lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The internal unrest reached its most serious state, however, in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city. Sulla's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic, and caused the founding of the Roman Empire.

question: What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?, answer: civil wars | question: In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?, answer: 88 BC | question: In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?, answer: very door of the city | question: Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?, answer: an army of the Marius supporters | question: What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?, answer: the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another
The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.

question: What language does the ECB generally use?, answer: English | question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?, answer: normally in their respective language | question: What language is the ECB website run in?, answer: English | question: How are the languages of official documents handled?, answer: the official languages of the EU
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.

question: Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?, answer: Poland | question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?, answer: Norway and Finland | question: Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?, answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China | question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?, answer: Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs | question: Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?, answer: the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs | question: What country borders Russia on the west?, answer: Poland | question: Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?, answer: Finland | question: In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?, answer: Georgian | question: Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?, answer: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
The international repertoire of music for mandolin is almost unlimited, and musicians use it to play various types of music. This is especially true of violin music, since the mandolin has the same tuning of the violin. Following its invention and early development in Italy the mandolin spread throughout the European continent. The instrument was primarily used in a classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras, so called Estudiantinas or in Germany Zupforchestern appearing in many cities. Following this continental popularity of the mandolin family local traditions appeared outside of Europe in the Americas and in Japan. Travelling mandolin virtuosi like Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri contributed to the mandolin becoming a "fad" instrument in the early 20th century. This "mandolin craze" was fading by the 1930s, but just as this practice was falling into disuse, the mandolin found a new niche in American country, old-time music, bluegrass and folk music. More recently, the Baroque and Classical mandolin repertory and styles have benefited from the raised awareness of and interest in Early music, with media attention to classical players such as Israeli Avi Avital, Italian Carlo Aonzo and American Joseph Brent.

question: What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?, answer: violin | question: Where was the mandolin primarily used?, answer: classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras | question: When was the mandolin considered a fad?, answer: early 20th century | question: Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad?, answer: Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri | question: When did the mandolin craze end?, answer: 1930s
The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

question: When was The League of Nations created?, answer: after the First World War | question: What was the Interwar period marked by?, answer: radical change in the international order | question: What institution was meant to bring stability?, answer: the League of Nations | question: What effect did the undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?, answer: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy. | question: Who undermined The League Of Nations?, answer: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States
The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus followed; it was suppressed as subversive and unruly by decree of the Senate in 186 BC. Greek deities were brought within the sacred pomerium: temples were dedicated to Juventas (Hebe) in 191 BC, Diana (Artemis) in 179 BC, Mars (Ares) in 138 BC), and to Bona Dea, equivalent to Fauna, the female counterpart of the rural Faunus, supplemented by the Greek goddess Damia. Further Greek influences on cult images and types represented the Roman Penates as forms of the Greek Dioscuri. The military-political adventurers of the Later Republic introduced the Phrygian goddess Ma (identified with Roman Bellona, the Egyptian mystery-goddess Isis and Persian Mithras.)

question: What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?, answer: Magna Mater | question: What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?, answer: Bacchus | question: In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?, answer: 186 BC | question: In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?, answer: 179 BC | question: What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?, answer: Mars
The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.

question: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?, answer: guided missile | question: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?, answer: Germany | question: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?, answer: the Nike Ajax missile | question: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?, answer: the larger anti-aircraft guns | question: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?, answer: SA-2 Guideline systems
The invasions brought new ethnic groups to Europe, although some regions received a larger influx of new peoples than others. In Gaul for instance, the invaders settled much more extensively in the north-east than in the south-west. Slavic peoples settled in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. The settlement of peoples was accompanied by changes in languages. The Latin of the Western Roman Empire was gradually replaced by languages based on, but distinct from, Latin, collectively known as Romance languages. These changes from Latin to the new languages took many centuries. Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs added Slavonic languages to Eastern Europe.

question: People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?, answer: Slavic | question: In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?, answer: north-east | question: What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?, answer: Romance languages | question: What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?, answer: Greek | question: What languages were spoken by the Slavs?, answer: Slavonic
The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience. The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise, as for example in John von Neumann's 1958 book, The Computer and the Brain. Over the years, though, accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism.

question: Computers were invented in what decade in history?, answer: 1940s | question: Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?, answer: cybernetics | question: Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?, answer: John von Neumann's | question: When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?, answer: 1958
The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825, and then developed the process with Louis Daguerre. The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard. Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has became iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, and others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Cartier-Bresson. Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gavarni, and Alphonse Mucha.

question: In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?, answer: 1825 | question: Who invented the first permanent photograph?, answer: Nicéphore Niépce | question: What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?, answer: street scenes | question: Who was knows for photographing night scenes?, answer: Marcel Bovis | question: When did poster art become an important art form?, answer: late nineteenth century
The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B.

question: When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?, answer: immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007 | question: What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?, answer: the spectrum and structure of the signals | question: Who reported the complete decoding of the “I” signals components?, answer: researchers from Stanford University | question: Who built the COMPASS receiver?, answer: a group of engineers at Septentrio | question: What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?, answer: report tracking and multipath characteristics of the “I” signals on E2 and E5B
The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.

question: When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?, answer: 20th century, especially after the Second World War. | question: Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?, answer: Britain | question: According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?, answer: Bermudian | question: Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?, answer: Portuguese
The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.

question: What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?, answer: monocrop | question: What year did the crop economy change?, answer: 1966 | question: What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?, answer: flax | question: Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?, answer: aid from the British government | question: How much % of production does the public sector cover?, answer: 50%
The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.

question: How many local newspapers does the island have?, answer: two | question: Where are both newspapers available?, answer: the Internet | question: Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?, answer: November 2005 | question: When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?, answer: 2012
The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

question: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?, answer: immigration | question: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?, answer: 2012 | question: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?, answer: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens | question: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island?, answer: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme | question: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?, answer: 1 July 2016
The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3⁄4 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.

question: How many miles is Guam across?, answer: 30 miles | question: What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?, answer: earthquakes | question: Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?, answer: volcanic smog
The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.

question: How many square miles is Saint Helena?, answer: 47 | question: What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?, answer: volcanic | question: How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?, answer: 2,684 | question: What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?, answer: 1996 | question: What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?, answer: Millennium Forest project
The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.

question: What is the capital of Bermuda?, answer: St. George's | question: What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?, answer: Somers Isles Company | question: In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?, answer: 1707 | question: What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?, answer: the Somers Isles Company | question: In what year did the islands become a British colony?, answer: 1707 | question: What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?, answer: Newfoundland became part of Canada | question: What was Bermuda's first capital?, answer: St. George
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

question: When was the island discovered?, answer: 1502 | question: How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?, answer: more than 5,000 | question: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?, answer: leading a Zulu army against British rule
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.

question: The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?, answer: Britain | question: What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?, answer: 1906 | question: Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?, answer: Suez Canal | question: Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?, answer: Central Powers