lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.

question: What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven?, answer: Artspace | question: What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven?, answer: City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery | question: In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel, Jennider Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye Gallery located?, answer: Westville | question: What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood?, answer: Parachute Factory | question: For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used?, answer: City-Wide Open Studios | question: What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world?, answer: Artspace | question: This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye, what is name of the place?, answer: Westville galleries | question: The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where?, answer: Fair Haven neighborhood houses | question: During which month is the complex particularly active?, answer: October
As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

question: What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?, answer: aircraft carriers | question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?, answer: flat-top flight deck | question: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?, answer: The flight deck | question: What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?, answer: a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain | question: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?, answer: accelerate more quickly to gain lift
As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

question: When did African states become independent?, answer: 1960s | question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?, answer: Soviet Union | question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?, answer: about 400,000 | question: Why did students move to Russia?, answer: to pursue higher studies | question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?, answer: Eastern bloc.
As Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe, mostly in the form of aliyah to Israel, or immigration to North America, and other English-speaking areas; and Europe (particularly France) and Latin America, the geographic isolation that gave rise to Ashkenazim has given way to mixing with other cultures, and with non-Ashkenazi Jews who, similarly, are no longer isolated in distinct geographic locales. Hebrew has replaced Yiddish as the primary Jewish language for many Ashkenazi Jews, although many Hasidic and Hareidi groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life. (There are numerous Ashkenazi Jewish anglophones and Russian-speakers as well, although English and Russian are not originally Jewish languages.)

question: Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?, answer: Israel | question: For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?, answer: Hebrew | question: What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?, answer: many Hasidic and Hareidi groups
As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

question: What is the oldest college in South Carolina?, answer: College of Charles Towne | question: Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?, answer: 1970 | question: What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?, answer: 1748 | question: When was the College of Charles Towe founded?, answer: 1770 | question: What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?, answer: Dock Street Theatre
As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?, answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children | question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?, answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands | question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?, answer: abdication | question: Who is Edward's mother?, answer: Queen Mary | question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?, answer: broke down and sobbed like a child
As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:

question: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?, answer: 11th and 12th centuries | question: Where are madaris considered less desirable?, answer: Western Islamic lands | question: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?, answer: 1947 | question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?, answer: the donor | question: What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?, answer: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture
As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.

question: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?, answer: 55 minutes 5 seconds | question: Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?, answer: due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc | question: What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?, answer: 60 minutes 5 seconds | question: How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?, answer: There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market
As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.

question: What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?, answer: Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities | question: Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?, answer: Gemini and Apollo
As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]

question: Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?, answer: Pius XII | question: What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?, answer: refugees | question: How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?, answer: 15,000 | question: What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?, answer: Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza | question: What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?, answer: Church Asylum
As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed.

question: What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?, answer: Arabian Nights | question: What actress starred in Arabian Nights?, answer: Maria Montez | question: Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?, answer: Claude Rains | question: When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?, answer: 1925 | question: In what year was Arabian Nights produced?, answer: 1942
As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century. There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire; most occurred in the Balkans. Peace with Persia, the traditional enemy of Rome, lasted throughout most of the 5th century. The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church, with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe. Legal developments included the codification of Roman law; the first effort—the Theodosian Code—was completed in 438. Under Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565), another compilation took place—the Corpus Juris Civilis. Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths, under Belisarius (d. 565). The conquest of Italy was not complete, as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests. At the emperor's death, the Byzantines had control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small foothold in southern Spain. Justinian's reconquests have been criticised by historians for overextending his realm and setting the stage for the Muslim conquests, but many of the difficulties faced by Justinian's successors were due not just to over-taxation to pay for his wars but to the essentially civilian nature of the empire, which made raising troops difficult.

question: In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?, answer: 7th | question: In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?, answer: 5th | question: Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?, answer: the Balkans | question: What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?, answer: 438 | question: Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?, answer: Justinian
As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

question: What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?, answer: Africa | question: In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?, answer: 1962 | question: How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?, answer: fifteen | question: In what year did Montini visit the United States?, answer: 1960 | question: Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?, answer: Engelberg Abbey
As a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. "It isn't something I enjoy admitting," he once said, "but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by the outward perception of my parents' Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times." Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying: "In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. Two bloody noses. It was horrible."

question: When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew?, answer: As a child | question: How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew?, answer: embarrassed | question: What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school?, answer: anti-Semitic | question: How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School?, answer: Two | question: At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish?, answer: seven, eight, nine years old | question: What was Spielberg bullied because of?, answer: anti-Semitic prejudice | question: How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school?, answer: Two
As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill, the scene of many forays. Young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years. In return, John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to "invent".

question: What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?, answer: botanical specimens | question: Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?, answer: Ben Herdman | question: What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?, answer: flour | question: Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?, answer: rotating paddles | question: What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?, answer: small workshop
As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

question: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?, answer: left ventricular aneurysm | question: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?, answer: cabinet meeting | question: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?, answer: right hand | question: What is Crohn's disease?, answer: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine | question: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?, answer: bowel obstruction
As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt, as reflected by the rise of the country's borrowing rates (although their slow rise – the 10-year government bond yield only exceeded 7% in April 2010 – coinciding with a large number of negative articles, has led to arguments about the role of international news media in the evolution of the crisis). In order to avert a default (as high borrowing rates effectively prohibited access to the markets), in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a "rescue package" which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in bail-out loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion. In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control. Their implementation will be monitored and evaluated by the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF.

question: What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?, answer: rise of the country's borrowing rates | question: What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?, answer: sovereign debt | question: How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?, answer: €45 billion in bail-out loans | question: What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?, answer: €110 billion | question: What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?, answer: the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF