lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.

question: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?, answer: 1925 | question: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?, answer: Predictor AA No 1 | question: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?, answer: M3A3 | question: What did the British designate the Sperry device as?, answer: Predictor AA No 2 | question: What replaced the UB 2?, answer: UB 7
In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.

question: What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?, answer: 46:1 | question: In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?, answer: 1925 | question: How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?, answer: 3600 rpm | question: Why are these records known as '78s'?, answer: to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats
In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the bass as frequency decreased, recording amplitude increased. Therefore, it was necessary to attenuate the bass frequencies below about 250 Hz, the bass turnover point, in the amplified microphone signal fed to the recording head. Otherwise, bass modulation became excessive and overcutting took place into the next record groove. When played back electrically with a magnetic pickup having a smooth response in the bass region, a complementary boost in amplitude at the bass turnover point was necessary. G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records, the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form.

question: Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?, answer: G. H. Miller | question: What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?, answer: reproduction was more realistic | question: When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?, answer: recording amplitude decreased | question: What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?, answer: recording amplitude increased
In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the U.S., Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.

question: What was the name of Universal's German production unit?, answer: Deutsche Universal-Film AG | question: Who ran Universal's German production unit?, answer: Joe Pasternak | question: In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?, answer: 1926 | question: How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?, answer: three to four | question: Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?, answer: Hungary
In 1927, the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the Nanking decade.

question: When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?, answer: 1927 | question: What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?, answer: the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) | question: Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?, answer: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek | question: What are the 1930's known as, in China?, answer: the Nanking decade | question: When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?, answer: 1928
In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle." Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.

question: How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?, answer: 70 | question: What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?, answer: Uncle Carl | question: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?, answer: Ogden Nash | question: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?, answer: 21 | question: What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?, answer: William Wyler
In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

question: What elementary school did Nasser attend?, answer: Attarin | question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?, answer: Helwan | question: What secondary school did Nasser attend?, answer: Ras el-Tin | question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?, answer: Manshia Square | question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?, answer: Young Egypt Society
In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled "Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906–1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.

question: Who supervised Popper's doctorate?, answer: Karl Bühler | question: What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?, answer: The question of method in cognitive psychology | question: What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?, answer: mathematics and physics | question: Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?, answer: Nazism | question: In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?, answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934.

question: In what year did ARC form?, answer: 1929 | question: In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?, answer: 1888 | question: In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?, answer: 1934
In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work of Alfred Marshall), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931. According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially "fascinated the academic world" and appeared to offer a less "facile and superficial" understanding of macroeconomics than the Cambridge school's.

question: Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?, answer: London School of Economics | question: In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?, answer: narrow approach | question: Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?, answer: Alfred Marshall | question: Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?, answer: Lionel Robbins | question: What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?, answer: less "facile and superficial" understanding
In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.

question: When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?, answer: 1930 | question: Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?, answer: Wilhelm Frick | question: How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?, answer: six delegates | question: Who did Frick remove from the police force?, answer: anyone he suspected of being a republican | question: Who did Frick replace republican police with?, answer: men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party
In 1930, Paul Dirac proposed a model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy, called the Dirac sea. This theory helped refine the predictions of his earlier formulated Dirac equation, and successfully predicted the existence of the positron, confirmed two years later. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle formulated in 1927, predict a fundamental limit within which instantaneous position and momentum, or energy and time can be measured. This has far reaching consequences on the "emptiness" of space between particles. In the late 20th century, so-called virtual particles that arise spontaneously from empty space were confirmed.

question: An infinite sea of particles with negative energy was a model propesed by whom?, answer: Paul Dirac | question: What year was the Dirac sea modeled?, answer: 1930 | question: When werer virtual particles confirmed?, answer: late 20th century | question: What year was the uncertainty principle formed?, answer: 1927, | question: What theorized that time and energy can be measured?, answer: Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce "unbreakable" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.

question: What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?, answer: vinyl-based Victrolac compound | question: What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?, answer: children's records | question: What year was the Victrolac compound released?, answer: 1931 | question: What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?, answer: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise | question: What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?, answer: higher cost
In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Victor's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression. Because of financial hardships that plagued the recording industry during that period (and RCA's own parched revenues), Victor's long-playing records were discontinued by early 1933.

question: What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?, answer: ten minutes playing time per side | question: How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?, answer: commercial failure | question: When did RCA Victor release long play discs?, answer: 1931 | question: Who released the first commercial long play discs?, answer: RCA Victor | question: By when were long play records discontinued?, answer: early 1933
In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs, as argued in a letter he co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes in The Times. The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dating from Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war, pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's single public engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy, otherwise Hayek and Keynes agreed on many theoretical matters, and their economic disagreements were fundamentally theoretical, having to do almost exclusively with the relation of the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labour inputs.

question: What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?, answer: private investment in the public markets | question: What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?, answer: Lionel Robbins | question: Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?, answer: Churchill | question: With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?, answer: John Maynard Keynes
In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe.

question: What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?, answer: Herbert Chapman | question: What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?, answer: pillar box red | question: What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?, answer: white sleeves | question: For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?, answer: red and white | question: What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?, answer: first season
In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

question: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?, answer: cannot partake of the Eucharist | question: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?, answer: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity | question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?, answer: constitutes an act of apostasy | question: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?, answer: 1933 | question: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?, answer: Roman Catholic and Protestant | question: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?, answer: 1933 | question: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?, answer: Christianity | question: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?, answer: the Eucharist
In 1933, von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he announced that shortly before his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname of von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to "Neumann" and "Vonneumann". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily, but was ultimately rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis is often quoted. Asked about how France would stand up to Germany he said "Oh, France won't matter."

question: In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship?, answer: 1933 | question: In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?, answer: 1939 | question: In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?, answer: 1937 | question: Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?, answer: age
In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Kidrič. In 1935, Tito travelled to the Soviet Union, working for a year in the Balkans section of Comintern. He was a member of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet secret police (NKVD). Tito was also involved in recruiting for the Dimitrov Battalion, a group of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War. In 1936, the Comintern sent "Comrade Walter" (i.e. Tito) back to Yugoslavia to purge the Communist Party there. In 1937, Stalin had the Secretary-General of the CPY, Milan Gorkić, murdered in Moscow. Subsequently Tito was appointed Secretary-General of the still-outlawed CPY.

question: When was Tito sent to Vienna?, answer: 1934 | question: Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?, answer: Milan Gorkić | question: Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?, answer: Moscow | question: Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?, answer: Tito | question: Who is known as "Comrade Walter"?, answer: Tito