lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

question: Who was the founder of the city of Bern?, answer: Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen | question: What animal does legend say Bern is named after?, answer: a bear | question: What is the earliest reference to keeping live bears in the Bärengraben?, answer: the 1440s | question: What is the common assumption of what Bern was named after?, answer: a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft" | question: Finding what in the 1980s changed the assumption as to what the city was named after?, answer: the Bern zinc tablet | question: What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?, answer: bear | question: What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?, answer: bears | question: What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?, answer: 1440s.
The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι). According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant "wall," "fence for animals" and later "assembly within the limits of the square." Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.

question: What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?, answer: Apella | question: Apellon is derived from what Doric month?, answer: Apellaios | question: What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?, answer: apellaia | question: What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?, answer: apella
The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.

question: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?, answer: full-time | question: What do eusocial insects guard?, answer: eggs | question: What do eusocial insects build?, answer: nest | question: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?, answer: short | question: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?, answer: growing offspring
The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

question: What is credited with the origins of the German identity?, answer: Protestant Reformation | question: How was early German culture developed?, answer: literary and religious figures | question: What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?, answer: Johann Gottfried Herder | question: When did the popularity of the German nation increase?, answer: aftermath of the French Revolution | question: What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?, answer: Protestant Reformation | question: Who developed the concept of a German Nation?, answer: Johann Gottfried Herder | question: When did the popularity of a German identity arise?, answer: in the aftermath of the French Revolution | question: Who was Johann Herder?, answer: German philosopher
The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

question: What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?, answer: Informbiro | question: What was Tito's form of communism called?, answer: Titoism | question: Who encouraged purges against Titoites?, answer: Moscow | question: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?, answer: Eastern bloc | question: Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?, answer: Tito
The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?, answer: military thinking | question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?, answer: general staff system | question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?, answer: European armies | question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?, answer: advancing infantry | question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?, answer: Russo-Japanese War
The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

question: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?, answer: 150,000 | question: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?, answer: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions | question: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?, answer: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed
The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

question: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?, answer: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent | question: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?, answer: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication | question: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?, answer: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended | question: Why are smoking bans in place?, answer: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma | question: Who recoomends immunizations?, answer: World Health Organization
The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ?, answer: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. | question: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?, answer: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels | question: What other language has this same trait ?, answer: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language | question: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?, answer: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian | question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?, answer: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery."

question: How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?, answer: two | question: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?, answer: 319 million years ago | question: What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?, answer: whole genome duplication | question: How are duplication events studied?, answer: by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant | question: Who coined the term "abominable mystery"?, answer: Darwin
The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.

question: What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?, answer: Industrial Revolution | question: What does recent research from 2006 examine?, answer: evolution of the Greek economy | question: What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?, answer: slightly lower | question: What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?, answer: shipbuilding | question: What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?, answer: defaulted on its external loans
The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.

question: Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?, answer: Praxiteles | question: In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?, answer: Praxiteles | question: Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?, answer: Praxiteles
The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.

question: What does the phylogeny of a group represent?, answer: relationships and heredity | question: How are the relationships within the group determined?, answer: shared inheritance | question: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?, answer: spines produced from areoles | question: What are areoles?, answer: pad-like structures
The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, neighboring city-states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring. As such, early republican Rome was not an "empire" or "state" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome. With some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened (sometimes with outright land concessions) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences, such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy. It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies, which made attack by these enemies more likely. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome.

question: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?, answer: inter-state factors | question: What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?, answer: imperialism | question: What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?, answer: restoration of the way things were | question: What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?, answer: mutual self-protection | question: What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?, answer: land
The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

question: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?, answer: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established | question: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?, answer: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it | question: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?, answer: the result of faulty psychological development | question: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?, answer: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

question: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?, answer: Michael I | question: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?, answer: Leontiy
The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

question: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?, answer: 7.78 million | question: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?, answer: 12.65 | question: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?, answer: the Somali diaspora
The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.

question: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?, answer: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales | question: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?, answer: basal | question: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?, answer: unclear | question: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?, answer: magnoliids
The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

question: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?, answer: two | question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?, answer: absolute space | question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?, answer: five feet | question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?, answer: absolute space exists
The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.

question: Who is in the executive branch?, answer: the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials | question: Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?, answer: the Governor | question: Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?, answer: the Executive branch | question: Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?, answer: the Executive branch