lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running OS [sic] without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of internet-based services.

question: When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?, answer: May 2014 | question: Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?, answer: in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP | question: What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?, answer: 49% | question: Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?, answer: Ni Guangnan
In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its "holistic" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.

question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?, answer: more than 60 | question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?, answer: Education and Justice Departments | question: Who was the target of the filing?, answer: Harvard University | question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?, answer: top-one-percent grade point averages | question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?, answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations
In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

question: Tasmania was formerly known as what?, answer: Van Diemen's Land | question: How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?, answer: 600,000 | question: Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?, answer: John Batman | question: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?, answer: eight | question: On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?, answer: 2 September 1835
In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".

question: Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?, answer: Canada and the United States | question: Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?, answer: William Lyon Mackenzie King | question: What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?, answer: King and Queen of Canada | question: What was Roper's position?, answer: U.S. Ambassador to Canada | question: What did the Statute of Westminster do?, answer: gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions
In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 C.E. when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of maize, and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.

question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?, answer: crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles | question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?, answer: Formative stage | question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?, answer: Archaic Era | question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during 500 to 1200 C.E.?, answer: bow and arrow
In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

question: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?, answer: the Immaculate Conception | question: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?, answer: John Wesley | question: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?, answer: Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds | question: The Methodist movement began in which church?, answer: the Church of England | question: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?, answer: the perpetual virginity of Mary
In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatlán and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucatán. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.

question: About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?, answer: 225 | question: What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?, answer: level of European influence | question: Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?, answer: Huejotzingo, Puebla | question: What is the mock combat roughly based on?, answer: the Battle of Puebla | question: Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?, answer: local traditions
In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"

question: What does Miranda provide?, answer: safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest | question: What does the 5th Amendment protect against?, answer: self-incrimination | question: Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?, answer: Fifth
In Montevideo, as throughout the Rio de Plata region, the most popular forms of music are tango, milonga and vals criollo. Many notable songs originated in Montevideo including "El Tango supremo", La Cumparsita", La Milonga", "La Puñalada" and "Desde el Alma", composed by notable Montevideo musicians such as Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, Pintín Castellanos and Rosita Melo. Tango is deeply ingrained in the cultural life of the city and is the theme for many of the bars and restaurants in the city. Fun Fun' Bar, established in 1935, is one of the most important places for tango in Uruguay as is El Farolito, located in the old part of the city and Joventango, Café Las Musas, Garufa and Vieja Viola. The city is also home to the Montevideo Jazz Festival and has the Bancaria Jazz Club bar catering for jazz enthusiasts.

question: Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?, answer: Rio de Plata region | question: When was Fun Fun Bar established?, answer: 1935 | question: Where is El Farolito located?, answer: the old part of the city
In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to "evolving standards of decency," thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition.

question: Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?, answer: Illinois | question: The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?, answer: Maryland | question: Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?, answer: Martin O'Malley | question: In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?, answer: Connecticut | question: How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?, answer: 11
In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the "Marble Palace" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores.

question: Where was the "Marble Palace" built in 1846?, answer: on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets | question: What policy did the Marble Palace introduce?, answer: "free entrance" to all potential customers. | question: How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?, answer: nineteen | question: What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?, answer: cash and not credit | question: What customer services did the Marble Palace offer?, answer: waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases
In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?, answer: social and societal upheaval | question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?, answer: The Jazz Age | question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?, answer: North America | question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" spread to after the war?, answer: Europe | question: what did the "Jazz Age" usher in?, answer: an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.
In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated façade so that this might be achieved at a later date.

question: Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?, answer: brick | question: What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?, answer: Brick Gothic, is called "Backsteingotik" | question: What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?, answer: "Backsteingotik" | question: Why were many buildings covered with marble?, answer: Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble | question: With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?, answer: undecorated façade
In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.

question: Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?, answer: Paris | question: Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?, answer: in the old Freemasons lodge | question: Who composed the song "Karneval in Paris"?, answer: Johan Svendsens | question: What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?, answer: Tårnseilerne | question: When do the processions occur after?, answer: an opera performance
In November 1790, François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more "very refreshing mental food" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed "a considerable insight into human nature" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766–7 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau "entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding—but vanity"—which he "was possessed to a degree little short of madness". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of "obscure and vulgar vices" that was not "chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: "a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred".

question: Who asked Burke for more "very refreshing mental food"?, answer: François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville | question: When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?, answer: April 1791 | question: Which French philosopher did Burke attack?, answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau | question: When did Rousseau visit Britain?, answer: 1766–7 | question: Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?, answer: David Hume
In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

question: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?, answer: Pitt | question: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?, answer: Samuel Whitbread | question: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?, answer: Arthur Young | question: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?, answer: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity | question: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?, answer: 1800
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.

question: What was the name of the anonymously published science book?, answer: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation | question: What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?, answer: a linear progression | question: Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?, answer: Robert Chambers | question: What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?, answer: that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. | question: Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?, answer: Herbert Spencer