lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea. At the start of the Opium War, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go......In the Arrow War (1856–60), the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing. Meanwhile, new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions, bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884–85). But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms."

question: What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?, answer: naval weakness | question: When was the Arrow War?, answer: (1856–60) | question: Where did the French and English land in 1860?, answer: Gulf of Zhili | question: Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?, answer: Edward L. Dreyer
Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin, and George Washington. Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists.

question: Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?, answer: Freemasonry | question: To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?, answer: powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists | question: Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?, answer: Europe
Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.

question: What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?, answer: crisis management | question: At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?, answer: the time of the Roman Empire | question: What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?, answer: intentional empire-building | question: What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?, answer: independent
Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?, answer: 1609 | question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?, answer: Amsterdam | question: Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?, answer: John Smyth | question: John Smyth broke his ties with what church?, answer: Church of England | question: Where did John Smyth go into exile?, answer: Amsterdam
Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

question: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?, answer: 1609 | question: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?, answer: Amsterdam | question: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?, answer: John Smyth | question: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?, answer: Particular Baptists | question: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?, answer: 1638
Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

question: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?, answer: Amsterdam | question: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?, answer: John Smyth | question: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?, answer: General Baptists | question: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?, answer: Roger Williams | question: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?, answer: Baptist missionaries
Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.

question: Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?, answer: 1920s | question: What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?, answer: 1953 | question: Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?, answer: March 11, 1988 | question: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?, answer: was purchased | question: Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?, answer: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

question: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?, answer: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions | question: Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?, answer: 200 CE | question: What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?, answer: Jewish sages
Historical interpretations of John have been subject to considerable change over the years. Medieval chroniclers provided the first contemporary, or near contemporary, histories of John's reign. One group of chroniclers wrote early in John's life, or around the time of his accession, including Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. These historians were generally unsympathetic to John's behaviour under Richard's rule, but slightly more positive towards the very earliest years of John's reign. Reliable accounts of the middle and later parts of John's reign are more limited, with Gervase of Canterbury and Ralph of Coggeshall writing the main accounts; neither of them were positive about John's performance as king. Much of John's later, negative reputation was established by two chroniclers writing after the king's death, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, the latter claiming that John attempted conversion to Islam in exchange for military aid from the Almohad ruler Muhammad al-Nasir - a story which is considered to be untrue by modern historians.

question: Which historians wrote early in John's life?, answer: Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto | question: How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?, answer: unsympathetic | question: John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?, answer: Islam
Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.

question: What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?, answer: Historical linguistics | question: Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?, answer: Sir William Jones | question: What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?, answer: catalog all languages of the world | question: What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?, answer: the development of generative linguistics | question: What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?, answer: a mathematical model of language
Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

question: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?, answer: Nihon Manga-Shi | question: When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?, answer: 1924 | question: What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?, answer: Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics | question: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?, answer: Frederik L. Schodt | question: What publication is Schodt responsible for?, answer: Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics
Historical population figures are unknown. In 1862, the population was estimated at about 10,000. In 1960, the entire population was about 15,000. In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191. Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urban center, located in Kwajalein Atoll. This excludes many who have relocated elsewhere, primarily to the United States. The Compact of Free Association allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there. A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale, Arkansas, the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home.

question: About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?, answer: 10,000 | question: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?, answer: 15,000 | question: As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?, answer: 72,191 | question: On what atoll is Ebeye located?, answer: Kwajalein Atoll | question: What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?, answer: Springdale, Arkansas
Historical records show evidence of Jewish communities north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as the 8th and 9th century. By the 11th century Jewish settlers, moving from southern European and Middle Eastern centers, appear to have begun to settle in the north, especially along the Rhine, often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers. Thus Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, invited Jacob ben Yekutiel and his fellow Jews to settle in his lands; and soon after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror likewise extended a welcome to continental Jews to take up residence there. Bishop Rüdiger Huzmann called on the Jews of Mainz to relocate to Speyer. In all of these decisions, the idea that Jews had the know-how and capacity to jump-start the economy, improve revenues, and enlarge trade seems to have played a prominent role. Typically Jews relocated close to the markets and churches in town centres, where, though they came under the authority of both royal and ecclesiastical powers, they were accorded administrative autonomy.

question: Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?, answer: 8th and 9th century | question: Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?, answer: 11th century | question: What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?, answer: often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers
Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993). It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post–Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).

question: When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?, answer: 2002 | question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?, answer: anarchist agitators and other political radicals | question: Which police force monitored Karl Marx?, answer: Prussian | question: What international police agency was created before WW2?, answer: Interpol | question: In what era did cross-border policing increase?, answer: post–Cold War
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly-independent Mexico, which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later. In 1850, it became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union.

question: Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542?, answer: Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo | question: What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived?, answer: Kumeyaay | question: In what year did San Diego become part of the United States?, answer: 1850 | question: After the land was claimed for Spain, how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began?, answer: 200
Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine becomes an issue. Therefore, DC machines powered by an AC/DC motor generator were the preferred solution. The MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator, which has the added advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system.

question: Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?, answer: AC motors | question: Why were AC motors used?, answer: cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue | question: What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators?, answer: the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine | question: Generally, what powered the relay contoller?, answer: MG set | question: What is a known advantage of the MG set?, answer: electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system
Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

question: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?, answer: Greek historians | question: What has the West historically referred Iran as?, answer: Persia | question: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?, answer: the 9th century BC | question: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?, answer: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, | question: What is Persis known as today?, answer: Fars Province