lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
According to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old, much like Hannah took Samuel to the Tabernacle as recorded in the Old Testament. Some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old, and he was thirty years old, but such accounts are unreliable.

question: Who were Mary's parents?, answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne | question: How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?, answer: three years old | question: Who was Mary betrothed to?, answer: Joseph | question: When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?, answer: 12–14 years old | question: Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?, answer: the Temple in Jerusalem
According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?, answer: Pontius Pilate | question: How long was Jesus hung for?, answer: six hours | question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?, answer: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews | question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?, answer: they pierced his side with a spear | question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?, answer: seven statements
According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, Montevideo had a population of 1,325,968 persons, compared to Uruguay's total population of 3,241,003. The female population was 707,697 (53.4%) while the male population accounted for 618,271 (46.6%). The population had declined since the previous census carried out in 1996, with an average annual growth rate of −1.5 per thousand. Continual decline has been documented since the census period of 1975–1985, which showed a rate of −5.6 per thousand. The decrease is due in large part to lowered fertility, partly offset by mortality, and to a smaller degree in migration. The birth rate declined by 19% from 1996 (17 per thousand) to 2004 (13.8 per thousand). Similarly, the total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 2.24 in 1996 to 1.79 in 2004. However, mortality continued to fall with life expectancy at birth for both sexes increasing by 1.73 years.

question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?, answer: 1,325,968 persons | question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?, answer: 3,241,003 | question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?, answer: 707,697 | question: According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?, answer: 618,271
According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona, Milan, and finally Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with Catullus' neoteric circle. However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, according to Servius, and he was nicknamed "Parthenias" or "maiden" because of his social aloofness. Virgil seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. According to the Catalepton, while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples, he began to write poetry. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen short poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex ("The Gnat"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD.

question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?, answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy | question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?, answer: extremely shy and reserved | question: What was Virgil's nickname?, answer: Parthenias | question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"?, answer: social aloofness | question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?, answer: the Culex
According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.

question: Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?, answer: Lambda-CDM model | question: What type of matter does the model consider it to be?, answer: dark matter
According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use – sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.

question: What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?, answer: persistence hunting | question: What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?, answer: endurance running hypothesis | question: Who still practices persistence hunting?, answer: some hunter-gatherer groups | question: Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?, answer: scavenging hypothesis | question: What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?, answer: both subsistence strategies
According to the journal DesignIntelligence, which annually publishes "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools," the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012.

question: What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?, answer: DesignIntelligence | question: What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?, answer: America's Best Architecture and Design Schools | question: What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?, answer: best in the Midwest | question: In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?, answer: 11th
According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power) at $30,769 is just above the average of the European Union.[citation needed] Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008.

question: What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF?, answer: $30,769 | question: What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy?, answer: Tourism, financial services and shipping | question: When was the Euro declared as the national currency of Cyprus?, answer: 1 January 2008 | question: Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses?, answer: low tax rates
According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among "others" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states.

question: What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?, answer: 30.8 | question: What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?, answer: 30.3 | question: What religion is the North and East part of Germany?, answer: Protestant | question: Where is there a non-religious majority?, answer: Hamburg and the East German states
According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]

question: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?, answer: Hussayn ibn 'Alī | question: Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?, answer: son | question: What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?, answer: Genesis 17:19–20
According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties, treaties are a source of international law. If an act or lack thereof is condemned under international law, the act will not assume international legality even if approved by internal law. This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law, international law will always prevail.

question: The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law?, answer: The Law of Treaties | question: Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law?, answer: international law | question: What are started to be a source of international law in the preamble in The Law of Treaties?, answer: treaties | question: Approval under what law will not make an act or lack thereof legal if condemned under international law?, answer: internal law | question: An act or lack thereof cannot be made legal under what law even if made legal under internal law?, answer: international law
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.

question: Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?, answer: Asia | question: What was Beringia?, answer: a land bridge which connected the two continents | question: How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?, answer: Beringia | question: Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?, answer: 13,500 years ago | question: How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?, answer: a wide range of creation myths
According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.

question: Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?, answer: main access to media goods | question: What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?, answer: current neglected law enforcements | question: In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?, answer: China | question: What is in high demand in this country?, answer: cheap and affordable goods | question: What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?, answer: connections
According to the tradition, Virgil traveled to Greece in about 19 BC to revise the Aeneid. After meeting Augustus in Athens and deciding to return home, Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town near Megara. After crossing to Italy by ship, weakened with disease, Virgil died in Brundisium harbor on September 21, 19 BC. Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be burned, instead ordering it published with as few editorial changes as possible. As a result, the text of the Aeneid that exists may contain faults which Virgil was planning to correct before publication. However, the only obvious imperfections are a few lines of verse that are metrically unfinished (i.e. not a complete line of dactylic hexameter). Some scholars have argued that Virgil deliberately left these metrically incomplete lines for dramatic effect. Other alleged imperfections are subject to scholarly debate.

question: According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?, answer: Greece | question: Where did Virgil die?, answer: Brundisium harbor | question: What date did Virgil die?, answer: September 21, 19 BC | question: Who were Virgil's literary executors?, answer: Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca | question: What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?, answer: the poem be burned
According to the traditional narrative, several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and memorized parts of it. These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman's codex, which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today. There are, however, variant readings, with mostly minor differences in meaning.

question: Who first recorded Muhammad revelations?, answer: companions of Muhammad | question: Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?, answer: Caliph Uthman | question: By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?, answer: Uthman's codex
According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

question: What was Zechariah's occupation?, answer: priest | question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?, answer: Levi | question: Who was Aaron's wife?, answer: Elisheba | question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?, answer: Judah | question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?, answer: Nathan
According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of māyā and ātman. Māyā connotes "that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore "transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be". The concept of ātman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that ātman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of māyā as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. Jīvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that ātman within is same as ātman in another person and all of Brahman – the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.

question: According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?, answer: Brahman | question: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?, answer: māyā and ātman | question: How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?, answer: always changing | question: To what does the concept of atman refer?, answer: soul | question: To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?, answer: Brahman
According to this theory, the conditions for the truth of a sentence as well as the sentences themselves are part of a metalanguage. So, for example, the sentence "Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white. Although many philosophers have interpreted, and continue to interpret, Tarski's theory as a deflationary theory, Popper refers to it as a theory in which "is true" is replaced with "corresponds to the facts". He bases this interpretation on the fact that examples such as the one described above refer to two things: assertions and the facts to which they refer. He identifies Tarski's formulation of the truth conditions of sentences as the introduction of a "metalinguistic predicate" and distinguishes the following cases:

question: What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?, answer: deflationary | question: With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate "is true?", answer: "corresponds to the facts" | question: What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?, answer: metalanguage | question: What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?, answer: assertions and the facts to which they refer
According to tradition, the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, and they originally came from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the Quraish). However Muslim Shia historians suspect that Umayya was an adopted son of Abd Shams so he was not a blood relative of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai. Umayya was later discarded from the noble family. Sunni historians disagree with this and view Shia claims as nothing more than outright polemics due to their hostility to the Umayyad family in general. They point to the fact that the grand sons of Uthman, Zaid bin amr bin uthman bin affan and Abdullah bin Amr bin Uthman got married to the Sukaina and Fatima the daughters of Hussein son of Ali to show closeness of Banu hashem and Bani Ummayah.

question: What is another term for the Umayyads?, answer: Banu Abd-Shams | question: Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?, answer: Abd Manaf ibn Qusai | question: From what city did the Umayyads originate?, answer: Mecca | question: What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?, answer: Umayya
According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".

question: What did Nesse and Williams learn?, answer: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism | question: If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?, answer: there might be a delay in recovery. | question: What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?, answer: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.
Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

question: How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?, answer: leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary | question: How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?, answer: leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east | question: Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick., answer: a column of about 15,000 men | question: Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern., answer: a column of 18,000 men | question: Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith, answer: a corps of 30,000 troops.