lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.

question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?, answer: 633 AD | question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?, answer: 651 AD | question: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to?, answer: Sunni Islam | question: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?, answer: Imperial Russia | question: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?, answer: 1979 Revolution
In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.

question: Who was the ruler of China in 677?, answer: Emperor Gaozong | question: Who led the military expedition in Fujian?, answer: Chen Zheng | question: What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?, answer: Chen Yuanguang | question: Who was the ruler of China in 885?, answer: Emperor Xizong of Tang | question: What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?, answer: two waves of migrations from the north
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.

question: Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?, answer: Mecca | question: Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?, answer: Muslim bin Agail | question: What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?, answer: Basrah | question: Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?, answer: Muslim bin Agail
In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.

question: In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?, answer: 712 | question: Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?, answer: Hindu kings | question: In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?, answer: Sindh in Pakistan | question: When was the Arab invasion repulsed?, answer: early 8th century | question: Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?, answer: Al-Mansurah
In 77 BC, the senate sent one of Sulla's former lieutenants, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), to put down an uprising in Spain. By 71 BC, Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission. Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Spartacus-led gladiator/slave revolt in Italy. Upon their return, Pompey and Crassus found the populares party fiercely attacking Sulla's constitution. They attempted to forge an agreement with the populares party. If both Pompey and Crassus were elected consul in 70 BC, they would dismantle the more obnoxious components of Sulla's constitution. The two were soon elected, and quickly dismantled most of Sulla's constitution.

question: Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?, answer: Spain | question: Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted?, answer: Pompey | question: In what year was the election held that let Pompey and Crassus obtain the seat of consul?, answer: 70 BC | question: Who was the instigator in the slave revolt in Italy?, answer: Spartacus | question: When did Pompey return to Rome after having quelled the uprising in Spain?, answer: 71 BC
In 821/822 CE Tibet and China signed a peace treaty. A bilingual account of this treaty, including details of the borders between the two countries, is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century, when a civil war over succession led to the collapse of imperial Tibet. The period that followed is known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, when political control over Tibet became divided between regional warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority.

question: When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?, answer: 821/822 CE | question: Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?, answer: Jokhang temple in Lhasa | question: When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?, answer: mid-9th century | question: What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?, answer: Era of Fragmentation | question: What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?, answer: political control over Tibet
In 885 AD the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to Mamluk invasions. In the next few centuries, Djenghis Khan, Timurids, and the tribal Turkic federations of the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu ruled over the Armenians.

question: When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?, answer: 885 AD | question: Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?, answer: Ashot I | question: What dynasty was Ashot I part of?, answer: the Bagratid Dynasty | question: Who invaded Armenia in 1064?, answer: Seljuk Turks | question: What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?, answer: the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu
In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again. A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. The attack was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus’ burned towns, churches, and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus’, luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire. Liutprand of Cremona wrote that "the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus’ fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.

question: What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?, answer: 941 | question: Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?, answer: Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs | question: What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?, answer: outfitted with Greek fire throwers | question: How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?, answer: 10,000 vessels
In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

question: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?, answer: five | question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?, answer: crude oil | question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?, answer: diesel fuel | question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?, answer: Redwater, Alberta | question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?, answer: half
In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?, answer: Alghero | question: What definite article is found rather than el?, answer: lo | question: What is -v- used for?, answer: imperfect tense | question: What dialect employs many archaic words?, answer: Alguerese | question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?, answer: weak pronouns
In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. Again, in this context the word "falsified" does not refer to something being "fake"; rather, that something can be (i.e., is capable of being) shown to be false by observation or experiment. Some things simply do not lend themselves to being shown to be false, and therefore, are not falsifiable. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula:

question: Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?, answer: All Life is Problem Solving | question: Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?, answer: evolutionary | question: What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?, answer: truth content
In America, Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence. In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

question: What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?, answer: Dennis Bennett | question: When was the Massey conference held?, answer: 1964 | question: The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?, answer: Life in the Spirit | question: Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement., answer: Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson | question: Where was the Massey conference held?, answer: New Zealand
In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

question: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?, answer: America | question: What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?, answer: nonprofit | question: What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?, answer: Americans for UNFPA | question: What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace?, answer: federal funding | question: Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?, answer: private donations
In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.

question: Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?, answer: green | question: What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?, answer: malachite | question: How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?, answer: saffron
In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.

question: Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?, answer: Aristotle | question: Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?, answer: Democritus | question: Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?, answer: white
In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.

question: Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?, answer: 600 BC | question: At that time, who helped develop materialism?, answer: Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy | question: What school advanced atomism?, answer: Nyaya–Vaisesika school | question: Between what years did the school advance atomism?, answer: 600 BC - 100 BC
In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

question: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?, answer: Tyrian purple | question: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?, answer: holidays | question: What is a flammeum?, answer: a red shawl | question: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?, answer: Red | question: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?, answer: triumph
In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?, answer: Andorra | question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?, answer: 1993 | question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?, answer: Andorranization policies | question: What is an Andorran school policy?, answer: Catalan medium education | question: What is the only language of Andorra?, answer: Catalan
In Anglo-American academic political philosophy, the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone. Rawls used a thought experiment, the original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls also offered a criticism of utilitarian approaches to questions of political justice. Robert Nozick's 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia, which won a National Book Award, responded to Rawls from a libertarian perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints.

question: What did John Rawsl publish?, answer: A Theory of Justice | question: Who Published A Theory of Justice?, answer: John Rawls | question: When was A Theory of Justice published?, answer: 1971 | question: Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?, answer: Robert Nozick
In Apollo's role as a healer, his appellations included Acesius (/əˈsiːʒəs/ ə-SEE-zhəs; Ἀκέσιος, Akesios, from ἄκεσις, "healing"), Acestor (/əˈsɛstər/ ə-SES-tər; Ἀκέστωρ, Akestōr, literally "healer"), Paean (/ˈpiːən/ PEE-ən; Παιάν, Paiān, from παίειν, "to touch"),[citation needed] and Iatrus (/aɪˈætrəs/ eye-AT-rəs; Ἰατρός, Iātros, literally "physician"). Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora. The Romans referred to Apollo as Medicus (/ˈmɛdᵻkəs/ MED-i-kəs; literally "physician" in Latin) in this respect. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.

question: What is the literal word for latrus?, answer: physician | question: Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora?, answer: Elis | question: Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus?, answer: Rome | question: What is the literal meaning of "healer?", answer: Paean