lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution—it is the "spearhead of evolution". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.

question: What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?, answer: spearhead | question: Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?, answer: genetic pluralism | question: What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?, answer: goals | question: Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?, answer: Mutations
Instead, it is often desired to have an antenna whose impedance does not vary so greatly over a certain bandwidth. It turns out that the amount of reactance seen at the terminals of a resonant antenna when the frequency is shifted, say, by 5%, depends very much on the diameter of the conductor used. A long thin wire used as a half-wave dipole (or quarter wave monopole) will have a reactance significantly greater than the resistive impedance it has at resonance, leading to a poor match and generally unacceptable performance. Making the element using a tube of a diameter perhaps 1/50 of its length, however, results in a reactance at this altered frequency which is not so great, and a much less serious mismatch which will only modestly damage the antenna's net performance. Thus rather thick tubes are typically used for the solid elements of such antennas, including Yagi-Uda arrays.

question: What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance?, answer: diameter | question: What characteristic would be better if it were steady?, answer: reactance | question: What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?, answer: A long thin wire | question: What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?, answer: thick tubes
Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

question: What kind of employees received payments?, answer: ghost employees | question: Where were drugs siphoned off to?, answer: the black market | question: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?, answer: counterfeit drugs | question: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?, answer: money
Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.

question: The sovereign grants assent by which order?, answer: Order in Council | question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?, answer: Lord Chancellor | question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?, answer: Chief Pleas of Sark | question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?, answer: Lord Chancellor | question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?, answer: 13 July 2011 | question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law concerning constituational reform for assent?, answer: 2007 | question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?, answer: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark
Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also located in or around Kathmandu.

question: Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?, answer: Tribhuwan | question: In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?, answer: Maharajgunj | question: When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?, answer: 1978 | question: What does KUSMS stand for?, answer: Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences | question: What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?, answer: National Academy of Medical Sciences
Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, the Indian School of Business, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015.

question: What type of school is Raffles Millennium International?, answer: fashion design | question: What type of is Wigan and Leigh College?, answer: fashion design | question: What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H?, answer: Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad | question: There is a research institute in Hyderabad known as ICRISAT, what does the acronym represent?, answer: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.

question: What is another term used for instructors?, answer: teachers | question: What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?, answer: reading, writing, mathematics, science and history | question: In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?, answer: quality of teachers
Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.

question: where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences?, answer: in fonts | question: Can real stacking be accomplished?, answer: Real stacking is impossible | question: what is a solution to the placement of combining marks?, answer: assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing
Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) and John Wesley (1703–1791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as "a cow bell in a concert". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):

question: Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?, answer: They were considered a Catholic innovation | question: What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?, answer: The Heart of Midlothian | question: Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like "A cow bell in a concert", answer: Alexander Campbell | question: Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?, answer: Sir Walter Scott
Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

question: What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?, answer: Armenian folk music | question: What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?, answer: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun | question: What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?, answer: the Armenian chant | question: What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?, answer: inventor of the Armenian alphabet | question: What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?, answer: classical music composer
Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

question: What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?, answer: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun | question: Who created the Armenian alphabet?, answer: Saint Mesrop Mashtots | question: Who composed the Sabre Dance?, answer: Aram Khatchaturian | question: What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?, answer: the Armenian chant
Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to create a spot for the instrument in classical music, ragtime and jazz. Like the teacher-dealers, they traveled the U.S., recording records, giving performances and teaching individuals and mandolin orchestras. Samuel Siegel played mandolin in Vaudeville and became one of America's preeminent mandolinists. Seth Weeks was an African American who not only taught and performed in the United States, but also in Europe, where he recorded records. Another pioneering African American musician and director who made his start with a mandolin orchestra was composer James Reese Europe. W. Eugene Page toured the country with a group, and was well known for his mandolin and mandola performances. Other names include Valentine Abt, Samuel Adelstein, William Place, Jr., and Aubrey Stauffer.

question: What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer?, answer: The Music Man | question: What did these teacher-dealers often conduct?, answer: mandolin orchestras | question: How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras?, answer: 4-50 musicians | question: Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville?, answer: Samuel Siegel | question: Who was the famous African American musican and director?, answer: composer James Reese Europe.
Integral to the story of the origin of the name "Antarctica" is how it was not named Terra Australis—this name was given to Australia instead, and it was because of a mistake made by people who decided that a significant landmass would not be found farther south than Australia. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has been credited with popularizing the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. He justified the titling of his book A Voyage to Terra Australis (1814) by writing in the introduction:

question: What country was given the name Terra Australis instead of Antarctica?, answer: Australia | question: Who was credited with popularizing the use of name Terra Australis to Australia?, answer: Explorer Matthew Flinders | question: In what year did Matthew Flinders write his book A Voyage to Terra Australis?, answer: 1814 | question: What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?, answer: significant landmass | question: What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?, answer: Matthew Flinders | question: What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?, answer: A Voyage to Terra Australis | question: When did Flinders write his book of discovery?, answer: 1814 | question: What event caused people to misname Antarctica?, answer: mistake
Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against "the Dells of the world".

question: What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?, answer: Intel chips | question: Which platform did Apple choose to use?, answer: Motorola 68040 | question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?, answer: Intel | question: How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?, answer: a generation | question: When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?, answer: 1994
Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the "bourgeois public sphere" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange. Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state, making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society, away from the interference of established authority. While the public sphere is generally an integral component of the social study of the Enlightenment, other historians have questioned whether the public sphere had these characteristics.

question: What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?, answer: social conditions | question: How did Habermas describe the public sphere?, answer: bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state | question: The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?, answer: the "bourgeois public sphere"
Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.

question: What is important for a student in education?, answer: Intelligence | question: What does education increase in a student?, answer: measurable intelligence | question: What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?, answer: intelligence at 8
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

question: What did high public interest in the private lives of the royal family cause in the press?, answer: sensational stories | question: Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?, answer: Kelvin MacKenzie | question: What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?, answer: royal soap opera | question: Who, it was rumored, did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?, answer: Thatcher's political opponents | question: Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?, answer: Brian Mulroney
Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy; the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.

question: In December of what year did intercommunal violence erupt?, answer: 1963 | question: The violence beginning in 1963 resulted in the deaths of many Turks?, answer: 364 | question: How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the violence?, answer: 25,000-30, | question: Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what?, answer: travelling and entering government buildings