lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.

question: Why are annelid fossils rare?, answer: annelids are soft-bodied | question: What fossil signs of annelids are found?, answer: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted | question: How old is the earliest annelid fossil?, answer: 518 million years ago | question: What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?, answer: modern mobile polychaete groups | question: What period started around 472 million years ago?, answer: the mid Ordovician
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.

question: When did Cloudina exist?, answer: 549 to 542 million years ago | question: What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?, answer: cnidarian | question: How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?, answer: 505 million years | question: What era was underway 505 million years ago?, answer: early Cambrian | question: Where was Myoscolex found?, answer: Australia
Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized, with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In recent years, downtown retail options have increased with the opening of new stores such as Urban Oufitters, J Crew, Origins, American Apparel, Gant Clothing, and an Apple Store, joining older stores such as Barnes & Noble, Cutlers Records, and Raggs Clothing. In addition, downtown's growing residential population will be served by two new supermarkets, a Stop & Shop just outside downtown and Elm City Market located one block from the Green. The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.

question: In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?, answer: 2000 | question: What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century?, answer: the area surrounding the New Haven Green | question: What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years?, answer: retail | question: In addition to Stop & Shop, what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population?, answer: Elm City Market | question: In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail?, answer: the opening of new stores | question: How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area?, answer: positive press from various periodicals. | question: What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s?, answer: experienced an influx of apartments | question: Including to the growth, what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven?, answer: Stop & Shop
Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.

question: When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?, answer: 18th century | question: What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?, answer: growing trend of assimilation | question: Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?, answer: Kaifeng Jews of China
Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

question: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?, answer: before 2000 BC | question: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?, answer: nicotine sulfate | question: What decade did herbicides become common?, answer: 1960s | question: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?, answer: Paul Müller | question: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?, answer: tobacco leaves
Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are mutualistic, like the cooperative honey-gathering among honeyguides and African peoples such as the Borana. Other times, they may be commensal, as when species such as the house sparrow have benefited from human activities. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests, and some pose an aviation hazard. Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (hunting, avian lead poisoning, pesticides, roadkill, and predation by pet cats and dogs are common sources of death for birds).

question: What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?, answer: commensal | question: What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?, answer: Human activities | question: Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?, answer: Since birds are highly visible and common animals
Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.

question: Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?, answer: dissolve in fats | question: How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?, answer: Biological magnification | question: The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?, answer: Global distillation | question: How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?, answer: the wind
Since incandescent light bulbs use more energy than alternatives such as CFLs and LED lamps, many governments have introduced measures to ban their use, by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps. Measures to ban light bulbs have been implemented in the European Union, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia, among others. In the Europe the EC has calculated that the ban contributes 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and saves 40 TWh of electricity every year, translating in CO2 emission reductions of 15 million tonnes.

question: Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?, answer: more | question: How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?, answer: 5 to 10 billion euros | question: How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?, answer: 40 TWh of electricity | question: How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?, answer: 15 million tonnes | question: How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?, answer: by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps
Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.

question: What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?, answer: parliamentary democracy | question: What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence?, answer: Multiparty democracy | question: What party has won every election in Namibia?, answer: Swapo Party | question: Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?, answer: Hifikepunye Pohamba | question: How long did president Same Nujoma rule?, answer: 15-year
Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other—which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.

question: What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?, answer: routing of wires | question: What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?, answer: a connection | question: Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?, answer: crosstalk | question: What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?, answer: cost | question: In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?, answer: wires
Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

question: How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?, answer: five major mass extinctions | question: When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?, answer: the Cambrian explosion | question: What happened in the Carboniferous?, answer: rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. | question: When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event?, answer: 251 million years ago | question: How long did vertebrate recovery take?, answer: 30 million years
Since over half of GE's revenue is derived from financial services, it is arguably a financial company with a manufacturing arm. It is also one of the largest lenders in countries other than the United States, such as Japan. Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) fell by the wayside by the mid-1980s, in the late 1990s, another wave (consisting of Westinghouse, Tyco, and others) tried and failed to emulate GE's success.[citation needed]

question: What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?, answer: financial services | question: Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?, answer: Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco | question: How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?, answer: over half | question: In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?, answer: Japan
Since playing Pong while filming Jaws in 1974, Spielberg has been an avid video gamer. Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games, including the first Monkey Island games. He owns a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360, and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. He has also criticized the use of cut scenes in games, calling them intrusive, and feels making story flow naturally into the gameplay is a challenge for future game developers.

question: What was the first video game Spielberg played?, answer: Pong | question: When did Spielberg first play a video game?, answer: 1974 | question: What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong?, answer: Jaws | question: What game consoles does Spielberg own?, answer: a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360 | question: How does Spielberg feel about cutscenes in games?, answer: intrusive
Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.

question: What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?, answer: the gateway between East and West | question: What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?, answer: 1994 | question: Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?, answer: Milton Friedman | question: What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?, answer: a uniform rate of 26%
Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.

question: What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?, answer: close co-operation | question: What were the most important foreign policy priorities?, answer: accession into NATO and the European Union | question: What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?, answer: deterioration in relations with Russia
Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.

question: What is the Barengraben?, answer: a bear pit | question: Where is the Barengraben located?, answer: the far end of the Nydeggbrücke | question: What are held at the Barengraben?, answer: heraldic animals | question: Who gave Bern their bears?, answer: the Russian president | question: What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?, answer: Dählhölzli zoo
Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

question: What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?, answer: ozone layer | question: When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?, answer: 1985 | question: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?, answer: Brunt Ice Shelf | question: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?, answer: chlorofluorocarbons | question: What agreement banned the use of CFC s?, answer: Montreal Protocol
Since the 1979 Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, military vessels, guided missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes. In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 and Sejjil missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically.

question: What is Iran's most advanced missile?, answer: The Fajr-3 (MIRV) | question: Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware, vehicles, and weapons after the 1979 Revolution?, answer: foreign embargoes | question: Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?, answer: 1979 Revolution | question: The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system?, answer: liquid fuel
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.

question: During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?, answer: the 1990s | question: Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?, answer: lunches | question: What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?, answer: gastropubs | question: Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?, answer: dining room
Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

question: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?, answer: United States Army | question: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?, answer: Lyndon Johnson | question: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?, answer: Jimmy Carter | question: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?, answer: President's Private Secretary