lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.

question: During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?, answer: weekend | question: What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?, answer: weekday schedules
Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?, answer: circadian rhythm | question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?, answer: Kazakhstan | question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?, answer: Dmitri Medvedev | question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?, answer: three
Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from him. Eventually, the triumvirate was renewed at Lucca. Pompey and Crassus were promised the consulship in 55 BC, and Caesar's term as governor was extended for five years. Crassus led an ill-fated expedition with legions led by his son, Caesar's lieutenant, against the Kingdom of Parthia. This resulted in his defeat and death at the Battle of Carrhae. Finally, Pompey's wife, Julia, who was Caesar's daughter, died in childbirth. This event severed the last remaining bond between Pompey and Caesar.

question: Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?, answer: Clodius | question: What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?, answer: consul | question: What caused the death of Julius Caesar's female offspring?, answer: childbirth | question: Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC?, answer: Domitius Ahenobarbus | question: Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom?, answer: Crassus
Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. There are also numerous parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London, and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres) in the east. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.

question: What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?, answer: Kew Gardens | question: Victoria Park is located in what London district?, answer: the East End | question: What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?, answer: the City of London Corporation | question: What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?, answer: Kenwood House | question: People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?, answer: Epping Forest
Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.

question: What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?, answer: very wide | question: What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?, answer: purses | question: Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?, answer: adornment | question: What are footwear and hats both considered?, answer: accessories | question: What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?, answer: eyeglasses
Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.

question: What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?, answer: the uncovered human body | question: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?, answer: elements | question: Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?, answer: protection | question: What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?, answer: environmental | question: What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?, answer: medical scrubs
Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

question: who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?, answer: Clovis the Frank | question: In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?, answer: 987 | question: What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?, answer: bridges | question: The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?, answer: Gaul
Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell into the genre. Trax Records and DJ International Records, Chicago labels with wider distribution, helped popularize house music inside and outside of Chicago. One 1986 house tune called "Move Your Body" by Marshall Jefferson, taken from the appropriately titled "The House Music Anthem" EP, became a big hit in Chicago and eventually worldwide. By 1986, UK labels were releasing house music by Chicago acts, and by 1987 house tracks by Chicago DJs and producers were appearing on and topping the UK music chart. By this time, house music released by Chicago-based labels was considered a must-play in clubs.

question: what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?, answer: WBMX-FM | question: what record labels helped popularize house music?, answer: Trax Records and DJ International Records | question: what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?, answer: "Move Your Body" | question: what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?, answer: UK | question: where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play?, answer: clubs
Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Junosza).

question: What was very important to the polish nobility?, answer: Coats of arms | question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?, answer: heraldic system | question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?, answer: differing in many ways | question: Where did polish knightshood originate?, answer: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany
Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. Two mature males (cocks or roosters) are set to fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour. The sport formed part of the culture of the ancient Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and Romans, and large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter. Cockfighting has been banned in many countries during the last century on the grounds of cruelty to animals.

question: How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?, answer: Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago. | question: What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?, answer: Cockfighting | question: Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?, answer: fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed. | question: Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?, answer: Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour | question: Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?, answer: large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter.
Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick insects or walking sticks (Phasmatodea). A few insects have evolved to walk on the surface of the water, especially members of the Gerridae family, commonly known as water striders. A few species of ocean-skaters in the genus Halobates even live on the surface of open oceans, a habitat that has few insect species.

question: What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?, answer: sedate | question: What is another name for walking stick insects?, answer: Phasmatodea | question: Some insects can walk on top of what?, answer: water | question: What insect can walk on the surface of water?, answer: water striders | question: Water striders are part of what insect family?, answer: Gerridae
Codd's paper was picked up by two people at Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project and student programmers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979. INGRES was similar to System R in a number of ways, including the use of a "language" for data access, known as QUEL. Over time, INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard.

question: Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?, answer: Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker | question: What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?, answer: INGRES | question: When was INGRES first tested?, answer: 1973 | question: What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?, answer: QUEL | question: Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?, answer: INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard
Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was useful specifically for paper tape, because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be "hand edited" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be "rubbed out" and then replacements put into the empty space.

question: What is the official name of code 127?, answer: delete | question: What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?, answer: rubout | question: Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"?, answer: to make it an ignored character
Code points in the range U+D800–U+DBFF (1,024 code points) are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range U+DC00–U+DFFF (1,024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point (also known as a leading surrogate) followed by a low-surrogate code point (also known as a trailing surrogate) together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP. High and low surrogate code points are not valid by themselves. Thus the range of code points that are available for use as characters is U+0000–U+D7FF and U+E000–U+10FFFF (1,112,064 code points). The value of these code points (i.e., excluding surrogates) is sometimes referred to as the character's scalar value.

question: What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as?, answer: high-surrogate code points | question: What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as?, answer: low-surrogate code points | question: what is another name for a high-surrogate code point?, answer: leading surrogate | question: what is another name for a low-surrogate code point?, answer: trailing surrogate | question: What is known as a character's scalar value?, answer: the range of code points that are available for use as characters
Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities. Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought, for the first time, to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought-provoking matters, especially those regarding philosophy to politics. Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment, for they were centers of free-thinking and self-discovery. Although many coffeehouse patrons were scholars, a great deal were not. Coffeehouses attracted a diverse set of people, including not only the educated wealthy but also members of the bourgeoisie and the lower class. While it may seem positive that patrons, being doctors, lawyers, merchants, etc. represented almost all classes, the coffeeshop environment sparked fear in those who sought to preserve class distinction. One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse claimed that it "allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder, from the artisan to the aristocrat" and was therefore compared to Noah's Ark, receiving all types of animals, clean or unclean. This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism when Joseph Addison and Richard Steele recognized its potential as an audience. Together, Steele and Addison published The Spectator (1711), a daily publication which aimed, through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator, both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters.

question: Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?, answer: Coffeehouses | question: Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?, answer: the Enlightenment | question: In what year was The Spectator published?, answer: 1711 | question: Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?, answer: The Spectator
Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas. They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. If classes were to join together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking, they might recognize the all-encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and, because of their size, might be able to carry out successful revolts. Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters, especially those concerning foreign affairs - rulers thought political affairs to be their business only, a result of their supposed divine right to rule.

question: Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?, answer: Coffeehouses | question: Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?, answer: nobles | question: Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?, answer: Monarchs | question: What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?, answer: Monarchs
Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007).

question: What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?, answer: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation | question: What suggests that memory has two different components?, answer: term of internal representation | question: What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?, answer: Moscovitch 2007 | question: What is an engram trace?, answer: the underpinning physical neural changes
Cold or oxygen-rich atmospheres can sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, as long as the density of oxygen is similar to that of standard sea-level atmosphere. The colder air temperatures found at altitudes of up to 3 km generally compensate for the lower pressures there. Above this altitude, oxygen enrichment is necessary to prevent altitude sickness in humans that did not undergo prior acclimatization, and spacesuits are necessary to prevent ebullism above 19 km. Most spacesuits use only 20 kPa (150 Torr) of pure oxygen. This pressure is high enough to prevent ebullism, but decompression sickness and gas embolisms can still occur if decompression rates are not managed.

question: density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?, answer: sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric, | question: What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?, answer: of up to 3 km
Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

question: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?, answer: lunar | question: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?, answer: thirty minutes | question: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?, answer: a scribe wrongly amending a text | question: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?, answer: David Henige | question: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?, answer: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours
Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels, Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level, and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental US (CONUS) replacement center at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas, before their individual deployment.

question: Where is the National Training Center located?, answer: Fort Irwin, California | question: Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?, answer: Fort Polk, Louisiana | question: Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?, answer: Hohenfels, Germany | question: In what year was ARFORGEN approved?, answer: 2006 | question: In what states is Fort Bliss located?, answer: New Mexico and Texas