lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

question: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?, answer: Seleucus | question: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?, answer: Antigonus | question: When was the Battle of Ipsus?, answer: 301 BCE | question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?, answer: Cilicia | question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?, answer: Cyprus
The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?, answer: price inflation | question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?, answer: price inflation | question: What does CPI stand for?, answer: consumer price index | question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?, answer: Bureau of Labor Statistics | question: What does the CPI estimate?, answer: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States
The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?, answer: Catalan | question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?, answer: War of Spanish Succession | question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?, answer: 1714 | question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?, answer: Spanish | question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?, answer: Catalan
The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]

question: What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?, answer: decline of Constantinople | question: Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?, answer: Kiev | question: What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?, answer: Byzantine
The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

question: What war took place from 1702-1709?, answer: War of Spanish Succession | question: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?, answer: Charles of Austria | question: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?, answer: 24 January 1706 | question: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?, answer: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth | question: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?, answer: fortress at Sagunt
The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

question: What is the decolonization of the Americas?, answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. | question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?, answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. | question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?, answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. | question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?, answer: 1808 until 1829 | question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?, answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the Tito–Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed in full number only at his funeral in 1980. Tito's reputation as one of the Allied leaders of World War II, along with his diplomatic position as the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, was primarily the cause of the favorable international recognition.

question: In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?, answer: 1948 | question: In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?, answer: 1953 | question: In what year was Tito's funeral?, answer: 1980 | question: Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement?, answer: Tito | question: Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953?, answer: Tito
The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, "coloured" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as "coloured" are today described as "black", or "of African heritage", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as "coloured" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.

question: There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?, answer: black and white | question: Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?, answer: white Protestants of English heritage | question: Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?, answer: coloured | question: Why is it problematic that the "coloured" population of Bermuda is now referred to as "black" or "African heritage"?, answer: obscures their non-African heritage | question: There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?, answer: Asian
The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire’s citizens to modernize the state’s institutions, rejuvenate its strength, and enable it to hold its own against outside powers. Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place. Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Young Turks movement members once underground (named committee, group, etc.) established (declared) their parties. Among them “Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party” were major parties. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included; Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The last of Ottoman censuses was performed with the 1914 census. Ottoman military reforms resulted with the Ottoman Modern Army which engaged with Italo-Turkish War (1911), Balkan Wars (1912–1913), and continuous unrest (Counter coup followed by restoration and Saviors followed by Raid on Porte) in the Empire up to World War I.

question: What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?, answer: Second Constitutional Era | question: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?, answer: the Young Turk Revolution | question: The restoration of what happened in 1876?, answer: the Ottoman constitution | question: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?, answer: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party” | question: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?, answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina
The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

question: What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?, answer: 84.0% | question: What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?, answer: storage & supply depots | question: What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?, answer: (3.4% | question: Who manages the defence estate?, answer: Defence Infrastructure Organisation | question: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?, answer: (2.5%
The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

question: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?, answer: original sin only | question: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?, answer: Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes | question: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?, answer: privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain | question: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?, answer: Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." | question: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?, answer: sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.
The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?, answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin | question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?, answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal | question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ?, answer: let him be anathema." | question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?, answer: The Council of Trent
The definition of antenna gain or power gain already includes the effect of the antenna's efficiency. Therefore, if one is trying to radiate a signal toward a receiver using a transmitter of a given power, one need only compare the gain of various antennas rather than considering the efficiency as well. This is likewise true for a receiving antenna at very high (especially microwave) frequencies, where the point is to receive a signal which is strong compared to the receiver's noise temperature. However, in the case of a directional antenna used for receiving signals with the intention of rejecting interference from different directions, one is no longer concerned with the antenna efficiency, as discussed above. In this case, rather than quoting the antenna gain, one would be more concerned with the directive gain which does not include the effect of antenna (in)efficiency. The directive gain of an antenna can be computed from the published gain divided by the antenna's efficiency.

question: What else is also known as power gain?, answer: antenna gain | question: What is used to signal toward a reciever?, answer: transmitter | question: Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?, answer: directive gain | question: Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?, answer: published gain
The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.

question: What are the three main types of autonomy?, answer: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy | question: How is behavioral autonomy defined?, answer: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern | question: Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?, answer: Behavioral | question: How is cognitive autonomy defined?, answer: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation | question: Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?, answer: match closely
The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.

question: What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?, answer: clines | question: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?, answer: liger | question: What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?, answer: Beefalo | question: What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?, answer: hybrid
The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

question: What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?, answer: communications gap | question: What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?, answer: misrepresent what information | question: What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?, answer: 1939 | question: Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939?, answer: Wever | question: In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?, answer: Rechlin
The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]

question: Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?, answer: England | question: What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?, answer: 80% | question: What is the most populated city in Ireland?, answer: Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) | question: How many people live in the area of London?, answer: 9 million | question: What are two other major populated cities in England?, answer: Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)