lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

question: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?, answer: Vytautas the Great | question: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?, answer: bajorai | question: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?, answer: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors | question: What is an example of noble family name?, answer: Goštautai, | question: Who gave the coat of arms to others?, answer: Union of Horodlo
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.

question: The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?, answer: Moroccan invasion in 1591 | question: What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?, answer: Saharan trade routes lost significance. | question: What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?, answer: 14th century | question: Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591?, answer: Judar Pasha | question: What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?, answer: establishment of sea routes
In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.

question: What is a term for living force?, answer: vis viva | question: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?, answer: vis viva | question: Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?, answer: Gottfried Leibniz | question: In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?, answer: late 17th century | question: Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?, answer: Isaac Newton
In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.

question: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?, answer: 1800s | question: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?, answer: Catholicism | question: Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?, answer: Spanish Conquistadors
In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

question: When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?, answer: In the late 1940s | question: What did the Economic Union Party support?, answer: an independent "responsible government" | question: What was the result of the 1948 referendum?, answer: The movement ultimately failed
In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on "darker" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

question: By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?, answer: heavy metal | question: What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?, answer: Black Sabbath | question: What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?, answer: hardcore punk | question: Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?, answer: bluesy | question: In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?, answer: stand-alone melodies
In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.

question: What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?, answer: ejes viales | question: What is different about the second level roads?, answer: tolls are charged | question: When were these second level roads opened?, answer: 2012 | question: What main road leads to the airport?, answer: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán | question: What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?, answer: the Supervía Poniente
In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.

question: what label launched the careers of burrell?, answer: Nu Groove Records | question: what sound are the burrell's responsible for?, answer: "New York Underground" | question: how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?, answer: $100 | question: what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?, answer: Virgin America
In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

question: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?, answer: parallel computer | question: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?, answer: Stephen Wolfram | question: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?, answer: His son Carl | question: What specifically did his son work on?, answer: software | question: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?, answer: influencing the interconnects
In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's. Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents, which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Dr. Moustakas invented his first, Dr. Nakamura filed first).[citation needed] This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.[citation needed]

question: In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?, answer: 1980s | question: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?, answer: Shuji Nakamura | question: Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?, answer: Dr. Moustakas | question: What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?, answer: BlueRay | question: What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?, answer: tablets
In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999–2001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]

question: When was the second wave of progressive house?, answer: 1999–2001 | question: What are some popular subgenres of House?, answer: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House | question: where is house music extremely popular?, answer: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene | question: What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?, answer: a more mainstream pop-based variation
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

question: What is the golden goal?, answer: the first goal in extra time | question: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?, answer: France | question: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?, answer: the IFAB | question: What team did France beat in 1998?, answer: Paraguay | question: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?, answer: 1996
In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.

question: When did pragmatism arise?, answer: In the late 19th and early 20th century | question: Who developed pragmatism?, answer: Charles Sanders Peirce and William James | question: Where did Peirce and James meet?, answer: Harvard | question: When did Peirce and James meet?, answer: in the 1870s | question: What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?, answer: pragmaticism
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.

question: What states supported the Dervish State?, answer: the Ottoman and German empires | question: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?, answer: 1920 | question: What was the capital of the Dervish State?, answer: Taleex | question: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?, answer: 1927 | question: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?, answer: 1941
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

question: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?, answer: Carl Lange | question: What was William James' nationality?, answer: American | question: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?, answer: Danish | question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?, answer: the James–Lange theory | question: In what year did Lange die?, answer: 1900
In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

question: Who was a doctor?, answer: Charles Eastman | question: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?, answer: Sioux woman | question: Who was the doctor related to?, answer: Seth Eastman | question: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?, answer: three European-American middle-class female teachers | question: What tribe was Eastman related to?, answer: Sioux
In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.

question: What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?, answer: Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) | question: What did the exercises lead to?, answer: to what is considered modern gymnastics | question: Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?, answer: Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano | question: What did Jahn promote the use of?, answer: parallel bars, rings and high bar
In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.

question: When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?, answer: 1898 | question: What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?, answer: 2nd | question: What happened in 1900?, answer: the state legislature passed a new constitution | question: When did blacks lose the right to vote?, answer: 1908 | question: When did black regain the right to vote?, answer: mid-1960s
In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said, "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

question: When was da Vinci born?, answer: 1452 | question: When did da Vinci die?, answer: 1519 | question: What did renaissance writers question?, answer: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition | question: Who did Machiavelli disdain?, answer: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals | question: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?, answer: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings
In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island. From 1900 the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined and the last of the palagi traders were Fred Whibley on Niutao, Alfred Restieaux on Nukufetau, and Martin Kleis on Nui. By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies, although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths.

question: What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?, answer: structural changes | question: What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?, answer: resident | question: How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?, answer: deal directly | question: By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?, answer: 1909 | question: What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?, answer: supercargo