lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

question: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?, answer: Sixty-two percent | question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?, answer: Rev G. H. Nobbs | question: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?, answer: a Methodist church | question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church?, answer: one of Nobbs' sons | question: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?, answer: 30
Size, however, is not the only difference: there are also substantial differences in shape. The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates, but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain, which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three-layered structure called the pallium. In mammals, the pallium evolves into a complex six-layered structure called neocortex or isocortex. Several areas at the edge of the neocortex, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates.

question: What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?, answer: The cerebral cortex | question: The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?, answer: pallium | question: Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?, answer: neocortex or isocortex | question: The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?, answer: neocortex
Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.

question: Who were trained for the war?, answer: Ski troops | question: Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?, answer: Italy | question: Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?, answer: Austria | question: Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?, answer: The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area
Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

question: What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?, answer: Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering | question: Where was the bobsleigh invented?, answer: St. Moritz | question: When were the first ski championships held in Murren?, answer: 1931 | question: Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?, answer: St. Moritz
Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.

question: Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?, answer: Harrison's group | question: Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?, answer: Pickford's and Hutchinson's | question: What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?, answer: departmental or institutional position or power | question: What information did Hutchinson's model provide?, answer: new models for research groups are needed | question: What did Hutchinson's group research?, answer: diverse areas of ecology
Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

question: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?, answer: over 25% | question: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?, answer: slave markets | question: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?, answer: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered | question: What branch of law did Rome lack?, answer: law enforcement | question: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?, answer: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself
Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

question: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?, answer: The alphabet | question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?, answer: The Orthodox | question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?, answer: the Roman Catholics | question: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?, answer: the Bosniaks | question: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?, answer: the Lacinka alphabet
Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

question: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?, answer: Slavic studies | question: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?, answer: As early as 1833 | question: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?, answer: Slavic languages | question: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?, answer: Indo-European
Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

question: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?, answer: Slavs | question: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?, answer: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs | question: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?, answer: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age
Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?, answer: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. | question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?, answer: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. | question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?, answer: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia. | question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?, answer: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities | question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?, answer: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.
Sleep does not affect acquisition or recall while one is awake. Therefore, sleep has the greatest effect on memory consolidation. During sleep, the neural connections in the brain are strengthened. This enhances the brain’s abilities to stabilize and retain memories. There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, as memories are enhanced through active consolidation. System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS). This process implicates that memories are reactivated during sleep, but that the process doesn’t enhance every memory. It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep. When you are sleeping, the hippocampus replays the events of the day for the neocortex. The neocortex then reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory. When you do not get enough sleep it makes it more difficult to learn as these neural connections are not as strong, resulting in a lower retention rate of memories. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to focus, resulting in inefficient learning. Furthermore, some studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to false memories as the memories are not properly transferred to long-term memory. Therefore, it is important to get the proper amount of sleep so that memory can function at the highest level. One of the primary functions of sleep is thought to be the improvement of the consolidation of information, as several studies have demonstrated that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test. Additionally, data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day, suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal.

question: Does sleep hurt a persons memory?, answer: There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, | question: What does SWS stand for?, answer: slow-wave sleep | question: What take place during SWS?, answer: System consolidation | question: What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?, answer: reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory | question: In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?, answer: activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day
Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep, activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern.

question: There are two types of sleep called what?, answer: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM | question: What type of sleep involves dreaming?, answer: REM sleep | question: The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?, answer: REM, light NREM and deep NREM | question: Slow wave sleep is also known as what?, answer: deep NREM sleep | question: During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?, answer: slow wave sleep
Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.

question: What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?, answer: charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off | question: What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?, answer: USB ports | question: What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?, answer: Sleep-and-charge USB ports
Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250M rural migrants in China.

question: What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"?, answer: Mark Dybul | question: What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?, answer: Brazil | question: What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?, answer: World Bank | question: What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?, answer: rural migrants | question: What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?, answer: regulations
Small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. An Armenian Catholic monastic community of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near Venice, Italy. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.[citation needed]

question: What is the Armenian Quarter?, answer: one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem | question: How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?, answer: 35 | question: When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?, answer: 1717 | question: What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?, answer: Catholic | question: Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?, answer: on an island near Venice
Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s, and remain in widespread use. Since the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.

question: Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?, answer: the 1930s | question: Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?, answer: the 1980s | question: What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?, answer: connecting leads | question: What is one benefit of using surface mount components?, answer: simplify automated assembly | question: What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?, answer: manual handling is made difficult due to their small size
Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.

question: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?, answer: 1957 | question: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?, answer: Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol | question: How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?, answer: 95% | question: What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?, answer: small or medium ship | question: How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?, answer: 37,506
Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.

question: What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?, answer: gold | question: What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?, answer: Mali | question: Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?, answer: it is the second largest earner of its export revenue | question: What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?, answer: primary and sometimes the only source of income
Smaller boats and ships typically have machine-guns or fast cannons, which can often be deadly to low-flying aircraft if linked to a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence. Some vessels like Aegis cruisers are as much a threat to aircraft as any land-based air defence system. In general, naval vessels should be treated with respect by aircraft, however the reverse is equally true. Carrier battle groups are especially well defended, as not only do they typically consist of many vessels with heavy air defence armament but they are also able to launch fighter jets for combat air patrol overhead to intercept incoming airborne threats.

question: What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?, answer: machine-guns or fast cannons | question: These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?, answer: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence | question: What type of ships are particularly well defended?, answer: Carrier battle groups | question: Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?, answer: fighter jets