lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

question: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?, answer: 50,000 years ago | question: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today., answer: kinship, gender and marriage | question: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?, answer: technology, architecture and art
As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg—working as a postdoc at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston ("JJ") of AT&T-Bell Labs—with the Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the Fraunhofer Society (in 1993 he joined the staff of the Fraunhofer Institute).

question: What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?, answer: doctoral | question: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?, answer: early 1980s | question: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?, answer: Erlangen-Nuremberg | question: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?, answer: Fraunhofer Society | question: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?, answer: 1993
As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

question: About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?, answer: 300,000 | question: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?, answer: 4,550 | question: What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?, answer: Germany | question: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?, answer: 20 | question: Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?, answer: Lower Saxony
As a god of archery, Apollo was known as Aphetor (/əˈfiːtər/ ə-FEE-tər; Ἀφήτωρ, Aphētōr, from ἀφίημι, "to let loose") or Aphetorus (/əˈfɛtərəs/ ə-FET-ər-əs; Ἀφητόρος, Aphētoros, of the same origin), Argyrotoxus (/ˌɑːrdʒᵻrəˈtɒksəs/ AR-ji-rə-TOK-səs; Ἀργυρότοξος, Argyrotoxos, literally "with silver bow"), Hecaërgus (/ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs/ HEK-ee-UR-gəs; Ἑκάεργος, Hekaergos, literally "far-shooting"), and Hecebolus (/hᵻˈsɛbələs/ hi-SEB-ə-ləs; Ἑκηβόλος, Hekēbolos, literally "far-shooting"). The Romans referred to Apollo as Articenens (/ɑːrˈtɪsᵻnənz/ ar-TISS-i-nənz; "bow-carrying"). Apollo was called Ismenius (/ɪzˈmiːniəs/ iz-MEE-nee-əs; Ἰσμηνιός, Ismēnios, literally "of Ismenus") after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrow.

question: As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?, answer: Aphetor | question: What name literally means "far-shooting?", answer: Hecaërgus | question: Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe?, answer: Ismenius | question: Who struck his parents with an arrow?, answer: Ismenius
As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league.

question: Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?, answer: many professional sports teams | question: What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?, answer: Jiangsu Sainty | question: What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?, answer: Nanjing Olympic Sports Center | question: What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?, answer: Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club | question: What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?, answer: CBA
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.

question: What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?, answer: the World Bank | question: What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?, answer: $28,781 | question: What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?, answer: Slovak Republic and Lithuania | question: Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?, answer: 8th
As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.

question: What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?, answer: Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome | question: Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?, answer: a covert moral or didactic purpose | question: What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?, answer: urban culture | question: From what settings did lyric poetry derive?, answer: courts and aristocratic circles | question: What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?, answer: the Shijing or Book of Songs
As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as language, dress, behaviour and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity.

question: What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?, answer: the concept of boundaries | question: What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?, answer: identity | question: Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?, answer: other social beings | question: What do markers help create?, answer: boundaries | question: Markers can be used to exert what on other people?, answer: influence
As a protector and founder, Apollo had the epithets Alexicacus (/əˌlɛksᵻˈkeɪkəs/ ə-LEK-si-KAY-kəs; Ἀλεξίκακος, Alexikakos, literally "warding off evil"), Apotropaeus (/əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs/ ə-POT-rə-PEE-əs; Ἀποτρόπαιος, Apotropaios, from ἀποτρέπειν, "to avert"), and Epicurius (/ˌɛpᵻˈkjʊriəs/ EP-i-KEWR-ee-əs; Ἐπικούριος, Epikourios, from ἐπικουρέειν, "to aid"), and Archegetes (/ɑːrˈkɛdʒətiːz/ ar-KEJ-ə-teez; Ἀρχηγέτης, Arkhēgetēs, literally "founder"), Clarius (/ˈklæriəs/ KLARR-ee-əs; Κλάριος, Klārios, from Doric κλάρος, "allotted lot"), and Genetor (/ˈdʒɛnᵻtər/ JEN-i-tər; Γενέτωρ, Genetōr, literally "ancestor"). To the Romans, he was known in this capacity as Averruncus (/ˌævəˈrʌŋkəs/ AV-ər-RUNG-kəs; from Latin āverruncare, "to avert"). He was also called Agyieus (/əˈdʒaɪ.ᵻjuːs/ ə-GWEE-ews; Ἀγυιεύς, Aguīeus, from ἄγυια, "street") for his role in protecting roads and homes; and Nomius (/ˈnoʊmiəs/ NOH-mee-əs; Νόμιος, Nomios, literally "pastoral") and Nymphegetes (/nɪmˈfɛdʒᵻtiːz/ nim-FEJ-i-teez; Νυμφηγέτης, Numphēgetēs, from Νύμφη, "Nymph", and ἡγέτης, "leader") for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life.

question: What word literally means "warding off evil?", answer: Alexicacus | question: What world literally means "founder?", answer: Archegetes | question: What word literally mens "ancestor?", answer: Genetor | question: What word means "to avert?", answer: Agyieus
As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.

question: What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?, answer: Rayleigh | question: What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?, answer: scatter more strongly | question: What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?, answer: removed almost completely | question: In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?, answer: longer
As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.

question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?, answer: land | question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?, answer: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation | question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?, answer: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests | question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?, answer: mammals | question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?, answer: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas
As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.

question: What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?, answer: desert | question: What plants were abundant during this time?, answer: pteridosperms | question: What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?, answer: Synapsids | question: When did the Antarctic peninsula form?, answer: Jurassic period | question: During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?, answer: Cretaceous
As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009. There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate (during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101-132/1000 live births, in 2000 the rate was 50-60/1000, and in 2008 it was 28-30/1000).

question: What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?, answer: great strides forward | question: How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?, answer: 98% | question: What was life expectancy in 1960s?, answer: 44.8 years | question: What was the life expectancy in 2009?, answer: 72.12 years | question: What direction has infant mortality rate taken?, answer: noticeable decline
As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

question: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?, answer: the 19th century Russo-Persian wars | question: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?, answer: the Caucasus | question: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?, answer: the 19th century | question: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?, answer: Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region
As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed.

question: What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?, answer: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 | question: What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?, answer: Muammar Gaddafi | question: What was the name of the military action against Libya?, answer: Operation Unified Protector | question: What was the goal of this operation?, answer: to protect civilians | question: The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?, answer: Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him
As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.

question: What form of servitude was eliminated?, answer: serfdom | question: When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?, answer: 19th century | question: The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?, answer: the Age of Awakening | question: Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?, answer: Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.
As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192–188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.

question: Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?, answer: Philip V | question: Who defeated Ptolemy?, answer: Antiochus | question: In what war was Ptolemy defeated?, answer: Fifth Syrian War | question: What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?, answer: Roman-Syrian War | question: What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?, answer: 192–188 BC
As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.

question: What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?, answer: unsuitable for agricultural use | question: How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?, answer: few | question: What do people basically rely on now?, answer: agriculture | question: Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?, answer: hunter-gatherer cultures | question: What kind of food production is worldwide now?, answer: reliance upon agriculture
As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.

question: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?, answer: Carnatic | question: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?, answer: 1766–1799 | question: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?, answer: 1772–1818 | question: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?, answer: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu | question: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?, answer: princely state