lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.

question: What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?, answer: the Neolithic | question: What era preceded the Neolithic?, answer: Holocene Epipaleolithic period | question: What event is associated with the start of farming?, answer: Neolithic Revolution | question: What era saw an increase in metal tool use?, answer: Copper Age
Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota. Meenas were rulers of Bundi and the Dhundhar region.

question: Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?, answer: Gurjars | question: What tribe formerly ruled Kota?, answer: Bhils | question: What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?, answer: Meenas | question: What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?, answer: Saini | question: The Jats assisted in building what state?, answer: Rajasthan
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

question: What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?, answer: polychaetes and clitellates | question: What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?, answer: oligochaetes | question: What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?, answer: hirudinomorphs | question: How many polychaete families are there?, answer: approximately 80 | question: When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?, answer: 1997
Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

question: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?, answer: sexual | question: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?, answer: Lent | question: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?, answer: Carnival | question: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?, answer: six weeks | question: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?, answer: meat, dairy, fat and sugar
Traditionally, Espanyol was seen by the vast majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit. Also in the 1960s and 1970s, while FC Barcelona acted as an integrating force for Catalonia's new arrivals from poorer regions of Spain expecting to find a better life, Espanyol drew their support mainly from sectors close to the regime such as policemen, military officers, civil servants and career fascists.

question: How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?, answer: compliance | question: What type of supporters did Barcelona attract?, answer: Catalonia's new arrivals | question: From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?, answer: close to the regime | question: When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?, answer: 1960s and 1970s | question: What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?, answer: revolutionary
Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.

question: In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?, answer: Hill v. McDonough | question: In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?, answer: 2006 | question: What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?, answer: Eighth | question: What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?, answer: Baze v. Rees | question: Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?, answer: habeas corpus
Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.

question: Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?, answer: heavily decentralised | question: Shell operated companies in how many countries?, answer: over 100 | question: A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?, answer: the central offices in The Hague | question: What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?, answer: "exploration and production"
Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.

question: When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?, answer: Congress of Vienna in 1815 | question: What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?, answer: referendum | question: What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?, answer: European Union | question: How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?, answer: since the end of its expansion in 1515 | question: How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?, answer: avoids
Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played travelling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Oil. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed one foreign tour every four years, and a maximum of ten games in each tour.

question: What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?, answer: Marathon Oil | question: What is an example of a team of former college players?, answer: Athletes in Action | question: When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?, answer: 1992 | question: When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?, answer: 2003 | question: How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?, answer: one foreign tour every four years
Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream, which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.

question: What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?, answer: simple carbohydrates | question: What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?, answer: fructose | question: When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?, answer: glucose | question: What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?, answer: production of insulin | question: Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?, answer: pancreas
Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. Therefore, any population that is somewhat biologically different could be considered a subspecies, even to the level of a local population. As a result, Templeton has argued that it is necessary to impose a threshold on the level of difference that is required for a population to be designated a subspecies.

question: What are traditionally geographically isolated?, answer: subspecies | question: What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of?, answer: microevolutionary divergence | question: What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?, answer: degree of differentiation | question: What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?, answer: biologically different | question: What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?, answer: level of difference
Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?, answer: European intellectual transformation | question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy?, answer: The Age of Reason | question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed?, answer: Renaissance philosophy | question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?, answer: the Age of Rationalism | question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe?, answer: secularization
Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

question: Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?, answer: Speaker | question: What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?, answer: Majority Leader | question: Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?, answer: Majority Leader Tom DeLay | question: Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?, answer: Minority Leader
Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14–20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier, and some highly technical MOS training may require many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia.

question: What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?, answer: individual and collective | question: How long does basic training last?, answer: 10 weeks | question: How long does military occupation specialties training last?, answer: 14–20 weeks | question: What does OSUT stand for?, answer: One Station Unit Training | question: Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?, answer: Fort Benning, Georgia
Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC, while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year.

question: How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?, answer: one year of training with a preliminary school | question: What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?, answer: 3M0X1 (Services) | question: Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?, answer: Second Air Force | question: How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last?, answer: excess of one year
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

question: What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?, answer: humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty | question: Who did samurai wives have to teach?, answer: the children (and perhaps servants, too) | question: Who did samurai wives have to take care of?, answer: elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof | question: Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?, answer: her husband | question: What defined the samurais' code?, answer: Confucian law
Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.:7

question: What does transcription produce?, answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA | question: How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?, answer: complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed | question: What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?, answer: The gene's DNA | question: Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?, answer: because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand | question: What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?, answer: an RNA polymerase
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another. It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.

question: What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?, answer: Transduction of bacterial genes | question: What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?, answer: Conjugation | question: How does conjugation take place?, answer: conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome | question: Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?, answer: It is seldom
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence). In Bacillus subtilis, about 40 genes are required for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome. Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation. The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.

question: What does transformation of bacteria depends on?, answer: numerous bacterial gene products | question: How simple is the process of transformation?, answer: this complex process | question: What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA, answer: enter a special physiological state termed competence | question: How big can be the transformation level?, answer: between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome | question: How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?, answer: common
Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

question: What has served as a school of writing for many authors?, answer: Translation | question: Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?, answer: monks | question: What did translators shape in the course of their work?, answer: languages | question: What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?, answer: bridges | question: Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?, answer: source languages