lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonial period in Virginia. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790–1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.

question: When could white women and black men be in a union?, answer: In the colonial years | question: Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?, answer: Virginia in colonial years | question: What is Paul Heinegg?, answer: scholar | question: What censuses did he study?, answer: from 1790–1810
In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970, suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council, implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents, and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training.

question: As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?, answer: UN Human Rights Council | question: In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?, answer: March | question: How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?, answer: hundreds | question: Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?, answer: United Arab Emirates
In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

question: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?, answer: Chirrines and Cuchas | question: Which was the third party?, answer: The military | question: In which year was the body installed?, answer: 1826 | question: Which party had gained control?, answer: liberals | question: Who was the Durango governor?, answer: Santiago Baca Ortiz
In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.

question: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?, answer: energy | question: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?, answer: Chemical reactions | question: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?, answer: e−E/kT | question: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?, answer: Boltzmann's | question: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?, answer: Arrhenius equation
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

question: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?, answer: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles | question: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?, answer: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture | question: What makes up cooperative cultural studies?, answer: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies
In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

question: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?, answer: a bribe | question: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?, answer: two | question: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?, answer: culture of corruption | question: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?, answer: harm
In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?, answer: 1994 | question: What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?, answer: common law | question: What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?, answer: trademark | question: What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?, answer: a trademark
In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

question: When was the German Peasants' War?, answer: 1524–25 | question: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?, answer: the Thirty Years' War | question: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?, answer: between 25% and 40% | question: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?, answer: the Peace of Westphalia | question: Where was the German Peasants' War?, answer: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities
In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

question: What are the financial districts of London known as?, answer: the City of London and Canary Wharf | question: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?, answer: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings | question: What is the European Union's tallest building?, answer: Shard London Bridge | question: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?, answer: 95-storey | question: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?, answer: in the two financial districts
In the dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex. In each bundle, separating the xylem and phloem, is a layer of meristem or active formative tissue known as cambium. By the formation of a layer of cambium between the bundles (interfascicular cambium), a complete ring is formed, and a regular periodical increase in thickness results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside. The soft phloem becomes crushed, but the hard wood persists and forms the bulk of the stem and branches of the woody perennial. Owing to differences in the character of the elements produced at the beginning and end of the season, the wood is marked out in transverse section into concentric rings, one for each season of growth, called annual rings.

question: What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?, answer: an open ring | question: What does the cambium separate?, answer: xylem and phloem | question: What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?, answer: cambium | question: What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?, answer: increase in thickness | question: What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?, answer: annual rings
In the diffuse-porous woods, the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost (if not entirely) invisible to the unaided eye. Conversely, when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring.

question: What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?, answer: diffuse-porous | question: In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?, answer: structure | question: What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?, answer: unaided
In the dystopian future world of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, The Times has been transformed into the organ of the totalitarian ruling party, its editorials—of which several are quoted in the book—reflecting Big Brother's pronouncements.

question: In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?, answer: Nineteen Eighty-Four | question: What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?, answer: George Orwell | question: What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?, answer: dystopian
In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defined place as a mathematical spatial extension. His experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to changes in the understanding of the visual perception of space, contrary to the previous emission theory of vision supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. In "tying the visual perception of space to prior bodily experience, Alhacen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things."

question: Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?, answer: al-Haytham | question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?, answer: Book of Optics | question: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?, answer: Aristotle's | question: Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?, answer: Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things | question: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?, answer: next to nothing
In the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, exploration continued; Bartolomeu Dias (d. 1500) went around the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 and Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) sailed around Africa to India in 1498. The combined Spanish monarchies of Castile and Aragon sponsored the voyage of exploration by Christopher Columbus (d. 1506) in 1492 that discovered the Americas. The English crown under Henry VII sponsored the voyage of John Cabot (d. 1498) in 1497, which landed on Cape Breton Island.

question: Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?, answer: Portugal | question: What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?, answer: Prince Henry the Navigator | question: What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?, answer: Vasco da Gama | question: What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?, answer: the Americas | question: What English monarch financed John Cabot?, answer: Henry VII
In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).

question: What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?, answer: white rice | question: What is the scientific term for beriberi?, answer: endemic neuritis | question: What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?, answer: paralysis | question: Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?, answer: Kanehiro Takaki | question: What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?, answer: thiamine
In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm.

question: What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?, answer: Universal Productions France S.A. | question: What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?, answer: Universal Pictures France | question: What was the English title of Le scandale?, answer: The Champagne Murders | question: Who directed The Day of the Jackal?, answer: Fred Zinnemann | question: What film was known in English as Going Places?, answer: Les Valseuses
In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a "hotbed of resistance". This resulted in the military junta coming down heavily on artists by closing the Fine Art Institute and carting away all the presses and other studio equipment. Consequently, the learning of fine arts was only in private studios run by people who had been let out of jail, in works of printing and on paper and also painting and sculpture. It resumed much later.

question: What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?, answer: art | question: Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?, answer: artists | question: Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?, answer: Rimer Cardillo
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw The Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.

question: What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?, answer: Exile on Main St. | question: Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit "Stairway to Heaven"?, answer: Led Zeppelin IV | question: What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?, answer: "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water" | question: Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?, answer: Ritchie Blackmore | question: Who was the drummer for The Who?, answer: Keith Moon
In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide. Though Universal did produce occasional hits, among them Airport (1970), The Sting (1973), American Graffiti (also 1973), Earthquake (1974), and a big box-office success which restored the company's fortunes: Jaws (1975), Universal during the decade was primarily a television studio. When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists in 1981, MGM could not drop out of the CIC venture to merge with United Artists overseas operations. However, with future film productions from both names being released through the MGM/UA Entertainment plate, CIC decided to merge UA's international units with MGM and reformed as United International Pictures. There would be other film hits like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Back to the Future (1985), Field of Dreams (1989), and Jurassic Park (1993), but the film business was financially unpredictable. UIP began distributing films by start-up studio DreamWorks in 1997, due to connections the founders have with Paramount, Universal, and Amblin Entertainment. In 2001, MGM dropped out of the UIP venture, and went with 20th Century Fox's international arm to handle distribution of their titles to this day.

question: Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?, answer: Paramount Pictures | question: In what year was the film Airport made?, answer: 1970s | question: What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?, answer: Earthquake | question: What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?, answer: United Artists | question: When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?, answer: 1997
In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as "Get Down Tonight", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" and "That's the Way (I Like It)"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles "Get Off" and "Hot Number". Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with "Conga" and "Bad Boys".

question: In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?, answer: 1975 | question: In what decade was disco popular?, answer: 1970s | question: What band performed the song "Conga"?, answer: Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine | question: What group performed the song "Hot Number"?, answer: Foxy | question: What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?, answer: TK Records