lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state.

question: At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?, answer: the end of the early modern period | question: What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?, answer: mechanistic | question: What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?, answer: humanities | question: The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?, answer: the modern state | question: The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?, answer: Aristotle
By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]

question: In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?, answer: 1821 | question: Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?, answer: Theodoros Kolokotronis | question: The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?, answer: Aegean Sea | question: Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?, answer: 1822 and 1824
By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to Minerva on the predominantly plebeian Aventine; she became part of a new Capitoline triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, installed in a Capitoline temple, built in an Etruscan style and dedicated in a new September festival, Epulum Jovis. These are supposedly the first Roman deities whose images were adorned, as if noble guests, at their own inaugural banquet.

question: At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?, answer: plebeian | question: With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?, answer: neighbours | question: What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?, answer: Minerva | question: In what style was the temple to Minerva built?, answer: Etruscan | question: What gods were in the Capitoline triad?, answer: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva
By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.

question: What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?, answer: MCA | question: Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?, answer: Republic Studios | question: In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?, answer: 1.5 | question: In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?, answer: 1958 | question: How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?, answer: $11 million
By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were demolished. The Breakers, the Chelsea, the Brighton, the Shelburne, the Mayflower, the Traymore, and the Marlborough-Blenheim were demolished in the 1970s and 1980s. Of the many pre-casino resorts that bordered the boardwalk, only the Claridge, the Dennis, the Ritz-Carlton, and the Haddon Hall survive to this day as parts of Bally's Atlantic City, a condo complex, and Resorts Atlantic City. The old Ambassador Hotel was purchased by Ramada in 1978 and was gutted to become the Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City, only reusing the steelwork of the original building. Smaller hotels off the boardwalk, such as the Madison also survived.

question: By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?, answer: the late 1960s | question: Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?, answer: demolished | question: When were many of the large hotels demolished?, answer: 1970s and 1980s | question: After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?, answer: Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City | question: Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?, answer: Ramada
By the late 1990s, blue LEDs became widely available. They have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells, the light emission can in theory be varied from violet to amber. Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of InGaN/GaN blue/green devices. If un-alloyed GaN is used in this case to form the active quantum well layers, the device will emit near-ultraviolet light with a peak wavelength centred around 365 nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN/GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems, but practical devices still exhibit efficiency too low for high-brightness applications.[citation needed]

question: What are cladding layers?, answer: active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN | question: How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?, answer: By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells | question: What does AlGaN stand for?, answer: Aluminium gallium nitride | question: What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?, answer: Green
By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern weaponry resulting from the European Industrial Revolution had rendered China's traditionally trained and equipped army and navy obsolete. The government attempts to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement were initially successful, but yielded few lasting results because of the central government's lack of funds, lack of political will, and unwillingness to depart from tradition.

question: When was the Second Opium War?, answer: 1860 | question: How big was the French-British army?, answer: 25,000 | question: What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?, answer: Self-Strengthening Movement | question: What happened to the Summer Palace?, answer: sacked
By the late 2000s, Dell's "configure to order" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland.

question: What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?, answer: 2000s | question: What plant did Dell close in Texas?, answer: Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center | question: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?, answer: North Carolina | question: What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?, answer: Herbalife | question: The plant in what US state still remains in operation?, answer: Florida
By the late 80s, House had moved West, particularly to San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego and Seattle. Los Angeles saw a huge explosion of underground raves and DJs, notably DJs Marques Wyatt and Billy Long, who spun at Jewel's Catch One, the oldest dance club in America. In 1989, the L.A. based, former EBN-OZN singer/rapper Robert Ozn started indie house label One Voice Records, releasing the Mike "Hitman" Wilson remix of Dada Nada's "Haunted House," which garnered instant club and mix show radio play in Chicago, Detroit and New York as well as in the U.K. and France. The record shot up to Number Five on the Billboard Club Chart, marking it as the first House record by a white artist to chart in the U.S. Dada Nada, the moniker for Ozn's solo act, released in 1990, what has become a classic example of jazz-based Deep House, the Frankie Knuckles and David Morales remix of Dada Nada's "Deep Love" (One Voice Records/US, Polydor/UK), featuring Ozn's lush, crooning vocals and muted trumpet improvisational solos, underscoring Deep House's progression into a genre that integrated jazz and pop songwriting structures – a feature which continued to set it apart from Acid House and Techno.

question: what is the oldest dance club in america?, answer: Jewel's Catch One | question: where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?, answer: Los Angeles | question: what label did robert ozn start in 1989?, answer: One Voice Records | question: one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?, answer: Haunted House | question: dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?, answer: Ozn
By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147–188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu’s invention.

question: What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?, answer: early form of semi-cursive script | question: What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?, answer: semi-cursive | question: Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?, answer: Qiu
By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland.

question: In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?, answer: the late Middle Ages | question: What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?, answer: the Collegio di Spagna | question: What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?, answer: the Collegium Carolinum | question: What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain?, answer: the Escuelas mayores | question: What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland?, answer: the Collegium Maius
By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?, answer: Ancient Greece | question: What englishman excavated pompeii?, answer: Sir William Hamilton | question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?, answer: Rome | question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?, answer: Sweden and Russia.
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

question: Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?, answer: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. | question: What was meant by the term saltationism?, answer: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation | question: What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?, answer: orthogenesis | question: What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?, answer: neo-Darwinism | question: What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?, answer: Mendelian inheritance
By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

question: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?, answer: slave trade | question: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?, answer: 1770 | question: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?, answer: slaves | question: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?, answer: the Great Migration | question: When did the Great Migration occur?, answer: the early 20th century
By the mid-18th century, the Qing had successfully put outer regions such as Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang under its control. Imperial commissioners and garrisons were sent to Mongolia and Tibet to oversee their affairs. These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan. Qinghai was also put under direct control of the Qing court. Xinjiang, also known as Chinese Turkestan, was subdivided into the regions north and south of the Tian Shan mountains, also known today as Dzungaria and Tarim Basin respectively, but the post of Ili General was established in 1762 to exercise unified military and administrative jurisdiction over both regions. Dzungaria was fully opened to Han migration by the Qianlong Emperor from the beginning. Han migrants were at first forbidden from permanently settling in the Tarim Basin but were the ban was lifted after the invasion by Jahangir Khoja in the 1820s. Likewise, Manchuria was also governed by military generals until its division into provinces, though some areas of Xinjiang and Northeast China were lost to the Russian Empire in the mid-19th century. Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese, as the area was off-limits to civilian Han Chinese until the government started colonizing the area, especially since the 1860s.

question: When did Tibet become part of Qing China?, answer: mid-18th century | question: What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?, answer: Lifan Yuan | question: What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?, answer: Xinjiang | question: Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?, answer: Qianlong | question: Who first ran Manchuria?, answer: military generals
By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

question: When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?, answer: mid-1970s | question: When was the Airline Deregulation act?, answer: 1978 | question: When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?, answer: 1981 | question: when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?, answer: 1994 | question: What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?, answer: computer technology
By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

question: Who tried to convert Frisians, answer: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians | question: Who did the pope appoint Bishop, answer: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians | question: What did Charles Martel do, answer: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops | question: What year did Utrecht gain in power, answer: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands | question: What showed the importance of Utrecht, answer: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522
By the spring of 49 BC, the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army, and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania (modern Spain) but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece. Pompey initially defeated Caesar, but failed to follow up on the victory, and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, despite outnumbering Caesar's forces two to one, albeit with inferior quality troops. Pompey fled again, this time to Egypt, where he was murdered.

question: During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?, answer: 49 BC | question: Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?, answer: Pompey | question: Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?, answer: Caesar | question: In what country did Pompey die in?, answer: Egypt | question: In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?, answer: 48 BC