lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization, Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawaiʻi. However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.

question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?, answer: small tribes | question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?, answer: social stratification | question: What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?, answer: Paleolithic cultures
During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea, sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines. During the war, five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines: two minesweepers, two minesweeper escorts, and one ocean tug. Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships, resulting in slight to moderate damage.

question: What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?, answer: supply and ammunition ships | question: What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?, answer: magnetic mines | question: How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?, answer: 87 | question: Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?, answer: the west and east coasts of North Korea
During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

question: What has Catalan often been considered?, answer: dialect of Spanish | question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?, answer: Francoist
During ordinary operation, the tungsten of the filament evaporates; hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster. Because of this, the lifetime of a filament lamp is a trade-off between efficiency and longevity. The trade-off is typically set to provide a lifetime of several hundred to 2,000 hours for lamps used for general illumination. Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps may have a useful life of only a few hours, trading life expectancy for high output in a compact form. Long-life general service lamps have lower efficiency but are used where the cost of changing the lamp is high compared to the value of energy used.

question: What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?, answer: hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster | question: What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?, answer: several hundred to 2,000 hours | question: Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?, answer: Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps | question: What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?, answer: efficiency and longevity
During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of "Saints" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since "Saints" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.

question: What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?, answer: emigration | question: When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?, answer: late 1980s | question: What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?, answer: prospect of higher wages
During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of silk, chiffon, taffeta or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads. The fabric is typically acquired from Somali clothing stores in tandem with the gorgorad. In the past, dirac fabric was also frequently purchased from South Asian merchandisers.

question: What is the regular garment of Somali women?, answer: the guntiino | question: What is the guntiino normally made from?, answer: alandi | question: What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?, answer: the dirac | question: Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?, answer: taffeta | question: What is the underskirt of the dirac called?, answer: the gorgorad
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?, answer: 11th and 12th centuries | question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?, answer: 13th century | question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?, answer: 14th century | question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?, answer: Murcia | question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?, answer: 15th century
During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries cathedral schools spread throughout Western Europe, signalling the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns. Cathedral schools were in turn replaced by the universities established in major European cities. Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt by 12th- and 13th-century scholars to reconcile authoritative texts, most notably Aristotle and the Bible. This movement tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason and culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology.

question: What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?, answer: realists | question: What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?, answer: Aristotle | question: When did Peter Lombard die?, answer: 1164 | question: What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?, answer: scholasticism | question: Who authored the Summa Theologica?, answer: Thomas Aquinas
During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.

question: What was the administration which governed the City of London called?, answer: the Corporation of London | question: In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?, answer: Westminster | question: Where was the royal treasury housed?, answer: the Tower | question: Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?, answer: accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country
During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?, answer: Jornado | question: Along which river did they hunt bison?, answer: Rio Grande | question: How did the Chichimeca survive?, answer: hunting, gathering, and farming | question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?, answer: Tepehuan | question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?, answer: rock
During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers. In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast. During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.

question: When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?, answer: 16th and 17th centuries | question: What is one area where captive slaves were sent?, answer: Europe | question: Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?, answer: Bobangi people | question: Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?, answer: the Americas | question: What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?, answer: Ubangi River
During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

question: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?, answer: Suleiman the Magnificent | question: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?, answer: 16th and 17th centuries | question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?, answer: 32 provinces | question: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?, answer: vassal states | question: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?, answer: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the slogan "No taxation without representation", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the United States declared independence. The entry of France to the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783.

question: British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?, answer: the Thirteen Colonies | question: What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?, answer: "No taxation without representation" | question: When did the US declare independence?, answer: 1776 | question: When did France enter the American Revolution war?, answer: 1778 | question: When did Britain recognize American independence?, answer: 1783
During the 1800s Christian missionaries from Great Britain and the United States followed traders to the Hawaiian islands. Long-termly, the Anglo-Saxon presence negatively impacted the level of regard Hawaiian royal women held for their own indigenous looks. For centuries prior the arrival of Christians, first nation Hawaiian aesthetics, such as dark skin and ample bodies, had been considered signs of nobility. No matter how much they adapted their mannerisms to Western standard, some of the Anglo-Saxon missionaries were relentless in referring to the indigenous women as "Hawaiian squaws." By the last half of the 19th century, some Hawaiian women began marrying European men who found them exotic. The men, however, selected Hawaiian women who were thinner and paler in complexion.

question: Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?, answer: traders | question: What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?, answer: the Anglo-Saxon presence | question: What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?, answer: dark skin and ample bodies | question: What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?, answer: Hawaiian squaws | question: When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?, answer: By the last half of the 19th century
During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.

question: What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?, answer: Dashnaktsutyun | question: What was the Dashnaks objective?, answer: creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia | question: Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?, answer: fedayi | question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?, answer: 1890s
During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act).

question: What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?, answer: Commerce and Spending Clauses | question: In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?, answer: regulating them | question: What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?, answer: intellectual property | question: What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?, answer: federal law | question: What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?, answer: Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution | question: When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?, answer: start of the 20th century | question: What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?, answer: McCarran-Ferguson Act | question: What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?, answer: coexist with each other
During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys. By the 18th century, new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide. In 1753 Carl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus) published his Species Plantarum, a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for modern botanical nomenclature. This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus. For the purposes of identification, Linnaeus's Systema Sexuale classified plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs. The 24th group, Cryptogamia, included all plants with concealed reproductive parts, mosses, liverworts, ferns, algae and fungi.

question: What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?, answer: choices between pairs | question: What is the term for keys used for identification?, answer: diagnostic keys | question: Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?, answer: newly discovered countries | question: What book is still used for nomenclature?, answer: Species Plantarum | question: How are the plants classified?, answer: number of their male sexual organs
During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom—the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence.

question: What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?, answer: the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force | question: What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?, answer: The formation of a united ministry of defence | question: When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?, answer: 1923 | question: Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?, answer: Stanley Baldwin | question: What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?, answer: Minister for Coordination of Defence
During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.

question: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?, answer: solid fuel rockets | question: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?, answer: for anti-aircraft fire | question: What were rockets called at this time?, answer: unrotated projectiles | question: How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?, answer: 2-inch | question: What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?, answer: 3-inch
During the 1930s, parts of the state began suffering the consequences of poor farming practices, extended drought and high winds. Known as the Dust Bowl, areas of Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma were hampered by long periods of little rainfall and abnormally high temperatures, sending thousands of farmers into poverty and forcing them to relocate to more fertile areas of the western United States. Over a twenty-year period ending in 1950, the state saw its only historical decline in population, dropping 6.9 percent as impoverished families migrated out of the state after the Dust Bowl.

question: When did the Dust Bowl begin?, answer: 1930s | question: What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?, answer: poor farming practices | question: What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?, answer: Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma | question: How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?, answer: thousands | question: How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?, answer: 6.9 percent