lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

question: What did Burke think the war with France was against?, answer: an "armed doctrine" | question: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?, answer: France | question: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?, answer: universal | question: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?, answer: the revolutionaries governing her
This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so that most African descent originarily came from relations between white masters and female slaves. From the last decades of the Empire until the 1950s, the proportion of the white population increased significantly while Brazil welcomed 5.5 million immigrants between 1821 and 1932, not much behind its neighbor Argentina with 6.4 million, and it received more European immigrants in its colonial history than the United States. Between 1500 and 1760, 700.000 Europeans settled in Brazil, while 530.000 Europeans settled in the United States for the same given time. Thus, the historical construction of race in Brazilian society dealt primarily with gradations between persons of majoritarily European ancestry and little minority groups with otherwise lower quantity therefrom in recent times.

question: What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?, answer: 3.5 million | question: What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?, answer: miserable | question: Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?, answer: relations between white masters and female slaves | question: Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?, answer: 1821 and 1932 | question: Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?, answer: 700.000
This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?, answer: Air Force | question: What is the definition of CND?, answer: computer network defense | question: What does Cyberspace defense include?, answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques | question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on?, answer: fused all-source intelligence | question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense?, answer: Air Force
This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

question: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?, answer: better understanding | question: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?, answer: Moon | question: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?, answer: New types | question: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?, answer: Mars | question: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?, answer: cosmic radiation
This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable. This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.

question: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?, answer: Noether's theorem | question: What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?, answer: energy | question: This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?, answer: the uncertainty principle | question: What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?, answer: uncertainty principle
This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.

question: According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?, answer: falsification | question: What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?, answer: criticism or experiment | question: How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?, answer: weaknesses
This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).

question: What party did Gorbachev belong to?, answer: Communist Party | question: What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?, answer: Congress of People's Deputies | question: When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?, answer: 1990 | question: In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?, answer: Romania | question: What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?, answer: nationalist movements and ethnic disputes
This makes for a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing. Following the airport's master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers. The main building's third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a food court, shops, four movie theatres with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Brasília Airport has 136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about 11 km (6.8 mi) from the central area of Brasília, outside the metro system. The area outside the airport's main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services which connect the airport to Brasília's central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars. The airport is serviced by domestic and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers. In 2012, Brasília's International Airport was won by the InfrAmerica consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake each. During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to 40 million passengers a year.

question: When did Brasilia's airport add a second runway?, answer: 2006 | question: How many passengers came through Brasilia's airport in 2007?, answer: 11,119,872 | question: How many movie theaters are in Brasilia's airport?, answer: four | question: How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia's airport?, answer: 136 | question: How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia's airport?, answer: 1,200
This makes it the most varied newspaper in terms of political support in British history. Some columnists in The Times are connected to the Conservative Party such as Daniel Finkelstein, Tim Montgomerie, Matthew Parris and Matt Ridley, but there are also columnists connected to the Labour Party such as David Aaronovitch, Phil Collins, Oliver Kamm and Jenni Russell.

question: What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?, answer: The Times | question: Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?, answer: Conservative Party | question: Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?, answer: Labour Party
This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

question: There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?, answer: Indo-European origin | question: What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?, answer: Albania | question: Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?, answer: the eastern Caucasus | question: Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?, answer: Scotland
This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.

question: What does data security avoid?, answer: unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database | question: What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?, answer: subschemas | question: What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?, answer: managing personal databases
This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life.

question: What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?, answer: a 5% reduction in operating voltage | question: When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?, answer: 1924 | question: When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?, answer: 1953 | question: What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?, answer: 1000 hours | question: What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?, answer: difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)
This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer. Depending on the color of the original LED, phosphors of different colors can be employed. If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied, the emitted spectrum is broadened, effectively raising the color rendering index (CRI) value of a given LED.

question: What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors?, answer: phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs) | question: In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used?, answer: blue | question: What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?, answer: Stokes | question: The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what?, answer: the color of the original LED | question: What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method?, answer: If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.

question: What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?, answer: usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal | question: What type of light is used to cure CDs?, answer: UV | question: What is a glass master?, answer: positive image of the desired CD surface | question: How are glass masters created?, answer: high-powered laser
This multilevel construct is consistent with Dasmann and Lovejoy. An explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was "Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...". The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined "biological diversity" as "the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.

question: Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?, answer: Bruce A. Wilcox | question: Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?, answer: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) | question: At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?, answer: 1982 World National Parks Conference | question: What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define "biological diversity"?, answer: 1992
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?, answer: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander | question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?, answer: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, | question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?, answer: 2012 | question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?, answer: Anthony Mundine | question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?, answer: Andrew Bolt
This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.

question: What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?, answer: the theory of impetus | question: What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?, answer: Aristotelian | question: What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?, answer: Nicolaus Copernicus | question: Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?, answer: Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators | question: Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?, answer: inertia
This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel.

question: What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?, answer: Intel 4004 | question: Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?, answer: Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor | question: Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?, answer: Intel.
This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.

question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?, answer: Escort | question: What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?, answer: light | question: What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?, answer: speed | question: What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?, answer: 3 years | question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?, answer: Royal Navy
This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

question: Who was Paris's first head of police?, answer: Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie | question: How many commissioners worked under Reynie?, answer: 44 | question: How many policing districts was Paris divided into?, answer: 16 | question: When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?, answer: October 1699 | question: When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?, answer: 1709