lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

question: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?, answer: Romanticism | question: What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?, answer: realism and naturalism | question: What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?, answer: individual experience and emotion | question: How did naturalism effect the greater world?, answer: influenced social and political change | question: 20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?, answer: the subjective
In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

question: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?, answer: Aristotle | question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?, answer: Posterior Analytics | question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?, answer: Aristotelian induction
In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?, answer: Spanish | question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?, answer: Italian | question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?, answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes | question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?, answer: diglossic attitudes | question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?, answer: Catalan
In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.

question: What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?, answer: last place
In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]

question: What were the Old West's local police options?, answer: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses | question: Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?, answer: The Army | question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?, answer: Army | question: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?, answer: Pinkerton National Detective Agency
In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

question: Where is IEC's standard used?, answer: the Balearic Islands | question: How is the standard used there?, answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect | question: What is a first person singular feature of the Balearic standard?, answer: non-ending
In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15, 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Following this "Pyrrhic victory", Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This decision would result in Cornwallis' eventual defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots' victory there guaranteed American independence.

question: The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?, answer: Catawba | question: What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?, answer: 1781 | question: What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?, answer: Greensboro | question: After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?, answer: Virginia coastline | question: What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?, answer: to get reinforcements
In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.

question: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?, answer: Genesis 9:20–21 | question: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?, answer: Dionysus | question: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?, answer: Christ | question: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?, answer: Deuteronomy | question: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?, answer: Noah
In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.

question: Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?, answer: The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies | question: Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?, answer: South-West Africa | question: What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?, answer: Genetic studies
In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found." This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.

question: When did Russian musika show up?, answer: khorovïye kontsertï | question: khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?, answer: Venetian-styled | question: What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?, answer: Psalms 150 | question: Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?, answer: Nikolai Diletsky
In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

question: What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?, answer: coin toss | question: At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?, answer: 35 | question: In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?, answer: 2010 | question: Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?, answer: second | question: Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?, answer: playoff or championship
In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

question: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?, answer: Blessed | question: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?, answer: beatus | question: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?, answer: four | question: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?, answer: Perpetual virginity of Mary
In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?, answer: the Church's hierarchical authorities | question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?, answer: canon law | question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?, answer: external organization and government | question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?, answer: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?, answer: the Church of England | question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?, answer: 12th | question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?, answer: common law | question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?, answer: Oxford and Cambridge | question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?, answer: Henry VIII
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

question: Who described slaves as negars?, answer: John Rolfe | question: Where was John Rolfe?, answer: Colonial America | question: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?, answer: Virginia colony | question: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?, answer: "Begraafplaats van de Neger" | question: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?, answer: Cemetery of the Negro
In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.

question: In what era were there many socio-technological trends?, answer: Contemporary era | question: The 21st century is refereed to as what?, answer: the Information age | question: What device was used most during the The Information age?, answer: computers | question: What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?, answer: terrorist acts | question: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?, answer: Contemporary era | question: What is the 21st century also known as?, answer: the Information age | question: What device was used most during 21st century?, answer: computers | question: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?, answer: terrorist acts
In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.

question: From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?, answer: the Kings of the Burgundians | question: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?, answer: the Swiss plateau | question: Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?, answer: valleys of the Alps | question: In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?, answer: Alemannia and Burgundy | question: What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?, answer: Frankish Empire
In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.

question: Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?, answer: Slavic tribes | question: What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?, answer: the Avars | question: Near what river were the Avars originally based?, answer: the Danube | question: During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?, answer: Heraclius | question: In what year did the reign of Maurice end?, answer: 602
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

question: What differentiates God from gods?, answer: the capitalized form of God | question: What belief has many gods?, answer: polytheism | question: What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?, answer: signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton | question: What is the tetragrammaton gor God?, answer: YHWH | question: No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?, answer: God | question: What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?, answer: gods | question: What is the name of God in Judaism?, answer: YHWH | question: What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?, answer: YHWH