lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

question: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?, answer: 1934 | question: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?, answer: Enrico Fermi | question: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?, answer: hesperium | question: What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?, answer: Dean of the Faculty of Rome | question: Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?, answer: Lise Meitner
A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.

question: Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?, answer: Music Professor Jonathan Berger | question: Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?, answer: Stanford University | question: Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?, answer: risen each year | question: What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?, answer: sizzle
A text is self-referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation (tanzil), remembrance (dhikr), news (naba'), criterion (furqan) in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, "And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?"), or in the frequent appearance of the "Say" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., "Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance' ", "Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?' "). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras.

question: What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?, answer: Self-referentiality | question: What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself?, answer: Divinity | question: Which term that the Quran uses for itself means "news"?, answer: naba' | question: The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras?, answer: early Meccan suras
A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?, answer: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality | question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?, answer: as independent concepts on a separate scale | question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?, answer: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa | question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?, answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual | question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?, answer: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale | question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?, answer: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum | question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?, answer: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. | question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?, answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,
A third gain in cognitive ability involves thinking about thinking itself, a process referred to as metacognition. It often involves monitoring one's own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents' improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying. It is also relevant in social cognition, resulting in increased introspection, self-consciousness, and intellectualization (in the sense of thought about one's own thoughts, rather than the Freudian definition as a defense mechanism). Adolescents are much better able than children to understand that people do not have complete control over their mental activity. Being able to introspect may lead to two forms of adolescent egocentrism, which results in two distinct problems in thinking: the imaginary audience and the personal fable. These likely peak at age fifteen, along with self-consciousness in general.

question: What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself?, answer: metacognition | question: Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?, answer: Adolescents | question: The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?, answer: fifteen | question: At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?, answer: fifteen
A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?, answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric | question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?, answer: weak nuclear force | question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?, answer: macroscopic
A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another.

question: Adolescene is viewed as what?, answer: a transitional period between childhood and adulthood | question: A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on what?, answer: information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. | question: What is the purpose of adolescence?, answer: preparation of children for adult roles. | question: What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?, answer: preparation of children for adult roles | question: What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?, answer: adolescence | question: Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?, answer: multiple transitions | question: What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?, answer: education, training, employment and unemployment
A three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany. Charles the Bald received the western Frankish lands, comprising most of modern-day France. Charlemagne's grandsons and great-grandsons divided their kingdoms between their descendants, eventually causing all internal cohesion to be lost.[N] In 987 the Carolingian dynasty was replaced in the western lands, with the crowning of Hugh Capet (r. 987–996) as king.[O][P] In the eastern lands the dynasty had died out earlier, in 911, with the death of Louis the Child, and the selection of the unrelated Conrad I (r. 911–918) as king.

question: How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?, answer: three | question: Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?, answer: the Rhine and Rhone | question: In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?, answer: Germany | question: In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?, answer: France | question: When did Louis the Child die?, answer: 911
A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of "Family Game", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: 小天才) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India.

question: What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?, answer: Dendy | question: Where was the Dendy sold?, answer: Soviet Union | question: Which country marketed a clone called "Family Game?", answer: Argentina | question: What was the name of the clone in Poland?, answer: Pegasus | question: India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?, answer: Samurai
A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.

question: What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?, answer: 1 in × 1 in | question: What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?, answer: express text | question: Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?, answer: on a shower room or bathing pool floor | question: How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?, answer: in a non-overlapping fashion
A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is kilikiti, which is similar to cricket. A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is Ano, which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter. Ano is a localised version of volleyball, in which the two hard balls made from pandanus leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the Ano hitting the ground. Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, lance throwing, quarterstaff fencing and wrestling, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities.

question: What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?, answer: kilikiti | question: What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?, answer: Ano | question: To what sport is kilikiti like?, answer: cricket | question: What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?, answer: Christian missionaries | question: With what equipment is ano played?, answer: two hard balls
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

question: What is the use of a transistor?, answer: to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power | question: What is a transistor made of?, answer: semiconductor material | question: Why does a transistor increase a signal?, answer: the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power | question: What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?, answer: three | question: Where are most transistors found?, answer: embedded in integrated circuits
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.

question: In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?, answer: in monasteries | question: When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?, answer: 1446 | question: What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?, answer: Worshipful Company of Innholders | question: When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?, answer: 1446 | question: In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?, answer: 1514 | question: Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?, answer: monasteries | question: What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?, answer: pilgrimages
A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach.

question: What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?, answer: the seriousness of a breach | question: Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?, answer: a tribunal or other independent arbiter | question: Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?, answer: does not | question: What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?, answer: how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it | question: A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?, answer: how they resolve to respond to it
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.

question: Who are the actors in international law?, answer: sovereign states and international organizations | question: What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?, answer: A treaty | question: How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?, answer: equally | question: How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?, answer: the rules are the same
A treaty is an official, express written agreement that states use to legally bind themselves. A treaty is the official document which expresses that agreement in words; and it is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.

question: How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?, answer: in words | question: How are states that enter into a treaty bound?, answer: legally | question: What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?, answer: A treaty | question: What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?, answer: A treaty | question: Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?, answer: themselves
A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of force, genocide and other crimes against humanity, piracy, hostilities directed at civilian population, racial discrimination and apartheid, slavery and torture, meaning that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts.

question: What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?, answer: null and void | question: What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?, answer: peremptory norm | question: What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?, answer: no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts | question: What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?, answer: permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations | question: What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?, answer: genocide
A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.

question: What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?, answer: Shepherd Neame | question: What London breweries each own many pubs?, answer: Young's and Fuller's | question: What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?, answer: Greene King | question: What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?, answer: The Beer Orders | question: In what year were the Beer Orders passed?, answer: 1989