lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

question: What is the Faraday constant?, answer: the charge of one mole of electrons | question: How is the Faraday constant determined?, answer: by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. | question: How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?, answer: Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant. | question: How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?, answer: the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e
The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine.

question: What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton, Massachusetts?, answer: The Farmington Canal Trail | question: What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow?, answer: New Haven and Northampton Company | question: What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail?, answer: Farmington Canal | question: What proposed bike path, projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard, is part of the Farmington Canal Trail?, answer: East Coast Greenway | question: What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts?, answer: Farmington Canal Trail | question: Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation?, answer: bicycle | question: Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail?, answer: East Coast Greenway | question: In terms of length, how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida?, answer: 3,000-mile
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement organization. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.

question: What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US?, answer: FBI | question: What organization is the FBI a subset of?, answer: U.S. Department of Justice | question: What Director does the FBI report to?, answer: Director of National Intelligence | question: How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over?, answer: 200
The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

question: When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?, answer: 1848 | question: When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?, answer: 1999 | question: How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?, answer: three | question: What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?, answer: bicameral parliament | question: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?, answer: Federal Council
The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.

question: What serves as the collective Head of State?, answer: The Federal Council | question: How many members are in the Federal Council?, answer: seven | question: Who elects the members of the Federal Council?, answer: Federal Assembly | question: What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?, answer: one-year | question: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?, answer: the Assembly
The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.

question: Where is the national parliment housed?, answer: The Federal Palace | question: What is the Federal Palace called?, answer: Bundeshaus
The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above that of ordinary legislation, though they remain beneath the constitution itself. Additionally, as per the 45th amendment to the constitution, human rights treaties which are approved by Congress by means of a special procedure enjoy the same hierarchical position as a constitutional amendment. The hierarchical position of treaties in relation to domestic legislation is of relevance to the discussion on whether (and how) the latter can abrogate the former and vice versa.

question: The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?, answer: same hierarchical position | question: In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?, answer: 2008 | question: What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?, answer: the 45th amendment | question: The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?, answer: abrogate | question: What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?, answer: leis ordinárias
The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.

question: When did the federal war end?, answer: 1863 | question: How did the federal war end?, answer: with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces | question: What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate?, answer: "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America | question: In this type of federation each country had its own what?, answer: President
The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.

question: What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?, answer: Democratic-Republicans | question: What did the democratic-republican party believe in?, answer: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked | question: Who decided the rights in specific cases?, answer: the judicial system of courts
The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.

question: Where was the FIG founded?, answer: Liege | question: What year was FIG founded?, answer: 1881 | question: When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?, answer: 1896 | question: When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?, answer: 1928 | question: Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?, answer: in Amsterdam
The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital, Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named, Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic, Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians, Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever, Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery, Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide, Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012, Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA, C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer, David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006, and Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies, and a university trustee.

question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?, answer: Mary Harris Thompson | question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?, answer: Daniel Hale Williams | question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?, answer: Charles Horace Mayo | question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?, answer: Allen B. Kanavel | question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?, answer: Joseph P. Kerwin
The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

question: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?, answer: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64 | question: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?, answer: professional physicists and graduate students | question: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?, answer: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands | question: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?, answer: "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics | question: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?, answer: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton
The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

question: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?, answer: Ribbentrop | question: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?, answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant | question: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?, answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin
The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?, answer: The First Great Awakening | question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?, answer: The First Great Awakening
The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

question: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?, answer: 150 years | question: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?, answer: Hyksos | question: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?, answer: Avaris | question: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?, answer: Semitic Hyksos
The First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence occurring in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the Intifada became more organised and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. More than a thousand people were killed in the violence. During the 1991 Gulf War, the PLO supported Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Scud missile attacks against Israel. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded US calls to refrain from hitting back and did not participate in that war.

question: When did the First Intifada break out?, answer: 1987 | question: How many people were killed in the violence?, answer: More than a thousand people | question: PLO supported who during the Gulf War?, answer: Saddam Hussein
The First Opium War revealed the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using advanced muskets and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, demanded war reparations, forced China to open up the five ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai to western trade and missionaries, and to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain. It revealed many inadequacies in the Qing government and provoked widespread rebellions against the already hugely unpopular regime.

question: Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?, answer: British | question: When did the Qing surrender to the British?, answer: 1842 | question: What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?, answer: Treaty of Nanjing, | question: What 5 ports did the treaty force open?, answer: Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai | question: What island was given to the British?, answer: Hong Kong Island
The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918. The Allied Powers, led by the British Empire, France, Russia until March 1918, Japan and the United States after 1917, defeated the Central Powers, led by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war caused the disintegration of four empires—the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian ones—as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps. The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance.

question: When did the first World War begin?, answer: 1914 | question: Who led the Allied powers?, answer: British Empire, France, Russia | question: Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??, answer: Japan and the United States | question: What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?, answer: Triple Entente | question: How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?, answer: four empires
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.

question: What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?, answer: 16 Charlotte Street | question: In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?, answer: Fitzrovia | question: In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?, answer: Soho | question: What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?, answer: The Canonbury Tavern | question: In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?, answer: Canonbury