lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.

question: Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?, answer: Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss | question: Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?, answer: Clovis' Merovingian | question: What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?, answer: Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 | question: In what year did Lothar past away?, answer: 855
With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Châlons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Châlons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field.

question: What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?, answer: the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army | question: At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?, answer: over 150,000 | question: Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?, answer: Napoleon III and MacMahon | question: Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?, answer: the Prussian Third Army | question: How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?, answer: 5,000 men
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

question: What year was the confederacy defeated?, answer: 1865 | question: What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?, answer: Reconstruction Era | question: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?, answer: compensation | question: When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?, answer: 1870 | question: What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?, answer: black voting
With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.

question: Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?, answer: Prince Frederick Charles | question: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?, answer: defeat of the First Army, | question: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?, answer: Roncourt | question: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?, answer: ruins of St. Privat | question: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?, answer: French Army of the Rhine
With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.

question: What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?, answer: the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past | question: Where was support found for Greek philosophy?, answer: Arab Empire | question: What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?, answer: the 7th and 8th centuries | question: How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?, answer: until the 13th century | question: What language did Muslim philosophers speak?, answer: Arabic
With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.

question: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?, answer: ISIL | question: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?, answer: Sharia law | question: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?, answer: kidnapping and decapitation | question: How did the US intervene against ISIL?, answer: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories | question: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?, answer: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory
With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

question: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?, answer: North Korean government | question: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?, answer: Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists | question: What did the Chinese Communists want?, answer: supremacy in Manchuria | question: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?, answer: Chinese People's Liberation Army | question: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?, answer: 2,000 railway cars worth
With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?, answer: conquest of Constantinople | question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?, answer: Byzantine | question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?, answer: Timur | question: Timur was the founder of what?, answer: Timurid Empire | question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?, answer: Battle of Ankara
With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.

question: What allowed political studies to spread?, answer: the fall of the Western Roman Empire | question: What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?, answer: monotheism | question: Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?, answer: churches and courts | question: Who wrote The City of God?, answer: Augustine of Hippo | question: What did The City of God change?, answer: the borders between what was religious and what was political
With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?, answer: monopolies | question: Which families financed the wars of kings?, answer: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England | question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?, answer: guilds | question: Where was Jacques Couer from?, answer: France
With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

question: In what year did Germany become a republic?, answer: 1918 | question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?, answer: Treaty of Versailles | question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?, answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen
With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.

question: When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?, answer: 1860 | question: How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?, answer: gold mining | question: What was protected by high tarriffs?, answer: wool | question: In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?, answer: diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands. | question: By what year was the gold rush largely over?, answer: 1860 | question: What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?, answer: wool | question: What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?, answer: introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands | question: Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?, answer: smallpox | question: The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?, answer: 80%
With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

question: how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?, answer: three | question: What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?, answer: Maratha empire | question: With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a firm hold on what country?, answer: India | question: Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?, answer: gradual | question: what country took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?, answer: British
With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (Operation Rösselsprung), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.

question: Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?, answer: Axis | question: Who was the opponent of the Allies?, answer: Axis | question: Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?, answer: German | question: In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?, answer: Drvar | question: What type of assault was there in Bosnia?, answer: airborne
With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

question: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?, answer: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society | question: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?, answer: Charles Stearn | question: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?, answer: 'parchmentised thread' | question: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?, answer: 1880 | question: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?, answer: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London
With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

question: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?, answer: director | question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?, answer: Lionel Robbins | question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?, answer: one of the leading economic theorists in the world | question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?, answer: modern microeconomics | question: In what year did Hayek come to London?, answer: 1931
With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

question: What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?, answer: 50 | question: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?, answer: 33,000 | question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?, answer: 11,000 | question: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?, answer: 28 July 180 | question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?, answer: £122,000