lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% in the 1820s, gradually increasing to 69% in the 1870s and then to 76% in the 1890s. By 1914, only 19.1% of the empire's population was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Christian Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, and Jews.

question: The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?, answer: the second half of the 15th century | question: What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?, answer: a Muslim minority | question: What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?, answer: the non-Muslim population | question: Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?, answer: 60% | question: In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?, answer: 19.1%
Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

question: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?, answer: RAF | question: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?, answer: .50-inch | question: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?, answer: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell | question: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?, answer: The air-cooled Bofors | question: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?, answer: The Predictor AA No 3
Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so-called "theological oracles", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. "In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359 - 61) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed."

question: which two cult sites had widespread infuence?, answer: Delos and Delphi | question: Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?, answer: Julian the Apostate | question: In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?, answer: theological oracles
Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannon viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich). These can sometimes be mistaken for chimneys, but the presence of a carved lion's head and a cascabel on each are clear indicators that they are cannon. This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down.

question: In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?, answer: 1888 | question: What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?, answer: three cannon | question: After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?, answer: Highbury | question: What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?, answer: The Gunners | question: In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?, answer: 1925
Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes.

question: What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?, answer: The 45 rpm player | question: What materials were 45 rpm records made of?, answer: vinyl or polystyrene | question: What was the play time of a 45 rpm, answer: eight minutes | question: What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?, answer: 7 inches
Up to 1990, English, German and Afrikaans were official languages. Long before Namibia's independence from South Africa, SWAPO was of the opinion that the country should become officially monolingual, choosing this approach in contrast to that of its neighbour South Africa (which granted all 11 of its major languages official status), which was seen by them as "a deliberate policy of ethnolinguistic fragmentation." Consequently, SWAPO instituted English as the sole official language of Namibia though only about 3% of the population speaks it as a home language. Its implementation is focused on the civil service, education and the broadcasting system. Some other languages have received semi-official recognition by being allowed as medium of instruction in primary schools. It is expected of private schools to follow the same policy as state schools, and "English language" is a compulsory subject. As in other postcolonial African societies, the push for monolingual instruction and policy has resulted in a high rate of school drop-outs and of individuals whose academic competence in any language is low.

question: German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?, answer: 1990 | question: What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?, answer: English | question: SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?, answer: monolingual | question: How many Namibian's speak English?, answer: 3% | question: There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?, answer: school drop-outs
Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24.

question: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?, answer: subtract one day | question: What does one need to remember about the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?, answer: February 29 is discounted | question: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?, answer: -4
Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.

question: How many people live in the Federal District?, answer: 8.7 million | question: What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?, answer: 19.8 million | question: What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?, answer: negative | question: Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?, answer: much lower
Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.

question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?, answer: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople | question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?, answer: the Black Death | question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?, answer: Twenty-two | question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?, answer: London
Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period, 9-month-olds after up to five weeks, and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months. In addition, studies have shown that with age, infants can store information faster. Whereas 14-month-olds can recall a three-step sequence after being exposed to it once, 6-month-olds need approximately six exposures in order to be able to remember it.

question: In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?, answer: Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. | question: What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?, answer: . A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information | question: Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?, answer: Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time | question: Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?, answer: 9-month-olds
Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?, answer: Motorola | question: What powered the Macintosh II?, answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor | question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?, answer: $5500 | question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?, answer: The Macintosh II | question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?, answer: the IBM PC
Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.

question: Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?, answer: Veronica | question: Which disease did her mother passed away from?, answer: breast cancer | question: Where was Madonna raised?, answer: Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township | question: What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?, answer: cry
Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure.

question: What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?, answer: the amount of light energy that reaches the film | question: In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?, answer: between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second | question: How is the exposure of film changed?, answer: by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture | question: How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?, answer: because reciprocity holds | question: What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?, answer: reciprocity failure
Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

question: When did Napoleon graduate?, answer: September 1785 | question: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?, answer: second lieutenant | question: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?, answer: La Fère artillery regiment | question: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?, answer: Pasquale Paoli | question: When did the Revolution begin?, answer: 1789
Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name "Paul" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.

question: What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?, answer: Marian | question: What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?, answer: "Paul" | question: In what year was the name "Paul" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?, answer: 1605 | question: What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?, answer: the Second Vatican Council | question: What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?, answer: encyclical Humanae vitae
Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the "Old States" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways de facto integrated with West Germany under a special status.

question: How many states did West Germany have at its founding?, answer: eleven | question: What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?, answer: Western Allies | question: Which state was West Berlin apart of?, answer: neither a Western German state nor part of one | question: When did the Saarland form?, answer: 1957 | question: How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952, answer: 1952
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.

question: Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?, answer: Teutonic Knights | question: Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?, answer: Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms | question: What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?, answer: several wars | question: What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?, answer: 1466
Upon this basis, along with that of the logical content of assertions (where logical content is inversely proportional to probability), Popper went on to develop his important notion of verisimilitude or "truthlikeness". The intuitive idea behind verisimilitude is that the assertions or hypotheses of scientific theories can be objectively measured with respect to the amount of truth and falsity that they imply. And, in this way, one theory can be evaluated as more or less true than another on a quantitative basis which, Popper emphasises forcefully, has nothing to do with "subjective probabilities" or other merely "epistemic" considerations.

question: What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?, answer: truthlikeness | question: Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?, answer: subjective | question: What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?, answer: epistemic | question: What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?, answer: probability
Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time as South-West Africa. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994.

question: What does SWAPO stand for?, answer: South West Africa People's Organisation | question: When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?, answer: 1973 | question: When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?, answer: South-West Africa. | question: Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?, answer: internal violence | question: When did Namibia obtain full independence?, answer: 1990
Uranium carbides and uranium nitrides are both relatively inert semimetallic compounds that are minimally soluble in acids, react with water, and can ignite in air to form U 3O 8. Carbides of uranium include uranium monocarbide (UC), uranium dicarbide (UC 2), and diuranium tricarbide (U 2C 3). Both UC and UC 2 are formed by adding carbon to molten uranium or by exposing the metal to carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Stable below 1800 °C, U 2C 3 is prepared by subjecting a heated mixture of UC and UC 2 to mechanical stress. Uranium nitrides obtained by direct exposure of the metal to nitrogen include uranium mononitride (UN), uranium dinitride (UN 2), and diuranium trinitride (U 2N 3).

question: Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?, answer: diuranium tricarbide | question: Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?, answer: 1800 °C