lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

question: How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live?, answer: more than 500 thousand years ago | question: What vessel was found 5000 years ago?, answer: Zun, a kind of wine vessel | question: When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?, answer: 473 BC | question: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?, answer: about 400 years | question: When was the Wu state created?, answer: the late period of Shang dynasty
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.

question: What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?, answer: Homo erectus | question: When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?, answer: 400,000 years ago | question: What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest., answer: Anyathian | question: Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?, answer: neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered | question: What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?, answer: discovered in the form of cave paintings
Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, at the site of modern Bitterne Manor. Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410.

question: What year did the Romans invade Britain?, answer: AD 43 | question: What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?, answer: Clausentum | question: According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?, answer: stone age | question: What is the site of Clausentum called now?, answer: Bitterne Manor | question: In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?, answer: a wall
Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.

question: What is Louis Binford's profession?, answer: Archaeologist | question: What idea did Binford take issue with?, answer: that early hominids and early humans were hunters | question: What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?, answer: scavengers | question: What idea did Blumenschine propose?, answer: idea of confrontational scavenging | question: What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?, answer: challenging and scaring off | question: Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?, answer: Louis Binford | question: Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?, answer: hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers | question: What did Robert Blumenschine propose?, answer: confrontational scavenging | question: Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?, answer: archaeologists and paleoanthropologists | question: Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?, answer: challenging and scaring off
Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was known as Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill"), and was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golkonda came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal, 148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.

question: There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from?, answer: 500 BCE | question: What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region?, answer: 624 CE to 1075 CE | question: When did the Calukya empire split into four?, answer: the 11th century | question: What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century?, answer: Warangal | question: What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty?, answer: Golkonda (Golla Konda-"shepherd's hill")
Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense or rejection. Others appeal for divine redress of wrongs, in terms familiar to any Roman magistrate, and promise a portion of the value (usually small) of lost or stolen property in return for its restoration. None of these defixiones seem produced by, or on behalf of the elite, who had more immediate recourse to human law and justice. Similar traditions existed throughout the empire, persisting until around the 7th century AD, well into the Christian era.

question: What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?, answer: Archaeology | question: What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?, answer: defixiones | question: What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?, answer: law and justice | question: Until what era did spells persist in the empire?, answer: 7th century AD | question: What era produced a decline in the use of spells?, answer: Christian era
Architectural classicism is heavily represented in all districts of the city, particularly in Downtown, the Fan, and the Museum District. Several notable classical architects have designed buildings in Richmond. The Virginia State Capitol was designed by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in 1785. It is the second-oldest US statehouse in continuous use (after Maryland's) and was the first US government building built in the neo-classical style of architecture, setting the trend for other state houses and the federal government buildings (including the White House and The Capitol) in Washington, D.C. Robert Mills designed Monumental Church on Broad Street. Adjoining it is the 1845 Egyptian Building, one of the few Egyptian Revival buildings in the United States.

question: What state has the oldest capital building used continuously since it was built?, answer: Maryland | question: What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol?, answer: neo-classical | question: What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style?, answer: White House and The Capitol | question: What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building?, answer: Egyptian Revival | question: Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol?, answer: Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau
Architectural design competitions are used by an organisation that plans to build a new building or refurbish an existing building. They can be used for buildings, engineering work, structures, landscape design projects or public realm artworks. A competition typically asks for architects and/or designers to submit a design proposal in response to a given Brief. The winning design will then be selected by an independent jury panel of design professionals and client representatives. The independence of the jury is vital to the fair conduct of a competition.

question: What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?, answer: Architectural design competitions | question: What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?, answer: Brief | question: What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?, answer: design professionals and client representatives | question: What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?, answer: independence of the jury | question: What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?, answer: public realm artworks
Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships. Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass.

question: In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?, answer: the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form | question: Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ?, answer: Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare | question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?, answer: glass
Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in Archival Research Catalog (ARC). The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts. As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.

question: Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?, answer: Archival Research Catalog (ARC) | question: As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?, answer: 10 billion | question: How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?, answer: 922,000 | question: Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?, answer: artifacts | question: The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?, answer: 527,000
Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas.

question: What is the air defence of a certain area called?, answer: Area air defence | question: Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?, answer: Air Forces | question: What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?, answer: CIM-10 Bomarc | question: What range do area defence systems have?, answer: medium to long range | question: What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?, answer: to cover populated areas
Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating opera house, home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue. They produce a variety of new works. Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, America's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church, one of a number of smaller venues.

question: Name two districts with good night life?, answer: South Street and Old City | question: What is the home of the orchestra?, answer: Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts | question: What is the countries oldest opera house?, answer: Academy of Music | question: Who uses the opera house?, answer: Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet | question: What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?, answer: Walnut Street Theatre
Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask). A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away. Dry film solder mask is similar to the dry film used to image the PWB for plating or etching. After being laminated to the PWB surface it is imaged and develop as LPI. Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink. Solder resist also provides protection from the environment.

question: If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?, answer: solder resist | question: What's another term used for "solder resist"?, answer: solder mask | question: What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?, answer: liquid photoimageable solder mask | question: What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?, answer: photo-sensitive | question: What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?, answer: screen print epoxy ink
Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

question: What did Leibniz argue against?, answer: the absolutist position | question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?, answer: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles | question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?, answer: fact | question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?, answer: identity of indiscernibles
Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes".

question: Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?, answer: swallows | question: Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?, answer: 1878 | question: Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?, answer: Elliott Coues | question: Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?, answer: Gilbert White
Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.

question: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?, answer: Aristotle | question: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?, answer: Pliny the Elder | question: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?, answer: in his Historia Naturalis | question: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?, answer: cranes
Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.

question: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?, answer: Aristotle of Stagira | question: Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?, answer: the supra-sensual | question: Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint?, answer: experience | question: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?, answer: Skepticism and Neoplatonism
Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).

question: Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?, answer: Aristotle | question: What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?, answer: polus antarcticus | question: What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?, answer: Marinus of Tyre | question: What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?, answer: pol antartik | question: What was the old French words for the Antarctic?, answer: pole antartike
Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" (Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses").

question: What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?, answer: his theory of potentiality and actuality | question: How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?, answer: an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth | question: Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?, answer: Aristotle | question: Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?, answer: Plato | question: What does "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" mean?, answer: Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"
Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

question: What was the date when Arizona was bought?, answer: June 8, 1854 | question: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?, answer: 1861 | question: Arizona is south of which river?, answer: Gila River | question: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?, answer: Gadsden Purchase | question: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?, answer: 1857 | question: When was the Gadsden Purchase?, answer: June 8, 1854 | question: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?, answer: Mexico | question: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?, answer: March 1856 | question: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?, answer: August 1861 | question: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?, answer: devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches