lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock. Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies. Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants. Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy. Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).

question: What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?, answer: Phytochemistry | question: Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?, answer: toxins | question: Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?, answer: from plants | question: Where did aspirin originally come from?, answer: bark of willow trees | question: Where does morphine come from?, answer: the opium poppy
Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.

question: Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?, answer: the Boreal Kingdom | question: How many ecoregions occupies Greece?, answer: six | question: The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?, answer: mixed forests | question: The Crete ecoregion is known as what?, answer: Mediterranean forests | question: The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?, answer: deciduous forests
Pioneer Electronics also entered the optical disc market in 1977 as a 50/50 joint-venture with MCA called Universal-Pioneer and manufacturing MCA designed industrial players under the MCA DiscoVision name (the PR-7800 and PR-7820). For the 1980 launch of the first Universal-Pioneer player, the VP-1000 was noted as a "laser disc player", although the "LaserDisc" logo displayed clearly on the device. In 1981, "LaserDisc" was used exclusively for the medium itself, although the official name was "LaserVision" (as seen at the beginning of many LaserDisc releases just before the start of the film). However, as Pioneer reminded numerous video magazines and stores in 1984, LaserDisc was a trademarked word, standing only for LaserVision products manufactured for sale by Pioneer Video or Pioneer Electronics. A 1984 Ray Charles ad for the LD-700 player bore the term "Pioneer LaserDisc brand videodisc player". From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.

question: Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?, answer: Pioneer Electronics | question: In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?, answer: 1980 | question: What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?, answer: the VP-1000 | question: Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?, answer: Ray Charles
Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

question: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?, answer: Pioneer Electronics | question: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?, answer: unofficially | question: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?, answer: discs | question: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?, answer: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow | question: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?, answer: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)
Pippy Park is an urban park located in the east end of the city; with over 3,400 acres (14 km2) of land, it is one of Canada's largest urban parks. The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses, Newfoundland and Labrador's largest serviced campground, walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals. Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium, an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle's Hill Brook.

question: Where is Pippy Park located in the city?, answer: east end | question: About how many acres is Pippy Park?, answer: 3,400 | question: How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?, answer: two | question: What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?, answer: skiing | question: Where is the Fluvarium located?, answer: Pippy Park
Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

question: What type of sensation is pitch?, answer: auditory | question: What is pitch closely related to?, answer: frequency | question: Each persons perception of sound is called?, answer: Pitch
Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?, answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; | question: Who led the invasion troops?, answer: The elderly General Bligh | question: Was the landing successful?, answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, | question: Where did the troops land?, answer: Cherbourg | question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?, answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

question: The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?, answer: Pitt's Act | question: after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?, answer: humanitarian | question: what was the name of the person who was once a large shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?, answer: Edmund Burke | question: Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?, answer: defeated
Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."

question: To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?, answer: Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate | question: According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?, answer: love | question: How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?, answer: 58 | question: When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?, answer: 1951
Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.

question: In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?, answer: 1954 | question: On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?, answer: 5 January | question: In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?, answer: 1955 | question: Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?, answer: his sick-bed | question: To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?, answer: Milan
Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements?, answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations | question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations?, answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture | question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information?, answer: national and military decision makers
Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

question: What football league began in 1982?, answer: the United States Football League | question: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?, answer: Chicago Blitz | question: When did the USFL shut down?, answer: 1985 | question: On what date was the arena football test game played?, answer: April 27, 1986 | question: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?, answer: executive vice-president
Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin, larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division.

question: What is the study of the inside of plants?, answer: Plant anatomy | question: What is the study of the outside of plants?, answer: plant morphology | question: How are plants different from animals?, answer: primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose | question: Where do plants store their DNA?, answer: in nuclei | question: Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?, answer: larger
Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.

question: What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?, answer: when to flower | question: What do plants need to attract to their flowering?, answer: pollinators | question: With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?, answer: light cycle | question: What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?, answer: Anticipation of changes | question: Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?, answer: agriculture
Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats—the environments where they complete their life cycles. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras, their biodiversity, genetic diversity and fitness, the adaptation of plants to their environment, and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns, productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.

question: What are plant habitats?, answer: environments where they complete their life | question: What is the goal of plant ecology?, answer: to understand | question: What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?, answer: Plant ecology | question: What do plants do in their environment?, answer: interactions with other species
Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost all life. Photoautotrophs, including all green plants, algae and cyanobacteria gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis. Heterotrophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues. Respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.

question: What does the plant use for internal processes?, answer: Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water | question: Where do plants get their energy?, answer: sunlight | question: How do animals use plants?, answer: in the construction of cells and tissues | question: Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?, answer: opposite of photosynthesis | question: What is the basis of plant physiology?, answer: internal chemical and physical activities
Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynology, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants. Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B (UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of community ecology, plant systematics, and taxonomy is essential to understanding vegetation change, habitat destruction and species extinction.

question: How can historical changes in the environment be detected?, answer: plant phenology | question: How can climate changes be determined from soil?, answer: fossil pollen deposits in sediments | question: What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?, answer: CO2 | question: What causes lower growth in plants?, answer: Ozone depletion | question: What does ozone depletion allow?, answer: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B
Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "algae" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a (as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b)[a] absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that generates molecular oxygen (O2) as a by-product.

question: what parts of algae are unique to them?, answer: chloroplasts | question: From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?, answer: cyanobacteria | question: What color is chlorophyll?, answer: blue-green | question: What organelles are unique to algae?, answer: chloroplasts | question: From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?, answer: cyanobacteria | question: What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?, answer: green
Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest.

question: On what do plants depend in their environment?, answer: edaphic (soil) and climatic factors | question: How do plants interact with other species in their environment?, answer: for resources | question: What is the collection of plants in the environment called?, answer: vegetation | question: What are groupings of similar plants?, answer: biomes
Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood. Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the Ordovician period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Many monocots like maize and the pineapple and some dicots like the Asteraceae have since independently evolved pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.

question: What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?, answer: lignin | question: What weakens cell walls?, answer: water stress | question: What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?, answer: carbon dioxide | question: What polymer is found in spores and pollen?, answer: Sporopollenin | question: What polymer is a major part of wood?, answer: Lignin