lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.

question: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?, answer: early 18th century | question: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?, answer: Peshwas | question: What were Peshwas?, answer: prime ministers | question: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?, answer: 1760 | question: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?, answer: British
By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror pictures, the latter now solely B pictures. The studio fostered many series: The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials (1938–43); the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy (1938–41); comedies with Hugh Herbert (1938–42) and The Ritz Brothers (1940–43); musicals with Robert Paige, Jane Frazee, The Andrews Sisters, and The Merry Macs (1938–45); and westerns with Tom Mix (1932–33), Buck Jones (1933–36), Bob Baker (1938–39), Johnny Mack Brown (1938–43); Rod Cameron (1944–45), and Kirby Grant (1946–47).

question: During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?, answer: 1938–43 | question: Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?, answer: 1938–41 | question: In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?, answer: 1938–42 | question: When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?, answer: 1932–33 | question: In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?, answer: 1946–47
By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on "Top 40" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations. Also, some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley, Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, and other rock-based artists.

question: Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?, answer: Billy Joel | question: During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?, answer: the early 1970s
By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or "Gin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.

question: In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?, answer: 19th | question: What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?, answer: Sketches by Boz | question: Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?, answer: 1835–1836 | question: What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?, answer: "Gin Palaces" | question: In what British city did gin houses first appear?, answer: London
By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.

question: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?, answer: DVD | question: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?, answer: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) | question: What was the BBC Domesday Project?, answer: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England | question: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?, answer: Japan
By the early 20th century balloon, or airship, guns, for land and naval use were attracting attention. Various types of ammunition were proposed, high explosive, incendiary, bullet-chains, rod bullets and shrapnel. The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail was articulated. Fuzing options were also examined, both impact and time types. Mountings were generally pedestal type, but could be on field platforms. Trials were underway in most countries in Europe but only Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider had published any information by 1910. Krupp's designs included adaptations of their 65 mm 9-pounder, a 75 mm 12-pounder, and even a 105 mm gun. Erhardt also had a 12-pounder, while Vickers Maxim offered a 3-pounder and Schneider a 47 mm. The French balloon gun appeared in 1910, it was an 11-pounder but mounted on a vehicle, with a total uncrewed weight of 2 tons. However, since balloons were slow moving, sights were simple. But the challenges of faster moving airplanes were recognised.

question: What kind of guns started attracting attention?, answer: balloon, or airship, guns | question: In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?, answer: The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail | question: The impact and time types of what were analyzed?, answer: Fuzing options | question: As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?, answer: Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider | question: What gun made the scene in 1910?, answer: French balloon gun
By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing Reform". The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences, including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905.

question: What did Cixi do in 1901?, answer: issued an imperial edict | question: What were the governments New Policies also called?, answer: "Late Qing Reform" | question: When were imperial examinations halted?, answer: 1905
By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.

question: During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?, answer: 20th century | question: Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?, answer: the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) | question: How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?, answer: with vociferous public opposition.
By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

question: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?, answer: western clothing styles | question: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?, answer: centuries | question: What have Western corporations penetrated?, answer: markets throughout the world | question: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?, answer: Western media corporations | question: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?, answer: charity organizations
By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

question: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?, answer: British and French | question: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?, answer: two-thirds | question: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?, answer: Helwan steelworks | question: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?, answer: Soviet Union | question: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?, answer: Aswan Dam
By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

question: By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?, answer: 1,360 GW | question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?, answer: 19 percent | question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?, answer: 22 percent
By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.

question: Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?, answer: Britain | question: What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?, answer: mid-June | question: Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?, answer: the Soviets
By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.

question: What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?, answer: Île de la Cité | question: Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?, answer: Maurice de Sully | question: Where was the University of Paris located?, answer: The Left Bank | question: Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?, answer: Louis VII
By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

question: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?, answer: bushi | question: What were samurai affiliated with?, answer: a clan | question: How much of Japan were samurais?, answer: less than 10% | question: Where do samurais' teachings live on?, answer: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts | question: What class were samurais?, answer: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class
By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order. In the following century, markets continued to expand as in the late Ming period, but with more trade between regions, a greater dependence on overseas markets and a greatly increased population. After the re-opening of the southeast coast, which had been closed in the late 17th century, foreign trade was quickly re-established, and was expanding at 4% per annum throughout the latter part of the 18th century. China continued to export tea, silk and manufactures, creating a large, favorable trade balance with the West. The resulting inflow of silver expanded the money supply, facilitating the growth of competitive and stable markets.

question: What did China export?, answer: tea, silk and manufactures | question: What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?, answer: silver | question: When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?, answer: end of the 17th century
By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).

question: What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?, answer: Balls Pond Road | question: On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?, answer: City Road | question: What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?, answer: The Eagle | question: What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?, answer: weasel | question: In what century did saloons become established?, answer: 18th
By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.

question: What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?, answer: 300 million | question: What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?, answer: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops | question: What crops were imported?, answer: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice
By the end of the 5th century the western section of the empire was divided into smaller political units, ruled by the tribes that had invaded in the early part of the century. The deposition of the last emperor of the west, Romulus Augustus, in 476 has traditionally marked the end of the Western Roman Empire.[E] The Eastern Roman Empire, often referred to as the Byzantine Empire after the fall of its western counterpart, had little ability to assert control over the lost western territories. The Byzantine emperors maintained a claim over the territory, but none of the new kings in the west dared to elevate himself to the position of emperor of the west, Byzantine control of most of the Western Empire could not be sustained; the reconquest of the Italian peninsula and Mediterranean periphery by Justinian (r. 527–565) was the sole, and temporary, exception.

question: Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?, answer: Romulus Augustus | question: When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?, answer: 476 | question: What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?, answer: Byzantine Empire | question: What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?, answer: Justinian | question: When did Justinian's reign end?, answer: 565
By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "Montmartre". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.

question: What was Paris known as in Latin?, answer: Parisius | question: In what century was Christianity introduced?, answer: 3rd | question: Who brought Christianity to Paris?, answer: Saint Denis | question: What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?, answer: Basilica of Saint-Denis | question: Where was Saint Denis beheaded?, answer: Mountain of Martyrs
By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

question: Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?, answer: 1969 | question: What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?, answer: In Rock | question: Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?, answer: occult and elements of Gothic horror | question: What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?, answer: Paranoid | question: What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?, answer: Judas Priest