lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?, answer: emulsion | question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?, answer: 70% | question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?, answer: cationic and anionic | question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?, answer: recycled | question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?, answer: hot-mixed
A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.

question: What Tech company is based in Detroit?, answer: Compuware | question: What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?, answer: Blue Cross Blue Shield | question: Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?, answer: Quicken Loans | question: What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?, answer: Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office
A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?, answer: the Brethren of Purity | question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?, answer: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī | question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?, answer: Sunni | question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?, answer: Nurullah Shushtari | question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?, answer: Jules J. Janssens
A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.

question: What is the student population of University of Westminster?, answer: 34,000 | question: How many international universities operate in London?, answer: three | question: In what suburb is the American International University in London located?, answer: Richmond | question: What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?, answer: University of the Arts London
A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3

question: Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?, answer: Captain DonSette | question: What vessel was attacked in 1845?, answer: Naiad | question: What ships were attacked in 1852?, answer: Glencoe and Sea Nymph | question: In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?, answer: 1857 | question: On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?, answer: Ebon | question: Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?, answer: Captain DonSette | question: In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?, answer: 1845 | question: What type of ship was the Naiad?, answer: schooner | question: Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?, answer: San Francisco | question: Where did missionaries live as of 1857?, answer: Ebon
A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.

question: In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?, answer: London School of Economics | question: Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?, answer: 5th | question: The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?, answer: The London Business School | question: What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?, answer: Imperial College London
A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.

question: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?, answer: the Somali alphabet | question: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?, answer: Mohamed Siad Barre | question: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?, answer: October 1972 | question: Who created the Somali alphabet?, answer: Shire Jama Ahmed | question: Who invented the Osmanya script?, answer: Osman Yusuf Kenadid
A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty, namely "liberty as non-domination." Unlike liberals who understand liberty as "non-interference," "non-domination" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of anyother person. To a liberal, a slave who is not interfered with may be free, yet to a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian Quentin Skinner, jurist Cass Sunstein, and political philosopher Philip Pettit. The capability approach, pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it.

question: When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?, answer: the end of the 20th century | question: What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?, answer: The resurgent republican movement | question: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?, answer: The capability approach
A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed]

question: What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?, answer: a fundamental change in circumstances | question: A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?, answer: its own breach of the treaty | question: The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?, answer: political boundaries | question: The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?, answer: the extent of obligations | question: In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?, answer: unforeseen
A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a "manifest violation" is required such that it would be "objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter". A strong presumption exists internationally that a head of state has acted within his proper authority. It seems that no treaty has ever actually been invalidated on this provision.[citation needed]

question: A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?, answer: that state's domestic law | question: For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?, answer: his proper authority | question: What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?, answer: a "manifest violation" | question: A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?, answer: the internal affairs and processes | question: What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?, answer: invalid
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

question: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?, answer: A party's floor leader | question: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?, answer: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization | question: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?, answer: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party
A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17

question: Who grants a patent?, answer: the government | question: Who is a patent granted to?, answer: an inventor | question: How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?, answer: three | question: An invention is a solution to what type of problem?, answer: technological | question: What is a patent offered in exchange for?, answer: public disclosure of the invention
A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's Aeneid, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy, along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta.

question: Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?, answer: wife | question: Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?, answer: pater familias | question: Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?, answer: Aeneas | question: From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?, answer: Troy | question: What was put in the temple of Vesta?, answer: Palladium
A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

question: What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US, answer: it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles | question: What level is most of the land in florida, answer: Much of the state is at or near sea level | question: What is the florida climate, answer: The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south | question: Some animals and reptiles native to Florida, answer: American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee | question: Name a National Park in Florida, answer: Everglades National Park
A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.

question: Who did Tony Blair side with?, answer: President George W. Bush | question: Why did Blair side with Bush?, answer: the Iraq War | question: Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?, answer: Sir John Chilcot | question: Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?, answer: deeply unpopular
A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

question: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?, answer: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock | question: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?, answer: 11.4% | question: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?, answer: the infamous birthday cake interview
A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health.

question: What is OSHA?, answer: Occupational Safety and Health Administration | question: What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?, answer: 0.25 mg/m3 | question: What does REL stand for?, answer: recommended exposure limit | question: What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?, answer: 0.2 mg/m3 | question: At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?, answer: 10 mg/m3