lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.

question: Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?, answer: Ray Mala | question: Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?, answer: "Camp Hollywood" | question: In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?, answer: Northwest | question: Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?, answer: from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood
One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis. From the 11th century onwards several other works appear, including commentaries by Qushayri (d. 1074), Daylami (d. 1193), Shirazi (d. 1209) and Suhrawardi (d. 1234). These works include material from Sulami's books plus the author's contributions. Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi (d. 1135) kash al-asrar ("the unveiling of the secrets"). Rumi (d. 1273) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi. Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry, a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi's work. A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi, which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran. Rumi's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran, however, Rumi does mention Quran more frequently. Simnani (d. 1336) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran. He reconciled notions of God's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam. Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi (d. 1725). His work ruh al-Bayan (the Spirit of Elucidation) is a voluminous exegesis. Written in Arabic, it combines the author's own ideas with those of his predecessors (notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali), all woven together in Hafiz, a Persian poetry form.

question: Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century?, answer: Sulami | question: What is the English name of Sulami's major work?, answer: Truths of Exegesis | question: In which language did Maybudi write?, answer: Persian | question: Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation?, answer: Ismail Hakki Bursevi | question: In which year did the poet Rumi die?, answer: 1273
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).

question: When was Boston founded?, answer: 1630 | question: Where was Boston Founded?, answer: Shawmut Peninsula | question: List one major event that took place in Boston., answer: Boston Massacre | question: How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?, answer: 20 million | question: What year was Boston founded?, answer: 1630 | question: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?, answer: the Shawmut Peninsula | question: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?, answer: tourists | question: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?, answer: 20 million
One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline "GOTCHA". At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known. John Shirley, a reporter for The Sunday Times, witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless.

question: What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?, answer: "GOTCHA" | question: Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?, answer: the General Belgrano | question: Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?, answer: the extent of Argentinian casualties became known | question: Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?, answer: John Shirley | question: What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?, answer: HMS Fearless
One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture," in the late 17th century and 18th century. Elements of the public sphere included: it was egalitarian, it discussed the domain of "common concern," and argument was founded on reason. Habermas uses the term "common concern" to describe those areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities, now open to critical examination by the public sphere. The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme, considering everything to be open to criticism (the public sphere is critical), and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts.

question: How was the public sphere defined?, answer: realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture | question: During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?, answer: late 17th century and 18th century | question: What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?, answer: common concern | question: The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?, answer: reason | question: The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?, answer: secrecy of all sorts
One of the primary functions of a brain is to extract biologically relevant information from sensory inputs. The human brain is provided with information about light, sound, the chemical composition of the atmosphere, temperature, head orientation, limb position, the chemical composition of the bloodstream, and more. In other animals additional senses may be present, such as the infrared heat-sense of snakes, the magnetic field sense of some birds, or the electric field sense of some types of fish. Moreover, other animals may develop existing sensory systems in new ways, such as the adaptation by bats of the auditory sense into a form of sonar. One way or another, all of these sensory modalities are initially detected by specialized sensors that project signals into the brain.

question: What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?, answer: bats | question: What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?, answer: snakes | question: The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?, answer: birds | question: The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?, answer: fish
One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point—this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect.

question: What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament?, answer: a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life | question: Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?, answer: Irving Langmuir | question: Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?, answer: argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton | question: Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments?, answer: alloys of tungsten and rhenium
One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

question: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?, answer: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population | question: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?, answer: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed | question: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?, answer: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population
One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic.

question: Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?, answer: prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases | question: What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?, answer: virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness | question: What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?, answer: Ebola | question: Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?, answer: victims experience only internal hemorrhaging | question: What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?, answer: travel long distances
One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.

question: What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?, answer: perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people | question: What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?, answer: gaydar | question: What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?, answer: that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance | question: What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?, answer: using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation | question: What did this research also show about face-shape?, answer: not an accurate indication of orientation.
One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

question: What is a problem with racial assignments?, answer: admixture | question: How many people have a varied ancestry?, answer: Many | question: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?, answer: colonial and early federal history | question: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?, answer: African | question: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?, answer: 10%
One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

question: Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?, answer: that is crucial | question: Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?, answer: have gained much knowledge | question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?, answer: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved. | question: What has most of the research on memories revolved around?, answer: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;
One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?, answer: Tim Maudlin | question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?, answer: intrinsic | question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?, answer: asymmetry | question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?, answer: Maudlin
One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.

question: What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?, answer: consensus | question: What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?, answer: taxonomic | question: What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?, answer: race | question: What do some eschew altogether?, answer: the concept of race | question: What is a less problematic unit of analysis?, answer: concept of population
One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his. Not every person accused of a political crime was convicted and nobody was sentenced to death for his or her pro-Soviet feelings. However this repression, which lasted until 1956, was marked by significant violations of human rights.

question: Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?, answer: Stalin | question: Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?, answer: Ranković | question: Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?, answer: 1956 | question: The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?, answer: Soviet Union | question: What is another name for the UBDA?, answer: State Security Service
One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking all top four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003–04 to 2008–09 inclusive, with Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that "Big Four" dominance threatened the division, "This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world." Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence: "There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you're at the top, in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting."

question: What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?, answer: the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United | question: Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league?, answer: Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04 | question: Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008?, answer: Kevin Keegan stated that "Big Four" dominance threatened the division, | question: Since 2003-04, has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did?, answer: Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003–04, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League. | question: In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the "Big Four" take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League?, answer: 5 | question: Which of the "Big Four" teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season?, answer: Arsenal | question: Who stated that "Big Four" dominance was a threat to the division?, answer: Kevin Keegan | question: Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting, even if only four teams dominated?, answer: Richard Scudamore | question: What was Richard Scudamore's job?, answer: Premier League chief executive
One significant part of treaty making is that signing a treaty implies recognition that the other side is a sovereign state and that the agreement being considered is enforceable under international law. Hence, nations can be very careful about terming an agreement to be a treaty. For example, within the United States, agreements between states are compacts and agreements between states and the federal government or between agencies of the government are memoranda of understanding.

question: What are agreements between states within the United States called?, answer: compacts | question: What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?, answer: memoranda of understanding | question: In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?, answer: memoranda of understanding | question: Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?, answer: a sovereign state | question: Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?, answer: international law
One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States. It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed, and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed. The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild.

question: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?, answer: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast | question: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?, answer: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss | question: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?, answer: 16 birds | question: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass, answer: eight years