lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

question: How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?, answer: 100 to 85 million years ago | question: Which two major time periods did placentals appear?, answer: Eocene through the Miocene | question: Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?, answer: Paleocene | question: When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?, answer: 55 million years ago | question: How much did the first primate weigh?, answer: 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce)
Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

question: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?, answer: specialized animals | question: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?, answer: 30M years | question: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?, answer: mid-Triassic | question: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?, answer: reptiles | question: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?, answer: 4M to 6M
Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

question: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?, answer: Brunetti and Weder | question: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?, answer: Adserà, Boix, and Payne | question: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?, answer: different states in the US.
Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids, containing about 9,000 species. The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms, plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae.

question: What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?, answer: monophyletic | question: Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?, answer: dicot | question: What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?, answer: magnoliids | question: How many species dicot species are magnoliids?, answer: about 9,000 | question: Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?, answer: paraphyletic
Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease to "knock out" or mutate a wide variety of genes, and then examine the effects on brain function. More sophisticated approaches are also being used: for example, using Cre-Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain, at specific times.

question: What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?, answer: mice
Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.

question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently?, answer: twelve | question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express?, answer: contribute to national security | question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force?, answer: core functions
Reciprocal arrangements allow British and Irish citizens to full voting rights in the two states. Exceptions to this are presidential elections and constitutional referendums in the Republic of Ireland, for which there is no comparable franchise in the other states. In the United Kingdom, these pre-date European Union law, and in both jurisdictions go further than that required by European Union law. Other EU nationals may only vote in local and European Parliament elections while resident in either the UK or Ireland. In 2008, a UK Ministry of Justice report investigating how to strengthen the British sense of citizenship proposed to end this arrangement arguing that, "the right to vote is one of the hallmarks of the political status of citizens; it is not a means of expressing closeness between countries."

question: What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?, answer: presidential elections and constitutional referendums | question: In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?, answer: local and European Parliament elections | question: Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?, answer: UK Ministry of Justice | question: What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?, answer: Reciprocal arrangements
Records of bird migration were made as much as 3,000 years ago by the Ancient Greek writers Hesiod, Homer, Herodotus and Aristotle. The Bible also notes migrations, as in the Book of Job (39:26), where the inquiry is made: "Is it by your insight that the hawk hovers, spreads its wings southward?" The author of Jeremiah (8:7) wrote: "Even the stork in the heavens knows its seasons, and the turtle dove, the swift and the crane keep the time of their arrival."

question: Who recorded early records of migration?, answer: Ancient Greek writers | question: Where in the bible does it mention migration?, answer: the Book of Job (39:26) | question: What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?, answer: hawk
Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.

question: Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?, answer: virgin
Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

question: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?, answer: wealth | question: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?, answer: holidays | question: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?, answer: rubia tinctorum | question: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?, answer: during washing | question: What was carmine made from?, answer: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects
Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).

question: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?, answer: pheomelanin | question: There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?, answer: the lips | question: Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?, answer: eumelanin | question: In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?, answer: 1510 | question: What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?, answer: fiery
Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).

question: In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?, answer: the face | question: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?, answer: increased performance | question: In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?, answer: tae kwon do | question: What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?, answer: decreases performance | question: The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?, answer: testosterone
Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.

question: In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?, answer: Christ's blood | question: What cross is on the British flag?, answer: the cross of Saint George | question: As it relates to England, who is Saint George?, answer: patron saint of England | question: Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?, answer: the United States Marine Corps | question: In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?, answer: bad water conditions
Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

question: Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?, answer: violet | question: Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?, answer: Green Blue | question: Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?, answer: orange | question: How many nanometres does red have?, answer: roughly 620–740 | question: Which colors are combined to make all other colors?, answer: Red Green Blue | question: What spectrum of light is red within?, answer: visible light | question: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?, answer: violet | question: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?, answer: 620–740 nanometres | question: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?, answer: orange | question: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?, answer: subtractive primary colors
Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.

question: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?, answer: Scarlet | question: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?, answer: good fortune and prosperity | question: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?, answer: 4th | question: Who was Saint Nicholas?, answer: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra | question: In what nation is Myra?, answer: Turkey
Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.

question: In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?, answer: Vienna | question: In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?, answer: 1968 | question: At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?, answer: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 | question: Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?, answer: danger and warning | question: At what time is red at its brightest?, answer: daytime
Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.

question: What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?, answer: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it | question: What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?, answer: they would show no mercy to their enemy | question: Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?, answer: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 | question: Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?, answer: if there is danger to the drivers | question: What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?, answer: a red penalty card
Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.

question: In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?, answer: to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person | question: What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?, answer: People wearing red seem to be closer | question: Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?, answer: to be visible from a distance in a crowd | question: Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?, answer: easily found
Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

question: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?, answer: five | question: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?, answer: fire | question: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?, answer: metal, wood, water | question: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?, answer: all court ceremonies | question: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?, answer: Red
Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

question: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?, answer: 906–1279 | question: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?, answer: three | question: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?, answer: green | question: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?, answer: eighth and ninth
Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

question: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?, answer: nobles | question: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?, answer: Cao Xueqin | question: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?, answer: 1715–1763 | question: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?, answer: temples and imperial residences | question: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?, answer: Qing Dynasty