lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of transgenes to plants and the creation of genetically modified crops.

question: How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?, answer: can attach to plant cells | question: How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?, answer: introducing the Nif gene | question: How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?, answer: in the root nodules | question: What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?, answer: creation of genetically modified crops | question: Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?, answer: Schell and Van Montagu
Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

question: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?, answer: Ahmad ibn Fadlan | question: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?, answer: garments that only cover half of his body | question: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?, answer: Leo the Deacon
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.

question: What kingdom came to power in Assam?, answer: Ahom Kingdom | question: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?, answer: 1228–1826 | question: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?, answer: British rule | question: With what religion did the Ahom merge?, answer: Hindu | question: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?, answer: Muslim rulers of Delhi
Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force. Currently, promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service. The promotion from first lieutenant to captain is competitive after successfully completing another two years of service, with a selection rate varying between 99% and 100%. Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process, while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval.

question: Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF?, answer: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act | question: What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?, answer: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 | question: How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF?, answer: virtually guaranteed after two years | question: Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers?, answer: DOPMA | question: What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?, answer: Promotion to major through major general
Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute.

question: Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?, answer: a system of concentric layers | question: What protects the outer layer?, answer: AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP | question: The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?, answer: the carrier's escorts | question: What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?, answer: 100 | question: What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?, answer: several thousand rounds per minute
Air quality in Boston is generally very good: during the ten-year period 2004–2013, there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.

question: How is the air quality in Boston?, answer: generally very good | question: How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?, answer: 4 days | question: Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?, answer: the EPA
Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system (Ground Control-led Interception) under Group-level control (No. 10 Group RAF, No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF).

question: The bombers used what out of desperation?, answer: airborne search lights | question: What was considered unreliable?, answer: Airborne Interception radar | question: Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?, answer: Ground Control-led Interception | question: What used most of Fighter Command's resources?, answer: the Battle of Britain
Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations?, answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air | question: What objectives does Airlift support?, answer: strategic, operational, or tactical | question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis?, answer: resolve and compassion | question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift?, answer: delivering forces to crisis locations
Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

question: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?, answer: increase in jet aircraft traffic | question: How far were runways extended out?, answer: 9,800 ft | question: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?, answer: The fields | question: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?, answer: early 1960s
Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

question: What do landside areas include?, answer: parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads | question: Airports are divided into what two areas?, answer: landside and airside | question: What do airside areas include?, answer: all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons | question: Where can passengers purchase tickets?, answer: terminals | question: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?, answer: concourses
Airports have played major roles in films and television programs due to their very nature as a transport and international hub, and sometimes because of distinctive architectural features of particular airports. One such example of this is The Terminal, a film about a man who becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal and must survive only on the food and shelter provided by the airport. They are also one of the major elements in movies such as The V.I.P.s, Airplane!, Airport (1970), Die Hard 2, Soul Plane, Jackie Brown, Get Shorty, Home Alone, Liar Liar, Passenger 57, Final Destination (2000), Unaccompanied Minors, Catch Me If You Can, Rendition and The Langoliers. They have also played important parts in television series like Lost, The Amazing Race, America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 which have significant parts of their story set within airports. In other programmes and films, airports are merely indicative of journeys, e.g. Good Will Hunting.

question: When was the movie Airport made?, answer: 1970 | question: What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?, answer: The Terminal | question: When was the movie Final Destination released?, answer: 2000
Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

question: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?, answer: express check-in and dedicated check-in counters | question: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?, answer: First and Business class | question: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?, answer: Premium services
Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".

question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?, answer: 1600 | question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?, answer: Taj Mahal | question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?, answer: Mughal architecture | question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?, answer: Maratha military resurgence | question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?, answer: Aurangzeb
Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975 by the Ismaʻīlī Shīʻī Fatimid dynasty as a jāmiʻah, had individual faculties for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy and logic in Islamic philosophy. The postgraduate doctorate in law was only obtained after "an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." ‘Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī also delivered lectures on Islamic medicine at al-Azhar, while Maimonides delivered lectures on medicine and astronomy there during the time of Saladin. Another early jāmiʻah was the Niẓāmīyah of Baghdād (founded 1091), which has been called the "largest university of the Medieval world." Mustansiriya University, established by the ʻAbbāsid caliph al-Mustanṣir in 1233, in addition to teaching the religious subjects, offered courses dealing with philosophy, mathematics and the natural sciences.

question: When was Al-Azhar University founded?, answer: 975 | question: Where is Al-Azhar University located?, answer: Cairo, Egypt | question: What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?, answer: an oral examination | question: Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?, answer: Maimonides | question: What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?, answer: largest university of the Medieval world
Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

question: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?, answer: Irwin Cotler | question: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?, answer: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." | question: Who argeed with Dershowitz?, answer: Irwin Cotler | question: Where did Irwin Cotler live?, answer: Canadian
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east while Russia has a maritime border with the state to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. To the south and southwest is the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.

question: What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?, answer: 738,432 | question: How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?, answer: Approximately half | question: Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?, answer: fishing, natural gas, and oil | question: How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?, answer: largest state in the United States by area | question: Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?, answer: 3rd least populous
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.

question: Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?, answer: Juneau, is not accessible by road | question: Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?, answer: western part | question: Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?, answer: few
Alaska has vast energy resources, although its oil reserves have been largely depleted. Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins, but according to the Energy Information Administration, by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas, North Dakota, and California. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is still the second highest-yielding oil field in the United States, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d), although by early 2014 North Dakota's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day (140,000 m3/d). Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America, but was much smaller than Canada's enormous Athabasca oil sands field, which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m3/d) of unconventional oil, and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate.

question: What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?, answer: Texas, North Dakota, and California | question: How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?, answer: fourth | question: Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?, answer: Prudhoe Bay | question: How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?, answer: 400,000 | question: Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?, answer: North Dakota's Bakken Formation
Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the eastern hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.

question: What are the contiguous states sometimes called?, answer: "the Lower 48" | question: What is Alaska's capital city?, answer: Juneau | question: How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?, answer: 500 | question: Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?, answer: Aleutian Islands
Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.

question: Which political party does Alaska generally support?, answer: Republicans | question: How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?, answer: one | question: Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?, answer: Lyndon B. Johnson | question: Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?, answer: Barack Obama
Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

question: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?, answer: low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population | question: How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?, answer: 30–60¢ higher | question: What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?, answer: transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure | question: What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?, answer: diesel fuel | question: What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?, answer: heating, transportation, electric power and light