lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.

question: Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?, answer: Wichita and Caddo | question: What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?, answer: Spiro Mounds | question: When did Spiro Mounds flourish?, answer: between AD 850 and 1450 | question: What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?, answer: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado | question: When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?, answer: 1803
Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.

question: What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?, answer: silk | question: In what type of building were silken maps found?, answer: tomb | question: Which individual created the very first raised relief map?, answer: Ma Yuan | question: What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?, answer: rice
Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary art all the way back to the 1925 Western Electric licensed method used by Columbia and Victor. For example, what Brunswick-Balke-Collender (Brunswick Corporation) did was different from the practices of Victor.

question: How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?, answer: 1925 | question: How was standardization prior to 1942?, answer: considered a proprietary art | question: Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings?, answer: 1942–1949
Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.

question: For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?, answer: 75,000 years | question: How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?, answer: 500,000 years ago | question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?, answer: c. 3200 to 1300 BCE | question: What was the first major civilization in South Asia?, answer: Indus Valley Civilization | question: What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?, answer: 2600 to 1900 BCE
Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp.

question: What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?, answer: Confucian | question: Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?, answer: Yang Xiong | question: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?, answer: Ding Huan | question: What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?, answer: gimbals | question: What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?, answer: rotary fan
Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?, answer: paleopathologists | question: What do paleopathologists study?, answer: occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms | question: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?, answer: Signs of infection | question: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?, answer: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis | question: How did tyrannosaurs become infected?, answer: being bitten during a fight
Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.

question: When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?, answer: mid 4th millennium BC | question: What form did wheels initially take?, answer: potter's wheel | question: The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?, answer: been deciphered | question: What did the Sumerians map stars into?, answer: sets of constellations | question: How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?, answer: five
Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000–14,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.

question: These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?, answer: ice-free corridors | question: Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?, answer: Laurentide and Cordilleran | question: What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?, answer: primitive boats
Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the Han-era Chinese produced wrought iron by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing decarburization. Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a fining process.

question: What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?, answer: blast | question: What element was used in the production of wrought iron?, answer: oxygen | question: What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?, answer: wrought | question: What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?, answer: fining | question: What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?, answer: pig iron
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.

question: Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?, answer: Thomas Henry Huxley | question: What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?, answer: scientific naturalism over natural theology | question: Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?", answer: as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science | question: What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?, answer: that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.

question: While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?, answer: natural selection | question: What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?, answer: Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives | question: Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?, answer: political radicals | question: Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?, answer: aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie
Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine, mathematics, astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution. Although the connection between humanism and the scientific discovery may very well have begun within the confines of the university, the connection has been commonly perceived as having been severed by the changing nature of science during the scientific revolution. Historians such as Richard S. Westfall have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists. This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors, usually in princely courts, and associations with newly forming scientific societies.

question: The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?, answer: the scientific revolution | question: Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?, answer: changes in science | question: Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?, answer: princely courts | question: Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?, answer: Richard S. Westfall
Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.

question: What side is a phonetic indicator located on?, answer: right-hand side | question: What is the process of historical phonetic change?, answer: phonetic indicator | question: What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?, answer: phonetic change
Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel The Sunrise.

question: Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?, answer: Cyprus | question: Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?, answer: Cyprus | question: Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?, answer: The Sunrise | question: What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?, answer: Bitter Lemons
Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.

question: Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?, answer: traditional Byzantine art | question: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?, answer: fountains and schools | question: Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?, answer: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire | question: Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?, answer: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania
Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.

question: Give one example of energy transformation., answer: generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine | question: What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?, answer: Sun | question: What is another example of energy transformation?, answer: lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor
Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

question: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?, answer: the Gash Group | question: What is the Gash Group?, answer: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization | question: Where is Agordat located?, answer: central Eritrea | question: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?, answer: linguistic | question: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?, answer: between 2500–1500 BC
Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

question: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?, answer: cnidarians | question: Bilaterians are animals that have what?, answer: symmetric body shape | question: The Cambrian period was how long ago?, answer: 485-540 million years ago | question: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?, answer: a ganglion | question: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?, answer: leeches
Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.

question: How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?, answer: five species | question: Which group consist of the most mammals?, answer: Rodentia | question: Which group do humans belong too?, answer: Primates | question: Which group do cats and dogs belong too?, answer: Carnivora
Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

question: What code did Windows 8 change to?, answer: API code instead of WinRT | question: What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?, answer: New experience enabled | question: What different options did the desktop version have?, answer: able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code