lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

question: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?, answer: Macedonia | question: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?, answer: westward | question: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?, answer: Greek peninsula | question: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?, answer: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet | question: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?, answer: Hannibal
Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?, answer: Romila Thapar | question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?, answer: social-economic | question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?, answer: strong continuity | question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?, answer: Muslim conquests | question: What part of India was never completely conquered?, answer: south
Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified.

question: What type of organization did Romulus establish?, answer: religious | question: According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?, answer: Jupiter | question: What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?, answer: spoils taken in war | question: What religious festival did Romulus found?, answer: Consualia | question: Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?, answer: deified
Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

question: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?, answer: Vishnu and Shiva | question: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?, answer: Hindu gods | question: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?, answer: monumental | question: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?, answer: elaborate | question: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?, answer: eighth
Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

question: How old was Roncalli when elected pope?, answer: 76 | question: When was Roncalli elected pope?, answer: 28 October 1958 | question: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long?, answer: 500 years | question: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?, answer: Second Vatican Council | question: When did he call the Second Vatican Council?, answer: 11 October 1962
Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

question: When was the final ballot of the conclave?, answer: 4:00 pm | question: How many votes did he have?, answer: 38 votes | question: What name did Roncalli choose?, answer: John | question: John had not been a chosen name in how long?, answer: over 500 years | question: Who was the last to choose the name John?, answer: Antipope John XXIII
Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

question: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?, answer: Roofing shingles | question: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?, answer: Japan black | question: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?, answer: weather resistance | question: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?, answer: permanence | question: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?, answer: alkaline batteries
Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

question: What are roofs traditionally constructed from?, answer: Alpine rocks | question: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found??, answer: the higher parts of the valleys | question: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much?, answer: 40% | question: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?, answer: 19 | question: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland?, answer: Romansh
Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct "unacceptable." On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24–13 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19.

question: Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?, answer: Starlin Castro | question: When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?, answer: early May (2010) | question: Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely?, answer: Lou Piniella | question: Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?, answer: take care of his sick mother
Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs.

question: What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?, answer: U.S. 1 | question: When was Woodhaven road built?, answer: 1966 | question: What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?, answer: Northeast Philadelphia, | question: What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?, answer: Route 309 | question: What is US-30 also known as?, answer: Lancaster Avenue
Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

question: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?, answer: Harvard University | question: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?, answer: 1962 | question: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?, answer: Naphtol and Lithol | question: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?, answer: 1979 | question: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?, answer: ruined and had to be taken down
Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

question: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?, answer: 70% | question: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?, answer: the east | question: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?, answer: natural gas
Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

question: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?, answer: zinc compounds | question: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?, answer: Zinc oxide | question: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?, answer: Zinc oxide | question: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?, answer: semiconductor | question: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?, answer: thermochemical
Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.

question: At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?, answer: one-third | question: Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?, answer: 8.6 million | question: How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?, answer: 8.8 million | question: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?, answer: 0.35 million | question: What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?, answer: 1%
Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century. Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse. Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, all of which are held on the Schuylkill River. The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.

question: What water sport is popular in the city?, answer: Rowing | question: What is the symbol of rowing in the city?, answer: Boathouse Row | question: What is the name of the big rowing races?, answer: Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta | question: Where are these races held?, answer: Schuylkill River
Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

question: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?, answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's | question: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?, answer: Manx | question: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?, answer: summary of the long title | question: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?, answer: only the short title and a summary of the long title | question: On what day does St John's Day occur?, answer: (24 June) | question: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?, answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.

question: When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?, answer: House of Lords | question: Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?, answer: Palace of Westminster | question: Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?, answer: written declaration | question: With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?, answer: elaborate ceremonies | question: Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?, answer: Palace of Westminster | question: With what method is royal assent generally granted?, answer: letters patent | question: How is royal assent granted within Australia?, answer: the governor-general merely signs the bill
Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:

question: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?, answer: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament | question: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?, answer: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes | question: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?, answer: 28, 32, and 33 | question: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?, answer: four-week period | question: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?, answer: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State | question: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?, answer: review of its legality
Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.

question: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?, answer: constitutional monarch | question: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?, answer: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein | question: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?, answer: 18th | question: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?, answer: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein | question: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?, answer: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government | question: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?, answer: exceedingly rare
Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.

question: Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?, answer: Wales | question: Who did John marry Joan to?, answer: Llywelyn the Great | question: What did John use to increase his own territory and power?, answer: marcher lords and the native Welsh | question: When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?, answer: 1211