lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.

question: What kind of condition is asthma?, answer: a chronic obstructive condition | question: What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?, answer: bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema | question: Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?, answer: asthma is usually reversible | question: What part of the airway does emphysema affect?, answer: alveoli | question: What part of the airway does asthma affect?, answer: the bronchi
Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

question: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?, answer: Jewish | question: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?, answer: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize | question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?, answer: the chosen people | question: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?, answer: atheist | question: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?, answer: race
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

question: The primary function of a browser is to use what?, answer: the World Wide Web | question: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?, answer: private networks | question: A browser can also access files where?, answer: file systems
Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.

question: Where was Washington University located?, answer: 17th Street and Washington Avenue | question: When did classes first begin at Washington University?, answer: October 22, 1854 | question: What building was first used for classes at Washington University?, answer: Benton School building. | question: What three departments were Washington University divided?, answer: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute | question: What type of school did Washington University first function?, answer: a night school
Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.

question: What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?, answer: resources | question: In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?, answer: 1998 | question: When will the mining ban be reviewed?, answer: 2048 | question: What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?, answer: trading of fish | question: How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?, answer: 112,934 tonnes
Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi as names are used interchangeably to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi, these are two distinct entities, and the latter is a small part of the former.

question: What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?, answer: Delhi and New Delhi | question: New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?, answer: Delhi | question: Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?, answer: NCT of Delhi | question: What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?, answer: New Delhi | question: What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?, answer: Delhi
Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

question: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?, answer: the north | question: What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?, answer: the west | question: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?, answer: a year | question: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?, answer: a month | question: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?, answer: the conquest of North Italy
Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, "You Are" in 1983 and "Hello" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100.

question: Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?, answer: ballad-oriented rock | question: What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?, answer: soft rock | question: What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?, answer: six weeks | question: In what year did Lionel Richie record "You Are"?, answer: 1983 | question: Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's "Hello" reach the top spot?, answer: Hot 100
Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.

question: What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?, answer: 19th | question: What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published?, answer: 1930 | question: Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?, answer: Newburgh's | question: How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?, answer: little | question: What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?, answer: the main concepts
Although each institution is organized differently, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president, chancellor, or rector; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions. Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or faculties. Public university systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system. They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs. In addition, they plan for the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country. However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy. Private universities are privately funded and generally have broader independence from state policies. However, they may have less independence from business corporations depending on the source of their finances.

question: How many vice presidents do most universities have?, answer: at least one | question: What kind of board does a university commonly have?, answer: a board of trustees | question: Who controls public universities?, answer: government-run higher education boards | question: What are the different departments of a university called?, answer: schools or faculties | question: Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?, answer: business corporations
Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+ 3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.

question: What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?, answer: protonated | question: What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?, answer: trihydrogen cation
Although his support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne. So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (Chinese: 義皇帝), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" (Chinese: 親王) was so honored. Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.[b] to atone for multiple "crimes", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi’s agnate eldest brother, Hooge. More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signaled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor. After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor.

question: Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?, answer: Dorgon | question: What was Dorgon known as after death?, answer: Emperor Yi | question: When did Shunzhi's death?, answer: 1661 | question: Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?, answer: Hooge | question: How old was Shunzhi at his death?, answer: twenty-four
Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.

question: How many binary borane hydrides are known?, answer: over 100 | question: How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?, answer: 1
Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.

question: What is the purpose of white-balancing?, answer: to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors | question: Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?, answer: incandescent lights | question: What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?, answer: 100 | question: Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?, answer: the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament | question: What is the highest possible color rendering index score?, answer: 100
Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.

question: What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?, answer: liberators | question: Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?, answer: the USSR | question: What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?, answer: the country's independence | question: What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?, answer: Estonia's resources
Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

question: What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?, answer: early 1938 | question: What disagreements did the Luftwaffe staff center around?, answer: tactics | question: Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?, answer: unclear strategy | question: What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?, answer: failure before it began
Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

question: Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?, answer: Austria | question: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?, answer: Austro-Prussian War | question: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?, answer: Kingdom of Sardinia
Although its PlayStation predecessors had been very dominant against the competition and were hugely profitable for Sony, PlayStation 3 had an inauspicious start, and Sony chairman and CEO Sir Howard Stringer initially could not convince investors of a turnaround in its fortunes. The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of the more affordable Wii which became that generation's most successful console in terms of units sold. Furthermore, PS3 had to compete directly with Xbox 360 which had a market head start, and as a result the platform no longer had exclusive titles that the PS2 enjoyed such as the Grand Theft Auto and Final Fantasy series (regarding cross-platform games, Xbox 360 versions were generally considered superior in 2006, although by 2008 the PS3 versions had reached parity or surpassed), and it took longer than expected for PS3 to enjoy strong sales and close the gap with Xbox 360. Sony also continued to lose money on each PS3 sold through 2010, although the redesigned "slim" PS3 has cut these losses since then.

question: What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?, answer: Wii | question: What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?, answer: unique gameplay | question: In 2006, did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games?, answer: Xbox 360 versions | question: Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold?, answer: 2010 | question: Which cost less in stores: PS3 or Wii?, answer: Wii
Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

question: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?, answer: Christian | question: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?, answer: Protestant | question: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?, answer: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.

question: How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?, answer: little was officially announced | question: What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?, answer: to study general characteristics of the signals | question: What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?, answer: to build a COMPASS receiver
Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.

question: What is the FBI comparable to?, answer: British MI5 and the Russian FSB | question: What kind of agency is the FBI?, answer: FBI is primarily a domestic agency | question: How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?, answer: 56 | question: Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?, answer: 400 | question: Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?, answer: senior-level FBI officer
Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.

question: How do annelids normally reproduce?, answer: sexual reproduction | question: What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?, answer: regenerate after severe injuries | question: What larvae live like plankton?, answer: trochophore | question: What annelids are hermaphrodites?, answer: Oligochaetes | question: What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?, answer: Oligochaetes
Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?, answer: up to four