lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. "Barometric self-esteem" fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. The validity of global self-esteem scales has been questioned, and many suggest that more specific scales might reveal more about the adolescent experience. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in supportive relationships with friends, the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social and moral support. When they fail to win friends' approval or couldn't find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls suffer from low self-esteem. In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends; on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. Due to the fact that both men and women happen to have a low self-esteem after ending a romantic relationship, they are prone to other symptoms that is caused by this state. Depression and hopelessness are only two of the various symptoms and it is said that women are twice as likely to experience depression and men are three to four times more likely to commit suicide (Mearns, 1991; Ustun & Sartorius, 1995).

question: Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?, answer: Self-esteem | question: Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?, answer: no | question: Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?, answer: Barometric self-esteem | question: Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?, answer: baseline self-esteem | question: What is the most important function of friendship?, answer: having someone who can provide social and moral support
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

question: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?, answer: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | question: What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?, answer: the Russian Constitution of 1937
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

question: Who was the father of Hisham?, answer: Abd al-Malik | question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?, answer: northern | question: When did Hisham's reign start?, answer: 724 | question: Where did Hisham base his court?, answer: Resafa | question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?, answer: Battle of Akroinon
The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible to end-users and applications. Physical design is driven mainly by performance requirements, and requires a good knowledge of the expected workload and access patterns, and a deep understanding of the features offered by the chosen DBMS.

question: What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?, answer: performance, scalability, recovery, security | question: What is an important goal in in this final stage?, answer: data independence | question: What factor is reflected in performance requirements?, answer: Physical design
The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception.

question: How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?, answer: complicate | question: How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?, answer: unrecognizable | question: What does splicing words affect?, answer: speech perception
The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.

question: What is Kathmandu's fire department called?, answer: Barun Yantra Karyalaya | question: What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?, answer: 1937 | question: When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?, answer: 1944 | question: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?, answer: seven | question: What is the mission of FAN?, answer: raising public awareness about fire and improving safety
The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though the drug was never approved in the USA, the firm distributed Kevadon to over 1,000 physicians there under the guise of investigational use. Over 20,000 Americans received thalidomide in this "study," including 624 pregnant patients, and about 17 known newborns suffered the effects of the drug.[citation needed]

question: How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?, answer: Over 20,000 | question: When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?, answer: November 1961 | question: How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?, answer: about 17 | question: How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?, answer: under the guise of investigational use | question: Why was this drug pulled off shelves?, answer: association with grave congenital abnormalities | question: In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?, answer: 1961 | question: What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?, answer: congenital abnormalities | question: Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?, answer: Kevadon | question: About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?, answer: Over 20,000 | question: How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?, answer: 17
The firm of John Russell Pope designed Broad Street Station as well as Branch House on Monument Avenue, designed as a private residence in the Tudor style, now serving as the Branch Museum of Architecture and Design. Broad Street Station (or Union Station), designed in the Beaux-Arts style, is no longer a functioning station but is now home to the Science Museum of Virginia. Main Street Station, designed by Wilson, Harris, and Richards, has been returned to use in its original purpose. The Jefferson Hotel and the Commonwealth Club were both designed by the classically trained Beaux-Arts architects Carrère and Hastings. Many buildings on the University of Richmond campus, including Jeter Hall and Ryland Hall, were designed by Ralph Adams Cram, most famous for his Princeton University Chapel and the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine.

question: What architectural style was used to design Branch House?, answer: Tudor | question: Who designed Branch House?, answer: John Russell Pope | question: What is another name for Broad Street Station?, answer: Union Station | question: What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?, answer: Beaux-Arts | question: Who designed the Commonwealth Club?, answer: Carrère and Hastings
The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

question: When did the first free election take place?, answer: 1492 | question: What was different about later elections then first free election?, answer: no restrictions on the choice of candidates. | question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?, answer: senators | question: Who won the election of 1492?, answer: John I Albert | question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?, answer: Jagiellonian Dynasty
The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.

question: What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to?, answer: ISO-8859-1 | question: Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?, answer: to make it trivial to convert existing western text | question: What does the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompass?, answer: a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet | question: What are the CJK languages referenced?, answer: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.

question: Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?, answer: R.D.W. Connor | question: When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?, answer: 1934 | question: What branch of the US government established the National Archives?, answer: Congress | question: What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?, answer: Hoover Commission | question: The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?, answer: subordinate official
The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

question: When were early Armenian Christian churches built?, answer: between the 4th and 7th century | question: In which century did Armenia become Christian?, answer: 4th | question: What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?, answer: Hrip'simé | question: When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?, answer: fifth century | question: When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?, answer: seventh century
The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System (simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航试验系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航試驗系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng shìyàn xìtǒng) and also known as BeiDou-1, consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000.

question: What was the first BeiDou system called?, answer: the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System | question: Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?, answer: mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions | question: What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?, answer: BeiDou-1 | question: How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?, answer: three | question: How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?, answer: since 2000
The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger).

question: When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent?, answer: 1788 | question: When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?, answer: 1819 | question: When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks?, answer: the mid-1850s | question: What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?, answer: 1865 | question: When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed?, answer: 1938
The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?, answer: 25 November 1837 | question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?, answer: 1834 | question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?, answer: France and Belgium | question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?, answer: Samuel Ryland Phipson | question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?, answer: mastic
The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demeré. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demeré relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demeré. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demeré and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.

question: In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?, answer: 1756 | question: What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?, answer: Fort Loudoun | question: Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?, answer: Captain Raymond Demeré | question: Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?, answer: Overhill Cherokees | question: Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?, answer: Captain Paul Demeré
The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?, answer: 1917 | question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?, answer: the Roman Rite | question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?, answer: 1962 - 1965 | question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?, answer: the Roman Rite | question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?, answer: 1990
The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War. For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been "First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox."

question: Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?, answer: Private Henry Wyatt | question: Where was henry Wyatt from?, answer: North Carolina | question: What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?, answer: in the Battle of Big Bethel | question: When did Henry Wyatt die?, answer: June 1861 | question: When was the battle of Gettysburg?, answer: July 1863
The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.

question: Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?, answer: if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die | question: What typically happens when digimon are killed?, answer: Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data | question: What are digimon made of?, answer: reconfigurable data | question: How is a digimon reborn?, answer: The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently | question: When was the digimon life cycle first described?, answer: The first Digimon anime | question: What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?, answer: Digimon life cycle | question: What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?, answer: dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data | question: What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?, answer: goes through its life cycle again | question: What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?, answer: they will die
The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be "DigiDestined" ("Chosen Children" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).

question: When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?, answer: March 7, 1999 in Japan | question: When did Digimon begin airing in America?, answer: August 14, 1999 | question: What was the premise of Digimon?, answer: travel to the Digital World | question: How many people are in the original Digimon?, answer: seven original characters