lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?, answer: family rules, family roles or family dialectics | question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?, answer: marriage, parenthood or divorce | question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?, answer: a well constructed family
Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.

question: What else is a risk factor for asthma?, answer: Family history | question: If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?, answer: approximately 25% | question: How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?, answer: 25 genes | question: How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?, answer: over 100 genes | question: What else are these genes closely related to?, answer: the immune system or modulating inflammation
Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the "fandoms" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These "rags" or "dirt sheets" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.

question: What do the fans have?, answer: their own subculture | question: What sometimes happens with fandoms?, answer: overlap | question: Where have some wrestlers appeared?, answer: comic book conventions
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

question: What did John XXIII call for?, answer: an ecumenical council | question: When was the decision made for this council?, answer: 29 January 1959 | question: Where was the decision made for this council?, answer: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls | question: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?, answer: Pope Paul VI
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

question: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?, answer: Farming | question: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century?, answer: tourism | question: Why is pasture land limited?, answer: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps | question: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?, answer: mid-June
Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

question: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?, answer: nepotism | question: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?, answer: cronyism | question: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?, answer: old boy network
Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War, but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece, beginning the Roman-Syrian War. After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier). Like the Spartans, the Seleucids lost the battle, and were forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. The Seleucids sued for peace, and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests. Although they still controlled a great deal of territory, this defeat marked the decline of their empire, as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east (the Parthians) and the west (the Greeks). Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century, when it was eclipsed by Pontus. Following Magnesia, Rome again withdrew from Greece, assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace. In fact, it did the opposite.

question: Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?, answer: Sicily | question: Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?, answer: in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy | question: Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?, answer: the Seleucids | question: Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?, answer: assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace | question: What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?, answer: Battle of Magnesia
Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

question: Who succeeded Stalin?, answer: Nikita Khruschev | question: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?, answer: 1967 | question: When did Vazgen acquire his position?, answer: 1955 | question: When did Stalin pass away?, answer: 1953 | question: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?, answer: Yerevan
Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in some dinosaurs not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate flight, provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation, and are used in display, camouflage, and signaling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage, may vary within species by age, social status, and sex.

question: What is a feature characteristic of birds?, answer: Feathers | question: What feature of a bird facilitate flight?, answer: Feathers | question: What is pterylae?, answer: specific tracts of skin
Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, ectoparasitic feather mites and birdlice. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by preening often with the application of secretions from the preen gland. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as anting in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage.

question: Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?, answer: preen gland | question: What do birds bathe in?, answer: water or dust | question: What is anting?, answer: bird encourages ants to run through their plumage | question: What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?, answer: anting
Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply waxy secretions from the uropygial gland; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an antimicrobial agent, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading bacteria. This may be supplemented with the secretions of formic acid from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as anting, to remove feather parasites.

question: How often do birds groom their feathers?, answer: daily | question: What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?, answer: 9% | question: What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?, answer: The bill | question: What is the process of removing feather parasites?, answer: anting
Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

question: What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?, answer: Federal law and treaties | question: Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?, answer: the Constitution | question: States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?, answer: federal constitutional rights | question: Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?, answer: state law | question: Does every state have the same laws?, answer: vary greatly from one state to the next. | question: Federal law overrides what laws?, answer: conflicting state and territorial laws | question: The scope of federal power is not what?, answer: universal | question: What type of system is American Federalism?, answer: dual-sovereign system | question: American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?, answer: Indian reservations | question: States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?, answer: the federal Constitution | question: Is there anything that trumps state law?, answer: Federal law and treaties | question: How many state make up the United States?, answer: 50 | question: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?, answer: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights | question: What is day-to-day, operational law considered?, answer: "living law" | question: What is living law mostly made up of?, answer: state law
Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.

question: What does federal law come from?, answer: the Constitution | question: What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?, answer: the Constitution | question: What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?, answer: The United States Code | question: Where are regulations published?, answer: in the Federal Register | question: Where are regulations codified into?, answer: Code of Federal Regulations | question: Where does federal law begin?, answer: the Constitution | question: Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?, answer: Congress | question: What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?, answer: The United States Code | question: Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?, answer: executive branch agencies | question: Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?, answer: the Code of Federal Regulations
Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.

question: What is ecclesiology?, answer: the doctrine of the church | question: What happens in Presbyterian denominations?, answer: the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. | question: In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?, answer: shared sovereignty | question: What does each greater level of assembly have?, answer: authority over its constituent members
Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.

question: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states?, answer: more than 300 | question: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?, answer: the Napoleonic Wars | question: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?, answer: the German Confederation | question: How much of the population did Prussia control?, answer: 62% | question: How much of the land did Prussia control?, answer: 65%
Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

question: What is federalism in the United States?, answer: ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States | question: How has the American government evolved?, answer: American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. | question: What happened in Federalist No.46?, answer: James Madison asserted that the states and national government | question: What happened in Federalist No. 28, answer: "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit
Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (literally Federal Council, the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".

question: What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?, answer: Federalism | question: In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what?, answer: the federation | question: What is an example of what states retain authority over?, answer: culture | question: The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?, answer: the Bundesrat | question: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?, answer: the federal government