lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.

question: How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?, answer: tied around | question: What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?, answer: deteriorate | question: Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?, answer: Archeologists | question: Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?, answer: a prehistoric cave | question: What dates back to 36,000 BP?, answer: Dyed flax fibers
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.

question: What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?, answer: many accomplishments | question: What had the Aztec civilization constructed?, answer: one of the largest cities in the world | question: How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?, answer: 200,000 | question: Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?, answer: American | question: How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?, answer: thousands
According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict global conservation law; that is, whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant.

question: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?, answer: conservation of energy | question: The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?, answer: total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system | question: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?, answer: energy
According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?, answer: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia | question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?, answer: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires | question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?, answer: Germans | question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?, answer: Iberia and north Africa | question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?, answer: the Huns and their allies
According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?, answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) | question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?, answer: A. L. Arefyev | question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?, answer: 2012 | question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?, answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
According to filings to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) by Thunder Bay Electronics (owner of CBC's Thunder Bay affiliate CKPR-DT) and Bell Media (owner of CBC affiliates CFTK-TV in Terrace and CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek),[citation needed] the CBC informed them that it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates beyond August 31, 2011. Incidentally, that was also the date for analogue to digital transition in Canada. Given recent practice and the CBC's decision not to convert any retransmitters to digital, even in markets with populations in the hundreds in thousands, it is not expected that the CBC will open new transmitters to replace its affiliates, and indeed may pare back its existing transmitter network. However, in March 2011, CKPR announced that it had come to a programming agreement with the CBC, in which the station will continue to provide CBC programming in Thunder Bay for a period of five years. On March 16, 2012, Astral Media announced the sale of its assets to Bell Media, owners of CTV and CTV Two, for $3.38 billion with CFTK and CJDC included in the acquisition. Whether the stations will remain CBC affiliates or become owned-and-operated stations of CTV or CTV Two following the completion of the merger is undetermined.

question: What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?, answer: August 31, 2011 | question: What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?, answer: it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates | question: In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?, answer: five | question: Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?, answer: Bell Media
According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later.

question: What is Stefan Schmid's profession?, answer: geologist | question: What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era, answer: a metamorphic event | question: When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?, answer: the Cretaceous Period | question: The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?, answer: nappe formations | question: When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?, answer: Cretaceous
According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century).

question: What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth, answer: 1,600 | question: When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?, answer: 14th century onward | question: When were most ennoblements implemented?, answer: final years of the late 18th century
According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland.

question: Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?, answer: between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, | question: What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century., answer: two ennoblements per year | question: What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?, answer: heraldic sources
According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.

question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?, answer: Quran | question: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?, answer: ءMahmoud Massahi | question: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?, answer: Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) | question: What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?, answer: Euclid's Elements | question: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?, answer: Abu Abdullah Nateli
According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.

question: Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?, answer: Shaye J. D. Cohen | question: What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?, answer: Roman law | question: What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?, answer: the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures
According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period.

question: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?, answer: Land of Punt | question: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?, answer: Pharaonic Egypt | question: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?, answer: Hatshepsut | question: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?, answer: pyramidal structures
According to mtDNA studies by Holden (2005) and Richards et al. (2006), a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somalis consists of the M1 haplogroup. This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly Egyptians and Algerians. M1 is believed to have originated in Asia, where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages. This haplogroup is also thought to possibly correlate with the Afro-Asiatic language family:

question: When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?, answer: 2006 | question: Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?, answer: Ethiopians | question: On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?, answer: Asia | question: Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?, answer: Holden | question: What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?, answer: Afro-Asiatic
According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

question: How many words a day did Victoria write?, answer: average of 2,500 | question: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?, answer: 1832 | question: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?, answer: 122 | question: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?, answer: Princess Beatrice | question: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?, answer: transcribed and edited | question: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?, answer: 122 | question: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them?, answer: burned the originals | question: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death?, answer: Princess Beatrice | question: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861?, answer: Lord Esher | question: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?, answer: Giles St Aubyn | question: How avid of a writer was the Queen?, answer: Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day | question: How many volumes did her journal span?, answer: 122 volumes | question: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?, answer: transcribed and edited | question: Who was Victoria's literary executer?, answer: her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice | question: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?, answer: burned
According to recent estimates, 50% of the population adheres to Christianity, Islam 48%, while 2% of the population follows other religions including traditional African religion and animism. According to a study made by Pew Research Center, 63% adheres to Christianity and 36% adheres to Islam. Since May 2002, the government of Eritrea has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), Sunni Islam, the Eritrean Catholic Church (a Metropolitanate sui juris) and the Evangelical Lutheran church. All other faiths and denominations are required to undergo a registration process. Among other things, the government's registration system requires religious groups to submit personal information on their membership to be allowed to worship.

question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?, answer: 50% | question: What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?, answer: 48% | question: What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?, answer: a registration process | question: When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?, answer: May 2002 | question: What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?, answer: personal information
According to reciprocity, the efficiency of an antenna used as a receiving antenna is identical to the efficiency as defined above. The power that an antenna will deliver to a receiver (with a proper impedance match) is reduced by the same amount. In some receiving applications, the very inefficient antennas may have little impact on performance. At low frequencies, for example, atmospheric or man-made noise can mask antenna inefficiency. For example, CCIR Rep. 258-3 indicates man-made noise in a residential setting at 40 MHz is about 28 dB above the thermal noise floor. Consequently, an antenna with a 20 dB loss (due to inefficiency) would have little impact on system noise performance. The loss within the antenna will affect the intended signal and the noise/interference identically, leading to no reduction in signal to noise ratio (SNR).

question: What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise?, answer: thermal noise floor | question: In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?, answer: receiving | question: At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?, answer: man-made noise | question: What is SNR?, answer: signal to noise ratio
According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity (CPI), loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade. Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species, no provisions are made for in-state commerce, allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors. Additionally, the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold. According to Green and the CPI, this allows dealers to "donate" listed species through supposed "breeding loans" to anyone, and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. Furthermore, an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations, which would catch these false "donations" and other mislabeled transactions.

question: What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?, answer: exotic pet trade | question: What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?, answer: no provisions are made for in-state commerce | question: What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?, answer: the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold | question: How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?, answer: in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary "donation" from the receiving party. | question: Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?, answer: the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations
According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.

question: Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?, answer: sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, | question: For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?, answer: 70–90 MB/s | question: What is the read speed for USB 3.0?, answer: 90–110 MB/s
According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, Émile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.

question: A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?, answer: King William | question: What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?, answer: to make it appear that the French had been insulted | question: On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?, answer: 16 July 1870 | question: What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating?, answer: succession to the Spanish throne | question: Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?, answer: northeastern France
According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.

question: According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?, answer: 34% | question: Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?, answer: Evangelical Protestants | question: How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?, answer: least religious states of the USA | question: Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?, answer: Washington and Oregon