lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?, answer: King George V | question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?, answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York | question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?, answer: King George VI | question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth?, answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang | question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?, answer: Lilibet
Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

question: In what city was Elizabeth born?, answer: London | question: At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?, answer: Duke and Duchess of York | question: What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?, answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth | question: How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?, answer: two daughters | question: What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?, answer: abdication of his brother
Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.

question: Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?, answer: Elizabeth | question: Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?, answer: Queen Victoria | question: How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?, answer: great-great-grandmother | question: In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?, answer: 2015 | question: In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?, answer: world history
Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant." Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".

question: Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P, answer: Princess Margaret | question: When was Princess Margaret born?, answer: 1930 | question: Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?, answer: governess | question: What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?, answer: The Little Princesses | question: Where were the royal princesses educated?, answer: at home
Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". She inherited an estimated £70 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.

question: What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?, answer: personal fortune | question: What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?, answer: £2 million | question: What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?, answer: "grossly overstated" | question: What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?, answer: £340 million | question: Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?, answer: 302nd
Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of "Free Villages"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.

question: Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?, answer: the Caribbean | question: Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?, answer: William Knibb | question: Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?, answer: the British West Indies | question: Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?, answer: Free Villages | question: What was named after the slave port of Calabar?, answer: Jamaica's Calabar High School
Elsewhere, remnants of the medieval water supply system devised by the friars can still be seen today. Constructed in 1290, the system carried water from Conduit Head (remnants of which survive near Hill Lane, Shirley) some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. The friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310 and passed on ownership of the water supply system itself in 1420. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road.

question: In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?, answer: 1290 | question: Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?, answer: Conduit Head | question: What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?, answer: 1310 | question: When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?, answer: 1420 | question: What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?, answer: Conduit House
Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?, answer: Embezzlement | question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?, answer: public | question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?, answer: personal
Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song "All Right Now" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled début album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad "Love Hurts". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the single "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK charts for nine weeks.

question: When did Free break up?, answer: 1973 | question: What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?, answer: Bad Company | question: Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?, answer: 1974 | question: What nationality was the band Nazareth?, answer: Scottish | question: What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?, answer: "Bohemian Rhapsody"
Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?, answer: Emilio Marcos Palma | question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?, answer: 60th parallel south | question: When was Palma born?, answer: 1978 | question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?, answer: suitable for family life
Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience. For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (e.g., trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.). Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion, different schools of psychotherapy approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behavior therapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).

question: What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?, answer: Emotion regulation | question: What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?, answer: behavioral | question: Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?, answer: Cognitively oriented schools | question: What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?, answer: Gestalt therapy
Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. In some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on emotion may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events. For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.

question: Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?, answer: personality | question: What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?, answer: cognition | question: Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?, answer: rapid heartbeat and breathing | question: Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?, answer: nervous
Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emotions. Emotion is also linked to behavioral tendency. Extroverted people are more likely to be social and express their emotions, while introverted people are more likely to be more socially withdrawn and conceal their emotions. Emotion is often the driving force behind motivation, positive or negative. Definition has been described as is a "positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity." According to other theories, emotions are not causal forces but simply syndromes of components, which might include motivation, feeling, behavior, and physiological changes, but no one of these components is the emotion. Nor is the emotion an entity that causes these components

question: What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?, answer: nervous | question: What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?, answer: Extroverted | question: What type of people hide their emotions?, answer: introverted | question: What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?, answer: motivation | question: Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?, answer: psychological
Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

question: When did Broca publish his pioneering work?, answer: 1878 | question: Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?, answer: Papez | question: Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?, answer: hypothalamus
Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic physiology, particularly with the stress systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems (Kurt Kortschal 2013). These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of genes and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. Zygotes require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every speciation event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the linages leading to modern humans and chimpanzees split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In voles (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a vasopressin receptor gene that corresponds to major species differences in social organization and the mating system (Hammock & Young 2005). Another potential example with behavioral differences is the FOCP2 gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling speech and language (Vargha-Khadem et al. 2005). Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans (Enard et al. 2002). Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions.

question: Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?, answer: Kurt Kortschal | question: From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?, answer: their parental germ cells | question: What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?, answer: 1.2% | question: How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?, answer: five | question: About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?, answer: 200,000 years
Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechanisms. Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity. Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame. Emotions have also been described as biologically given and a result of evolution because they provided good solutions to ancient and recurring problems that faced our ancestors. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that often lack a contextual stimulus.

question: Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?, answer: Michael C. Graham | question: What is Michael Graham's profession?, answer: Psychotherapist | question: What is an example of an extreme form of fear?, answer: terror | question: What would be an example of mild shame?, answer: embarrassment | question: What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?, answer: Moods
Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. A similar multicomponential description of emotion is found in sociology. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, surprise etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.

question: Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?, answer: instrumental behavior | question: With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?, answer: subjective experience | question: What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?, answer: instrumental behavior | question: What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?, answer: psychophysiologists | question: Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?, answer: Peggy Thoits
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.

question: Who established a western-style army in Japan?, answer: Emperor Meiji | question: When was a western-style army established in Japan?, answer: 1873 | question: What did samurai become in 1873?, answer: Shizoku | question: Who had samurai been allowed to kill?, answer: commoners who paid them disrespect | question: In what century were the Meiji reforms?, answer: 19th