lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character.

question: Hokkien is usually written using what characters?, answer: Chinese | question: Written Hokkein is based on what?, answer: classical Chinese | question: What is another name for standard written chinese?, answer: Mandarin | question: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?, answer: 20 to 25%
Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.

question: What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?, answer: Hokkien | question: How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?, answer: similar | question: What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?, answer: many pronunciations | question: Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?, answer: phoneme inventories
Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect.

question: Where did Hokkein originate?, answer: Quanzhou | question: What year was the Opium war?, answer: 1842 | question: What is another name for Xiamen?, answer: Amoy | question: What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?, answer: Xiamen | question: What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?, answer: Amoy Hokkien
Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe̍h-ōe-jī (traditional Chinese: 白話字; simplified Chinese: 白话字; pinyin: Báihuàzì). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist.

question: Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?, answer: Latin | question: What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?, answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī | question: What is another name for POJ?, answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī | question: Who developed POJ?, answer: Presbyterian missionaries in China | question: POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?, answer: 19th
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply not feasible since the drill bits will dull quickly and thus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellon files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole.

question: What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?, answer: high-speed-steel | question: What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?, answer: abrasive | question: What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?, answer: coated tungsten carbide | question: What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it?, answer: Excellon files | question: What does the "NCD" in "NCD files" mean?, answer: numerically controlled drill
Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an egg hatches to produce a larva, which is generally worm-like in form. This worm-like form can be one of several varieties: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grub-like), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement and often sealed within a cocoon. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclosed. Exarate pupae have their legs and other appendages free and extended. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin.:151 Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are a well-known example of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, although most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis.

question: What is a complete metamorphosis called?, answer: Holometabolism | question: How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?, answer: four stages | question: What is another word for egg?, answer: embryo | question: What is an imago?, answer: the adult | question: Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?, answer: Butterflies
Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.

question: Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?, answer: Holt | question: Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?, answer: commitment to the growing War in Vietnam | question: Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?, answer: 1967 Referendum | question: What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?, answer: 90%
Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rhône and Meuse, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montbéliard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel.

question: What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?, answer: Rhône and Meuse | question: The French proposed a marriage between which two people?, answer: Blanche and Albert | question: What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?, answer: the Hundred Years' War | question: In what year did the French reach Alsace?, answer: 1444
Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

question: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?, answer: year round | question: Who did the children work beside?, answer: parents | question: Where were rural children employed?, answer: agriculture | question: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?, answer: unhealthy and insanitary | question: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?, answer: Frieda Miller
Homer illustrated Paeon the god, and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph.[citation needed] Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo, and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.

question: Who was Apollo's son?, answer: Asclepius | question: About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?, answer: paean | question: About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?, answer: to implore protection against disease and misfortune
Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo. The Greeks gave to him the name ἀγυιεύς agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil, and his symbol was a tapered stone or column. However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon, all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (sibutu) indicates a Babylonian origin.

question: Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?, answer: Appaliunas | question: When were Greek festivals celebrated?, answer: at the full moon | question: When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated?, answer: seventh day of the month
Homer refers to the "Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, with its warriors under the command of Achilleus. The Parian Chronicle says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks (Γραικοί). In Greek mythology, Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. Aristotle names ancient Hellas as an area in Epirus between Dodona and the Achelous river, the location of the great deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the Selloi and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes". Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus and the word probably means "sacrificers" (compare Gothic saljan, "present, sacrifice"). There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name Hellenes. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes. However this etymology connects the name Hellenes with the Dorians who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name Greeks given by the Romans becomes uncertain. The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of Apollo in Delphi (Phocis) and of Demeter near Thermopylae (Locris). According to the legend it was founded after the Trojan War by the eponymous Amphictyon, brother of Hellen.

question: What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?, answer: Hellenes" (/ˈhɛliːnz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia, | question: From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?, answer: was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge. | question: Who is this small group named for ?, answer: Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes | question: Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?, answer: The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League. | question: How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?, answer: with twelve founders
Homer uses the terms Achaeans and Danaans (Δαναοί) as a generic term for Greeks in Iliad, and they were probably a part of the Mycenean civilization. The names Achaioi and Danaoi seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name Achaea after the Dorian invasion. In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek which was spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early Iron age (1300 BC) to southern Europe. Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from Asia minor to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC. Some Hittite texts mention a nation lying to the west called Ahhiyava or Ahhiya. Egyptian documents refer to Ekwesh, one of the groups of sea peoples who attached Egypt during the reign of Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.

question: What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?, answer: Achaeans and Danaans | question: What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?, answer: pre-Dorian | question: What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?, answer: redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek | question: Where was this origin of this redefinition ?, answer: spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos | question: What was the age in 1300 BC named ?, answer: early Iron age
Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.

question: How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region?, answer: 45,000 years ago | question: Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia?, answer: Austronesian people | question: What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first?, answer: Indonesia | question: Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years?, answer: Homo floresiensis | question: When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?, answer: 2000 BC | question: Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?, answer: coastal areas | question: Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?, answer: Homo floresiensis | question: How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?, answer: 12,000 years ago
Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994. Legislation was introduced by Private Members Bill by PLP MP Wayne Furbert to amend the Human Rights Act of Bermuda to disallow Same Sex Marriage under the Act in February 2016. The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions. Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley, Chief Justice of Bermuda's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.

question: When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?, answer: May 1994. | question: What occurred in February of 2016?, answer: The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions | question: What did the Chief Justice decide?, answer: same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon. A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation.

question: When did Hong Taiji die?, answer: September 1643 | question: Who was his heir?, answer: without a designated heir | question: Who were the likely heirs?, answer: Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon | question: Who became the emperor?, answer: Fulin
Hong Taiji's bureaucracy was staffed with many Han Chinese, including many newly surrendered Ming officials. The Manchus' continued dominance was ensured by an ethnic quota for top bureaucratic appointments. Hong Taiji's reign also saw a fundamental change of policy towards his Han Chinese subjects. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated like chattel while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to a revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted; He enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. Hong Taiji instead incorporated them into the Jurchen "nation" as full (if not first-class) citizens, obligated to provide military service. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were of Manchu ancestry. This change of policy not only increased Hong Taiji's manpower and reduced his military dependence on banners not under his personal control, it also greatly encouraged other Han Chinese subjects of the Ming dynasty to surrender and accept Jurchen rule when they were defeated militarily. Through these and other measures Hong Taiji was able to centralize power unto the office of the Khan, which in the long run prevented the Jurchen federation from fragmenting after his death.

question: Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?, answer: Hong Taiji | question: When did a Han revolt occur?, answer: 1623 | question: Where did a Han revolt occur?, answer: Liaodong | question: What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?, answer: one-sixth
Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as "Sir Terry Wogan KBE".

question: Who are appointed to citizens of nations?, answer: Honorary knighthoods | question: Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?, answer: citizens of nations | question: What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?, answer: Sir or Dame | question: Who are examples of Sir of Dame?, answer: Bill Gates or Bob Geldof | question: What is an example of irish broadcaster?, answer: Terry Wogan