lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant.

question: Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?, answer: fear | question: Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?, answer: changes in pulse rate | question: Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?, answer: baring teeth | question: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?, answer: Jonathan Turner | question: How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?, answer: four
A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.

question: What characters are often non-standard?, answer: polysyllabic | question: What is a commonly seen example?, answer: double happiness symbol | question: What is formed as a ligature?, answer: double happiness symbol
A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.

question: What does the communicator do?, answer: reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings | question: What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?, answer: AC | question: Where do brushes get their power?, answer: external | question: What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?, answer: rotating
A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.

question: What would a rotor do without current reversal?, answer: brake to a stop | question: What switches the input of most DC motors?, answer: commutator | question: From where is current to the motor supplied?, answer: stationary brushes | question: What two motor types are ascendant today?, answer: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet
A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

question: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?, answer: a computer
A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

question: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?, answer: artificial intelligence
A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

question: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?, answer: a single number | question: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?, answer: the software's
A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally.

question: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?, answer: Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana | question: In what year was this genome sequenced?, answer: 2000 | question: Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?, answer: one of the smallest genomes | question: Why is sequencing done on plants?, answer: understanding the genetics | question: What results from sequencing of DNA pairs?, answer: new knowledge about plant function
A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. This imagery of people in the Blitz was and is powerfully portrayed in film, radio, newspapers and magazines. At the time it was a useful propaganda tool for home and foreign consumption. Historians' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. In the Myth of the Blitz, Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours. What he saw as the myth—serene national unity—became "historical truth". In particular, class division was most evident.

question: What view became popular of the British people in WWII?, answer: people locked in national solidarity. | question: When did this popular view come to be?, answer: in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). | question: Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?, answer: aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. | question: What was the Historians' critical response to this view?, answer: over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. | question: What did Calder try to expose in his book?, answer: some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours
A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?, answer: economic and social problems
A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.

question: At what point can a count be started?, answer: any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. | question: What can happen to an arrogant wrestler?, answer: a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee. | question: What might a partially conscious wrestler do?, answer: wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent
A countout (alternatively "count-out" or "count out") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will "milk" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as "breaking the count." Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents.

question: What are a couple other ways to write countout?, answer: "count-out" or "count out" | question: What happens during a countout?, answer: when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten | question: What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout?, answer: sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out | question: What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?, answer: breaking the count.
A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the "whole hog" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat.

question: What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?, answer: pork barbecue | question: What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?, answer: Boston butt | question: What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?, answer: Lexington barbecue | question: What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?, answer: pork shoulder | question: How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?, answer: over 100,000
A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

question: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?, answer: primarily economical | question: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?, answer: database related application | question: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?, answer: conceptual and external architectural levels | question: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?, answer: vendor provides tools | question: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?, answer: ano
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'.

question: What does DBMS stand for?, answer: database management system | question: What is the purpose of a DBMS?, answer: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases | question: What is the most popular DBMS?, answer: SQL language | question: How are DBMSs classified?, answer: according to the database model that they support
A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

question: How many members were in the National Assembly?, answer: 600 | question: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?, answer: 400 | question: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?, answer: Khrushchev | question: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?, answer: Communist Party | question: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?, answer: Boghdadi and Amer
A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.

question: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?, answer: intraspecific conflicts | question: What is another name for steamer ducks?, answer: Tachyeres | question: What is another name for Anhimidae?, answer: screamers | question: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?, answer: bony knob on the alular metacarpal
A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.

question: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?, answer: Alexander v. Yale | question: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?, answer: March 2011 | question: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?, answer: Broad Recognition | question: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?, answer: the university had a hostile sexual climate | question: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?, answer: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct
A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?, answer: sleep disorder FASPS | question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?, answer: period | question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?, answer: FASPS | question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?, answer: biological clock | question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?, answer: time of the day
A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast.

question: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?, answer: 2 December 2013 | question: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?, answer: five straight days | question: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?, answer: From 5 to 6 December