lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The site selected for the university was a hill known as Mount Oread, which was owned by former Kansas Governor Charles L. Robinson. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre (16 ha) site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere. The philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2, 1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the state university, and the following year the university was officially organized. The school's Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, which is the event that KU dates its founding from. Work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12, 1866, and the first class graduated in 1873.

question: On what geographic feature was KU built?, answer: Mount Oread | question: Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?, answer: Charles L. Robinson | question: Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?, answer: Amos Adams Lawrence | question: What was the governing body of KU?, answer: Board of Regents | question: What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?, answer: 1873
The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

question: When was Saint Petersburg established?, answer: early 18th century | question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society?, answer: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor | question: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?, answer: Dostoyevsky | question: What historical site still operates within the mall?, answer: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre
The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

question: War with what country seemed imminent?, answer: United States | question: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?, answer: President Wilson | question: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?, answer: Carranza’s | question: To which Secretary did Carothers write?, answer: Secretary William Jennings Bryan
The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language.

question: What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?, answer: Swiss German | question: What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?, answer: standard German | question: Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?, answer: Liechtenstein
The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force – in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies – jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way".

question: What year did the Prague Spring take place?, answer: 1968 | question: What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?, answer: suppressed by military force | question: Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?, answer: Brezhnev Doctrine | question: Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?, answer: oppressive | question: What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?, answer: Sinatra Doctrine
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers — Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi — were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi — a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.

question: How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?, answer: sixty-one year | question: What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?, answer: High Qing | question: Who had the longest rule of any emperor?, answer: Kangxi | question: How old was Kangxi when he took over?, answer: eight | question: Who ruled while Kangxi was young?, answer: Oboi
The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show cranial sutures. The orbits are large and separated by a bony septum. The spine has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior thoracic vertebrae and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the pelvis to form the synsacrum. The ribs are flattened and the sternum is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings.

question: What consists of very lightweight bones?, answer: The skeleton | question: What does the skeleton consist of?, answer: very lightweight bones | question: What are pneumatic cavities?, answer: large air-filled cavities | question: What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?, answer: pneumatic cavities | question: What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?, answer: synsacrum
The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.

question: When did Britain outlaw slave trade?, answer: 1807 | question: After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?, answer: Napoleonic Wars | question: Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?, answer: Oba Kosoko | question: Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?, answer: Lagos | question: Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?, answer: Freetown
The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions. Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use, particularly for solving time–distance problems in light aircraft. To save space and for ease of reading, these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape. A popular example is the E6B.

question: When was the slide rule first invented?, answer: 1620–1630 | question: What is the slide rule used for?, answer: doing multiplication and division. | question: What industry are slide rules still used today?, answer: Aviation
The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores. CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.

question: What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?, answer: PC | question: What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?, answer: price | question: What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?, answer: manufacturing | question: Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?, answer: big box stores | question: What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?, answer: CNET
The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords. The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms. These reforms included reducing taxes, temporary remissions of taxes, granting loans and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in agricultural colonies until they could recover from their debts.

question: Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?, answer: landowner-cultivators | question: Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?, answer: The Han government | question: During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?, answer: Eastern Han | question: What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?, answer: temporary | question: What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?, answer: enacted reforms
The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military executions were sometimes conducted in such a way that they evoked human sacrifice, whether deliberately or in the perception of witnesses; Marcus Marius Gratidianus was a gruesome example.

question: Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?, answer: L. Junius Brutus | question: What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?, answer: woolen dolls | question: Who was Mania in Roman religion?, answer: Mother of the Lares | question: What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?, answer: L. Junius Brutus | question: What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?, answer: executions
The so-called "Sack of Palermo" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo, which swelled in size, leading to rapid expansion towards the north. The regulatory plans for expansion was largely ignored in the boom. New parts of town appeared almost out of nowhere, but without parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city.

question: To what does the term "Sack of Palermo" refer?, answer: speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings | question: Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?, answer: reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities | question: What did Palermo expansion lack?, answer: t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

question: What determined a child's social identity?, answer: the tribe's kinship system | question: What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?, answer: matrilineal | question: What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?, answer: Indian | question: What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?, answer: white | question: How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?, answer: if adopted by a man
The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

question: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?, answer: Georg Simmel | question: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?, answer: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects | question: What does non-material culture refer to?, answer: non physical ideas | question: The term material culture is only relevant to what?, answer: archeological and anthropological studies
The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

question: Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?, answer: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber | question: What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?, answer: popular culture, political control, and social class | question: What is most of the research into sociological culture ?, answer: qualitative
The soft AC format may soon be facing the demographic pressures that the jazz and big band formats faced in the 1960s and 1970s and that the oldies format is starting to face today, with the result that one may hear soft AC less on over-the-air radio and more on satellite radio systems in coming years. Much of the music and artists that were traditionally played on soft AC stations have been relegated to the adult standards format, which is itself disappearing because of aging demographics. Some soft AC stations have found a niche by incorporating more oldies into their playlists and are more open to playing softer songs that fit the "traditional" definition of AC.

question: What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?, answer: jazz and big band | question: What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?, answer: oldies | question: What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?, answer: adult standards | question: Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?, answer: incorporating more oldies | question: Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?, answer: aging demographics
The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.

question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?, answer: The softness | question: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?, answer: silver | question: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?, answer: 3.1×106 A/m2 | question: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?, answer: corrosion | question: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?, answer: it begins to heat excessively
The solution was automation, in the form of a mechanical computer, the Kerrison Predictor. Operators kept it pointed at the target, and the Predictor then calculated the proper aim point automatically and displayed it as a pointer mounted on the gun. The gun operators simply followed the pointer and loaded the shells. The Kerrison was fairly simple, but it pointed the way to future generations that incorporated radar, first for ranging and later for tracking. Similar predictor systems were introduced by Germany during the war, also adding radar ranging as the war progressed.

question: What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?, answer: the Kerrison Predictor | question: What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?, answer: the proper aim point automatically | question: How did the Predictor display the information needed?, answer: as a pointer mounted on the gun | question: What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?, answer: followed the pointer and loaded the shells | question: What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?, answer: Germany