lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.

question: What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?, answer: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics | question: Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?, answer: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay | question: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?, answer: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation | question: What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?, answer: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. | question: Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?, answer: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail
While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.

question: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?, answer: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III | question: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?, answer: Nicholas | question: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?, answer: Britain | question: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?, answer: Ottomans | question: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?, answer: October
While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."

question: What did the decision ultimately uphold?, answer: state law | question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?, answer: transportation of students to religious schools | question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?, answer: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" | question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?, answer: that wall | question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?, answer: the present legislation
While the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, an official 2010 estimate reported 108,000 Somalis living in the United Kingdom. Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, Sheffield, Bristol, Birmingham, Cardiff, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Leicester, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population. There are also significant Somali communities in Sweden: 57,906 (2014); the Netherlands: 37,432 (2014); Norway: 38,413 (2015); Denmark: 18,645 (2014); and Finland: 16,721 (2014).

question: About how many Somalis live in the UK?, answer: 108,000 | question: What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?, answer: 78% | question: As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?, answer: 57,906 | question: In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?, answer: 38,413 | question: How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?, answer: 16,721
While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.

question: What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?, answer: hermaphrodite | question: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?, answer: reduce or prevent self-fertilization | question: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?, answer: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil | question: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?, answer: biochemical | question: How are some male and female parts separated for some species?, answer: different flowers
While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.

question: What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility?, answer: political traditions and religious cults | question: What cult arrived from southern Italy?, answer: Dionysus | question: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?, answer: Punic crisis | question: To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?, answer: Bacchus | question: With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?, answer: divine hierarchy
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.

question: The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?, answer: polyphony | question: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what?, answer: monophonic | question: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?, answer: Byzantine chant
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.

question: How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?, answer: sold poorly | question: How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?, answer: 2 million units | question: Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?, answer: 1.5 million units | question: What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?, answer: Sony and Nintendo | question: Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?, answer: scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

question: What was the republican government amenable to?, answer: war reparations | question: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?", answer: Favre | question: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?, answer: Government of National Defense | question: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?, answer: 6 September | question: What did this cause the Republic to renew?, answer: declaration of war
While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

question: Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?, answer: Hurricane Opal | question: On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?, answer: 50 | question: Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?, answer: West and Middle Tennessee | question: How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?, answer: 15 | question: What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?, answer: 1993
While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

question: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?, answer: lighting and heating | question: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?, answer: equal | question: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?, answer: after | question: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?, answer: Supporters
While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

question: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?, answer: 1100 BC | question: When did iron start to become melted by people?, answer: Middle Ages | question: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?, answer: Benjamin Huntsman | question: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible, answer: 1740
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."

question: Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?, answer: Friedrich Hayek | question: What was Hayek's academic field?, answer: Economics | question: In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?, answer: 1944 | question: Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?, answer: Alfred Tarski | question: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?, answer: Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?, answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party | question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system., answer: China | question: How are political parties elected in democracies?, answer: the electorate | question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?, answer: Germany and India
While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

question: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?, answer: one | question: How many different external views of data are there?, answer: any number | question: What is the benefit of external views of data?, answer: see database information in a more business-related way
While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.

question: What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?, answer: Nevermind | question: What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?, answer: grunge | question: What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?, answer: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden | question: What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?, answer: Stone Temple Pilots | question: What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?, answer: a hard rock sound
While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

question: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?, answer: the South | question: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?, answer: U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group | question: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?, answer: General William Lynn Roberts | question: Who wanted to take over North Korea?, answer: Syngman Rhee | question: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?, answer: John Foster Dulles
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.

question: What league do the new England patriots belong to?, answer: the National Football League | question: What year were the new England patriots founded in?, answer: 1960 | question: What was the original name of the new England patriots?, answer: Boston Patriots | question: When dod the Boston patriots change their name?, answer: after relocating | question: What stadium do the patriots play in?, answer: Gillette Stadium