lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.

question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?, answer: barrage balloons | question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?, answer: bomber aircraft over cities | question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?, answer: steel cable | question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?, answer: fly at a higher altitude | question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?, answer: minimal
Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or "beautiful music" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar "lite" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.

question: What was another term for easy listening stations?, answer: beautiful music | question: Easy listening was predominately what type of music?, answer: instrumental | question: What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?, answer: hit singles and album cuts | question: What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?, answer: lite
Another body established under the Good Friday Agreement, the British–Irish Council, is made up of all of the states and territories of the British Isles. The British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly (Irish: Tionól Pharlaiminteach na Breataine agus na hÉireann) predates the British–Irish Council and was established in 1990. Originally it comprised 25 members of the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, and 25 members of the parliament of the United Kingdom, with the purpose of building mutual understanding between members of both legislatures. Since then the role and scope of the body has been expanded to include representatives from the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the States of Jersey, the States of Guernsey and the High Court of Tynwald (Isle of Man).

question: What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?, answer: British–Irish Council | question: Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?, answer: all of the states and territories of the British Isles | question: How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?, answer: 25 | question: How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?, answer: 25 | question: The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?, answer: Scottish Parliament
Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

question: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?, answer: Karim Khan | question: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?, answer: Aqa Mohammad Khan | question: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?, answer: the entire Caucasus | question: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?, answer: Battle of Krtsanisi | question: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?, answer: Russo-Persian wars
Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?, answer: rycerz | question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?, answer: knight | question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?, answer: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes | question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?, answer: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. | question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?, answer: could serve as officials in state administration.
Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.

question: What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?, answer: electrical pulses | question: What is a governor connected to?, answer: return spring | question: What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?, answer: small | question: What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?, answer: reduce the current being applied to the motor
Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.

question: What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems?, answer: The liberal-communitarian debate | question: What type of control do communitarians tend to support?, answer: greater local control | question: What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?, answer: policies which encourage the growth of social capital
Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

question: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?, answer: the forward end of the flight deck | question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??, answer: take off at far higher weights | question: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?, answer: the Royal Navy | question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?, answer: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity | question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?, answer: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea
Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known by the mimicry by the limenitidine Viceroy butterfly of the inedible danaine Monarch. Later research has discovered that the Viceroy is, in fact more toxic than the Monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators who need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well known Müllerian complexes.

question: Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?, answer: defense | question: Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?, answer: deceive | question: Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?, answer: wasps | question: Mimicry complexes are usually found where?, answer: in Lepidoptera | question: What is a well known Mullerian complex?, answer: Taxa
Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

question: Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?, answer: transmission rate of infectious diseases | question: What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?, answer: extensive interactions | question: What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?, answer: focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps | question: What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?, answer: needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users | question: When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?, answer: 2001
Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction).

question: What is another energy-related concept?, answer: Lagrangian | question: Who is the Lagrangian named after?, answer: Joseph-Louis Lagrange | question: What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?, answer: Lagrangian | question: Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?, answer: Lagrange formalism
Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?, answer: compulsory licensing | question: What are two examples of this licensing?, answer: compilations and live performances of music | question: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?, answer: no infringement occurs | question: What country has fair dealing laws?, answer: Canada
Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

question: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?, answer: 1659, 1660, and 1661 | question: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?, answer: Anglican Puritans | question: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?, answer: purer absolute theocracy | question: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?, answer: Quaker sect | question: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?, answer: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox
Another extreme case of impedance matching occurs when using a small loop antenna (usually, but not always, for receiving) at a relatively low frequency where it appears almost as a pure inductor. Resonating such an inductor with a capacitor at the frequency of operation not only cancels the reactance but greatly magnifies the very small radiation resistance of such a loop.[citation needed] This is implemented in most AM broadcast receivers, with a small ferrite loop antenna resonated by a capacitor which is varied along with the receiver tuning in order to maintain resonance over the AM broadcast band

question: What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?, answer: a capacitor at the frequency of operation | question: What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?, answer: small ferrite loop antenna | question: What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?, answer: loop | question: When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?, answer: impedance matching
Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombardic mandolins were tuned g b e' a' d" g". A developer of the Milanese stye was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for 6 generations.

question: Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?, answer: Milan and Lombardy | question: What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?, answer: mandolino or mandore | question: What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?, answer: They are shorter and wider | question: How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?, answer: 6 strings | question: Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?, answer: Antonio Monzino
Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded.

question: What does the acronym RLV stand for?, answer: Recordable LaserVision disc | question: Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?, answer: Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) | question: In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?, answer: 1984.
Another format, rhythmic AC, in addition to playing all the popular hot and soft AC music, past and present, places a heavy emphasis on disco as well as 1980s and 1990s dance hits, such as those by Amber, C&C Music Factory and Black Box, and includes dance remixes of pop songs, such as the Soul Solution mix of Toni Braxton's "Unbreak My Heart".

question: Who performed the song "Unbreak My Heart"?, answer: Toni Braxton | question: What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?, answer: Amber | question: What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?, answer: rhythmic AC | question: What artist notably remixed "Unbreak My Heart"?, answer: Soul Solution
Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exhaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."

question: Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?, answer: Constantine Monomachos | question: Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?, answer: the Russian abbot Daniel | question: What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?, answer: Nothing | question: Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?, answer: Jerusalem
Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.

question: Where is the Village located at Washington University?, answer: the northwest corner of Danforth Campus | question: What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?, answer: upperclassmen and January Scholars | question: How many students are composed in Blocs?, answer: groups of 4 to 24 | question: What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?, answer: Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments | question: How are students grouped in BLOCS at the Village residences?, answer: students who have similar interests or academic goals
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

question: What type of structure is the falekaupule?, answer: meeting hall | question: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?, answer: celebrations | question: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have?, answer: council of elders | question: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?, answer: decision making body | question: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?, answer: Aganu