lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

question: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?, answer: "dictatorship by plebiscite." | question: What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?, answer: the Constitution of the Year VIII | question: After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?, answer: the Tuileries. | question: What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?, answer: 99.94 | question: What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?, answer: 1.5 million
Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

question: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?, answer: civil | question: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?, answer: religion | question: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?, answer: Pope Pius VI | question: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?, answer: Juan Cole | question: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?, answer: religious
Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

question: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?, answer: the Banque de France | question: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?, answer: the Concordat of 1801 | question: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?, answer: the Organic Articles | question: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?, answer: public worship | question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?, answer: the Holy Roman Empire
Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

question: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?, answer: plunder | question: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?, answer: the Musée du Louvre | question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?, answer: Pieter Geyl | question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?, answer: Claude Ribbe | question: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?, answer: David G. Chandler
Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?, answer: the Royal Navy | question: Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?, answer: the West Indies. | question: Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?, answer: the Western Approaches | question: Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?, answer: the Battle of Cape Finisterre | question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?, answer: July 1805
Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

question: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?, answer: luck | question: When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?, answer: 1805-06 | question: In what year did the Russian campaign take place?, answer: 1812 | question: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?, answer: Dwyer | question: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?, answer: cheated
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

question: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?, answer: Joséphine de Beauharnais | question: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?, answer: 1796 | question: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?, answer: 26 | question: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?, answer: 32 | question: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?, answer: Rose
Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

question: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?, answer: Paris | question: On what date did Napoleon abdicate?, answer: 22 June | question: How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?, answer: three days | question: On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?, answer: 29 June | question: When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?, answer: Josephine
Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

question: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?, answer: domestic affairs | question: When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?, answer: January 1810 | question: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?, answer: Archduchess Marie Louise | question: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?, answer: 18 | question: When did Marie Louise give birth?, answer: 20 March 1811
Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

question: Of what ancestry was Napoleon?, answer: Tuscan | question: How did Napoleon save the French government in 1795?, answer: by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons | question: How old was Napoleon when he was given command of the Army of Italy?, answer: 26 | question: Where did Napoleon lead his troops in 1798?, answer: Egypt | question: Against whom was Napoleon's first military campaign waged?, answer: the Austrians | question: Where was Napoleon born?, answer: Corsica | question: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?, answer: 1793 | question: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?, answer: 26 | question: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?, answer: the Austrians and their Italian allies | question: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?, answer: 1798
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

question: Who was Napoleon's father?, answer: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte | question: Who was Napoleon's mother?, answer: Maria Letizia Ramolino | question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?, answer: Corsica | question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?, answer: Casa Buonaparte | question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?, answer: an uncle
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

question: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?, answer: 2 December 1804 | question: Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?, answer: Notre Dame de Paris | question: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?, answer: Pope Pius VII | question: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?, answer: 1 April 1810 | question: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?, answer: the Spanish Inquisition
Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

question: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?, answer: the Austrians | question: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?, answer: 300,000 | question: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?, answer: Spain | question: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?, answer: 1814 | question: In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?, answer: 1812
Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

question: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?, answer: December 2, 1804 | question: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?, answer: Two | question: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?, answer: Italy | question: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?, answer: May 26, 1805 | question: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?, answer: at the Cathedral of Milan
Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

question: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?, answer: Napoleon's educational reforms | question: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?, answer: French | question: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?, answer: public support | question: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?, answer: lycées | question: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?, answer: the sciences
Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

question: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?, answer: January 1779 | question: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?, answer: Brienne-le-Château | question: What was Napoleon's first language?, answer: Corsican | question: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?, answer: his accent | question: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?, answer: mathematics
Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

question: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?, answer: the Code Civil | question: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?, answer: the Napoleonic Code | question: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?, answer: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès | question: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?, answer: Code of Criminal Instruction