lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked perching adaptations and seem to have included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The later included the superficially gull-like Ichthyornis, the Hesperornithiformes, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.

question: What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?, answer: Euornithes | question: What does Euornithes mean?, answer: true birds | question: Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?", answer: because they include the ancestors of modern birds | question: What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?, answer: fully mobile fan of tail feathers
Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team. Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities, and founded organisations such as the Football Association (FA). Today's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players.

question: Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?, answer: British Public schools and universities in the 19th century | question: Why were sports important in these schools?, answer: sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team | question: Who founded organizations like the FA?, answer: Former public schoolboys | question: What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?, answer: association of football with the working classes
Many students are involved in community service in one form or another. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011; and Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps (NCDC) to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets. NCDC's work is to connect hundreds of student volunteers to some twenty volunteer sites in Evanston and Chicago throughout the year. Many students have assisted with the Special Olympics and have taken alternative spring break trips to hundreds of service sites across the United States. Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program, a program for students interested in community service. A large and growing number of students participate in the university's Global Engagement Summer Institute (GESI), a group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development. Several internationally recognized non-profit organizations have originated at Northwestern including the World Health Imaging, Informatics and Telemedicine Alliance, a spin-off from an engineering student's honors thesis.

question: What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011?, answer: Dance Marathon | question: What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited?, answer: Project Pumpkin | question: What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service?, answer: Freshman Urban Program | question: What is the name of the university's group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa or Latin America?, answer: Global Engagement Summer Institute | question: What does NCDC stand for?, answer: Northwestern Community Development Corps
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

question: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?, answer: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism | question: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?, answer: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser | question: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?, answer: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution | question: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life., answer: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 | question: What political ideology did Nasser implement?, answer: transition from capitalism to socialism | question: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?, answer: Egyptian | question: When did the United Arab Republic end?, answer: 1961 | question: What notable event occurred in 1952?, answer: Egyptian Revolution | question: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?, answer: Cairo | question: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?, answer: Nasser
Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a "boxer vs. wrestler" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler "Thunderlips", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode "W.T.F." played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.

question: Name a popular series of boxing films?, answer: Rocky series | question: Who is the movie The Baron about?, answer: Baron von Raschke | question: What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?, answer: "W.T.F." | question: What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008?, answer: The Wrestler | question: Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers?, answer: television shows and films
Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Piškanac", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvončari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.

question: Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?, answer: Kvarner | question: What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?, answer: a man-like doll | question: Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?, answer: Jure Piškanac | question: What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?, answer: their areas of origin | question: What is the traditional Carnival food?, answer: fritule
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

question: When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?, answer: January 16 | question: On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?, answer: bathing in Qing Xi | question: What did citizens used to do on September 9?, answer: hill hiking | question: Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?, answer: Chinese lunar calendar | question: How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?, answer: Almost none of them
Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.

question: What wood is usually used for cricket bats?, answer: white willow | question: Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?, answer: Major League Baseball | question: What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?, answer: parquetry | question: What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?, answer: maple | question: Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?, answer: fragile
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.

question: What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?, answer: Squad Automatic Weapon | question: What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?, answer: suppressive fire | question: What is the Mossberg 590 used for?, answer: door breaching and close-quarters combat | question: What gun do designated marksmen use?, answer: M14EBR | question: What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?, answer: M110
Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 "#1 stone cold" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation.

question: Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?, answer: The Princeton Review | question: How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?, answer: proud | question: How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?, answer: about 1/10 | question: Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?, answer: Business Insider | question: What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?, answer: culturally conservative
Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

question: Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?, answer: The One | question: Why did CBC move The National in some areas?, answer: to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer | question: For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?, answer: to attract a younger audience to the network
Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonnières, were "the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere.

question: What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?, answer: salon | question: Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?, answer: open | question: What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?, answer: salonnières | question: Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?, answer: French Revolution
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

question: How do most birds migrate?, answer: in flocks | question: How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?, answer: 12–20% | question: How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?, answer: 3.1 mph | question: What does flying in flocks reduce?, answer: energy cost | question: How do birds conserve energy?, answer: a V-formation
Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009–10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010–11 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013–14 season.

question: Who took over the package from Sentana?, answer: ESPN took over the package Setanta | question: Who show the 2011 final?, answer: The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN | question: Does ESPN still hold the contract?, answer: Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport | question: What year did this take place?, answer: the 2013–14 season | question: Who took over after ESPN?, answer: BT Sport
Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

question: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?, answer: 76 | question: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?, answer: North Korea | question: What was the Phillipines ranked as?, answer: 25th | question: Was Brazil on the list?, answer: Brazil 54th
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

question: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?, answer: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues | question: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?, answer: 2010 | question: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?, answer: Peter Underhill
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.

question: When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?, answer: 1882 | question: Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?, answer: allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge | question: What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?, answer: Disagreements over ritual | question: Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?, answer: Georges Martin | question: Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?, answer: Annie Besant | question: Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?, answer: Maria Deraismes | question: Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?, answer: Georges Martin | question: What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?, answer: 1882 | question: What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?, answer: 1901 | question: What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?, answer: 1935
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

question: Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation?, answer: Mark Twain | question: When was Twain's back-translation published?, answer: 1903 | question: For what language did Twain create a back-translation?, answer: French | question: What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?, answer: "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story" | question: What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?, answer: "The Athenian and the Frog"
Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

question: Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?, answer: Mark Z. Jacobson | question: What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?, answer: social and political | question: Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?, answer: Mark Z. Jacobson | question: Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?, answer: 2030
Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

question: What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?, answer: shaash | question: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?, answer: garbasaar | question: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?, answer: the jilbab