lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. During this time, the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia was established at Eridu (Cuneiform: NUN.KI), c. 5300 BC, by farmers who brought with them the Hadji Muhammed culture, which first pioneered irrigation agriculture. It appears that this culture was derived from the Samarran culture from northern Mesopotamia. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. Eridu remained an important religious center when it was gradually surpassed in size by the nearby city of Uruk. The story of the passing of the me (gifts of civilization) to Inanna, goddess of Uruk and of love and war, by Enki, god of wisdom and chief god of Eridu, may reflect this shift in hegemony.

question: Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?, answer: Ubaid | question: Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?, answer: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf | question: During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?, answer: Eridu | question: What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?, answer: irrigation | question: Who was the chief god of Eridu?, answer: Enki
The Umayyad Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الأموية‎, trans. Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya) was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: الأمويون‎, al-ʾUmawiyyūn, or بنو أمية, Banū ʾUmayya, "Sons of Umayya"), hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79 million square miles), making it the largest empire (in terms of area - not in terms of population) the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.

question: How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?, answer: four | question: Who was the third caliph?, answer: Uthman ibn Affan | question: Who founded the Umayyad regime?, answer: Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan | question: How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?, answer: 5.79
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."

question: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?, answer: mawali | question: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?, answer: G.R. Hawting | question: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?, answer: old Arab
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?, answer: khalifat Allah | question: Where was the Abbasid court based?, answer: Baghdad | question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?, answer: mulk | question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?, answer: khalifat rasul Allah | question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?, answer: deputy of God
The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, Nü Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For others scripts, such as Mayan and Rongorongo, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved.

question: Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?, answer: Unicode Roadmap Committee | question: What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do?, answer: maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding | question: What proposal has been made for the Mayan script?, answer: no proposal has yet been made | question: Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?, answer: Unicode Consortium Web site
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.

question: What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?, answer: The Uniform Crime Reports | question: What does UCR focus on?, answer: violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes | question: Where was the UCR created?, answer: 1920s
The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed the 22 "four-thousanders" with at least 500 m (1,640 ft) of prominence.

question: What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?, answer: Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) | question: What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?, answer: subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives | question: The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?, answer: 500 m (1,640 ft)
The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations, Sardinians, Okinawans, and Adventists, who generally display longevity and "suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world, and enjoy more healthy years of life." In sum, they offer three sets of 'best practices' to emulate. The rest is up to you. In common with all three groups is to "Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains."

question: Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?, answer: United Healthcare/Pacificare | question: Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?, answer: National Geographic | question: In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?, answer: 2005 | question: How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?, answer: three | question: Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?, answer: whole grains
The United Kingdom and Ireland have separate media, although British television, newspapers and magazines are widely available in Ireland, giving people in Ireland a high level of familiarity with cultural matters in the United Kingdom. Irish newspapers are also available in the UK, and Irish state and private television is widely available in Northern Ireland.[citation needed] Certain reality TV shows have embraced the whole of the islands, for example The X Factor, seasons 3, 4 and 7 of which featured auditions in Dublin and were open to Irish voters, whilst the show previously known as Britain's Next Top Model became Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model in 2011. A few cultural events are organised for the island group as a whole. For example, the Costa Book Awards are awarded to authors resident in the UK or Ireland. The Man Booker Prize is awarded to authors from the Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland. The Mercury Music Prize is handed out every year to the best album from a British or Irish musician or group.

question: What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?, answer: British television, newspapers and magazines | question: What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?, answer: private television | question: What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?, answer: The X Factor | question: Who can receive the Costa Book Award?, answer: authors resident in the UK or Ireland
The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles.

question: How has United Kingdom been governed?, answer: unitary state | question: Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?, answer: UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power | question: When did devolution in the UK begin?, answer: 1914 | question: What is Ireland Act 1914?, answer: which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | question: What is Irish Free State?, answer: eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland
The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states that its members' obligations under it outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties.

question: What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?, answer: the International Court of Justice | question: What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?, answer: The United Nations Charter | question: Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?, answer: to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties | question: In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?, answer: 19th and 20th century | question: What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?, answer: Section 103
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it "is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled." Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.

question: What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?, answer: United Nations Population Fund | question: UNFPA's work concerns what general area?, answer: reproductive health | question: One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?, answer: wanted | question: Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?, answer: safe | question: What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?, answer: female genital mutilation
The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

question: What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?, answer: least developed | question: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?, answer: deferred its graduation | question: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?, answer: World Trade Organisation | question: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?, answer: funding assistance | question: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?, answer: environmental
The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. On June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children.

question: What was Nigeria's population in 2009?, answer: 154,729,000 | question: How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was rural?, answer: 51.7% | question: How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was urban?, answer: 48.3% | question: What was Nigeria's population density in 2009?, answer: 167.5 people per square kilometre | question: When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth?, answer: June 2012
The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

question: Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?, answer: The United Nations | question: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?, answer: UNICEF | question: The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?, answer: the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East | question: The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?, answer: the Near East
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

question: What is the USAF?, answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces | question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?, answer: seven | question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?, answer: 18 September 1947 | question: What act formed the USAF?, answer: National Security Act of 1947 | question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?, answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations
The United States Air Force has had numerous recruiting slogans including "No One Comes Close" and Uno Ab Alto ("One From On High"). For many years, the U.S. Air Force used "Aim High" as its recruiting slogan; more recently, they have used "Cross into the Blue", "We've been waiting for you" and "Do Something Amazing", "Above All", and the newest one, as of 7 October 2010, considered a call and response, "Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win" Each wing, group, or squadron usually has its own slogan(s). Information and logos can usually be found on the wing, group, or squadron websites.

question: What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan?, answer: "No One Comes Close" | question: What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean?, answer: "One From On High" | question: What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?, answer: "Aim high" followed with the response, "Fly-Fight-Win" | question: Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?, answer: wing, group, or squadron websites
The United States Army (USA) is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. It is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States and is designated as the Army of the United States in the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 2, Clause 1 and United States Code, Title 10, Subtitle B, Chapter 301, Section 3001. As the largest and senior branch of the U.S. military, the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–83)—before the U.S. was established as a country. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775.

question: What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?, answer: The United States Army | question: How many uniformed services are there in the US?, answer: seven | question: What years did the American Revolutionary War span?, answer: 1775–83 | question: What date was the U.S. Army created?, answer: 3 June 1784 | question: What did the U.S Army replace?, answer: Continental Army
The United States Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month, known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs), and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors; the District of Columbia National Guard, however, reports to the U.S. President, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.

question: What is the active component of the U.S. Army?, answer: Regular Army | question: What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?, answer: Army National Guard and the Army Reserve | question: What are UTAs?, answer: unit training assemblies | question: The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?, answer: 10 | question: Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?, answer: the U.S. President