lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in 1812; however, the survivor among the original three permanent settlers, Thomas Currie (or Tommaso Corri) remained as a farmer on the island.

question: what was the name of the first long term settler?, answer: Jonathan Lambert | question: what year did the first permanent settler arrive?, answer: December 1810 | question: what did one of the settlers rename the islands?, answer: Islands of Refreshment
The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?, answer: Louis XVI style | question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?, answer: Directoire and "Empire" | question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?, answer: Robert Adam | question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?, answer: Sir John Soane | question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?, answer: Marie Antoinette
The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).

question: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?, answer: late-17th-century England | question: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?, answer: Whigs | question: Who was the leader if the Whigs?, answer: Robert Walpole | question: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?, answer: 1715
The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differences among human groups became a focus of scientific investigation. But the scientific classification of phenotypic variation was frequently coupled with racist ideas about innate predispositions of different groups, always attributing the most desirable features to the White, European race and arranging the other races along a continuum of progressively undesirable attributes. The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human race Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively. Homo sapiens europaeus was described as active, acute, and adventurous, whereas Homo sapiens afer was said to be crafty, lazy, and careless.

question: Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?, answer: François Bernier | question: In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?, answer: 18th century | question: What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?, answer: White | question: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?, answer: active, acute, and adventurous | question: What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?, answer: crafty, lazy, and careless
The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.

question: The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida, answer: William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County | question: What is Cramer credited for, answer: Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states | question: Who was Claude R Kirk, answer: 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election | question: Who was Edward j Gurney, answer: 968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator | question: What did the Democrat party do in the 1970, answer: 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years
The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

question: Where created the first practical integrated circuits?, answer: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. | question: Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?, answer: Texas Instruments | question: When was the first functional IC demonstrated?, answer: 12 September 1958. | question: What was Kilby's IC made of?, answer: germanium | question: Noyce's IC was made up of what material?, answer: silicon
The first public library in Montevideo was formed by the initial donation of the private library of Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano, who died in 1815. Its promoter, director and organizer was Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, who also made a considerable donation along with donations from José Raimundo Guerra, as well as others from the Convent of San Francisco in Salta. In 1816 its stock was 5,000 volumes.[citation needed] The current building of the National Library of Uruguay (Biblioteca Pública de Uruguay) was designed by Luis Crespi in the Neoclassical style and occupies an area of 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft). Construction began in 1926 and it was finally inaugurated in 1964. Its current collection amounts to roughly 900,000 volumes.

question: Who gave the initial donation of the private library?, answer: Father José Manuel Pérez Castellano | question: When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?, answer: 1815 | question: Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?, answer: Father Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarcía de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coruña and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge lines operated by Adif and Renfe Operadora connect all the important Galician cities. A 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo. The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line. Several high-speed rail lines are under construction. Among these are the Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail line that opened partly in 2011, and the AVE Atlantic Axis route, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast cities A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo to Portugal. Another projected AVE line will connect Ourense to Pontevedra and Vigo.

question: In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?, answer: 1873 | question: What is the name of its only electrified railway?, answer: Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo
The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

question: When was Thuringia's first railway built?, answer: the 1840s | question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned?, answer: Between 1950 and 2000 | question: When will the new high speed train be open?, answer: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,
The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function, though, came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani, who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract. Since that time, each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation. Until the early years of the 20th century, the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells. Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain, which (when correctly used) stains only a small fraction of neurons, but stains them in their entirety, including cell body, dendrites, and axon. Without such a stain, brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers, in which it is impossible to determine any structure. In the hands of Camillo Golgi, and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons, each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity.

question: Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?, answer: Luigi Galvani | question: The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?, answer: the Golgi stain | question: What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?, answer: Spanish
The first record of the name Israel (as ysrỉꜣr) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by the Egyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnic group rather than an organised state; Ancestors of the Israelites may have included Semites native to Canaan and the Sea Peoples. McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during Iron Age a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the Canaanites through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.

question: When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?, answer: Merneptah stele | question: Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?, answer: Semites | question: What did Canaanites prohibit?, answer: intermarriage
The first recorded European excursions into what is now called Tennessee were three expeditions led by Spanish explorers, namely Hernando de Soto in 1540, Tristan de Luna in 1559, and Juan Pardo in 1567. Pardo recorded the name "Tanasqui" from a local Indian village, which evolved to the state's current name. At that time, Tennessee was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the Indian tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the Indian populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw and Choctaw, and ultimately, the Cherokee in 1838.

question: Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?, answer: Spanish | question: Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?, answer: 1540 | question: Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?, answer: Muscogee and Yuchi | question: Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?, answer: Cherokee | question: By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?, answer: 1838
The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.

question: What does the Book of Daniel contain?, answer: first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects | question: Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?, answer: Israel | question: What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?, answer: court servants | question: How long did the trial diet last?, answer: 10 days | question: What is another term for vegetables that was used?, answer: pulses
The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: "Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."

question: Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?, answer: Acts 11:26 | question: Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?, answer: Herod Agrippa II | question: When verse was the third mention?, answer: Peter 4:16
The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.

question: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?, answer: January 1, 2004 | question: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?, answer: Vienna New Year's Concert | question: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?, answer: HD1 | question: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?, answer: September 2003 | question: Which European company launched HD1?, answer: Euro1080
The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

question: What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?, answer: Aldrich | question: What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?, answer: salmon | question: What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?, answer: Benedictine | question: Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?, answer: Fishmonger's Company | question: Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?, answer: Saint Dunstan | question: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?, answer: Aldrich | question: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?, answer: Thames fishermen | question: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?, answer: Fishmonger's Company | question: When was the monk community installed?, answer: 960s or early 970s
The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll.

question: The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?, answer: Pleasantville | question: The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?, answer: 1870 | question: How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?, answer: 30-cent | question: What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?, answer: Albany Avenue
The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.

question: When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?, answer: 2007 | question: How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?, answer: nine | question: What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?, answer: functional regional coverage | question: How many satellites were launched since 2007?, answer: 16
The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.

question: What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?, answer: BeiDou-1A | question: When was BeiDou-1A launched?, answer: 20 December 2000 | question: What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?, answer: BeiDou-1C | question: What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?, answer: a backup satellite | question: When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?, answer: 25 May 2003
The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.

question: When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?, answer: October 31, 2000 | question: What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?, answer: BeiDou-1A | question: When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?, answer: December 21, 2000 | question: What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?, answer: BeiDou-1B | question: When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?, answer: May 25, 2003