lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
They established communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, which had been their primary region of concentration and residence until recent times, evolving their own distinctive characteristics and diasporic identities. In the late Middle Ages the center of gravity of the Ashkenazi population, and its traditional cultural life, shifted steadily eastward, out of the German lands into Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine). In the course of the late 18th and 19th centuries, those Jews who remained in or returned to the German lands experienced a cultural reorientation; under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation, as well the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centers, they gradually abandoned the use of Yiddish, while developing new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity.

question: In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?, answer: shifted steadily eastward | question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?, answer: German lands | question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?, answer: Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine) | question: In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?, answer: a cultural reorientation
They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.

question: What type of theology did Puritans accept?, answer: Reformed | question: When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?, answer: the 1640s | question: What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?, answer: personal and group | question: Where was Calvin criticized?, answer: Geneva | question: At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?, answer: the Westminster Assembly
They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple.

question: Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?, answer: base 10 and base 6 | question: What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?, answer: sexagesimal | question: What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?, answer: military | question: What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?, answer: legal and administrative | question: In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?, answer: a city-state's primary temple
They maintained that the potassium tartrate used in his treatment prevented his stomach from expelling these compounds and that his thirst was a symptom of the poison. Their hypothesis was that the calomel given to Napoleon became an overdose, which killed him and left extensive tissue damage behind. According to a 2007 article, the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts was mineral, the most toxic, and according to toxicologist Patrick Kintz, this supported the conclusion that he was murdered.

question: What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?, answer: potassium tartrate | question: What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?, answer: his thirst | question: According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?, answer: that he was murdered | question: In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?, answer: 2007
Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

question: What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?, answer: the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west | question: What was the initial result of the French invasion?, answer: Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 | question: What was the result of the Austrian invasion?, answer: then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 | question: Name the four opponents of Prussia., answer: (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North) | question: What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?, answer: a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership
Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.

question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?, answer: Moody's and S&P | question: When was Basel II adopted?, answer: 2005 | question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?, answer: the Basel II recommendations | question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?, answer: 2008
Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief deciduous trees—oak, beech, ash and sycamore maple. These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,940 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,920 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,580 ft).

question: How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions?, answer: Thirteen thousand | question: How are Alpine plants grouped?, answer: by habitat and soil type | question: Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees?, answer: chief deciduous trees
Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties. Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval.

question: How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?, answer: Thirty-nine | question: Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?, answer: reservations | question: What powers do tribal governments have?, answer: executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions | question: Who can overrule the tribal governments?, answer: the United States Congress | question: Who must approve tribal constitutions?, answer: the United States Congress
This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.

question: What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?, answer: Sunday Times Travel Magazine | question: In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?, answer: 2003 | question: How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?, answer: 164 | question: What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?, answer: Sunday Times Travel Magazine
This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories.

question: by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?, answer: fifth | question: To EIC in Malaya what state was the forth most improtant settlement?, answer: Penang | question: during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??, answer: regularised subsidiary | question: when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown, answer: greater accountability
This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

question: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?, answer: the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. | question: The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?, answer: larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. | question: How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?, answer: Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. | question: What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?, answer: the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. | question: What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?, answer: Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.
This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.

question: enlish firms were allow to trade with India unless?, answer: prohibited by act of parliament | question: what was the name of the second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?, answer: English Company Trading to the East Indies | question: The two parallel East India company had a power stuggle in both England and?, answer: India | question: In what year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?, answer: 1698 | question: The stock holder of the Original East India company rasied how much money to try and deal with the parallel East India Company?, answer: £315,000
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

question: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions?, answer: annexation | question: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?, answer: 1697 | question: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?, answer: Strasbourg Cathedral | question: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?, answer: Goethe and Herder
This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions.

question: What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?, answer: hemp or a synthetic material | question: How long is the rope?, answer: Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast | question: What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?, answer: One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. | question: What other requirement is there for the rope?, answer: The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center | question: When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?, answer: 2011
This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.

question: Animals with a spine are called what?, answer: vertebrates
This article covers numbered east-west streets in Manhattan, New York City. Major streets have their own linked articles; minor streets are discussed here. The streets do not run exactly east–west, because the grid plan is aligned with the Hudson River rather than with the cardinal directions. "West" is approximately 29 degrees north of true west.

question: What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions?, answer: Hudson River | question: In this article, how many degrees north of true west is "West?", answer: 29 | question: Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets?, answer: east-west | question: Which streets have their own linked articles?, answer: Major streets
This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

question: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?, answer: 1392 | question: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?, answer: Tirant lo Blanch | question: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?, answer: Ausiàs March | question: When was the University of Valencia founded?, answer: between 1499 and 1502 | question: What was the University of Valencia's original name?, answer: Estudio General
This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from conversion that enables a Christian to live a Holy Spirit–filled and empowered life. This empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the Apostolic Age of the early church. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement.

question: Give two examples of spiritual gifts., answer: speaking in tongues and divine healing | question: What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?, answer: Apostolic or Full Gospel | question: Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?, answer: Apostolic | question: Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?, answer: the Holy Spirit | question: What three things are Pentecostals committed to?, answer: biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous
This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.

question: Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?, answer: Spanish | question: With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?, answer: French | question: What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?, answer: French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change