lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).

question: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?, answer: between 50 and 67 per cent | question: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?, answer: 90 per cent | question: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?, answer: Europeans | question: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?, answer: by 1679 | question: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?, answer: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans
Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.

question: Herbert Marcuse was from what school?, answer: Frankfurt School, | question: Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?, answer: Freudian | question: Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption?, answer: Guy Debord
Contemporary Christian music (CCM) has several subgenres, one being "Christian AC". Radio & Records, for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notably Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, Kathy Troccoli, Steven Curtis Chapman, Plumb, and more recently, MercyMe.

question: What is CCM an acronym of?, answer: Contemporary Christian music | question: What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?, answer: Christian AC | question: What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?, answer: Radio & Records | question: Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?, answer: hot AC
Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

question: What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?, answer: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception | question: What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?, answer: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" | question: What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?, answer: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. | question: What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?, answer: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. | question: What is the theological study of Mary called ?, answer: Mariology
Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.

question: In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?, answer: vocal percussion | question: Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?, answer: Christian music | question: In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?, answer: chordal or polyphonic accompaniment
Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

question: Who was critical of John's performance as king?, answer: Contemporary chroniclers | question: What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?, answer: Jim Bradbury | question: John remains a recurring character within what culture?, answer: Western
Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

question: What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?, answer: capacity of people | question: What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?, answer: human flourishing | question: What is human flourishing?, answer: making life better | question: What doesnt conetemporary humanism believe about human nature?, answer: purely good
Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.

question: From what city did Bell send his first message?, answer: Mount Pleasant | question: Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?, answer: fences | question: What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?, answer: reading and singing
Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.

question: What is contract law?, answer: obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties | question: What standardized contract law?, answer: Uniform Commercial Code | question: What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?, answer: express or implied
Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

question: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?, answer: Antiochus IV Epiphanes | question: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?, answer: Pompey the Great | question: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?, answer: Cleopatra VII | question: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?, answer: Battle of Actium | question: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?, answer: Egypt
Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

question: Who were Magisterial reformers?, answer: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli | question: What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church | question: Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?, answer: a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church | question: When did the idea of a hidden church begin?, answer: in the early days of the Protestant Reformation | question: What church did the Reformers claim had left them?, answer: the Roman Catholic Church
Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. "They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad." For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed]

question: What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?, answer: moveable platform | question: Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?, answer: farthest away from the collecting horn | question: How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?, answer: fifteen feet | question: Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?, answer: drums could be effectively used | question: What was the item called that recorded the sounds?, answer: collecting horn
Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.

question: The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?, answer: the diffusionist theory | question: At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?, answer: Durham Cathedral | question: In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?, answer: Romanesque | question: When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?, answer: points
Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive".

question: Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?, answer: there were in fact multiple scripts in use | question: What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?, answer: bāfēn | question: What name stood for "orderly"?, answer: zhāng
Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

question: Who contributes to UNFPA?, answer: governments and the private sector | question: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?, answer: $1 billion | question: How much of its funding was earmarked?, answer: $529 million | question: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?, answer: $477 million
Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.

question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?, answer: Control of labour | question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?, answer: Marxist concept of primitive communism | question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?, answer: inter-group conflict
Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo "Mercy" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying "At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest." Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.

question: When was Mercy adopted?, answer: June 2009 | question: Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?, answer: David | question: Who initially protested the adoption?, answer: Mercy's grandmother | question: Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?, answer: The men | question: Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??, answer: Mercy's father
Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?, answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs | question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?, answer: Scandinavians | question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?, answer: Slavs
Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

question: What does LSO stand for?, answer: landing signal officer | question: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?, answer: a landing signal officer | question: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?, answer: colored paddles | question: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?, answer: Optical Landing System | question: What are LSO's still being used to do?, answer: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio