lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, the Carnatic Wars, as the English East India Company (the Company) and its French counterpart, the Compagnie française des Indes orientales, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India. France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys.

question: What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?, answer: Compagnie française des Indes orientales | question: When was the Battle of Plassey?, answer: 1757 | question: Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?, answer: Robert Clive | question: Where were the Carnatic Wars?, answer: British Indian Army | question: What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?, answer: Indian sepoys
During the night of December 2 and early morning of December 3, 1968, Kerry was in charge of a small boat operating near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay together with a Swift boat (PCF-60). According to Kerry and the two crewmen who accompanied him that night, Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis, they surprised a group of Vietnamese men unloading sampans at a river crossing, who began running and failed to obey an order to stop. As the men fled, Kerry and his crew opened fire on the sampans and destroyed them, then rapidly left. During this encounter, Kerry received a shrapnel wound in the left arm above the elbow. It was for this injury that Kerry received his first Purple Heart Medal.

question: Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?, answer: near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay | question: How many crew were with Kerry?, answer: two | question: Who were in Kerry's crew?, answer: Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis | question: What did Kerry's crew destroy?, answer: sampans | question: Where was Kerry injured?, answer: in the left arm above the elbow
During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.

question: Which oil group did Nigeria join?, answer: OPEC | question: Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?, answer: the military administration | question: Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?, answer: federalism
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.

question: When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?, answer: 1923 | question: At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?, answer: 1582 | question: How which calendar did some countries notate the date?, answer: in both | question: Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?, answer: Woolley | question: What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?, answer: different beginnings of the year
During the period from 1993 to 2011, FBI agents fired their weapons on 289 occasions; FBI internal reviews found the shots justified in all but 5 cases, in none of the 5 cases were people wounded. Samuel Walker, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Nebraska Omaha said the number of shots found to be unjustified was "suspiciously low." In the same time period, the FBI wounded 150 people, 70 of whom died; the FBI found all 150 shootings to be justified. Likewise, during the period from 2011 to the present, all shootings by FBI agents have been found to be justified by internal investigation. In a 2002 case in Maryland, an innocent man was shot, and later paid $1.3 million by the FBI after agents mistook him for a bank robber; the internal investigation found that the shooting was justified, based on the man's actions.

question: How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?, answer: 289 | question: How many times were FBI shots not justified?, answer: 5 cases | question: How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?, answer: none | question: How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?, answer: suspiciously low | question: On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?, answer: the man's actions
During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?, answer: 49,722 | question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?, answer: Ciudad Juárez | question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?, answer: lowest | question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?, answer: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
During the period in which the populares party controlled the city, they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices. They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office, and by substituting magisterial edicts for popular legislation. Sulla soon made peace with Mithridates. In 83 BC, he returned to Rome, overcame all resistance, and recaptured the city. Sulla and his supporters then slaughtered most of Marius' supporters. Sulla, having observed the violent results of radical popular reforms, was naturally conservative. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and by extension the senate. Sulla made himself dictator, passed a series of constitutional reforms, resigned the dictatorship, and served one last term as consul. He died in 78 BC.

question: How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?, answer: ten-year interval | question: Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?, answer: most of Marius' supporters | question: In what year did Sulla die?, answer: 78 BC | question: In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?, answer: 83 BC | question: Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?, answer: Sulla
During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

question: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?, answer: more than two and a half centuries | question: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?, answer: Nanjing | question: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?, answer: 280,000 registered households | question: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?, answer: more than 1.4 million residents | question: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?, answer: historical documents
During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

question: During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels, answer: Napoleonic Wars | question: Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?, answer: should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy | question: With out the letters of marque what wepon did they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?, answer: cannon | question: The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?, answer: six
During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

question: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?, answer: post-World War I | question: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?, answer: the 1970s | question: Where is Les Menuires located?, answer: France
During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

question: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?, answer: He was the only candidate | question: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?, answer: Muslim Brotherhood | question: What was Qutb's sentence?, answer: executed | question: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?, answer: private sector | question: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?, answer: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse
During the process of meiotic cell division, an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over can sometimes occur, in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding sister chromatid. This has no effect if the alleles on the chromatids are the same, but results in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles if they are different.:5.5 The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait. This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome, or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome. The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome, the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together; genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them. This is known as genetic linkage.

question: When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?, answer: During the process of meiotic cell division | question: If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination?, answer: no effect | question: If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination?, answer: reassortment of otherwise linked alleles | question: Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?, answer: independent assortment | question: In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?, answer: a crossover point
During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates of the Church, its congregations, and its religious orders were national property—though in Valencia, most of this property was subsequently acquired by the local bourgeoisie. City life in Valencia carried on in a revolutionary climate, with frequent clashes between liberals and republicans, and the constant threat of reprisals by the Carlist troops of General Cabrera.

question: Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?, answer: Espartero | question: When did Espartero rule?, answer: 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841 | question: What type of government did Espartero have?, answer: progressive | question: Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?, answer: local bourgeoisie | question: Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?, answer: General Cabrera
During the reign of Khārabēḷa, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).

question: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?, answer: Khārabēḷa | question: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans?, answer: Ashoka | question: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?, answer: maritime | question: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?, answer: trade routes | question: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?, answer: Khārabēḷa
During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.

question: The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?, answer: Antiochus VII Sidetes | question: Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?, answer: Parthian | question: What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?, answer: 66 BC – 217 AD | question: What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?, answer: Greek drachmas | question: The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?, answer: Iranian
During the remainder of his reign, John focused on trying to retake Normandy. The available evidence suggests that John did not regard the loss of the Duchy as a permanent shift in Capetian power. Strategically, John faced several challenges: England itself had to be secured against possible French invasion, the sea-routes to Bordeaux needed to be secured following the loss of the land route to Aquitaine, and his remaining possessions in Aquitaine needed to be secured following the death of his mother, Eleanor, in April 1204. John's preferred plan was to use Poitou as a base of operations, advance up the Loire valley to threaten Paris, pin down the French forces and break Philip's internal lines of communication before landing a maritime force in the Duchy itself. Ideally, this plan would benefit from the opening of a second front on Philip's eastern frontiers with Flanders and Boulogne – effectively a re-creation of Richard's old strategy of applying pressure from Germany. All of this would require a great deal of money and soldiers.

question: John focused on trying to retake what?, answer: Normandy | question: John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?, answer: Capetian power | question: What was John's preferred plan?, answer: use Poitou as a base of operations
During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.

question: What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?, answer: linguist and historian | question: What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?, answer: a major language | question: What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?, answer: 1809 | question: What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?, answer: a Czech linguistic revival | question: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?, answer: Modern scholars
During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamlūk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo.

question: Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?, answer: ruling elite | question: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?, answer: through a religious endowment | question: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?, answer: former slaves | question: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?, answer: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris | question: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?, answer: Cairo