lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti (462–472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (468–483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography.

question: When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?, answer: the Early Middle Ages | question: When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?, answer: 1589 | question: What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?, answer: iconography | question: When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?, answer: 1559 | question: Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?, answer: Taddeo Zuccari
Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.

question: In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?, answer: Neoplatonism | question: What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?, answer: Aristotelian scholasticism | question: In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?, answer: 12th | question: Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?, answer: New Thought | question: What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?, answer: Hermann Lotze
Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu.

question: When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?, answer: 1861 | question: What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?, answer: Elekana | question: What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?, answer: Rev. A. W. Murray | question: Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?, answer: Samoans
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.

question: What is Galicia's most widespread religion?, answer: Christianity | question: What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?, answer: 73%
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as "convinced atheists."

question: What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?, answer: Christianity | question: What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%?, answer: Islam | question: What religion has immigration brought by 2%?, answer: Eastern Orthodoxy | question: According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?, answer: 12% | question: What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?, answer: 38.21%
Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.

question: More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?, answer: Christianity
Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches—the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church.

question: What language was used by the eastern church?, answer: Greek | question: What language did the western church use?, answer: Latin | question: When did the eastern and western churches split?, answer: 1054 | question: Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?, answer: papal supremacy | question: What was the eastern church subsequently known as?, answer: the Orthodox Church
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

question: Who established Christianity in the region?, answer: Romans | question: What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?, answer: feudalism | question: What area still has intricate frescoes?, answer: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy | question: What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?, answer: Château de Chillon
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament. But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.

question: What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?, answer: Sunni branch | question: Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?, answer: have reserved seats | question: What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?, answer: the Bahá'í Faith | question: How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?, answer: since the 19th century | question: Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?, answer: the Bahá'í Faith
Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?, answer: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God | question: How are people united with God?, answer: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death | question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?, answer: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death | question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?, answer: confidence of eternal life | question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?, answer: joy
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?, answer: Chromobacterium violaceum | question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?, answer: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi | question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity?, answer: Suillus luteus | question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?, answer: Aspergillus niger | question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?, answer: fungus Aspergillus
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

question: What is a complication of chronic asthma?, answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | question: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?, answer: asthma and COPD | question: How is COPD differentiated?, answer: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi | question: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?, answer: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management | question: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?, answer: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead". Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims. Robigo (or Robigus) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.

question: When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?, answer: nighttime | question: What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?, answer: dark, fertile | question: How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?, answer: burnt offering | question: What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?, answer: shared banquet | question: What feature had importance in sacrifices?, answer: Color
Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado–Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San José de Mayo, Tacuarembó.

question: Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?, answer: 1916 | question: What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?, answer: Roman Catholicism | question: When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?, answer: 1830
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.

question: What year did cinema first appear in Greece?, answer: 1896 | question: In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?, answer: 1907 | question: In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?, answer: Asty Films | question: What was the first Greek feature film?, answer: Golfo | question: Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?, answer: Orestis Laskos
Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail.

question: For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?, answer: environmental changes | question: What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?, answer: resources | question: By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?, answer: selective advantage | question: By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?, answer: internal metabolic | question: What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?, answer: fruit flies
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).

question: Which two cities are served by major airlines?, answer: Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks | question: What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?, answer: air travel | question: How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?, answer: almost 2 million
Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

question: What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?, answer: hold an election | question: Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?, answer: it would not be fair | question: When was the South Korean general election held?, answer: 10 May 1948 | question: What problems did the elections face?, answer: terrorism and sabotage | question: Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?, answer: North Korea
Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.

question: What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?, answer: Comitia Centuriata | question: What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?, answer: centuries | question: Which elected official had imperium powers?, answer: magistrates | question: Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?, answer: It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases
City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

question: When was the City and Guilds College founded?, answer: 1876 | question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?, answer: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers | question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?, answer: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects | question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?, answer: GBP 342,500 | question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?, answer: CGLI Central Technical College | question: Which college was founded in 1876?, answer: City and Guilds College | question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?, answer: 16 | question: What does CGLI stand for?, answer: Advancement of Technical Education | question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?, answer: to create a Central Institution in London | question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?, answer: eighty-seven