lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

question: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?, answer: bleaching | question: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?, answer: through food | question: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?, answer: fatty tissue | question: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?, answer: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

question: In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?, answer: central processing unit | question: What are the devices called that are from an external source?, answer: Peripheral devices | question: What are two things that a computer always has?, answer: (CPU), and some form of memory
Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?, answer: after | question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?, answer: cows | question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?, answer: disrupts their systems | question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?, answer: earlier | question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?, answer: parents of young children
Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

question: How has youtube helped the government?, answer: to more easily engage with citizens | question: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?, answer: seventh | question: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?, answer: creators' new media savvy | question: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?, answer: Iman Crosson | question: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?, answer: encourage young Americans to enroll
Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which are difficult to discern from the base metal. Unlike steel, in which the solid solution separates to form different crystal phases, precipitation hardening alloys separate to form different phases within the same crystal. These intermetallic alloys appear homogeneous in crystal structure, but tend to behave heterogeneous, becoming hard and somewhat brittle.

question: Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?, answer: steel | question: Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?, answer: heat-treatable alloys | question: What makes alloys more softer than normal?, answer: When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly
Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]

question: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?, answer: the Magyar or Romanian population | question: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?, answer: Romania | question: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?, answer: Bulgaria | question: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?, answer: Carpathian basin
Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

question: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?, answer: four client republics | question: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?, answer: 148 BC | question: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?, answer: a Macedonian pretender to the throne | question: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?, answer: destabilizing | question: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?, answer: The Romans
Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

question: What's another term for influential intermediary?, answer: wasta | question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?, answer: Khairy Pasha | question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?, answer: Sadat and Amer | question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?, answer: widespread corruption | question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?, answer: monarchy
Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively."

question: What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?, answer: a selected allele | question: When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?, answer: 2009 | question: How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?, answer: three | question: What are sweeps?, answer: major geographic patterns | question: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?, answer: absent
Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

question: What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?, answer: Cooperative breeding | question: What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?, answer: Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals | question: Why is inbreeding avoided?, answer: because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness
Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

question: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?, answer: Eastern European Time | question: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?, answer: two hours | question: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?, answer: October 26 | question: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?, answer: one hour | question: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?, answer: Hawaii
Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?, answer: two | question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?, answer: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects | question: What is the first feature motivated by?, answer: we can never directly apprehend length | question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?, answer: separated objects | question: Sameness of length must be set how?, answer: by definition
Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?, answer: wood preservative | question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?, answer: moss | question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?, answer: antimicrobial protective fabrics | question: How is copper used with nickel?, answer: as a base | question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?, answer: Copper compounds
Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.

question: How long has copper been in use?, answer: at least 10,000 years | question: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?, answer: 95% | question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?, answer: more than half | question: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?, answer: 1014 tons | question: What is a major source of cooper in modern times?, answer: Recycling
Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.

question: What has copper been used for since ancient times?, answer: architectural material | question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?, answer: antimicrobial indoor products | question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?, answer: low thermal movement | question: How long has copper been used in building construction?, answer: hundreds or thousands of years | question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?, answer: antimicrobial
Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.

question: What is the level of copper in the human body?, answer: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass | question: How is copper absorbed in humans?, answer: in the gut | question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?, answer: albumin | question: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?, answer: Ceruloplasmin | question: How can the body get rid of excess copper?, answer: via bile
Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.

question: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?, answer: biostatic | question: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?, answer: Muntz metal | question: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?, answer: ships | question: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?, answer: netting materials | question: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?, answer: corrosion-resistant
Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.

question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust., answer: 50 parts per million | question: How large was the biggest find of copper?, answer: 420 tonnes | question: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?, answer: 1857 | question: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?, answer: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm | question: Where was the largest mass of copper found?, answer: Michigan, US
Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

question: When was copper first known to have been used?, answer: 9000 BC | question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?, answer: Middle East | question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?, answer: 2800 BC | question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?, answer: iron smelting | question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?, answer: 5500 BC
Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.

question: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?, answer: conductivity | question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?, answer: 43%-46% | question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?, answer: 69% | question: What does the acronym NEMA stand for?, answer: National Electrical Manufacturers Association | question: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?, answer: efficiency standards