lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.

question: Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?, answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi | question: What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?, answer: Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi | question: How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?, answer: four single-strings | question: Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins?, answer: uncomfortable to play | question: What did Bortolazzi say about the sound?, answer: less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone
In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

question: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?, answer: John Choules | question: What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?, answer: Oxford | question: How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?, answer: one mile and a half | question: What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?, answer: elegant | question: Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?, answer: clean
In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."

question: Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?, answer: William James | question: What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?, answer: the autonomic nervous system | question: What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?, answer: the perception of bodily changes | question: Who developed a theory similar to that of James?, answer: Carl Lange | question: What was the profession of Lange?, answer: psychologist
In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: "Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."

question: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?, answer: characteristic genetic patterns | question: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?, answer: phenotypic variations between groups | question: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?, answer: poorly | question: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?, answer: imperfect | question: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?, answer: utility
In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.

question: When did Kerry run for president?, answer: 2004 | question: Who was Kerry's running mate?, answer: John Edwards | question: How much did Kerry lose by?, answer: 35 electoral votes | question: Who was Bush's running mate?, answer: Dick Cheney | question: Where was John Edwards a senator?, answer: North Carolina
In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or "thisness" – what the Scholastics called its haecceity – that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.

question: Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?, answer: Peirce | question: When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?, answer: 1903 | question: What is 'haecceity'?, answer: unique individuality or "thisness" | question: What did Irvin Rock write about?, answer: indirect perception | question: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?, answer: in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research
In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

question: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?, answer: 14th century | question: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?, answer: Stoic physics | question: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?, answer: 13th and 14th | question: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?, answer: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself
In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are less self-determining—than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.

question: When was Science of Logic written?, answer: 1812–1814 | question: Who was the author of Science of Logic?, answer: Hegel | question: Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?, answer: less self-determining | question: Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?, answer: ethical communities | question: What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?, answer: materialism
In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

question: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?, answer: William Scott Wilson | question: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?, answer: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari | question: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?, answer: the Heike Monogatari
In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

question: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?, answer: Frederick Zugibe | question: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?, answer: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus | question: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?, answer: carried out a number of experiments over several years | question: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?, answer: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging | question: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?, answer: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

question: In what year was the book humanism published?, answer: 1997 | question: In what century was the horrific wars?, answer: 20th century | question: What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?, answer: humanism | question: Who wrote the book humanism?, answer: Tony Davies
In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).

question: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?, answer: Richard Dawkins | question: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?, answer: drives | question: What would be the most fit creature?, answer: one whose pains are well balanced | question: What type of designer is natural selection?, answer: poor | question: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?, answer: risk
In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).

question: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?, answer: Communists | question: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?, answer: a coup | question: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?, answer: historicism | question: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?, answer: Béla Kun | question: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?, answer: class struggle
In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to Lüchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg.

question: What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his 28 October 1969 address?, answer: Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order | question: Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address?, answer: Bonn | question: An expert commission was established under which chairman?, answer: Werner Ernst | question: When did the expert commission deliver its report?, answer: the district of Germersheim | question: Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?, answer: Baden-Württemberg
In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/ˈmæntᵻkəs/ MAN-ti-kəs; Μαντικός, Mantikos, literally "prophetic"), Leschenorius (/ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-əs; Λεσχηνόριος, Leskhēnorios, from λεσχήνωρ, "converser"), and Loxias (/ˈlɒksiəs/ LOK-see-əs; Λοξίας, Loxias, from λέγειν, "to say"). The epithet "Loxias" has historically been associated with λοξός, "ambiguous". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/ˈsɛlᵻspɛks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, "sky", and specere, "to look at"). The epithet Iatromantis (/aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs/ eye-AT-rə-MAN-tis; Ἰατρομάντις, Iātromantis, from ἰατρός, "physician", and μάντις, "prophet") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric Μουσαγέτας, Mousāgetās) or Musegetes (/mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; Μουσηγέτης, Mousēgetēs, from Μούσα, "Muse", and ἡγέτης, "leader").

question: Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?, answer: Loxias | question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?, answer: Musagetes | question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?, answer: Manticus | question: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?, answer: Iatromantis
In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.

question: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?, answer: President of the Union | question: What secret society did Kerry join?, answer: Skull and Bones Society | question: What country did Kerry visit as a student?, answer: Switzerland | question: Who was Kerry's most influential professor?, answer: H. Bradford Westerfield | question: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?, answer: Chairman of the Liberal Party
In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

question: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?, answer: "On the Jews and Their Lies" | question: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?, answer: blasphemous | question: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?, answer: Jewish circumcision
In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments, Tito would not enter a church again. As an adult, he frequently declared that he was an atheist.

question: What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?, answer: atheist | question: What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?, answer: Catholic | question: What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?, answer: slapped and shouted at | question: After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?, answer: church