lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The Paris Urban Area, or "unité urbaine", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.

question: In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?, answer: 2,241,346 | question: Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?, answer: fifth | question: What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?, answer: London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome | question: Who created The Paris Urban Area?, answer: INSEE | question: According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?, answer: 10,550,350
The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. The city's population loss came to an end in the 21st century; the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, and the population reached 2,234,000 by 2009.

question: What is Paris' peak population?, answer: 2.9 million | question: When was Paris' population peak?, answer: 1921 | question: What year was the first population increase since 1954?, answer: 2004 | question: What was the population in 2009?, answer: 2,234,000
The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?, answer: 1,996,626 people | question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?, answer: Protestants | question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?, answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians
The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

question: What is the population of the Alpine region?, answer: 14 million | question: What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?, answer: manufacturing and service jobs | question: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?, answer: Alpine culture
The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

question: The populations did not accept what?, answer: Turkish rule | question: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?, answer: 1688 | question: What created Serbia?, answer: the Serbian Revolution | question: When was the Serbian Revolution?, answer: 1815–1833 | question: When was the Greek War of Independence?, answer: 1821–1832
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.

question: Which port is Sicily's primary port?, answer: The port of Palermo | question: How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?, answer: 2 million | question: How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?, answer: 2 million | question: For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?, answer: sailing yachts and catamarans | question: What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?, answer: Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis
The port on Montevideo Bay is one of the reasons the city was founded. It gives natural protection to ships, although two jetties now further protect the harbour entrance from waves. This natural port is competitive with the other great port of Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires. The main engineering work on the port occurred between the years 1870 and 1930. These six decades saw the construction of the port's first wooden pier, several warehouses in La Aguada, the north and south Rambla, a river port, a new pier, the dredged river basin and the La Teja refinery. A major storm in 1923 necessitated repairs to many of the city's engineering works. Since the second half of the 20th century, physical changes have ceased, and since that time the area has degraded due to national economic stagnation.

question: What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?, answer: The port on Montevideo Bay | question: Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?, answer: 1870 and 1930 | question: What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?, answer: A major storm
The port was the point of departure for the Pilgrim Fathers aboard Mayflower in 1620. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from Southampton. Four in five of the crew on board the vessel were Sotonians, with about a third of those who perished in the tragedy hailing from the city. Southampton was subsequently the home port for the transatlantic passenger services operated by Cunard with their Blue Riband liner RMS Queen Mary and her running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth. In 1938, Southampton docks also became home to the flying boats of Imperial Airways. Southampton Container Terminals first opened in 1968 and has continued to expand.

question: What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?, answer: Mayflower | question: What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?, answer: 1620 | question: How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?, answer: Four | question: What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?, answer: Cunard | question: In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?, answer: 1968
The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Neighborhoods in the city's Southside area range from affluent and middle class suburban neighborhoods Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor. Other Southside neighborhoods include Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, and Beaufont Hills. Much of Southside developed a suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond, most notably in 1970.

question: What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?, answer: Southside | question: Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?, answer: middle class | question: What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?, answer: Hillside Court | question: Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?, answer: Chesterfield | question: What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?, answer: impoverished
The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.

question: How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?, answer: somewhat similar | question: Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?, answer: endurantist | question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?, answer: perdurantist | question: Which view is seen as conventional?, answer: Endurantism | question: Who is an example of a perdurantist?, answer: David Lewis
The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winning the competition. Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history. It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club, i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League.

question: Do people look forward to Cinderella matches?, answer: where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as "giant killings", is much anticipated by the public | question: What do people think about giant killers?, answer: is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition | question: Does giant killing happen often?, answer: Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history | question: Does the media showcase giant killers?, answer: . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club | question: What is a giant killer?, answer: unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition
The possibility of withdrawal depends on the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire. It has, for example, been held that it is not possible to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. When North Korea declared its intention to do this the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as registrar, said that original signatories of the ICCPR had not overlooked the possibility of explicitly providing for withdrawal, but rather had deliberately intended not to provide for it. Consequently, withdrawal was not possible.

question: What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?, answer: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | question: What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?, answer: North Korea | question: Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?, answer: the Secretary-General of the United Nations | question: What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?, answer: the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire | question: The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?, answer: The possibility of withdrawal
The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

question: What happened to Russia's subdivision of government?, answer: changed towards a generally autonomous model | question: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?, answer: in the aftermath of the Soviet Union | question: Who was in charge when the reforms was going on?, answer: Boris Yeltsin | question: Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin?, answer: Vladimir Putin
The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?, answer: Maratha suzerainty | question: What founding was of importance in the decline of the Mughals?, answer: Maratha confederacy | question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?, answer: Chatrapati Shivaji | question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?, answer: great constructive genius | question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?, answer: Peshwa Bajirao I
The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliament's approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, but it was still commonplace for monarchs to refuse royal assent to bills. In 1678, Charles II withheld his assent from a bill "for preserving the Peace of the Kingdom by raising the Militia, and continuing them in Duty for Two and Forty Days," suggesting that he, not parliament, should control the militia. The last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1708, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a bill passed by the British parliament.

question: Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?, answer: Charles I | question: What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?, answer: raising taxes | question: After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?, answer: English Civil War | question: Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?, answer: Anne | question: Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?, answer: Charles I | question: Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?, answer: her ministers | question: What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?, answer: restrict his arbitrary exercise of power | question: When was the last time royal assent was enacted?, answer: 11 March 1708 | question: Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?, answer: Anne
The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.

question: What used to be the main draw on electricity?, answer: incandescent lighting | question: What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?, answer: retailing | question: In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?, answer: farming | question: Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?, answer: energy
The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated from one unit, and tested for validity before being passed into another unit. One option for interface testing is to keep a separate log file of data items being passed, often with a timestamp logged to allow analysis of thousands of cases of data passed between units for days or weeks. Tests can include checking the handling of some extreme data values while other interface variables are passed as normal values. Unusual data values in an interface can help explain unexpected performance in the next unit. Component interface testing is a variation of black-box testing, with the focus on the data values beyond just the related actions of a subsystem component.

question: What is it called to check data passed between units?, answer: component interface testing | question: What is it called when data is being passed?, answer: message packets | question: What is an option of component interface testing used while sending message packets?, answer: keep a separate log file of data items being passed | question: What is a variation of black-box testing?, answer: Component interface testing
The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term "piracy" in relation to copyright infringement, stating "Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection." Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as "piracy."

question: What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?, answer: monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter | question: How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?, answer: in relation to copyright infringement | question: What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?, answer: seized on importation | question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?, answer: 1994 | question: Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?, answer: peer-to-peer file sharing networks
The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, the regular season league expanded to 18 games, with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games.

question: A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?, answer: NBC | question: How many games was the regular season in 1996?, answer: 14 | question: How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?, answer: 16 | question: How many games long was the 2011 regular season?, answer: 18 | question: How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?, answer: 16