lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.

question: What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?, answer: Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba | question: When did Nigeria get independence?, answer: 1960 | question: What major secession movement has Nigeria had?, answer: MASSOB | question: What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?, answer: Oodua Peoples Congress
Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.

question: Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?, answer: Roxbury Latin School | question: Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?, answer: Wotton house | question: In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?, answer: 2005 | question: What is the G20 School's Group?, answer: a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, and has recommended that Eton set up a school in the state sector to help drive up standards. Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham, a deprived area of East London, called the London Academy of Excellence, opened in 2012, which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education. In September 2014, Eton opened, and became the sole educational sponsor for, a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils, Holyport College, in Maidenhead in Berkshire, with construction costing around £15 million, in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes, 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care, and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries.

question: How many British prime ministers attended Eton?, answer: 19 | question: Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?, answer: London Academy of Excellence | question: How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?, answer: free of charge | question: Where will Holyport College be located?, answer: Maidenhead in Berkshire | question: How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?, answer: around £15 million
Eton is one of ten English HMC schools, commonly referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils live at the school, and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys' public schools in the United Kingdom (the others being Harrow, Radley, and Winchester) to continue this practice. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has been referred to as the chief nurse of England's statesmen. Charging up to £11,478 per term (there are three terms per academic year) in 2014/15, Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK.

question: How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?, answer: ten | question: Which type of school requires students to live at the school?, answer: boarding school | question: How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?, answer: four | question: How much does Eton College charge per term?, answer: up to £11,478 | question: How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?, answer: sixth most expensive
Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called "Fourth of June", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the "Fourth of June" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]

question: What is Eton's best-known holiday?, answer: "Fourth of June" | question: What does the "Fourth of June" celebrate?, answer: the birthday of King George III | question: When is the Fourth of June celebrated?, answer: the Wednesday before the first weekend of June | question: Which event is held on the Fourth of June?, answer: Procession of Boats
Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.

question: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?, answer: Alfacam | question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?, answer: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." | question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?, answer: HDTV interest in Europe | question: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?, answer: free-to-air | question: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?, answer: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule
Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

question: When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur?, answer: 1923 | question: Who invested in European debts?, answer: Wall Street | question: Europe has a large market for what?, answer: American mass-produced goods
European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

question: In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?, answer: 1920s | question: At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?, answer: 95% | question: What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?, answer: constitution | question: What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?, answer: 137 | question: What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?, answer: Afrikaner nationalism
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?, answer: its system of staff notation | question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?, answer: Western staff notation | question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?, answer: jazz and blues | question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what?, answer: complexity | question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?, answer: its system of staff notation | question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?, answer: since about the 16th century | question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation?, answer: improvisation | question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?, answer: complexity
European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

question: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?, answer: 19th century | question: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830?, answer: France | question: During what time were good moved through more modern means?, answer: 20th century
European colonists created treaties with Indigenous American tribes requesting the return of any runaway slaves. For example, in 1726, the British governor of New York exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron Nation in 1764, and from the Delaware Nation in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned. Numerous advertisements requested the return of African Americans who had married Indigenous Americans or who spoke an Indigenous American language. The primary exposure that Africans and Indigenous Americans had to each other came through the institution of slavery. Indigenous Americans learned that Africans had what Indigenous Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations. Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.

question: Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?, answer: Indigenous American tribes | question: When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?, answer: 1726 | question: What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?, answer: Numerous advertisements | question: How did natives and Africans come to know each other?, answer: through the institution of slavery | question: Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?, answer: because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases
European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "les littératures dessinées" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

question: In the 1840s, Töpffer wrote theories about whose work?, answer: his own | question: Who introduced the term "multiframe"?, answer: Henri Vanlier | question: Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?, answer: Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle | question: Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?, answer: Neil Cohn
European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward the end of the era, of nationalism in music (echoing, in some cases, political sentiments of the time), as composers such as Edvard Grieg, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, and Antonín Dvořák echoed traditional music of their homelands in their compositions.

question: What did European cultural ideas follow?, answer: colonial expansion | question: What type of music rose toward the end of the era?, answer: nationalism | question: What did nationalism in music sometime echo?, answer: political sentiments of the time | question: Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?, answer: traditional music of their homelands
European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

question: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?, answer: monks and nuns | question: What is a scholae monasticae?, answer: monastic schools | question: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?, answer: Latin Church | question: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?, answer: immediate forerunners | question: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?, answer: early medieval period
European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W﻿ / ﻿69.35778°S 2.24722°W﻿ / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

question: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?, answer: 17 January 1773 | question: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?, answer: field ice | question: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?, answer: three | question: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?, answer: 32 km | question: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?, answer: 1895
Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century, with the first settlements founded by the Dutch, who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn, New Jersey. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina (present day Wilmington, Delaware) and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland. In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm, named New Korsholm after a town that is now in Finland. In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664, but the situation did not really change until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.

question: Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?, answer: the Dutch | question: What was the name of the first settlement in the area?, answer: Fort Nassau | question: Who claimed the entire Delaware River?, answer: The Dutch | question: When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?, answer: 1664
Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.

question: what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?, answer: outgassing | question: Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?, answer: obscure optical instruments | question: When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?, answer: vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure
Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

question: What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?, answer: hunting | question: What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?, answer: protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather | question: What was the leather from hunting used for?, answer: clothing | question: Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?, answer: hunting weapons | question: Where is hunting still vital?, answer: marginal climates | question: Hunt was a significant contributor to what?, answer: human food supply | question: Where is hunting still vital?, answer: marginal climates | question: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?, answer: unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture | question: How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?, answer: make kayaks, clothing, and footwear