lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta ("flowering plants") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assigned rank of subdivision. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), but later split it to Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta (from the family name Magnoliaceae). The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat this group at the rank of class, leading to the name Magnoliopsida. The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name. However, a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae.

question: In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?, answer: coherent | question: What does anthophyta mean?, answer: flowering plants | question: What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?, answer: Angiospermae | question: How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?, answer: a clade called angiosperms | question: What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?, answer: Magnoliidae
In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

question: What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?, answer: The Five Stars | question: What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?, answer: Sweet Inspiration | question: What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?, answer: New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award | question: Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?, answer: Tha Feelstyle | question: What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?, answer: 1999
In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

question: From where does the color red in blood come from?, answer: hemoglobin | question: What does hemoglobin contain?, answer: iron | question: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?, answer: iron oxide | question: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?, answer: Rayleigh scattering | question: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?, answer: anthocyanins
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

question: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?, answer: 0.7204% | question: What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?, answer: critical mass | question: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?, answer: uranium-238 | question: What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?, answer: 99.2742% | question: Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?, answer: pressurised heavy water
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

question: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?, answer: carbonate | question: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?, answer: carbonate | question: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?, answer: Sphingomonas sp.
In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

question: What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?, answer: concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" | question: In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?, answer: the late nineteenth century | question: The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?, answer: the behavior of electricity and magnetism | question: Which famous scientist resolved these issues?, answer: Einstein
In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coruña left all the other Galician cities behind.

question: Which metro area is largest in terms of population?, answer: A Coruña-Ferrol | question: What was it's total population back in 1900?, answer: 653,556
In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

question: Where do you find medieval plurals?, answer: nouns and adjectives | question: What letter is lost in some words?, answer: /n/ | question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?, answer: homes | question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?, answer: joves | question: What kind of plural words lose /n/?, answer: proparoxytone
In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

question: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?, answer: one-party systems | question: What are North Korea and China examples of?, answer: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government | question: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?, answer: 1934 and 1945 | question: What is the one-party system often compared with?, answer: dictatorships and tyranny
In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Gutiérrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.

question: How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?, answer: 20 | question: When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?, answer: May 6, 1998 | question: Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?, answer: Houston
In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

question: Who controlled the "Inner Court"?, answer: imperial family and Manchu nobility | question: Where was the Inner Court?, answer: Forbidden City | question: What was the Grand Council?, answer: core institution of the inner court
In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

question: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?, answer: the Black Sea | question: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist, answer: two or three months | question: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?, answer: Chinese airspace | question: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?, answer: March 1951 | question: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?, answer: the south side of the Yalu
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.

question: When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?, answer: early second millennium BCE | question: What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?, answer: close | question: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?, answer: north-west | question: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?, answer: India and Pakistan | question: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?, answer: Indo-Aryan migration theory
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?, answer: in a fixed medium | question: What is NOT protected?, answer: The idea itself | question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?, answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea | question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?, answer: what qualifies as original
In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

question: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?, answer: that pesticides be degradable | question: How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?, answer: quickly deactivated in the environment | question: What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?, answer: presence of halogens | question: What may slow pesticide movement?, answer: Adsorption to soil
In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.

question: What was the price for early HDTVs?, answer: US$10,000 | question: Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?, answer: tiny | question: What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?, answer: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.

question: Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?, answer: the same species | question: What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?, answer: transfer of antibiotic resistance | question: What is horizontal gene transfer?, answer: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment
In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

question: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case, answer: letter case | question: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?, answer: smaller lower | question: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?, answer: larger upper | question: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?, answer: written
In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

question: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?, answer: autonomy | question: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?, answer: Māori | question: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?, answer: terra nullius | question: The concept of native title was established by what court case?, answer: Mabo v Queensland | question: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?, answer: colonizers
In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

question: What was another reason for populations moving?, answer: industry dispersal may have been a factor | question: How much of London's population left?, answer: Over a quarter | question: What locations saw an increase in populations?, answer: south Wales and Gloucester | question: How much of the population returned in four months?, answer: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children | question: How many evacuees were there?, answer: 1.4 million
In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

question: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?, answer: innovation | question: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?, answer: an abstraction | question: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?, answer: endoheretics | question: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?, answer: orthodoxy