lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

question: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?, answer: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage | question: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?, answer: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead) | question: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?, answer: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary | question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?, answer: right
The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.

question: What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?, answer: ground attack aircraft | question: What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?, answer: Soviet T-34-85 tanks | question: What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?, answer: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses | question: What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?, answer: the UN forces brought heavier equipment | question: How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?, answer: 120
The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

question: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?, answer: a building's air conditioning system | question: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?, answer: shorter | question: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?, answer: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used | question: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?, answer: less | question: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?, answer: heat from the heating system
The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

question: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?, answer: 180,000 | question: What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?, answer: the Saale | question: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?, answer: Marshal Soult | question: On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?, answer: 14 October | question: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?, answer: 140,000
The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172.

question: What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?, answer: MPEG-1 standard | question: When can patents not be filed in most countries?, answer: after prior art has been made public | question: How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?, answer: 20 years | question: How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?, answer: 12 months | question: When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?, answer: December 2012
The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at US$499 (€499) and US$599 (€599), respectively. The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11, 2006, for Japan and November 17, 2006, for North America and Europe.

question: How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?, answer: six | question: By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?, answer: one | question: Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?, answer: to cut costs | question: In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?, answer: 60 GB | question: What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?, answer: silver
The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature, ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music. Throbbing Gristle's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake.

question: What type of producer was Martin Hannett?, answer: post-punk | question: What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?, answer: innovative | question: What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?, answer: studio experimentation | question: What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?, answer: crude production techniques | question: Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?, answer: Throbbing Gristle's | question: Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?, answer: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell | question: What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?, answer: Industrial Records | question: Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?, answer: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle | question: Where did industrial music get it's name?, answer: Industrial Records | question: What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?, answer: studio experimentation
The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22–24 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.

question: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?, answer: the cuticle | question: The cuticle has how many layers?, answer: two | question: Which cuticle later is like wax?, answer: the epicuticle | question: The epicuticle does not consist of what?, answer: chitin | question: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?, answer: thicker
The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?, answer: Europe | question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?, answer: modern civil law and common law | question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?, answer: Edson Luiz Sampel | question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?, answer: Europe and Latin American | question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?, answer: contemporary society
The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interest in mandolin ensembles, with little success. However, The "Loar" became the defining instrument of bluegrass music when Bill Monroe purchased F-5 S/N 73987 in a Florida barbershop in 1943 and popularized it as his main instrument.

question: The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was?, answer: ensemble setting | question: Where did the mandolins find a new home?, answer: bluegrass | question: What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?, answer: Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson | question: What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?, answer: Loar | question: What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use?, answer: F-5 S/N 73987
The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.

question: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?, answer: the mid-19th century | question: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?, answer: The symphony orchestra | question: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?, answer: brass | question: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?, answer: a string section | question: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?, answer: vocal
The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music, and folk music. In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are: Balkan-Thracian Türküs, North-Eastern (Laz) Türküs, Aegean Türküs, Central Anatolian Türküs, Eastern Anatolian Türküs, and Caucasian Türküs. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music.

question: What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?, answer: the saz, the bağlama, the kemence | question: Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?, answer: the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney | question: In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?, answer: the violin and the piano | question: There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?, answer: classical music, and folk music | question: What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?, answer: Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music
The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are insoluble in water), uranium carbonates are often soluble in water. This is because a U(VI) cation is able to bind two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates to form anionic complexes.

question: In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?, answer: carbonate containing solution | question: What notable carbonates are often water soluble?, answer: uranium | question: What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?, answer: anionic complexes
The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads.

question: What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?, answer: The interceptor aircraft | question: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?, answer: bombers | question: When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?, answer: after the end of World War II | question: When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?, answer: the late 1960s | question: The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?, answer: ICBMs
The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "stumbling block", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means. Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store. Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets -- that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."

question: What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?, answer: the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface | question: Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?, answer: Adrian Kingsley-Hughes | question: What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?, answer: mixed
The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape, although mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of rías (submerged valleys where the sea penetrates tens of kilometres inland) and cliffs. The climate of Galicia is temperate and rainy, but it is also markedly drier in the summer, being usually classified as Oceanic in the west and north, and Mediterranean in the southeast. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history. With the exception of shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was largely a semi-subsistence farming and fishing economy and did not experience significant industrialization until after the mid-20th century. In 2012, the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity was €56,000 million, with a nominal GDP per capita of €20,700. The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas: from Ferrol to A Coruña in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest. To a lesser extent, there are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coruña. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the most populous municipality with 294,997 (2014), while A Coruña is the most populous city with 215.227 (2014).

question: How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?, answer: 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | question: What have been its two primary sources of wealth?, answer: animal husbandry and farming | question: Name its northwestern coastal area., answer: Ferrol to A Coruña | question: Name its political capital., answer: Santiago de Compostela | question: Which province is this capital in?, answer: A Coruña
The internal classification of this group has undergone considerable revision. The Cronquist system, proposed by Arthur Cronquist in 1968 and published in its full form in 1981, is still widely used but is no longer believed to accurately reflect phylogeny. A consensus about how the flowering plants should be arranged has recently begun to emerge through the work of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), which published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998. Updates incorporating more recent research were published as APG II in 2003 and as APG III in 2009.

question: What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?, answer: how the flowering plants should be arranged | question: What internal component has undergone considerable revision?, answer: classification | question: What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?, answer: The Cronquist system | question: Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?, answer: APG