lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

question: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?, answer: brutal dictatorships | question: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?, answer: wars | question: What did increased communications lead contribute to?, answer: democratization | question: What time period did technological advances lead to?, answer: the Information Age
Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#49), coffee chain Starbucks (#208), department store Nordstrom (#227), and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#428). Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#22), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#35) is located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#363), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#168). Other major companies in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, Expedia Inc. in Bellevue and Providence Health & Services — the state's largest health care system and fifth largest employer — in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption; coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks, Seattle's Best Coffee, and Tully's. There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.

question: How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?, answer: Four | question: What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?, answer: coffee | question: What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?, answer: Starbucks | question: Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?, answer: Amazon.com | question: In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?, answer: Redmond
Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.

question: When was stochastic computing introduced?, answer: 1953 | question: How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?, answer: advances in computing of the 1960s. | question: When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?, answer: 1949 | question: What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?, answer: computer virus
Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.

question: What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?, answer: Treaty of Cahuenga | question: What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?, answer: Mexican-American border | question: Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?, answer: Mexican–American War of 1846–48 | question: What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?, answer: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | question: Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?, answer: to include the entire bay within the United States
Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.

question: In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?, answer: 1721 | question: In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?, answer: 1677 | question: What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?, answer: Stout and porter | question: What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?, answer: slow fermenting yeast | question: In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?, answer: London
Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather, Switzerland's strong sense of identity and community is founded on a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[note 5] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ] (Romansh).[note 6]

question: Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?, answer: German, French, Italian and Romansh | question: What is the predominant language in Switzerland?, answer: German | question: What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?, answer: Suisse | question: What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?, answer: Schweiz | question: What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?, answer: Svizzera
Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/, French pronunciation: ​[stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.

question: What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?, answer: 768,868 | question: What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?, answer: 915,000 | question: What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?, answer: Alemannic | question: What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?, answer: Straßburg | question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?, answer: European | question: Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?, answer: European | question: What is the predominant language in Asace?, answer: Alemannic | question: What kind of name is Strasbourg?, answer: Germanic
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.

question: What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer?, answer: eclecticist | question: What war caused severe damage to Germany?, answer: World War II | question: What was the former imperial palace called?, answer: Palais du Rhin | question: What was the former girls college called?, answer: Höhere Mädchenschule | question: How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?, answer: seven stories
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.

question: Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie?, answer: André le Nôtre | question: What park has a small zoo in it?, answer: Parc de l'Orangerie | question: What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?, answer: Parc de la Citadelle | question: What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?, answer: 1881 | question: What is the oldest park in the city?, answer: Parc des Contades
Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.

question: What river is on the border of France and Germany?, answer: River Rhine | question: The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?, answer: Rhine | question: What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?, answer: artificial | question: Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?, answer: eastern
Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

question: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?, answer: 1988 | question: What is the culture in Strasbourg?, answer: Franco-German | question: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?, answer: Strasbourg Grand Mosque | question: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?, answer: 27 September 2012 | question: What is the second largest university in France?, answer: University of Strasbourg
Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

question: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city?, answer: French Revolution | question: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?, answer: Eulogius Schneider | question: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?, answer: statues | question: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?, answer: tin | question: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?, answer: Germans
Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

question: What is Strasbourg known as?, answer: centre of humanism | question: When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?, answer: 1683 | question: What did Montgelas study?, answer: law | question: From what empire did students come from to attend university?, answer: Holy Roman Empire
Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.

question: What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?, answer: ecoParq | question: Who operates the parking meters?, answer: Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario | question: How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?, answer: 16 million-peso | question: What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?, answer: 8 AM to 8 PM | question: How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?, answer: 721
Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.

question: Similar tianguis might set up shop where?, answer: plazas comerciales | question: What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?, answer: tarp or cloth laid on the ground | question: Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?, answer: non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals
Streets' names change from West to East (for instance, East 10th Street to West 10th Street) at Broadway below 8th Street, and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above.

question: What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?, answer: Streets' names change | question: What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?, answer: Streets' names change | question: Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?, answer: West to East
Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or ‘Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test’) for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.

question: What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?, answer: Stress | question: Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?, answer: adrenal hormones | question: Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?, answer: L. Schwabe and O. Wolf | question: What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?, answer: stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.
Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child.

question: What neurons are damaged during stressful events?, answer: The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus | question: What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?, answer: the more stressful situations that someone encounters, | question: What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?, answer: repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind | question: What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?, answer: high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors
Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.

question: Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?, answer: 55 | question: What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?, answer: the Great Valley | question: Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?, answer: Chattanooga | question: Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?, answer: the Tri-Cities | question: What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?, answer: Tennessee River