lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

question: What group of the periodic table is copper in?, answer: group 11 | question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common., answer: one s-orbital electron | question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?, answer: filled d-electron shell | question: How is copper normally supplied?, answer: fine-grained polycrystalline form | question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?, answer: monocrystalline forms
Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.

question: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?, answer: antimicrobial | question: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?, answer: 99.9% | question: What does the acronym EPA stand for?, answer: Environmental Protection Agency | question: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?, answer: 355 | question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?, answer: Legionnaires' disease
Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government, ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches. Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects, such as Sufis, Shi'a and Ahmadis, also remains a problem. When the government moved to computerise identification cards, members of religious minorities, such as Bahá'ís, could not obtain identification documents. An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths, and without becoming officially recognised.

question: What do Coptic Christians face?, answer: discrimination at multiple levels of the government, | question: When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?, answer: religious minorities | question: When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?, answer: 2008
Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, "interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.

question: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?, answer: authorization | question: What have courts said there is a difference between?, answer: copyright infringement and theft | question: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?, answer: theft, conversion, or fraud | question: What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?, answer: The Copyright Act | question: What did the court say was invaded?, answer: certain exclusive rights
Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.

question: How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?, answer: direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court | question: Why has copyright infringement increased recently?, answer: Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet | question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?, answer: expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize – as "indirect" infringers – the service providers and software distributors | question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?, answer: sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system | question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?, answer: service providers and software distributors | question: What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?, answer: expanding copyright law | question: What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?, answer: prosecuted via the criminal justice system | question: What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?, answer: service providers and software distributors
Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called "piracy". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.

question: When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?, answer: May 2011 | question: Which countries signed ACTA?, answer: United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU | question: Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?, answer: fair use and fair dealing | question: What is the common term for copyright infringement?, answer: piracy
Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.

question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?, answer: routinely invoke legal and technological measures | question: What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?, answer: right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works | question: Who is protected by copyright laws?, answer: The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned | question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?, answer: to make derivative works | question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?, answer: Copyright infringement | question: How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?, answer: copyright law | question: Who is protected by copyright laws?, answer: work's creator | question: What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?, answer: copyright infringement | question: You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?, answer: derivative works
Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.

question: What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?, answer: Cordwood | question: What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?, answer: axial-leaded components | question: What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?, answer: nickel-leaded | question: What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?, answer: shorting | question: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?, answer: Differential thermal expansion
Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).

question: What is the main industry in Cork?, answer: pharmaceuticals | question: Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?, answer: Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis | question: What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?, answer: Viagra | question: What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?, answer: Apple | question: Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?, answer: Logitech and EMC Corporation
Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.

question: From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?, answer: Medieval to Modern | question: What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?, answer: only notable remnant of the Medieval era | question: How many cathedrals does Cork host?, answer: two | question: What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?, answer: St Mary's Cathedral | question: What else is St. Mary's known as?, answer: North Cathedral
Cork has been culturally diverse for many years, from Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as Gerald Goldberg (several times Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelist) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played notable roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and synagogue. Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English language services.

question: What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?, answer: Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities | question: What things show Corks diverse culural background?, answer: multi-cultural restaurants and shops | question: When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?, answer: late 19th century | question: What types of religions can be found in Cork?, answer: various Christian churches, as well as a mosque | question: How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?, answer: masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English
Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.

question: WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?, answer: the Irish Examiner | question: What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?, answer: Cork Examiner | question: Who are the Echo Boys?, answer: poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper | question: What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?, answer: Evening Echo | question: What publications are put out by the UCC?, answer: UCC Express and Motley magazine
Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's.[citation needed] Cork's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records.[citation needed]

question: Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?, answer: Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan | question: Which major opera singers were born in Cork?, answer: Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy | question: Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?, answer: Plugd Records | question: What are the main attractions in Cork?, answer: Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's | question: Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?, answer: RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet
Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]

question: How many rail stations has cork had over the years?, answer: eight | question: What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?, answer: the line through Kent | question: Where does the main rail originate?, answer: Dublin Heuston | question: Where was the original end of the line?, answer: Blackpool | question: What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?, answer: Cork
Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort, with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery, and perhaps also military aid.

question: Who was thought to have founded Cork?, answer: Saint Finbarr | question: When was Cork believed to have been founded?, answer: 6th century | question: When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?, answer: some point between 915 and 922 | question: What kind of settlement was Cork?, answer: ecclesiastical | question: What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?, answer: otherwise unobtainable trade goods
Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.

question: Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?, answer: Coronis | question: Who owas King of the Lapiths?, answer: Phlegyas | question: How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?, answer: A crow | question: Who was the son of Elatus?, answer: Ischys
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

question: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?, answer: Corporations and legislatures | question: What is the major focus of these steps?, answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement | question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?, answer: civil & criminal | question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?, answer: limit the amount of control consumers have
Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

question: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?, answer: public investment | question: What is more plentiful in capital projects?, answer: bribes and kickbacks | question: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?, answer: compliance