lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen".

question: In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?, answer: 12 cm (4.7 in) | question: What were CD size "single"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?, answer: CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD) | question: How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?, answer: up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content | question: What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?, answer: music video | question: Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?, answer: David Bowie
There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?, answer: opponents | question: What was Issac Backus' profession?, answer: Baptist minister | question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?, answer: New England | question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?, answer: 1773 | question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?, answer: 1786
There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?, answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?, answer: Mycenaean Greek | question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?, answer: dialect and phonetic environment
There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

question: What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?, answer: children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money | question: In 1930s how many indentured children were there?, answer: 35,000 | question: How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?, answer: 100,000
There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

question: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?, answer: four | question: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?, answer: SMPTE | question: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?, answer: an SMPTE study group | question: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?, answer: 1979 | question: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?, answer: A Study of High Definition Television Systems
There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

question: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?, answer: Rubia | question: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?, answer: the wealthy | question: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?, answer: Polish Cochineal | question: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?, answer: Kermes vermilio | question: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?, answer: Margodes polonicus
There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback. The recording speed was 33 1⁄3 rpm, originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers' Vitaphone "talkies" of 1927.

question: When was the Western Electric System introduced?, answer: early 1930s | question: What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?, answer: Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric | question: What system was used by Warner Brothers?, answer: Western Electric system | question: What speed was used in the Western Electric System?, answer: 33 1⁄3 rpm | question: What was the Western Electric System believed to do?, answer: improve the overall quality
There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first.

question: Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?, answer: Terminator 2 | question: What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?, answer: THX certified | question: What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?, answer: Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy | question: What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?, answer: Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger
There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.

question: What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?, answer: 1963 | question: Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?, answer: Mary Margaret Graham | question: What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?, answer: Congress | question: What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?, answer: the Marshall Plan | question: What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?, answer: 5%
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.

question: What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?, answer: insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection | question: What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?, answer: Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics | question: Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?, answer: William Thomson | question: What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?, answer: calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years | question: When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?, answer: in the 20th century
There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

question: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?, answer: Marathas | question: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?, answer: Wodeyar | question: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?, answer: British and Marathas | question: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?, answer: the French | question: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?, answer: Hyder Ali
There were too few ethnic Manchus to conquer China, so they gained strength by defeating and absorbing Mongols, but more importantly, adding Han Chinese to the Eight Banners. The Manchus had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive amount of Han Chinese soldiers which were absorbed into the Eight Banners by both capture and defection, Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Manchus, so the Manchus established an artillery corps made out of Han Chinese soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han Chinese numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created. It was defected Ming Han Chinese armies which conquered southern China for the Qing.

question: What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?, answer: Mongols | question: What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?, answer: artillery | question: When did the Manchus create their own artillery?, answer: 1641
There were two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought: the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority; and a second, more moderate variety, supported by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith. Both lines of thought were opposed by the conservative Counter-Enlightenment.

question: What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?, answer: Counter-Enlightenment. | question: The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?, answer: Spinoza | question: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?, answer: Spinoza | question: Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?, answer: René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

question: What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?, answer: opus vermiculatum | question: What were small panel mosaics known as?, answer: emblemata | question: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?, answer: opus tessellatum | question: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?, answer: very fine detail | question: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?, answer: cheaper than fully coloured work
Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10−3 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.

question: The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?, answer: Thermal conductivity gauges | question: How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?, answer: by running current through it | question: What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?, answer: chemical composition of the gases being measured | question: What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?, answer: to measure the temperature of the filament | question: A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?, answer: 10 torr to 10−3 torr
Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.

question: From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?, answer: base alone | question: Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?, answer: warm-based glacier | question: What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?, answer: partly cold-based and partly warm-based | question: What temperature determines a polar glacier?, answer: always below freezing point from the surface to its base | question: What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?, answer: melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base
Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal).

question: Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?, answer: reversible processes and irreversible processes | question: What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?, answer: Thermodynamics | question: A reversible process is one in which this does not happen., answer: dissipation
Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

question: What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?, answer: 0.9–14 | question: In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?, answer: 900–14,000 | question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?, answer: the black body radiation law | question: What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?, answer: increases | question: What type of cameras see infrared radiation?, answer: Thermographic
These 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL.

question: An example of a 4GL is what?, answer: SQL | question: What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?, answer: provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer
These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

question: What led to the rebellion in 1810, answer: Spanish rule | question: What did the rebellion lead to, answer: the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23 | question: What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag, answer: a single white star on a blue field | question: What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion, answer: Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge
These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day, or sometimes extending to New Year's Day. Afterwards, the stations usually resume their normal music fare. Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier, at the beginning of November. The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the beautiful music and easy listening stations of the 1960s and 1970s.

question: When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?, answer: the week before Thanksgiving Day | question: When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?, answer: after Christmas Day | question: When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?, answer: New Year's Day | question: When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?, answer: the beginning of November | question: What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?, answer: beautiful music and easy listening