lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Northwestern is home to the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Materials Research Center, Institute for Policy Research, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies, the Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern and the Argonne/Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center and other centers for interdisciplinary research.

question: Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science?, answer: Northwestern | question: Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology?, answer: Northwestern | question: Where is the home of the Materials Research Center?, answer: Northwestern | question: Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research?, answer: Northwestern | question: Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies?, answer: Northwestern
Northwestern is privately owned and is governed by an appointed Board of Trustees. The board, composed of 70 members and as of 2011[update] chaired by William A. Osborn '69, delegates its power to an elected president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university. Northwestern has had sixteen presidents in its history (excluding interim presidents), the current president, Morton O. Schapiro, an economist, having succeeded Henry Bienen whose 14-year tenure ended on August 31, 2009. The president has a staff of vice presidents, directors, and other assistants for administrative, financial, faculty, and student matters. Daniel I. Linzer, provost since September 2007, serves under the president as the chief academic officer of the university to whom the deans of every academic school, leaders of cross-disciplinary units, and chairs of the standing faculty committee report.

question: Who governs Northwestern?, answer: an appointed Board of Trustees | question: How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?, answer: 70 | question: Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?, answer: an elected president | question: How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?, answer: sixteen | question: Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?, answer: the president
Northwestern requires that all new buildings be LEED-certified. Silverman Hall on the Evanston campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2010; Wieboldt Hall on the Chicago campus was awarded Gold LEED Certification in 2007, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center on the Evanston campus was awarded Silver LEED Certification in 2006. New construction and renovation projects will be designed to provide at least a 20% improvement over energy code requirements where technically feasible. The university also released at the beginning of the 2008–09 academic year the Evanston Campus Framework Plan, which outlines plans for future development of the Evanston Campus. The plan not only emphasizes the sustainable construction of buildings, but also discusses improving transportation by optimizing pedestrian and bicycle access. Northwestern has had a comprehensive recycling program in place since 1990. Annually more than 1,500 tons are recycled at Northwestern, which represents 30% of the waste produced on campus. Additionally, all landscape waste at the university is composted.

question: What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?, answer: LEED | question: What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?, answer: at least a 20% | question: How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?, answer: 1,500 | question: How is all university landscape waste used?, answer: composted | question: What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?, answer: future development of the Evanston Campus
Northwestern was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1917 and remains a research university with "very high" research activity. Northwestern's schools of management, engineering, and communication are among the most academically productive in the nation. Northwestern received $550 million in research funding in 2014. Northwestern supports nearly 1,500 research laboratories across two campuses, predominately in the medical and biological sciences. Through the Innovation and New Ventures Office (INVO), Northwestern researchers disclosed 247 inventions, filed 270 patents applications, received 81 foreign and US patents, started 12 companies, and generated $79.8 million in licensing revenue in 2013. The bulk of revenue has come from a patent on pregabalin, a synthesized organic molecule discovered by chemistry professor Richard Silverman, which ultimately was marketed as Lyrica, a drug sold by Pfizer, to combat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. INVO has been involved in creating a number of centers, including the Center for Developmental Therapeutics (CDT) and the Center for Device Development (CD2). It has also helped form over 50 Northwestern startup companies based on Northwestern technologies.

question: When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities?, answer: 1917 | question: Which of Northwestern's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation?, answer: management, engineering, and communication | question: In 2014, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?, answer: $550 million | question: Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica?, answer: chemistry professor Richard Silverman | question: How many companies were started through Northwestern's Innovations and New Ventures Office?, answer: 12
Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

question: Who founded Northwestern University?, answer: John Evans | question: What year was Northwestern founded?, answer: 1851 | question: In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?, answer: 1855 | question: What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?, answer: 1869 | question: Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?, answer: Education City, Doha, Qatar | question: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?, answer: to serve the Northwest Territory | question: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?, answer: 1855 | question: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?, answer: 1869 | question: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?, answer: 240 | question: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?, answer: journalism and communication | question: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?, answer: Lake Michigan | question: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?, answer: Chicago
Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?, answer: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan | question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?, answer: Evanston | question: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?, answer: atmospheres | question: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?, answer: North Campus | question: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?, answer: South Campus
Northwestern's School of Communication has been especially fruitful in the number of actors, actresses, playwrights, and film and television writers and directors it has produced. Alumni who have made their mark on film and television include Ann-Margret, Warren Beatty, Jodie Markell, Paul Lynde, David Schwimmer, Anne Dudek, Zach Braff, Zooey Deschanel, Marg Helgenberger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Jerry Orbach, Jennifer Jones, Megan Mullally, John Cameron Mitchell, Dermot Mulroney, Charlton Heston, Richard Kind, Ana Gasteyer, Brad Hall, Shelley Long, William Daniels, Cloris Leachman, Bonnie Bartlett, Paula Prentiss, Richard Benjamin, Laura Innes, Charles Busch, Stephanie March, Tony Roberts, Jeri Ryan, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, McLean Stevenson, Tony Randall, Charlotte Rae, Paul Lynde, Patricia Neal, Nancy Dussault, Robert Reed, Mara Brock Akil, Greg Berlanti, Bill Nuss, Dusty Kay, Dan Shor, Seth Meyers, Frank DeCaro, Zach Gilford, Nicole Sullivan, Stephen Colbert, Sandra Seacat and Garry Marshall. Directors who were graduated from Northwestern include Gerald Freedman, Stuart Hagmann, Marshall W. Mason, and Mary Zimmerman. Lee Phillip Bell hosted a talk show in Chicago from 1952 to 1986 and co-created the Daytime Emmy Award-winning soap operas The Young and the Restless in 1973 and The Bold and the Beautiful in 1987. Alumni such as Sheldon Harnick, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Heather Headley, Kristen Schaal, Lily Rabe, and Walter Kerr have distinguished themselves on Broadway, as has designer Bob Mackie. Amsterdam-based comedy theater Boom Chicago was founded by Northwestern alumni, and the school has become a training ground for future The Second City, I.O., ComedySportz, Mad TV and Saturday Night Live talent. Tam Spiva wrote scripts for The Brady Bunch and Gentle Ben. In New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, the number of Northwestern alumni involved in theater, film, and television is so large that a perception has formed that there's such a thing as a "Northwestern mafia."

question: Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?, answer: Northwestern alumni | question: Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?, answer: Northwestern's School of Communication | question: Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?, answer: Northwestern's School of Communication | question: Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?, answer: Northwestern's School of Communication | question: Which alumni was a co-creator of "The Young and the Restless", and "The Bold and the Beautiful"?, answer: Lee Phillip Bell
Northwestern's football team has made 73 appearances in the top 10 of the AP poll since 1936 (including 5 at #1) and has won eight Big Ten conference championships since 1903. At one time, Northwestern had the longest losing streak in Division I-A, losing 34 consecutive games between 1979 and 1982. They did not appear in a bowl game after 1949 until the 1996 Rose Bowl. The team did not win a bowl since the 1949 Rose Bowl until the 2013 Gator Bowl. Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position, becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time.

question: How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?, answer: 73 | question: How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?, answer: 34 | question: What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?, answer: 1996 Rose Bowl | question: What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?, answer: 2013 Gator Bowl | question: In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?, answer: Pat Fitzgerald
Norwegian researchers at the University of Tromsø have shown that some Arctic animals (ptarmigan, reindeer) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at 70 degrees North showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on Svalbard at 78 degrees North showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.

question: What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?, answer: Arctic animals | question: What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?, answer: sunrises and sunsets | question: In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?, answer: autumn, winter and spring | question: At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?, answer: 78 degrees | question: What aninmals do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?, answer: other Arctic animals
Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police case-work. The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe (Joubert and Bevers, 1996).

question: Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?, answer: the English Channel region | question: When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?, answer: 2002 | question: When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?, answer: 1968 | question: When was the Schengen Treaty signed?, answer: 1992 | question: What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?, answer: formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union
Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.

question: If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?, answer: Oppidan Scholars | question: Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?, answer: Oppidan Scholar | question: How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?, answer: 24 | question: Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?, answer: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations | question: How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?, answer: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career
Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoose). In other cases, such as oil palms in Indonesia and Malaysia, the introduction produces substantial economic benefits, but the benefits are accompanied by costly unintended consequences.

question: What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?, answer: the zebra mussel | question: What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?, answer: mongooses | question: What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?, answer: nocturnal rats | question: What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?, answer: Indonesia and Malaysia,
Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. The main damage was inflicted on the commercial and domestic areas. Four days later 230 tons was dropped including 60,000 incendiaries. In Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport waves of 150 bombers destroyed vast swaths of the city with 40,000 incendiaries. Warehouses, rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged, but the docks were largely untouched.

question: Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?, answer: to try to disrupt trade and sea communications | question: How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?, answer: four times | question: What was primarily damaged in the attacks?, answer: commercial and domestic areas | question: What cities had large sections of them destroyed?, answer: Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport | question: What was left mostly unharmed?, answer: the docks
Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.

question: What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?, answer: pottery | question: What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?, answer: agriculture | question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?, answer: independent domestication events
Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Beside the rise of Prussia, Augustus III, although ineffective, could mustered up an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, considering the elector was also the King of Poland. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as she had more voices on the path that its army should have taken, and managed to slip out of the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now somehow-belligerent Hanover united personally under George III of Great Britain, It can amassed a considerable power, even brought Britain in, on the future conflicts. This power dynamic is important to the future and the latter conflicts of the empire. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still not enough to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration.

question: What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?, answer: the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war. | question: What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?, answer: Beside the rise of Prussia | question: What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?, answer: -belligerent Hanover | question: How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?, answer: she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration. | question: Which British king supported Hanover following the war?, answer: George III of Great Britain
Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler.

question: What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?, answer: Georgios Papanikolaou | question: Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?, answer: Manolis Andronikos | question: What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?, answer: Joseph Sifakis | question: What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?, answer: Christos Papadimitriou | question: What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?, answer: Mihalis Yannakakis
Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.

question: What else is this particular captain known for doing ?, answer: the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca | question: Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia ?, answer: Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) | question: What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?, answer: plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade | question: Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted ?, answer: trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate