lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In boundary scan testing, test circuits integrated into various ICs on the board form temporary connections between the PCB traces to test that the ICs are mounted correctly. Boundary scan testing requires that all the ICs to be tested use a standard test configuration procedure, the most common one being the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) standard. The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes. JTAG tool vendors provide various types of stimulus and sophisticated algorithms, not only to detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins.

question: What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?, answer: Joint Test Action Group | question: Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?, answer: temporary | question: What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing?, answer: ICs | question: To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures?, answer: JTAG tool vendors | question: What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard?, answer: physical test probes
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

question: Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?, answer: there is disagreement among historical analysts | question: What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?, answer: strong party organization and professional politicians | question: What were these conditions effective for in the house?, answer: establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.
In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

question: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?, answer: supporting material | question: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?, answer: roof | question: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?, answer: cladding | question: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?, answer: doors
In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean.[V] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money.

question: What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?, answer: Baltic | question: Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?, answer: Genoa | question: Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?, answer: Marco Polo | question: What accounting method was utilized in this period?, answer: double-entry bookkeeping | question: In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?, answer: Italy
In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.

question: What is a perk of the central bank?, answer: it can make as much money as it deems needed | question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?, answer: bonds issued by the Federal government | question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?, answer: commercial paper | question: What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?, answer: to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning
In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer. Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods, though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding. The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples. The West is affected by large wildfires each year.

question: Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?, answer: central portions of the U.S. | question: During which seasons are tornados most common?, answer: spring and summer | question: Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US?, answer: Appalachian region and the Midwest | question: Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?, answer: Southwest | question: What type of disasters affects the western US every year?, answer: wildfires
In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字).

question: What may be contracted into single characters?, answer: compound words and set phrases | question: What can be considered as set phrases?, answer: single characters | question: What are logograms?, answer: characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes
In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

question: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?, answer: Christian, Islamic and Jewish
In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.

question: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?, answer: lignin | question: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?, answer: Softwood | question: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?, answer: coniferyl | question: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?, answer: sinapyl | question: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?, answer: Hardwood
In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason (mind) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms (ideai, "ideas"). The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas. The Greek words oida (οἶδα, "(I) know") and eidos (εἶδος, "species") have the same root as the word idea (ἰδέα), indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses, to the principles beyond the senses. The artists in Plato's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization. The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important, and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual.

question: Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?, answer: Anaxagoras | question: Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?, answer: Plato | question: What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?, answer: eidos
In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?, answer: does not accelerate | question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?, answer: an inertial frame of reference | question: An object in free fall does not experience what?, answer: force | question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?, answer: the surface of the planet | question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?, answer: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.
In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

question: Which bowl game is held in Detroit?, answer: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl | question: Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?, answer: Ford Field | question: Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?, answer: Mid-American Conference
In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland — the provinces of Ourense and Lugo — is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings called minifundios. However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.

question: Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?, answer: fishing | question: What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called?, answer: minifundios
In comparison to the principal alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions and lower operating costs. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and reliable than diesels. They have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Some electric traction systems provide regenerative braking that turns the train's kinetic energy back into electricity and returns it to the supply system to be used by other trains or the general utility grid. While diesel locomotives burn petroleum, electricity is generated from diverse sources including many that do not produce carbon dioxide such as nuclear power and renewable forms including hydroelectric, geothermal, wind and solar.

question: What is the principal alternative to electric railways?, answer: diesel engine | question: What locomotives are usually more reliable?, answer: Electric locomotives | question: What do some electric traction systems provide?, answer: regenerative braking | question: What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?, answer: petroleum | question: What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?, answer: geothermal
In comparison, the 2010 Census Redistricting Data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 661,839 (43.4%) African American, 626,221 (41.0%) White, 6,996 (0.5%) Native American, 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Indonesian), 744 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 90,731 (5.9%) from other races, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican, 1.0% Dominican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) African American, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races. The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 United States Census Census included Irish (12.5%), Italian (8.4%), German (8.1%), Polish (3.6%), and English (3.0%).

question: What is the percent of blacks?, answer: 43.4% | question: What is the percent of whites?, answer: 41.0% | question: What is the hispanic make-up of the population?, answer: 12.3% | question: What is the largest European ancestry?, answer: Irish (12.5%)
In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells are mostly of one kind, tracheids, and as a result the material is much more uniform in structure than that of most hardwoods. There are no vessels ("pores") in coniferous wood such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash, for example.

question: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?, answer: tracheids | question: Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?, answer: softwood | question: What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?, answer: pores | question: What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?, answer: oak | question: Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?, answer: ash
In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks. A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday, and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month. Calculating the day of the week is not very simple, because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country, the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted. For example, in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar's adoption, Friday, 15 October 1582, the preceding date was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (Julian calendar).

question: What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?, answer: system of weeks | question: Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?, answer: irregularities | question: After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?, answer: uninterrupted | question: What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?, answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582 | question: What was the date of adoption for the calendar?, answer: Friday, 15 October 1582
In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?, answer: Spain, England, and France | question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?, answer: Manuel Doblado | question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?, answer: President Juárez | question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?, answer: General Juan Prim of Spain | question: Which country refused to accept?, answer: France
In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

question: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?, answer: workmanship | question: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?, answer: kickbacks | question: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?, answer: exclusion | question: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?, answer: forced to give sexual favors | question: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?, answer: statistics
In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose "anything but intercourse" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.

question: What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?, answer: One in four | question: Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?, answer: gonorrhea | question: What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?, answer: One-quarter | question: According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?, answer: eighty-one percent | question: What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?, answer: 15
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

question: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?, answer: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism | question: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?, answer: rationalism and naturalism | question: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?, answer: No one voice | question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?, answer: Albert Pike | question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?, answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA | question: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?, answer: Protestant | question: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational?, answer: Catholic | question: Who was controversial among Freemasons?, answer: Albert Pike | question: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?, answer: No one | question: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?, answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA