lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt—a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]

question: What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?, answer: the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, | question: Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on., answer: Mesopotamia and Egypt | question: Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?, answer: is, to the devout, taboo. | question: Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?, answer: Bible | question: Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?, answer: a period of about five millennia
In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

question: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?, answer: principle of subsidiarity | question: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?, answer: embezzlement | question: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?, answer: centralized
In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to." Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air".

question: What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?, answer: magi | question: To what did the term magi originally refer?, answer: Persian priests | question: Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?, answer: Pliny the Elder | question: What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?, answer: "History of magical arts" | question: Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?, answer: Apollonius of Tyana
In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

question: What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?, answer: Isis | question: Zeus was paired with which local god?, answer: Ammon | question: Aphrodite was paired with which local god?, answer: Hagne | question: Isis was paired with what local god?, answer: Demeter
In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

question: what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?, answer: Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. | question: What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?, answer: the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. | question: What is the origins of the term "old woman " ?, answer: word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu | question: Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?, answer: A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia.
In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).

question: What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?, answer: gold mosaics with only one great cross | question: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?, answer: condemned as idolatry | question: When did the Iconodules change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?, answer: 787–797 | question: When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?, answer: after 740 | question: When was the Dormition church destroyed?, answer: 1922
In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

question: What does IPA stand for?, answer: International Phonetic Alphabet | question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?, answer: voiceless consonants | question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?, answer: p | question: pʰ represents what?, answer: aspirated bilabial stop
In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

question: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?, answer: Islamic | question: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?, answer: a Messenger of God | question: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?, answer: Allah | question: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?, answer: People of the Book
In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

question: The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?, answer: The Times | question: What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?, answer: James Bond | question: In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?, answer: From Russia, with Love
In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

question: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?, answer: the Walcheren Campaign | question: The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?, answer: the Austrians | question: On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?, answer: 30 July | question: What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?, answer: "Walcheren Fever." | question: When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?, answer: December 1809
In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.

question: Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?, answer: by monarch | question: What right was reversed by sijm?, answer: ennoblement | question: What would be given to the enobled one?, answer: undifferentiated coat of arms | question: After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?, answer: sejm | question: What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?, answer: szlachta clan
In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo ("maiden" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, "maiden"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga ("wand") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet "The Swan of Mantua".[citation needed]

question: Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?, answer: Vergilius | question: During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?, answer: Late Empire and Middle Ages | question: In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?, answer: 19th | question: Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?, answer: Oxford
In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

question: When was the golden age of Catalan?, answer: Low Middle Ages | question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?, answer: city of Valencia | question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?, answer: Catalan | question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?, answer: 17th | question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?, answer: Costa Carreras
In the March 26 general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23, in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained. While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected, more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin, physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak.

question: What percentage of people voted on March 26?, answer: 89.8% | question: How many constituencies had run-off elections?, answer: 76 | question: How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?, answer: more than 300
In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.

question: When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?, answer: 2007 | question: How many national airlines are there in Mexico?, answer: 21 | question: How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?, answer: 11 | question: What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?, answer: Pachuca
In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity.

question: Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?, answer: Eclogues 4 | question: Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?, answer: Christianity | question: During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?, answer: Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.

question: What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?, answer: the Ajuran Sultanate | question: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?, answer: the Sultanate of Adal | question: What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?, answer: Ahmed Gurey | question: What state did Adal conquer?, answer: the Ethiopian Empire | question: What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?, answer: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf
In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

question: What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?, answer: doctrine of the two kingdoms | question: Who added the election of laymen to church government?, answer: Calvin | question: When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?, answer: 1523 | question: Who added synods to church government?, answer: The Huguenots | question: What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?, answer: reason
In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.

question: Which river runs underneath the palace?, answer: river Tyburn | question: The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?, answer: Edith of Wessex | question: Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?, answer: Geoffrey de Mandeville | question: The site was passed to monks from which abbey?, answer: Westminster Abbey | question: The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?, answer: Manor of Ebury | question: What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?, answer: Eye Cross | question: Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?, answer: Geoffrey de Mandeville | question: What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?, answer: Manor of Ebury
In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.

question: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?, answer: Rabbi Berechiah | question: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?, answer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah | question: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?, answer: the Talmud | question: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?, answer: Genesis Rabbah