lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft) and Piz Bernina at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,200 ft) and Ortler at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively

question: The highest peak of the Western Alps is where?, answer: Mont Blanc | question: How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc?, answer: 4,810 m | question: The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?, answer: Piz Bernina | question: How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina, answer: 4,049 metres
The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m). Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessee's eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River. The state line between Tennessee and North Carolina crosses the summit. The state's lowest point is the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line (the lowest point in Memphis, nearby, is at 195 ft (59 m)). The geographical center of the state is located in Murfreesboro.

question: What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?, answer: 6,643 feet | question: What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?, answer: Clingmans Dome | question: What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?, answer: Mississippi River | question: Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?, answer: Murfreesboro
The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the Rhone valley, with the Pennine Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa on the southern side, and the Bernese Alps on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

question: The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what?, answer: the glacial trough of the Rhone valley | question: Where are the peaks smaller in the range?, answer: the easterly portion | question: The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range?, answer: northern
The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complete control. The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court. It was ruled by the Valide Sultan. On occasion, the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics. For a time, the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the "Sultanate of Women". New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan. The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. The palace schools, which would also educate the future administrators of the state, were not a single track. First, the Madrasa (Ottoman Turkish: Medrese‎) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs, allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income. The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians, the Enderûn, which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans, a process known as Devshirme (Devşirme).

question: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?, answer: The highest position | question: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?, answer: pâdişâh or "lord of kings" | question: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?, answer: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court | question: What was the purpose of the palace educational system?, answer: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor | question: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?, answer: Enderûn
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.

question: What pub in England is the highest above sea level?, answer: the Tan Hill Inn | question: In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?, answer: Yorkshire | question: How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?, answer: 528 | question: In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?, answer: Inverie | question: In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?, answer: Scotland
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

question: What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?, answer: 104 °F | question: What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?, answer: Hurricane Hugo | question: What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?, answer: 7 °F (−14 °C) | question: What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?, answer: Hurricanes | question: What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?, answer: January 21, 1985
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.

question: Who was based out of the Swan Inn?, answer: Dick Turpin | question: In what county was the Swan Inn located?, answer: Buckinghamshire | question: What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?, answer: John Fothergill | question: In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?, answer: 1931 | question: What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?, answer: Chatto & Windus
The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?, answer: Piers Brendon | question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?, answer: a plan of freedom | question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?, answer: opium trade | question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?, answer: opium trade
The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, Léger, and Gris. The terms "analytical" and "synthetic" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. "If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque," wrote Daniel Robbins, "our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition."

question: When did the historical study of Cubism begin?, answer: in the late 1920s | question: On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?, answer: Guillaume Apollinaire | question: On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?, answer: Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus
The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the "most useful of all citizens". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership; although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as "interpreters of the sciences for the people". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism.

question: What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?, answer: 1635 | question: Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?", answer: scientists | question: What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?, answer: 13 percent | question: The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?, answer: elite Parisian scholars | question: How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?, answer: interpreters of the sciences for the people
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

question: In what geographic area was the country of India established?, answer: Indian subcontinent | question: What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?, answer: Vedic Civilization | question: Of what is Hinduism a combination?, answer: Indian cultures and traditions | question: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?, answer: two millennia | question: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?, answer: independence movement
The history of Islam in Somalia is as old as the religion itself. The early persecuted Muslims fled to various places in the region, including the city of Zeila in modern-day northern Somalia, so as to seek protection from the Quraysh. Somalis were among the first populations on the continent to embrace Islam. With very few exceptions, Somalis are entirely Muslims, the majority belonging to the Sunni branch of Islam and the Shafi`i school of Islamic jurisprudence, although a few are also adherents of the Shia Muslim denomination.

question: In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?, answer: northern | question: From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?, answer: the Quraysh | question: Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?, answer: Sunni | question: What is the majority religion in Somalia?, answer: Islam | question: A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?, answer: Shia
The history of Jews in Greece goes back to at least the Archaic Era of Greece, when the classical culture of Greece was undergoing a process of formalization after the Greek Dark Age. The Greek historian Herodotus knew of the Jews, whom he called "Palestinian Syrians", and listed them among the levied naval forces in service of the invading Persians. While Jewish monotheism was not deeply affected by Greek Polytheism, the Greek way of living was attractive for many wealthier Jews. The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between 267 and 396 CE. The Stobi Synagogue in Macedonia, was built on the ruins of a more ancient synagogue in the 4th century, while later in the 5th century, the synagogue was transformed into Christian basilica.

question: The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?, answer: Archaic Era of Greece | question: Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?, answer: Herodotus | question: The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?, answer: 267 and 396 CE | question: What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?, answer: "Palestinian Syrians" | question: The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?, answer: the invading Persians
The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?, answer: the jus novum | question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?, answer: the Code of Canon Law | question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?, answer: the jus vetus
The history of a unified Tibet begins with the rule of Songtsän Gampo (604–650 CE), who united parts of the Yarlung River Valley and founded the Tibetan Empire. He also brought in many reforms, and Tibetan power spread rapidly, creating a large and powerful empire. It is traditionally considered that his first wife was the Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti, and that she played a great role in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. In 640 he married Princess Wencheng, the niece of the powerful Chinese emperor Taizong of Tang China.

question: Who founded the Tibetan Empire?, answer: Songtsän Gampo | question: Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?, answer: Princess Wencheng | question: Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?, answer: Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti | question: What did Songtsan Gampo unite?, answer: parts of the Yarlung River Valley
The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared. Over the next 400 million years or so, invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend, and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend. This dramatic rise in diversity was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events. A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. The worst was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago. Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event.

question: Which era included a rapid growth period?, answer: the Cambrian explosion | question: The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?, answer: the last 540 million years | question: In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?, answer: the Cambrian explosion | question: What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?, answer: vertebrate diversity | question: In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?, answer: the Permian-Triassic extinction event
The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?, answer: 1830s | question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?, answer: Superman | question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?, answer: manga
The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and constructivist school of history claims even that some sentiments and meta-emotions, for example Schadenfreude, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyse the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of medicine, science or psychology. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on social norms and rules. It is thus historically variable and open to change. Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain, Sweden and Australia.

question: What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?, answer: constructivist | question: According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?, answer: Schadenfreude | question: Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?, answer: Sweden | question: Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?, answer: gender
The history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of morphology, syntax and semantics.

question: What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?, answer: Sanskrit | question: What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?, answer: Ashtadhyayi | question: Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?, answer: Pāṇini | question: During what time period did Panini do his work?, answer: 4th century BC | question: What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?, answer: the Shiva Sutras
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.

question: How far back does the history of pubs go back?, answer: to Roman taverns | question: What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called?, answer: alehouse | question: What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?, answer: the modern tied house system | question: What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?, answer: taverns | question: What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?, answer: alehouse | question: In what century did the tied house system develop?, answer: 19th century
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

question: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?, answer: The history of science | question: What is the history of arts and humanities called?, answer: the history of scholarship | question: What kind of phenomena does science study?, answer: real world | question: Intellectual history and social history are used in what?, answer: Historiography of science
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

question: When was the Bronx's boom period?, answer: 1900–29 | question: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?, answer: 200,000 | question: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?, answer: 1.3 million | question: When did the Bronx's income declined?, answer: 1950–85 | question: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?, answer: starting in the late 1980s