lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?, answer: westward | question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?, answer: 67 | question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?, answer: Central Standard Time | question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?, answer: negative DST | question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?, answer: 1971
Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."

question: Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?, answer: Jewish and Middle Eastern groups | question: Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?, answer: Middle East | question: Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?, answer: maternal lineages
Y-Gerät was the most complex system of the three. It was, in effect, an automatic beam-tracking system, operated through the bomber's autopilot. The single approach beam along which the bomber tracked was monitored by a ground controller. The signals from the station were retransmitted by the bomber's equipment. This way the distance the bomber travelled along the beam could be precisely verified. Direction-finding checks also enabled the controller to keep the crew on an exact course. The crew would be ordered to drop their bombs either by issue of a code word by the ground controller, or at the conclusion of the signal transmissions which would stop. Although its maximum usable range was similar to the previous systems, it was not unknown for specific buildings to be hit.

question: Which system was the most complex of the three?, answer: Y-Gerät | question: Who operated the automatic beam system?, answer: the bomber's autopilot | question: What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?, answer: Direction-finding | question: The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what?, answer: a code word | question: Who issued the code word to the bombers?, answer: ground controller
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.

question: When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?, answer: 1701 | question: When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?, answer: 1718 | question: Why was the school named Yale College?, answer: recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale | question: When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?, answer: by 1777 | question: When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?, answer: 1861
Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?, answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell | question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?, answer: The Great Gatsby | question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?, answer: Nick Carraway | question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?, answer: Tom Buchanan | question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?, answer: Owen Johnson
Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[citation needed] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.

question: Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?, answer: medical and biotechnology | question: What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?, answer: Science Park | question: To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?, answer: Winchester's and Olin | question: In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?, answer: biotech | question: What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city?, answer: Science Park | question: The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?, answer: 45 large-scale factory buildings | question: Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?, answer: parking lots or abandoned structures
Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

question: When was the Yale School of Medicine established?, answer: 1810 | question: When was Yale Divinity School established?, answer: 1822 | question: When was Yale Law School created?, answer: 1843 | question: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?, answer: (1847 | question: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?, answer: 1847
Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

question: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?, answer: exemption from local property taxes | question: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?, answer: President Levin | question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?, answer: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success | question: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?, answer: decline in the local economy
Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?, answer: at least eight | question: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?, answer: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. | question: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?, answer: Professor David Graeber | question: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?, answer: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues. | question: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?, answer: Yale's unusually large endowment
Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?, answer: $250 million | question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?, answer: $70 million | question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?, answer: Richard Gilder
Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?, answer: Yale Bowl | question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?, answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl | question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?, answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium | question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?, answer: October 21, 2000 | question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?, answer: $7.5 million
Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

question: What royalty has attended Yale?, answer: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo | question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?, answer: Mario Monti | question: What Mexican president attended Yale?, answer: Ernesto Zedillo | question: Who was the father of American football?, answer: Walter Camp | question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?, answer: Henry Luce
Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?, answer: Charles Dickens | question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?, answer: Travel+Leisure | question: What is Yale largely known for?, answer: Collegiate Gothic campus | question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?, answer: 2011
Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.

question: How many schools is Yale composed of?, answer: fourteen | question: How much is Yale's endowment worth?, answer: $25.6 billion | question: How many books are in the Yale University Library?, answer: 15 million | question: Who runs Yale College?, answer: Yale Corporation | question: Where is the main Yale campus?, answer: downtown New Haven
Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?, answer: clay pipes | question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?, answer: bubble pipes | question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?, answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus | question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?, answer: the toe | question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?, answer: Bladderball
Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".[citation needed]

question: When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" approved?, answer: October 9, 1701 | question: Who voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"?, answer: General Court of the Colony of Connecticut | question: What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?, answer: The Founders | question: Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" proposed?, answer: to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut | question: Where did "The Founders" go to school?, answer: Harvard
Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?, answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks | question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?, answer: Jacques Derrida | question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?, answer: Department of Comparative Literature | question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?, answer: David Montgomery | question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?, answer: 1957