lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

question: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?, answer: 1890s | question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?, answer: Western expatriates | question: When did Jiji Manga debut?, answer: 1900 | question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?, answer: Rakuten Kitazawa | question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?, answer: 1930s
Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

question: Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?, answer: Imams | question: What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?, answer: Imamah | question: Who do the Iamas provide guidance to?, answer: their tariqa followers | question: What are Imams possessed of?, answer: divine knowledge and authority | question: Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?, answer: Muhammad | question: What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?, answer: Imamah | question: Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?, answer: Imams | question: What is the role of Imams?, answer: providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran | question: Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?, answer: Imams
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity"., answer: Immanuel Kant | question: What does the term Sapere aude mean?, answer: Dare to be wise | question: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?, answer: Johann Gottfried Herder
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).

question: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?, answer: 20th | question: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?, answer: 1724 | question: For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?, answer: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791) | question: In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?, answer: 1791 | question: Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?, answer: reason
Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.

question: In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?, answer: the Critique of Pure Reason | question: What did Kant portray space and time to be?, answer: both are elements of a systematic mental framework | question: Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?, answer: an abstract conceptual framework | question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?, answer: temporal measurements | question: What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?, answer: Spatial measurements
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

question: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?, answer: exoheretic | question: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?, answer: scientific journals | question: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?, answer: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium
Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

question: Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?, answer: Reflections on the Revolution in France | question: When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?, answer: 1790 | question: How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?, answer: 17,500 | question: Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?, answer: Pierre-Gaëton Dupont | question: When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?, answer: June 1791
Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

question: When did most of the jazz clubs close down?, answer: 1960s | question: Why did the jazz clubs close down?, answer: musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll | question: Where were most jazz clubs located?, answer: cellars
Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

question: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?, answer: 1914 | question: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?, answer: a Less Commonly Taught Language | question: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?, answer: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin | question: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?, answer: Spanish | question: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?, answer: 70,500
Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan.

question: Who aided the immigration to Israel?, answer: Israeli Immigration Department | question: The immigration was in accordance to what?, answer: One Million Plan | question: When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?, answer: 1953
Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

question: Why did Cubans come to the United States?, answer: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability | question: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?, answer: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States | question: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?, answer: most are fluent in Spanish | question: Where do most Cuban Americans live?, answer: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States | question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?, answer: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.
Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.

question: What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?, answer: it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination | question: What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?, answer: Rotavirus | question: What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?, answer: 20% | question: What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?, answer: (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence | question: What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?, answer: 1985
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).

question: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?, answer: research | question: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?, answer: non-classical models of immunity | question: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?, answer: cells, organs and systems | question: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?, answer: not previously associated with the immune system
Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

question: In general, what does immunology study?, answer: immune systems in all organisms | question: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?, answer: both health and diseases | question: Name three types of immunological disorders?, answer: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection | question: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?, answer: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo | question: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?, answer: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

question: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?, answer: strongly experimental | question: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?, answer: "cellular" and "humoral" | question: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?, answer: phagocytes | question: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?, answer: soluble components (molecules) | question: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?, answer: the organism’s “humors”
Imperial College Boat Club The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

question: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?, answer: 12 December 1919 | question: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?, answer: 3 | question: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?, answer: Martin McElroy | question: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?, answer: Henley Royal Regatta | question: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?, answer: The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]

question: What was formed on the 1st October 2007?, answer: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust | question: How many hospitals does it manage?, answer: five | question: What is it considered to be?, answer: an academic health science centre | question: What is the annual turnover for the trust?, answer: £800 million | question: How many patients a year does the trust treat?, answer: more than a million
Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.

question: What kind of University is Imperial College London?, answer: public research university | question: Who founded the Imperial College London?, answer: Prince Albert | question: Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?, answer: Queen Victoria | question: Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?, answer: Royal Charter | question: What was the focus of the Imperial College London?, answer: science and technology
Imperial College TV ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

question: What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?, answer: Student Television of Imperial College | question: What is STOIC's modern name?, answer: Imperial College TV | question: When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?, answer: 1969 | question: Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?, answer: Exhibition Road | question: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?, answer: start of the 2014/15 academic year
Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.

question: What is the official name of the student's union?, answer: Imperial College Union | question: How many full time officers run the union?, answer: five | question: How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?, answer: one year | question: How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?, answer: around 300 | question: What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?, answer: educational development