lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?, answer: Lord Shaftesbury | question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?, answer: children under the age of nine | question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?, answer: 1847 | question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?, answer: child labour began to decline | question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?, answer: 1803
Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z=4.

question: In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?, answer: atomic and plasma | question: Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?, answer: plasma | question: in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?, answer: neutral atomic state | question: The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?, answer: cosmological baryonic density of the Universe
Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"

question: What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?, answer: Italy | question: When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?, answer: June 1943 | question: What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?, answer: morale
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?, answer: Ukraine | question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?, answer: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths | question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?, answer: non-Slavic peoples | question: What peoples where in the Balkans?, answer: Paleo-Balkan peoples | question: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?, answer: The Thracians and Illyrians
Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[citation needed] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well in recent years among socially conservative working-class voters.[citation needed]However the Liberal Party's key support base remains the upper-middle classes; 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates are held by the Liberals, most of which are safe seats. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.

question: Whom are referred to as "The forgoten people?", answer: the middle class | question: In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?, answer: 1977 | question: Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?, answer: Don Chipp
Throughout this article Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania, Romania. The rest of the Ottoman domain is demoted to just "the east."

question: What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?, answer: the countries where "the eastern question" applied | question: What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?, answer: just "the east." | question: "The East" refers to what?, answer: The rest of the Ottoman domain
Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.

question: Saint Helena was an important port of which company?, answer: East India Company | question: What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?, answer: water and provisions | question: What vessel was owned by Captain James?, answer: HMS Endeavour | question: What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?, answer: HMS Endeavour | question: Vessels of what navy protected convoys?, answer: Royal
Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "Saxon duchies", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.

question: When did Thuringia become a landgraviate?, answer: in 1130 AD | question: Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?, answer: 1247–1264 | question: When did the western half of the state become Hesse?, answer: 1247 | question: Where was the Wettin dynasty from?, answer: Margraviate of Meissen | question: Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?, answer: the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.

question: When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?, answer: as early as 1520 | question: What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?, answer: were driven away | question: When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?, answer: during the German Peasants' War of 1525 | question: Who was Thomas Muntzer?, answer: a leader of some non-peaceful groups | question: Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?, answer: the Eichsfeld district
Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

question: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?, answer: life sciences and optics | question: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?, answer: Weimar and Gotha | question: How is most research in Thuringia funded?, answer: publicly funded | question: What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?, answer: the optics sector at Jena.
Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous façade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking "like everybody's idea of a palace", is not only a weekday home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. The palace also houses the offices of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of York, Earl and Countess of Wessex, Princess Royal, and Princess Alexandra, and is the workplace of more than 800 people.

question: Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?, answer: art gallery | question: Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?, answer: Bromsgrove Guild | question: How many people work at Buckingham Palace?, answer: more than 800 | question: Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?, answer: Duke of York | question: Who is Buckingham palace home to?, answer: the British monarchy | question: Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?, answer: Bromsgrove Guild | question: In what year were the railings and gates completed?, answer: 1911 | question: How many people work at Buckingham Palace?, answer: 800 people
Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.

question: What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?, answer: Perseus | question: Perseus fought the Romans in what war?, answer: Third Macedonian War | question: When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?, answer: 146 BC | question: Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?, answer: Lucius Mummius | question: When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?, answer: 146 BC
Thus, only in 1944 did the U.S. Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect: installing effective shipboard radar, replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression, and fixing the faults in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was "shiftless beyond description,"[nb 14] and convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to Allied ones, a product of flawed IJN doctrine and training – errors concealed by American faults as much as Japanese overconfidence. The number of U.S. submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944. By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because so few targets dared to venture out on the high seas. In all, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 merchant ships – about five million tons of shipping. Most were small cargo-carriers, but 124 were tankers bringing desperately needed oil from the East Indies. Another 320 were passenger ships and troop transports. At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed. Over 200 warships were sunk, ranging from many auxiliaries and destroyers to one battleship and no fewer than eight carriers.

question: When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?, answer: 1944 | question: How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines?, answer: 180 | question: How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war?, answer: 1,200 | question: How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war?, answer: eight | question: How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?, answer: 603
Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for "green" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for "green". For example, the Slavic zelenъ is cognate with Sanskrit hari "yellow, ochre, golden". The Turkic languages also have jašɨl "green" or "yellowish green", compared to a Mongolian word for "meadow".

question: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for "green" which are derived from words for what?, answer: fresh, sprouting vegetation | question: How were the terms for "green" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?, answer: independently | question: Which language has a word for "green" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for "meadow"?, answer: Turkic
Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.

question: What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available?, answer: ability to detect any infectious agent | question: What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?, answer: cost and application | question: What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?, answer: clostridial diseases | question: PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?, answer: significant proliferation of the infectious agent
Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.

question: What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?, answer: American | question: Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?, answer: local issues | question: How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?, answer: two | question: What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?, answer: Council of States | question: What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?, answer: National Council
Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC. He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius. Tiberius then used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was counter to Roman constitutional theory. If carried to its logical end, this theory would remove all constitutional restraints on the popular will, and put the state under the absolute control of a temporary popular majority. His law was enacted, but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate.

question: To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?, answer: tribune | question: Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?, answer: Tiberius Gracchus | question: When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?, answer: when he stood for reelection to the tribunate | question: Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?, answer: Marcus Octavius | question: What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?, answer: that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people
Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate"). Both devices would allow the Senate to bypass the ordinary due process rights that all citizens had. Gaius outlawed the judicial commissions, and declared the senatus consultum ultimum to be unconstitutional. Gaius then proposed a law which would grant citizenship rights to Rome's Italian allies. This last proposal was not popular with the plebeians and he lost much of his support. He stood for election to a third term in 121 BC, but was defeated and then murdered by representatives of the senate with 3,000 of his supporters on Capitoline Hill in Rome. Though the senate retained control, the Gracchi had strengthened the political influence of the plebeians.

question: In what year was Gaius elected to office?, answer: 123 BC | question: Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?, answer: Gaius | question: What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?, answer: weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces | question: Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?, answer: Gaius | question: What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?, answer: Capitoline Hill in Rome