lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

question: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?, answer: have adopted policy statements | question: What do these policy statements suggest?, answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation | question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?, answer: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association | question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?, answer: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society. | question: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?, answer: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation | question: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?, answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. | question: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?, answer: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,
No one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'.

question: No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?, answer: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty | question: What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?, answer: Consent | question: Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?, answer: complaint | question: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?, answer: adding another clause to the treaty | question: The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?, answer: an 'authentic interpretation'
No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.

question: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?, answer: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" | question: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?, answer: a law permitting abortion on demand | question: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?, answer: 3 July 2005
No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

question: What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?, answer: character | question: If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?, answer: moderate to slow | question: What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?, answer: conifers | question: What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?, answer: latewood | question: While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?, answer: a rule
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

question: What externally divides annelids' segments?, answer: shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli | question: What divides annelids' segments internally?, answer: septa ("partitions") | question: What do the segments of an annelid share?, answer: a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system | question: What covers an annelid's exterior?, answer: a cuticle | question: What is an annelid's cuticle made of?, answer: collagen
Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?, answer: service to the state | question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?, answer: really usurpers, being commoners, | question: Who denounced many nobles?, answer: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka | question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?, answer: first half of the 16th century | question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?, answer: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer
Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.

question: Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?, answer: Nociceptive | question: How is nociceptive pain classified?, answer: according to the mode of noxious stimulation | question: The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?, answer: heat or cold | question: Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?, answer: mechanical | question: What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?, answer: polymodal
Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

question: What type of of pain is visceral a division of?, answer: Nociceptive | question: What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?, answer: Visceral | question: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?, answer: Deep somatic | question: What can visceral pain be accompanied by?, answer: nausea and vomiting | question: What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?, answer: Superficial
Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.

question: What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?, answer: minimize predation | question: What is a cost of nocturnal migration?, answer: loss of sleep | question: How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?, answer: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep | question: What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?, answer: avoid overheating
Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.

question: When was Noether's theorem created?, answer: 1918 | question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?, answer: Noether's theorem | question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?, answer: Noether's theorem
Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.

question: What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?, answer: Fujiwara | question: Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?, answer: Taira no Masakado | question: Masakado led an uprising in what province?, answer: Hitachi | question: What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?, answer: Fujiwara no Sumitomo | question: In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?, answer: 939 A.D
Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.

question: How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?, answer: a show of hand | question: What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?, answer: at least ten | question: What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?, answer: Constituency Headman | question: In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho?, answer: Constituency Executive Committee | question: What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?, answer: four
Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

question: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?, answer: the Migration Act | question: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?, answer: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa | question: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?, answer: Australia | question: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?, answer: count as time spent in Australia
Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

question: What is the Russian term for air defence?, answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona | question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?, answer: zenitnye | question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?, answer: PVO | question: What is air defence called in French?, answer: DCA | question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?, answer: aéronef
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?, answer: dhimmis | question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?, answer: Jews | question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?, answer: Christians
Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard.

question: Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?, answer: Nicholas Tombazis | question: Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?, answer: H. G. Wells | question: Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?, answer: Singapore Airlines | question: Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?, answer: Head Physician to the Queen | question: Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?, answer: Alan Howard
Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.

question: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?, answer: 720p or 1080i | question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?, answer: 720p | question: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?, answer: progressive-scan | question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc., answer: Blu-ray
Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).

question: What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?, answer: Non-commercial | question: Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?, answer: Internet radio | question: What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?, answer: NPR affiliates | question: With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?, answer: UW | question: What radio station is operated by the public school system?, answer: KNHC-FM 89.5
Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

question: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?, answer: floor panels | question: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?, answer: Roman country villas | question: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?, answer: the bath house of Hisham's Palace | question: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?, answer: Jordan | question: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?, answer: Umayyad mosaics