent | question: What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States?, answer: roughly 28–37% | question: What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas?, answer: ethnic diversity | question: What type of model of public policy does France maintain?, answer: color-blind
Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T.R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: the British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But by the mid-1950s the British Empire lost its superpower status, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's superpowers.[nb 2] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.

question: What is a superpower?, answer: nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world | question: Who first used the term superpower?, answer: William T.R. Fox | question: Who were the three original superpowers?, answer: British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union | question: Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?, answer: British Empire | question: What are middle powers?, answer: those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs
Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine.

question: Many Jews have aspired to return to where?, answer: Zion | question: Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?, answer: Palestine | question: Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?, answer: 1,500
Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.

question: What does DVB stand for?, answer: digital video broadcasting | question: When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?, answer: early 2000s | question: In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?, answer: SECAM systems | question: In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?, answer: PAL-M | question: 525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?, answer: standard definition television systems
Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.

question: What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?, answer: Geoffrey Fisher | question: What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?, answer: Dr Rowan Williams | question: What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?, answer: 2003 | question: Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?, answer: Bishop of Monmouth
Since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season (called pre-season friendlies). Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are only used to "warm up" players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with (such as unlimited substitutions, which allow teams to play younger, less experienced, players, and no cards). Although most friendlies are simply one-off matches arranged by the clubs themselves, in which a certain amount is paid by the challenger club to the incumbent club, some teams do compete in short tournaments, such as the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament. Although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them.

question: When do football clubs still play friendlies?, answer: before the start of each season | question: What type of football matches are non-competitive?, answer: friendlies | question: What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?, answer: substitutions | question: What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?, answer: the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament | question: What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?, answer: prestige
Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period. The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and Émile Zola. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Epoque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.

question: What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?, answer: La Taverne Anglaise | question: When did La Taverne Angaise open?, answer: 1786 | question: In what century was Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened?, answer: 19th | question: Near what were most restaurants opened?, answer: theatres
Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties representing Sanskrit characters in computer systems. These include Harvard-Kyoto and ITRANS, a transliteration scheme that is used widely on the Internet, especially in Usenet and in email, for considerations of speed of entry as well as rendering issues. With the wide availability of Unicode-aware web browsers, IAST has become common online. It is also possible to type using an alphanumeric keyboard and transliterate to Devanagari using software like Mac OS X's international support.

question: From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?, answer: late 18th century | question: What transliteration system is most common today?, answer: IAST | question: How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?, answer: since 1888 | question: What is used in transliteration for computer systems?, answer: ASCII | question: What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?, answer: ITRANS
Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.

question: What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?, answer: "Ten-Year Housing Plan" | question: How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?, answer: about 1,000 | question: Who built the Nehemiah Homes?, answer: Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx | question: Who led the Melrose Commons project?, answer: Nos Quedamos | question: How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?, answer: 149
Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war). Modern preambles are sometimes structured as a single very long sentence formatted into multiple paragraphs for readability, in which each of the paragraphs begins with a verb (desiring, recognizing, having, and so on).

question: What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?, answer: a fairly consistent format | question: What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?, answer: a preamble | question: Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?, answer: readability | question: Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?, answer: a verb | question: In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?, answer: any underlying events (such as a war)
Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They suggest that the term "African-American" should refer strictly to the descendants of African slaves and free people of color who survived the slavery era in the United States. They argue that grouping together all ethnic Africans regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American slave descendant community. They say recent ethnic African immigrants need to recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds.

question: The President's father is from what country?, answer: Kenya | question: What community still has some effects of slavery?, answer: American slave descendant community | question: What must Africans who recently immigrated do?, answer: recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds | question: Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?, answer: some black writers
Since the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently appear on a finished surface as darker than the denser latewood, though on cross sections of heartwood the reverse is commonly true. Except in the manner just stated the color of wood is no indication of strength.

question: Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?, answer: latewood | question: Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?, answer: density | question: What category of trees show this difference greatly?, answer: coniferous | question: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?, answer: ring-porous | question: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?, answer: no indication
Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

question: What countries have received grants, answer: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions | question: How much were the grants for, answer: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase | question: What did many investigate, answer: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
Since the mid-1980s, Spielberg has increased his role as a film producer. He headed up the production team for several cartoons, including the Warner Bros. hits Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!, for which he collaborated with Jean MacCurdy and Tom Ruegger. Due to his work on these series, in the official titles, most of them say, "Steven Spielberg presents" as well as making numerous cameos on the shows. Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animated features, An American Tail and The Land Before Time, which were released by Universal Studios. He also served as one of the executive producers of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and its three related shorts (Tummy Trouble, Roller Coaster Rabbit, Trail Mix-Up), which were all released by Disney, under both the Walt Disney Pictures and the Touchstone Pictures banners. He was furthermore, for a short time, the executive producer of the long-running medical drama ER. In 1989, he brought the concept of The Dig to LucasArts. He contributed to the project from that time until 1995 when the game was released. He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the multimedia game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996. Spielberg appears, as himself, in the game to direct the player. The Spielberg name provided branding for a Lego Moviemaker kit, the proceeds of which went to the Starbright Foundation.

question: Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce?, answer: Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid! | question: What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth?, answer: An American Tail and The Land Before Time | question: What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for?, answer: The Dig | question: When was 'The Dig' released?, answer: 1995 | question: What charity did Spielberg's 'Lego Moviemaker' kit fund?, answer: Starbright Foundation
Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

question: To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?, answer: industries and property market | question: In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?, answer: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf | question: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?, answer: Australian Bureau of Statistics | question: How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?, answer: three
Since the mid-2000s, the mainstreaming of bands like Wilco and Feist have pushed indie rock into the adult contemporary conversation. In the early 2010s, indie musicians like Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, The Lumineers and Ed Sheeran also had indie songs that crossed over to the adult contemporary charts.

question: What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?, answer: indie rock | question: Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?, answer: Imagine Dragons | question: In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?, answer: 2000s