lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament and the government. The first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. Later Hanoverian monarchs attempted to restore royal control over legislation: George III and George IV both openly opposed Catholic Emancipation and asserted that to grant assent to a Catholic emancipation bill would violate the Coronation Oath, which required the sovereign to preserve and protect the established Church of England from Papal domination and would grant rights to individuals who were in league with a foreign power which did not recognise their legitimacy. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers. Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms.

question: During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?, answer: Hanoverian dynasty | question: Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?, answer: George I | question: In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?, answer: Catholic Emancipation | question: Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?, answer: George I | question: What did George III and George IV both oppose?, answer: Catholic Emancipation | question: What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?, answer: Coronation Oath | question: Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?, answer: George IV
During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.

question: How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?, answer: 12 terabytes | question: Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?, answer: Electronic Frontier Foundation | question: What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?, answer: appeal | question: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?, answer: rejected in a summary judgment | question: Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?, answer: Louis L. Stanton
During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

question: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?, answer: Prussia | question: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?, answer: German or French | question: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?, answer: younger generations | question: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?, answer: Germany | question: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?, answer: Dutch
During the second half of the 19th century the bourgeoisie encouraged the development of the city and its environs; land-owners were enriched by the introduction of the orange crop and the expansion of vineyards and other crops,. This economic boom corresponded with a revival of local traditions and of the Valencian language, which had been ruthlessly suppressed from the time of Philip V. Around 1870, the Valencian Renaissance, a movement committed to the revival of the Valencian language and traditions, began to gain ascendancy. In its early stages the movement inclined to the romanticism of the poet Teodor Llorente, and resisted the more assertive remonstrances of Constantine Llombart, founder of the still extant cultural society, Lo Rat Penat, which is dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of the Valencian language and culture.

question: Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?, answer: land-owners | question: Who had suppressed the Valencian language?, answer: Philip V | question: What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?, answer: Lo Rat Penat | question: What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?, answer: Teodor Llorente | question: Who founded Lo Rat Penat?, answer: Constantine Llombart
During the siege of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099, the Jewish inhabitants of the city fought side by side with the Fatimid garrison and the Muslim population who tried in vain to defend the city against the Crusaders. When the city fell, about 60,000 people were massacred, including 6,000 Jews seeking refuge in a synagogue. At this time, a full thousand years after the fall of the Jewish state, there were Jewish communities all over the country. Fifty of them are known and include Jerusalem, Tiberias, Ramleh, Ashkelon, Caesarea, and Gaza. According to Albert of Aachen, the Jewish residents of Haifa were the main fighting force of the city, and "mixed with Saracen [Fatimid] troops", they fought bravely for close to a month until forced into retreat by the Crusader fleet and land army. However, Joshua Prawer expressed doubt over the story, noting that Albert did not attend the Crusades and that such a prominent role for the Jews is not mentioned by any other source.[undue weight? – discuss]

question: Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?, answer: Fatimid garrison | question: How many people were massacred when the city fell?, answer: 60,000 | question: How many Jews were seeking refuge?, answer: 6,000
During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.

question: At which period of the year are phosphates high?, answer: the summer growing season | question: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?, answer: phosphate | question: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?, answer: the stem of the plant | question: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?, answer: anthocyanin pigments | question: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?, answer: greater the production of anthocyanins
During the summer months, it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 °F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F (38 °C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average over 90 percent relative humidity. Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief, except in the far southeastern outskirts near the Gulf coast and Galveston. To cope with the strong humidity and heat, people use air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building. In 1980, Houston was described as the "most air-conditioned place on earth". Officially, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C), which was reached both on September 4, 2000 and August 28, 2011.

question: How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?, answer: 106.5 | question: How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?, answer: 4.6 | question: What weather factor produces a higher heat index?, answer: humidity | question: What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?, answer: Winds | question: What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?, answer: 109 °F
During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.

question: The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?, answer: 1968 | question: What animal was carried aboard the Zond 5?, answer: tortoises | question: The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?, answer: March 1969
During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after.

question: What year was the single "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" produced?, answer: 1969 | question: What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?, answer: Cub Power | question: What did The Cubs Song incorporate?, answer: the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers
During the three years following its inception, the university bore three different names. The board first approved "Eliot Seminary," but William Eliot was uncomfortable with naming a university after himself and objected to the establishment of a seminary, which would implicitly be charged with teaching a religious faith. He favored a nonsectarian university. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to "Washington Institute" in honor of George Washington. Naming the University after the nation's first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States and a symbol of national unity. The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to "Washington University." The university amended its name once more in 1976, when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix "in St. Louis" to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington's name.

question: What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?, answer: Eliot Seminary | question: What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?, answer: Washington Institute | question: Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?, answer: The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri | question: When was the name Washington University amended?, answer: 1856 | question: When was the suffix "in St. Louis" added to Washington University?, answer: 1976
During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.

question: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?, answer: Shramana-movement | question: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?, answer: Jainism and Buddhism | question: During what time were the first Upanishads written?, answer: between 800 and 200 BCE | question: What period started after 500 BCE?, answer: Second urbanization | question: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?, answer: Central Ganges Plain
During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign.

question: What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?, answer: focused on building up his financial and military resources | question: By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances with who?, answer: Otto IV | question: John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?, answer: the harbour of Damme
During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states. Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope.

question: During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?, answer: 1305–78 | question: What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?, answer: Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy | question: When did the Great Schism end?, answer: 1418 | question: How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?, answer: two | question: Who was made pope in 1417?, answer: Martin V
During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d. AD 92) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (檀石槐) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.

question: Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?, answer: Tarim | question: When did Chen Mu die?, answer: AD 75 | question: Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?, answer: Ili River valley | question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?, answer: Chen Mu | question: Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?, answer: the Northern Xiongnu
During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942–46), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942–43), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943–45). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).

question: Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?, answer: Fritz Lang | question: In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?, answer: 1942–46 | question: In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?, answer: 1943–45 | question: What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?, answer: Selznick International Pictures | question: In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?, answer: 1943
During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

question: Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?, answer: Elizabeth | question: Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?, answer: Britain was at war | question: What did Elizabeth join in 1946?, answer: Welsh Gorsedd of Bards | question: Who was the always the Prince of Wales?, answer: heir apparent | question: Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?, answer: Herbert Morrison
During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21–28 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week).

question: What became highly politicised during the war?, answer: Paris National Guard | question: In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?, answer: working-class neighbourhoods | question: What did the National Guard refuse to wear?, answer: uniforms | question: What did the National Guard refuse to obey?, answer: commands from the national government | question: On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?, answer: 21–28 May
During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

question: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?, answer: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley | question: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?, answer: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois | question: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?, answer: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley | question: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?, answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British | question: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?, answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war