lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

question: How is blackness described in the US?, answer: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. | question: What defines "blackness"?, answer: political orientation, culture and behavior | question: What is the opposite of "blackness"?, answer: "acting white" | question: How does one "act white"?, answer: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans | question: In what regards can one "act white"?, answer: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.

question: What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?, answer: emissivity | question: How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?, answer: hotter | question: Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?, answer: infrared cameras
The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

question: What is a common nickname for Mexico City?, answer: The city of palaces | question: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?, answer: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes | question: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?, answer: the last half of the 18th century
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

question: How are people in Brazil classified?, answer: by appearance | question: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?, answer: Brazil | question: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?, answer: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color | question: How are people evaluated in Brazil?, answer: like the colors of the spectrum
The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the existence of different "races". However, in its Recommendation ECRI uses this term in order to ensure that those persons who are generally and erroneously perceived as belonging to "another race" are not excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation. The law claims to reject the existence of "race", yet penalize situations where someone is treated less favourably on this ground.

question: What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?, answer: The concept of racial origin | question: What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?, answer: scientific | question: Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?, answer: all human beings belong to the same species | question: What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?, answer: excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation | question: The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?, answer: race
The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".

question: Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?, answer: Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) | question: When did Jewish law recognize copyright?, answer: in the 16th century | question: How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?, answer: one year | question: When did Sybaris offer patents?, answer: 500 BCE
The conceptual view provides a level of indirection between internal and external. On one hand it provides a common view of the database, independent of different external view structures, and on the other hand it abstracts away details of how the data are stored or managed (internal level). In principle every level, and even every external view, can be presented by a different data model. In practice usually a given DBMS uses the same data model for both the external and the conceptual levels (e.g., relational model). The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation, requires a different level of detail and uses its own types of data structure types.

question: What does the conceptual view offer?, answer: a level of indirection between internal and external | question: How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?, answer: abstracts away details | question: What type of view does the conceptual view offer?, answer: common
The conflict in northern Mali began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.

question: When did a Mali conflict begin?, answer: January 2012 | question: What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?, answer: al-Qaeda | question: When did France provide troops in Mali?, answer: January 2013 | question: What did France call its Mali operation?, answer: Operation Serval | question: What was Operation Serval's goal?, answer: dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali
The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that, should the Cubs make it to the World Series, the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights. Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park, home of the American League's Chicago White Sox. Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park, the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch, owner of the St. Louis Cardinals, to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs "home field" for the World Series. This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2, along with games 6 and 7 if necessary. At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league. Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage. Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage. In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage. In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage.

question: Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?, answer: Wrigley Field did not yet have lights | question: Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?, answer: Comiskey Park | question: Comiskey Park was the home to what team?, answer: Chicago White Sox | question: Who had the home field advantage in 1983?, answer: Baltimore Orioles
The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai[clarification needed] is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word "pella" (Pella), stone. Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos). The "Homeric hymn" represents Apollo as a Northern intruder. His arrival must have occurred during the "Dark Ages" that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization, and his conflict with Gaia (Mother Earth) was represented by the legend of his slaying her daughter the serpent Python.

question: What does the word Pella mean?, answer: stone | question: What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder?, answer: Homeric hymn | question: What played an important part in the cult of the god?, answer: Stones
The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping.

question: Where is the external metallic sheet connected?, answer: typically connected to system ground | question: What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?, answer: This enclosure design | question: This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?, answer: electrically safe hot-swapping.
The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í (although é survives for some uses) and the merging of í and the former ejí. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.

question: When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?, answer: the eighteenth century | question: What had Czech developed by the 18th century?, answer: literary tradition | question: Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?, answer: modern standard Czech | question: How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?, answer: little | question: What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?, answer: a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/
The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?, answer: Friday | question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?, answer: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath | question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?, answer: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew | question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?, answer: three days and three nights | question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?, answer: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights
The consensus view in contemporary paleontology is that the flying theropods, or avialans, are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs, which include dromaeosaurids and troodontids. Together, these form a group called Paraves. Some basal members of this group, such as Microraptor, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been arboreal, have been able to glide, or both. Unlike Archaeopteryx and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, recent studies suggest that the first avialans were omnivores.

question: What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?, answer: flying theropods | question: What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?, answer: deinonychosaurs | question: Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?, answer: deinonychosaurs
The considerable spending did not lead to more growth and did not benefit the poor. Much of the increased spending has gone to current expenditures related to wages, transfers, and subsidies. The wage bill today constitutes over 15% of GDP and 55% of total public spending; these are some of the highest levels on the African continent. The recent rapid growth in SACU revenues has, however, reversed the fiscal situation, and a sizeable surplus was recorded since 2006. SACU revenues today account for over 60% of total government revenues. On the positive side, the external debt burden has declined markedly over the last 20 years, and domestic debt is almost negligible; external debt as a percent of GDP was less than 20% in 2006.

question: What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?, answer: 55% | question: What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?, answer: 60% of total government revenues | question: What has happened to debt external onus in Swaziland in the past two decades?, answer: declined markedly | question: What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?, answer: less than 20%
The console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social gaming service, PlayStation Network, and its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita, being able to remote control the console from the devices. In September 2009, the Slim model of the PlayStation 3 was released, being lighter and thinner than the original version, which notably featured a redesigned logo and marketing design, as well as a minor start-up change in software. A Super Slim variation was then released in late 2012, further refining and redesigning the console. As of March 2016, PlayStation 3 has sold 85 million units worldwide. Its successor, the PlayStation 4, was released later in November 2013.

question: What year was the PlayStation 3 released?, answer: 2006 | question: What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3?, answer: PlayStation Network | question: What was the thinner version of the PS3 called?, answer: Slim | question: What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?, answer: 2012 | question: How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016?, answer: 85 million
The console was originally planned for a global release through November, but at the start of September the release in Europe and the rest of the world was delayed until March. With it being a somewhat last-minute delay, some companies had taken deposits for pre-orders, at which Sony informed customers that they were eligible for full refunds or could continue the pre-order. On January 24, 2007, Sony announced that PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23, 2007, in Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand. The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days. On March 7, 2007, the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S$799. The console was launched in South Korea on June 16, 2007, as a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV.

question: Instead of November, for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled?, answer: March | question: What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3?, answer: South Korea | question: How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version?, answer: 80 GB | question: What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3?, answer: S$799 | question: On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa?, answer: March 23, 2007
The consolidation of the "hot AC" format contrasted with the near-demise of most other AC formats: Beginning with the 2005-2007 economic downturn and eventual recession most stations went for the more chart-based CHR, along with the top 40, urban and even Latino formats. Diminishing physical record sales also proved a major blow to the AC genre.

question: Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?, answer: the 2005-2007 economic downturn | question: Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?, answer: urban | question: What AC format is still viable?, answer: hot AC | question: Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre?, answer: physical record
The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

question: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?, answer: 1873 | question: When did New York City annex West Farms?, answer: 1873 | question: When did New York City annex Morrisania?, answer: 1873 | question: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?, answer: 1895 | question: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?, answer: 1895
The constitution for independent Swaziland was promulgated by Britain in November 1963 under the terms of which legislative and executive councils were established. This development was opposed by the Swazi National Council (liqoqo). Despite such opposition, elections took place and the first Legislative Council of Swaziland was constituted on 9 September 1964. Changes to the original constitution proposed by the Legislative Council were accepted by Britain and a new constitution providing for a House of Assembly and Senate was drawn up. Elections under this constitution were held in 1967.

question: When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?, answer: November 1963 | question: What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?, answer: liqoqo | question: When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?, answer: 9 September 1964 | question: When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?, answer: 1967
The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.

question: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?, answer: six months | question: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?, answer: two-thirds | question: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?, answer: , it becomes law without his signature