lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. The Grand Prince ("velikiy kniaz'") of Kiev controlled the lands around the city, and his formally subordinate relatives ruled the other cities and paid him tribute. The zenith of the state's power came during the reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and Prince Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054). Both rulers continued the steady expansion of Kievan Rus' that had begun under Oleg.

question: What year did Sviatoslav pass away?, answer: 972 | question: How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?, answer: two centuries | question: What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?, answer: 980–1015
It is not only the proportion of latewood, but also its quality, that counts. In specimens that show a very large proportion of latewood it may be noticeably more porous and weigh considerably less than the latewood in pieces that contain but little. One can judge comparative density, and therefore to some extent strength, by visual inspection.

question: Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?, answer: quality | question: What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?, answer: comparative density | question: What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?, answer: strength | question: What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?, answer: porous
It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]

question: Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?, answer: single cell | question: By functioning within a single, what is the system?, answer: cell-autonomous | question: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?, answer: endocrine glands | question: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?, answer: biological clock | question: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?, answer: synchronise
It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

question: What did Russia fail to build south?, answer: railroad network | question: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?, answer: parades | question: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?, answer: pocketed their men's pay
It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City.

question: What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?, answer: Absecon Island | question: In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?, answer: 1854 | question: What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?, answer: Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township | question: How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?, answer: Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City | question: Which coast is Atlantic City located on?, answer: Atlantic
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.

question: What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?, answer: 62 million | question: What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?, answer: About 60% | question: What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?, answer: The former Soviet Union and China | question: What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?, answer: 16%, | question: How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?, answer: 23 million
It is possible to use the impedance matching concepts to construct vertical antennas substantially shorter than the 1⁄4 wavelength at which the antenna is resonant. By adding an inductance in series with the antenna, a so-called loading coil, the capacitive reactance of this antenna can be cancelled leaving a pure resistance which can then be matched to the transmission line. Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system (antenna plus matching network) is described using the construct of electrical length and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed electrical lengthening.

question: For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?, answer: impedance matching | question: What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?, answer: inductance | question: What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?, answer: transmission line | question: What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?, answer: electrical lengthening
It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.

question: What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?, answer: two incomplete protein sources | question: Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?, answer: beans | question: What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?, answer: Excess amino acids | question: What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?, answer: gluconeogenesis | question: What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?, answer: discarded
It is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once started, may penetrate to all parts of the trunk. The larvae of many insects bore into the trees and their tunnels remain indefinitely as sources of weakness. Whatever advantages, however, that sapwood may have in this connection are due solely to its relative age and position.

question: What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?, answer: decay | question: Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?, answer: the trunk | question: What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?, answer: larvae | question: What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?, answer: inner heartwood | question: What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?, answer: tunnels
It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed]

question: Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from?, answer: the north | question: What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south?, answer: irrigation agriculture | question: Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture?, answer: the Samarra | question: How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?, answer: eight | question: What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize?, answer: labor
It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

question: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?, answer: snare drum | question: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?, answer: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound | question: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?, answer: indefinite pitch
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's use in screening. A number of new vaccines are currently in development.

question: For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?, answer: ten years | question: What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?, answer: 90% | question: Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?, answer: uncommon | question: In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?, answer: the United Kingdom | question: What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?, answer: high risk
It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

question: Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?, answer: 13.5% | question: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?, answer: Namibia | question: How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?, answer: 40 percent | question: About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?, answer: 6.8 million | question: Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?, answer: 5 million
It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

question: What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?, answer: fourth | question: Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?, answer: Nordisk | question: Which French companies are older than Universal?, answer: Gaumont Film Company and Pathé | question: What is the nationality of Pathé?, answer: French | question: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?, answer: Nordisk Film company | question: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?, answer: fourth
It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head); a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

question: How many sexes of annelids were there originally?, answer: two | question: What releases sperm from annelids?, answer: nephridia | question: What do annelid eggs become?, answer: trochophore larvae | question: What do annelids' larvae live like?, answer: plankton | question: What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?, answer: the prostomium (head)
It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament?, answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition | question: What clubs have missed the competition?, answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, | question: Why did they miss that competition?, answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. | question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision?, answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige | question: Did the club later regret their choice?, answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.
It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

question: What breed of duck is considered the first?, answer: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck | question: What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?, answer: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. | question: What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K., answer: Pekin duck | question: Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?, answer: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days | question: Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??, answer: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in
It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.

question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?, answer: middle of the 19th century | question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area, answer: the East Indies | question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area, answer: the Levant | question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?, answer: the Ottoman Porte | question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?, answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire
It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean ages. In historical times, the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden, "the double-axe men", which indicates Minoan origin. The double-axe, labrys, was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth. The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios was a sea-god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands, and his name indicates his connection with Delphi and the holy serpent Delphyne ("womb").[citation needed] Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan "Mistress of the animals". In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the "Mister of the animals", a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute. His original name is unknown, but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo, who stood by the virgin "Mistress of the Animals", becoming her brother.

question: What was the name for "the double-axe men?", answer: Labryaden | question: What is another name for the double-axe?, answer: labrys | question: Who was the Minoan "Mistres of the animals?", answer: Britomartis | question: Who was Apollo's sister?, answer: Artemis
It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civilise the natives"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought in Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the 'barbarians'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years.

question: Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?, answer: Alexander | question: Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?, answer: Persian | question: Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?, answer: the Macedonians | question: Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?, answer: megalomania