lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

question: Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?, answer: William Champion's brother, John, | question: Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?, answer: calamine | question: Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?, answer: Johann Christian Ruberg | question: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?, answer: animal electricity | question: The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?, answer: electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.
William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.

question: Who discovered the first synthetic dye?, answer: William Henry Perkin | question: What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?, answer: resigned his position | question: What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?, answer: mauveine | question: The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?, answer: second chemical revolution | question: Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?, answer: Perkin Medal
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

question: What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?, answer: a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire | question: What was Pitt's primary military advantage?, answer: Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy | question: What locations did Pitt want from France?, answer: North America and India | question: How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?, answer: He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies | question: How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?, answer: even after that the British continued his strategy
Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.

question: What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?, answer: Wind | question: What is the single reed family called?, answer: the clarinet family | question: What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?, answer: double reeded | question: Who expanded the single reeds role?, answer: Mozart
Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.

question: What does airplone mode do?, answer: disable all wireless connectivity | question: Where can Carrier account management systems be found?, answer: Windows Store apps | question: What are some connection settings in Windows 8?, answer: APNs and carrier branding | question: What registers the insertion of a SIM card?, answer: the operating system
Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise." Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.

question: Who is Windows division president?, answer: Steven Sinofsky | question: When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?, answer: before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009 | question: What is jupiter?, answer: new application framework for Windows 8 | question: Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?, answer: Consumer Electronics Show | question: Who is Microsofts CEO?, answer: Steve Ballmer
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.

question: Who are Windows main operating system competitors?, answer: Android and iOS | question: What new security features does Windows 8 have?, answer: built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot | question: What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?, answer: 3.0 | question: What services does the Windows Store provide?, answer: an online store for downloading and purchasing new software | question: What can be found on the Start screen?, answer: displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles
Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen. Apps can provide toast notifications on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing. Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, Skype, and People service), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.

question: Who is Jensen Harris?, answer: Microsoft developer | question: What apps can one expect the People app to match with?, answer: Facebook, Skype, and People service | question: What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?, answer: Facebook and Flickr | question: What makes Windows Store apps unique?, answer: apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. | question: What are contracts?, answer: collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps
Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.

question: What is found on the Start Screen?, answer: a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs | question: What do live tiles do?, answer: display constantly updated information and content | question: What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?, answer: used for basic configuration and user settings | question: Where can advanced settings options be found?, answer: Control Panel | question: What is the new System User interface built on?, answer: Microsoft's Metro design language
Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing. A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.

question: How many Windows 8 editions are there?, answer: three | question: What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?, answer: BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on | question: What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?, answer: features aimed towards business environments | question: How would one get Windows RT?, answer: as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it
Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.

question: What is SkyDrive?, answer: cloud storage service | question: When was Facebook support turned off?, answer: June 8, 2015 | question: What features does Xbox Live hub offer?, answer: allows users to view their profile and gamerscore | question: What Xbox apps were bundled together?, answer: Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass | question: What service options does Windows online now offer?, answer: can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices.
Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.

question: How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?, answer: uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system | question: What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?, answer: must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature | question: What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?, answer: secure boot
Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).

question: What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/, answer: 7.4 | question: What was Androids market share in 2013?, answer: 43.4% | question: What was teh iOS market share in 2013?, answer: 48.2% | question: What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?, answer: top tier apps | question: When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?, answer: July 2013
Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.

question: During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?, answer: $39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box | question: What is the Windows 8 price?, answer: $119.99 | question: What is the Windows 8 Pro price?, answer: $199.99 | question: Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?, answer: PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate | question: How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?, answer: free
Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.

question: What about Windows 8 was well received?, answer: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices | question: What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?, answer: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn | question: How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?, answer: 60 million
Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.

question: What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?, answer: a ribbon | question: What is the new name of Windows Explorer?, answer: File Explorer | question: What does file history make possible?, answer: allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device | question: What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?, answer: provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files
Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.

question: What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?, answer: Windows RT | question: What apps work on Windows RT?, answer: only supports applications included with the system | question: Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?, answer: to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture
Windows Store apps run within a new set of APIs known as Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript. If written in some "high-level" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows, otherwise they are not binary code compatible. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages. To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.

question: What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?, answer: C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript | question: What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?, answer: If written in some "high-level" languages | question: What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?, answer: permitting consumption by all compatible languages | question: What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?, answer: sandboxed environment
Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?, answer: window tax | question: When was the sash window developed?, answer: the 1670s | question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?, answer: Corridor plans | question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?, answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms | question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?, answer: Their height