lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.

question: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?, answer: Bohemia | question: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?, answer: Charles IV | question: When was Charles University founded in Prague?, answer: 1348 | question: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?, answer: Jan Hus | question: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?, answer: widespread literacy
Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?, answer: 1806 | question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?, answer: 1356 | question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?, answer: financial | question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?, answer: the Habsburgs
Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons – in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom – were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if J is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and Jz the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values

question: Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?, answer: Bohr | question: What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?, answer: the quantity | question: Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?, answer: Heisenberg | question: Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?, answer: Schrödinger | question: According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?, answer: the fundamental quantum of angular momentum | question: Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?, answer: the reduced Planck constant | question: What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?, answer: Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom | question: What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?, answer: Heisenberg | question: When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed?, answer: 1926
Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam, a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather. The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid, a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions. The concept was the same as the Lorenz system. Two aerials were rotated for the two converging beams which were pointed to cross directly over the target. The German bombers would attach themselves to either beam and fly along it until they started to pick up the signal from the other beam. When a continuous sound was heard from the second beam the crew knew they were above the target and began dropping their bombs.

question: What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?, answer: land at night or in bad weather | question: The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?, answer: Knickebein | question: The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?, answer: two Lorenz beams | question: The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what?, answer: dropping their bombs
Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles — two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit, reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.

question: What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?, answer: Slippery When Wet | question: How many copies did this record sell?, answer: 12 million | question: What was the band Europe's international hit?, answer: The Final Countdown | question: What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?, answer: 5150 | question: Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?, answer: Sammy Hagar
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

question: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?, answer: 13,000 | question: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?, answer: 1,200 | question: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?, answer: 1,500 | question: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?, answer: bubonic plague | question: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?, answer: opium
Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

question: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?, answer: envelopment | question: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?, answer: 150,000 | question: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?, answer: 540 | question: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?, answer: artillery | question: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?, answer: 170
Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.

question: Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?, answer: Juno | question: Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?, answer: Dido | question: In which book does Aeneas' father die?, answer: 5 | question: Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?, answer: Anchises | question: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?, answer: Sibyl
Book 7 (beginning the Iliadic half) opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas' arrival in Italy and betrothal to Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus. Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto, and Amata Lavinia's mother. In Book 8, Aeneas allies with King Evander, who occupies the future site of Rome, and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history. Book 9 records an assault by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulians, Book 10, the death of Evander's young son Pallas, and 11 the death of the Volscian warrior princess Camilla and the decision to settle the war with a duel between Aeneas and Turnus. The Aeneid ends in Book 12 with the taking of Latinus' city, the death of Amata, and Aeneas' defeat and killing of Turnus, whose pleas for mercy are spurned. The final book ends with the image of Turnus' soul lamenting as it flees to the underworld.

question: To whom is Aeneas betrothed?, answer: Lavinia | question: Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?, answer: King Evander | question: Who had Lavinia already been promised to?, answer: Turnus | question: Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?, answer: Turnus
Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?, answer: graphic novels | question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?, answer: tankōbon | question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?, answer: fiction | question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?, answer: graphic novels
Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.

question: When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?, answer: 1971 | question: Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?, answer: Tom and Louis Borders | question: Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?, answer: Domino's Pizza's | question: Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?, answer: Flint Ink Corp | question: Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?, answer: aviation fuels
Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".

question: Where was Madonna born?, answer: Bay City, Michigan | question: In which year did Madonna move to New York City?, answer: 1977 | question: Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?, answer: Sire Records | question: What was the name of the album she released in 1983?, answer: Madonna | question: Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?, answer: Ray of Light
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?, answer: Boston | question: What is the approximate population for 2014?, answer: 655,884 | question: How many square miles does Boston cover?, answer: 48 square miles | question: What was the population of Boston in 2014, answer: 655,884 | question: How many square miles is Boston?, answer: 48 square miles | question: What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?, answer: 24th | question: Which of the United States is Boston located in?, answer: Massachusetts | question: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?, answer: 48 | question: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?, answer: Greater Boston | question: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?, answer: 4.7 million people | question: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?, answer: Boston
Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.

question: What is the oldest public park in the US?, answer: Boston Common | question: Where is Boston Common located?, answer: near the Financial District and Beacon Hill | question: What is next to Boston Common?, answer: Boston Public Garden | question: The Emerald necklace is a string of what?, answer: parks | question: Who designed the Emerald necklace?, answer: Frederick Law Olmsted
Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.

question: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?, answer: 6b | question: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?, answer: Prevailing wind patterns | question: What is the hottest month in Boston?, answer: July | question: What is the coldest month in Boston?, answer: January
Boston has a strong mayor – council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history. The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide "at-large" seats. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.

question: How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?, answer: every fourth year | question: What kind of power does the mayor have?, answer: extensive executive power | question: Who became Mayor in january, 2014?, answer: Marty Walsh | question: Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?, answer: The School Committee
Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.

question: What is the total area of Boston?, answer: 89.6 square miles | question: How many square miles of land is Boston?, answer: 48.4 square miles | question: How many square miles of water is Boston?, answer: 41.2 square miles | question: How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?, answer: 19 ft | question: Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?, answer: oceanic coastline
Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).

question: How long has Boston been a religious center?, answer: from its earliest days | question: How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?, answer: nearly 300 | question: Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?, answer: the South End | question: Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?, answer: Back Bay | question: What was the city's first Anglican church?, answer: King's Chapel