lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.

question: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?, answer: ten times as many bacterial cells | question: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?, answer: the immune system | question: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?, answer: pathogenic | question: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?, answer: respiratory infections | question: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?, answer: farming
There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.

question: What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?, answer: constructivist | question: Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?, answer: sudden and drastic | question: Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?, answer: quantitative, state-theory | question: The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?, answer: artificial intelligence
There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low – it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed – but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault.

question: What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?, answer: the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another | question: Why does this difficulty occur?, answer: it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed | question: Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?, answer: there is no indication which method is at fault
There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, "culture" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.

question: How is culture defined?, answer: symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued | question: Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?, answer: all | question: What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?, answer: not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs | question: Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?, answer: not
There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." The term "Christian" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like." It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices.

question: While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?, answer: conflict | question: Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?, answer: significance | question: Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?, answer: the cultural aspects of Christianity
There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA.

question: Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?, answer: Raphe nuclei | question: Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?, answer: Serotonin | question: Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?, answer: Norepinephrine | question: Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?, answer: locus coeruleus
There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

question: How many courts are there on Tuvalu?, answer: eight | question: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?, answer: High Court of Tuvalu | question: What is the High Court's right to determine?, answer: Law of Tuvalu | question: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?, answer: Sir Gordon Ward | question: To where can judgments be appealed?, answer: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu
There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain but often translated Ogre Fountain) which is claimed to represent a Jew, the Greek god Chronos or a Fastnacht figure that scares disobedient children.

question: Where are the statues at in the Old Town?, answer: public fountains | question: Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?, answer: disobedient children. | question: Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?, answer: Hans Hiltbrand
There are facilities across the country with research rooms, archival holdings, and microfilms of documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region.

question: What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?, answer: documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region | question: Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?, answer: facilities across the country
There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.

question: Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?, answer: The United States | question: Who is the current US Consul General?, answer: Robert Settje | question: Why is the US so important to Bermuda?, answer: The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner | question: What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?, answer: 5%
There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a "Chief Councillor" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.

question: How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?, answer: 15 | question: Who presides over the executive council?, answer: the Governor | question: The head of government on the island is who?, answer: the Governor | question: When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?, answer: 23 March 2013
There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

question: What are the four categories of terra nullius?, answer: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies | question: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?, answer: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty | question: What do the treaties defend against?, answer: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories. | question: Where is Bir Tawil located?, answer: between Egypt and Sudan
There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange, of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda's regulatory environment. The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia's Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK's Financial Services Authority.

question: What does the Exchange specialize in?, answer: listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds | question: What is the BSX a member of?, answer: the World Federation of Exchanges | question: Where is the BSX located?, answer: an OECD member nation | question: Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?, answer: Australia
There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as defined by the SWEBOK guide are unit-, integration-, and system testing that are distinguished by the test target without implying a specific process model. Other test levels are classified by the testing objective.

question: What are the four recognized levels of testing software?, answer: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing | question: What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?, answer: software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test | question: What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?, answer: unit-, integration-, and system testing | question: What are the other levels classified by?, answer: the testing objective
There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]

question: What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers?, answer: 98.5% | question: What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines?, answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). | question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore?, answer: Hokkien speakers | question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia?, answer: Hokkien speakers | question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia?, answer: Hokkien speakers | question: Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?, answer: Han Chinese emigrants | question: What is the current name for Myanmar?, answer: Burma | question: What is the former name for Indonesia?, answer: Dutch East Indies | question: What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?, answer: 98.5% | question: What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?, answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē
There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.

question: What is the best-known London accent known as?, answer: Cockney | question: An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?, answer: 'ethnic' accents | question: What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?, answer: RP (Received Pronunciation) | question: Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?, answer: the wider South East England region
There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.

question: Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?, answer: Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections | question: What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?, answer: dynamic testing | question: When can dynamic testing occur?, answer: before the program is 100% complete | question: What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?, answer: stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment
There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.

question: Where are young artist trained, answer: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts | question: Is street art legal, answer: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht | question: What is considered landmark Architecture, answer: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites
There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65–68 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycle. In discontinuous gas exchange, however, the insect takes in oxygen while it is active and small amounts of carbon dioxide are released when the insect is at rest. Diffusive ventilation is simply a form of continuous gas exchange that occurs by diffusion rather than physically taking in the oxygen. Some species of insect that are submerged also have adaptations to aid in respiration. As larvae, many insects have gills that can extract oxygen dissolved in water, while others need to rise to the water surface to replenish air supplies which may be held or trapped in special structures.

question: What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?, answer: gas exchange | question: Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?, answer: diffusive ventilation | question: Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?, answer: continuous gas exchange | question: What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?, answer: discontinuous gas exchange | question: Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?, answer: diffusion
There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.

question: What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?, answer: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra | question: Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?, answer: The Anchorage Opera | question: What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?, answer: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival