lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station, while other stations like Nanjing West Railway Station, Zhonghuamen Railway Station and Xianlin Railway Station serve minor roles. Nanjing Railway Station was first built in 1968. In 1999, On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire. Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. Nanjing South Railway Station, which is one of the 5 hub stations on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area). Construction of Nanjing South Station began on 10 January 2008. The station was opened for public service in 2011.

question: How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?, answer: 17 | question: Which are the two most prominent railway stations?, answer: Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station | question: When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?, answer: 1968 | question: In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?, answer: 2005 | question: Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?, answer: Nanjing South Railway Station
Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmest winters, in the period January – February average temperature is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) during the day and 6–8 °C (43–46 °F) at night. During March, Limassol has average temperatures of 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) during the day and 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17–19 °C (63–66 °F) during the day and 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) at night.

question: Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?, answer: Limassol | question: What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?, answer: 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) | question: What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?, answer: 6–8 °C (43–46 °F)
Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.

question: Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?, answer: induction | question: What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?, answer: additional conditions | question: Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?, answer: Popper
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

question: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?, answer: pink flamingos | question: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?, answer: fox | question: What is London's fox population density?, answer: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) | question: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?, answer: the London-based Mammal Society | question: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?, answer: 10,000
Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what?, answer: opportunistic | question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?, answer: equilibrium | question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?, answer: scarce | question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand?, answer: evolution | question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?, answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators | question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?, answer: evolutionary arms race | question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?, answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium | question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?, answer: herbivorous
Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailwi, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar, Ahmad Nawaz Cheena and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan. Alam Lohar has made significant contributions to folklore and Punjabi literature, by being a very influential Punjabi folk singer from 1930 until 1979.

question: Who are some well-known Punjab poets?, answer: Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah | question: What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?, answer: folk singers | question: Who is the 'Queen of Music'?, answer: Malika-i-Mauseequi | question: When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?, answer: from 1930 until 1979
Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption in the LED chip and in the LED packaging itself account typically for another 10% to 30% of efficiency loss. Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. For instance, the efficiency can be raised by adapting better package design or by using a more suitable type of phosphor. Conformal coating process is frequently used to address the issue of varying phosphor thickness.

question: What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?, answer: more efficient phosphors | question: What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?, answer: YAG phosphor | question: What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?, answer: less than 10% | question: What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?, answer: higher operation temperatures | question: What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?, answer: adapting better package design
Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (Диалектологический атлас русского языка [dʲɪɐˌlʲɛktəlɐˈɡʲitɕɪskʲɪj ˈatləs ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]), was published in three folio volumes 1986–1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

question: Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?, answer: Vladimir Dal | question: In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?, answer: 19th | question: When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?, answer: 18th century | question: When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?, answer: turn of the 20th century | question: How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?, answer: four decades
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.:16–17

question: The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?, answer: Nizam architecture | question: The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?, answer: Neoclassical | question: What century was Bella Vista Palace built?, answer: 19th century | question: Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?, answer: Paigah family | question: Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?, answer: Falaknuma Palace
Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

question: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?, answer: anemones, corals, and jellyfish | question: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?, answer: both the mouth and the anus | question: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?, answer: ectoderm and endoderm | question: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?, answer: diploblastic | question: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?, answer: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber
Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.

question: Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?, answer: black Geneva gown | question: A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?, answer: full length Old English style surplice | question: Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?, answer: Liturgical Renewal Movement
Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

question: What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?, answer: Saints John | question: Who decorated the Saints John's dome?, answer: Palonino | question: Who destroyed the Jesuit college?, answer: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front | question: What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?, answer: Capital General | question: What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?, answer: Colegio de San Juan
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

question: When did Lord Bathurst die?, answer: 1775 | question: When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?, answer: 1704 | question: What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?, answer: Whiggism | question: When was Lord Bathurst born?, answer: 1684 | question: In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?, answer: the devil
Among the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from Greek into Latin in the late 12th century. Medicine was also studied, especially in southern Italy, where Islamic medicine influenced the school at Salerno.

question: What invention led to advances in mathematics?, answer: algebra | question: What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?, answer: Almagest | question: In what language was Almagest originally written?, answer: Greek | question: In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?, answer: Salerno | question: Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?, answer: Latin
Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

question: Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?, answer: relatively few | question: Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?, answer: Infectious disease | question: What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?, answer: ability of that pathogen to damage the host | question: What can a host's immune system do to a host?, answer: cause damage | question: What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?, answer: host defenses
Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station, despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs, other than the "T" subway lines.

question: Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?, answer: South Station | question: Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?, answer: Back Bay | question: Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?, answer: Route 128 Station | question: What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?, answer: southwestern | question: Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?, answer: North Station
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.

question: When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written?, answer: 1855 | question: Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper?, answer: Alfred Russel Wallace | question: How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?, answer: if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species | question: Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?, answer: Charles Lyell | question: When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?, answer: 1–2 May 1856
An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called "Berbera" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century. During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty, the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat's eponymous troops.

question: What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?, answer: Berbera | question: What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?, answer: Po-pa-li | question: In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?, answer: 15th | question: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?, answer: the Abyssinian Emperor | question: Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?, answer: Zeila
An FBI special agent is issued a Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber. If they fail their first qualification, they are issued either a Glock 17 or Glock 19, to aid in their next qualification. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Model 23 "FG&R" (finger groove and rail) is the issue sidearm. New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 in 9×19mm Parabellum, and Glock Models 23 and 27 in .40 S&W caliber are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock Model 21 in .45 ACP. Special agents of the FBI HRT (Hostage Rescue Team), and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Professional Model 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol (see FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams).

question: What gun are FBI special agents issued?, answer: Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber | question: What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?, answer: Glock 17 or Glock 19 | question: What did the FBI adopt in May 1997, answer: Glock .40 S&W pistol | question: What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?, answer: general agent use | question: What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?, answer: New Agent Class 98-1
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

question: What does ISP stand for?, answer: Internet service provider | question: what does an isp do?, answer: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet | question: What forms can an isp be organized in?, answer: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned