lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life".

question: What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?, answer: Christian | question: What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?, answer: Tombs | question: What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?, answer: alms of food | question: When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?, answer: AD 567 | question: How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?, answer: ritual pollution
In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.

question: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?, answer: later Vedic Age | question: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?, answer: sixteen monarchies | question: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?, answer: Mahajanapadas | question: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?, answer: urbanism | question: What was the first major urbanization in India?, answer: Indus Valley Civilisation
In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'.

question: When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?, answer: the latter half of his career | question: What did Hayek want society to function around?, answer: a market order | question: What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?, answer: to enforce the legal order | question: What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?, answer: would be self-regulating | question: What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?, answer: good men
In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as "Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.

question: What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?, answer: depictions of figures from British history | question: London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?, answer: The Tate Gallery | question: What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?, answer: Albertopolis | question: What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?, answer: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts) | question: What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?, answer: as an annexe of the National Gallery
In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

question: Thomas Edison is credited with?, answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory | question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?, answer: 110 volts | question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?, answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network | question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?, answer: fifty-nine | question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?, answer: lower Manhattan
In the lead up to the Iraq War, Kerry said on October 9, 2002; "I will be voting to give the President of the United States the authority to use force, if necessary, to disarm Saddam Hussein because I believe that a deadly arsenal of weapons of mass destruction in his hands is a real and grave threat to our security." Bush relied on that resolution in ordering the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Kerry also gave a January 23, 2003 speech to Georgetown University saying "Without question, we need to disarm Saddam Hussein. He is a brutal, murderous dictator; leading an oppressive regime he presents a particularly grievous threat because he is so consistently prone to miscalculation. So the threat of Saddam Hussein with weapons of mass destruction is real." Kerry did, however, warn that the administration should exhaust its diplomatic avenues before launching war: "Mr. President, do not rush to war, take the time to build the coalition, because it's not winning the war that's hard, it's winning the peace that's hard."

question: When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?, answer: October 9, 2002 | question: When did Bush declare the Iraq war?, answer: 2003 | question: Who did Kerry say we should disarm?, answer: Saddam Hussein | question: When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?, answer: January 23, 2003
In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

question: What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?, answer: fled | question: Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?, answer: "Give us Athanasius!" | question: When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius?, answer: on his death-bed | question: Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?, answer: The Bishops had nothing better
In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

question: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?, answer: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation | question: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?, answer: Electronic Arts | question: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?, answer: first-party games | question: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?, answer: post-SNES era
In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra

question: What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?, answer: 1894 | question: Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of missionaries that ventured into east india?, answer: Welsh Presbyterians | question: Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?, answer: Sohra
In the martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup in Tongeren. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments. Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in K1 and Thai Boxing.

question: Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?, answer: Mohamed Deq Abdulle | question: What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?, answer: silver | question: Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?, answer: Tongeren | question: Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?, answer: K1
In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

question: When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?, answer: 10th century | question: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?, answer: maktab | question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?, answer: Ibn Sīnā | question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?, answer: classes | question: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?, answer: two
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?, answer: handheld plungers in water. | question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate what?, answer: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body | question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?, answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī | question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space, answer: air's volume | question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?, answer: suction pump
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.

question: What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?, answer: to protect the port at La Cala | question: What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?, answer: A huge chain | question: During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?, answer: medieval
In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty.

question: What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?, answer: American | question: From what region did the group Devo originate?, answer: Midwestern | question: Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?, answer: New York | question: Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?, answer: Brian Eno | question: What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?, answer: San Francisco's | question: When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?, answer: mid 1970s | question: Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?, answer: Television and Suicide | question: What were some Midwestern punk bands?, answer: Pere Ubu and Devo | question: What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?, answer: derelict industrial environments | question: What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?, answer: Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon
In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.

question: What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?, answer: DVD's growing popularity | question: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?, answer: higher-end | question: What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?, answer: 6-channel analog audio
In the mid-16th century, "botanical gardens" were founded in a number of Italian universities – the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier "physic gardens", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621. Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.

question: What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?, answer: Padua | question: Where is the Padua garden?, answer: its original location | question: Why did monasteries have gardens?, answer: for medical use | question: What science was botany considered to be a part of?, answer: medicine | question: Where was the first European botany garden at a university?, answer: University of Oxford
In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution.

question: Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?, answer: Paris | question: Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?, answer: Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau | question: Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?, answer: reason | question: Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?, answer: Montesquieu | question: Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?, answer: the United States Constitution
In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.

question: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?, answer: Frank Burnet | question: What triggers an immune response according to CST?, answer: self/nonself distinction | question: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?, answer: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) | question: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?, answer: the complex "two-signal" activation | question: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?, answer: In the mid-1950s
In the mid-1980s Lucasfilm pioneered the EditDroid non-linear editing system for film and television based on computer-controlled LaserDisc players. Instead of printing dailies out on film, processed negatives from the day's shoot would be sent to a mastering plant to be assembled from their 10-minute camera elements into 20-minute film segments. These were then mastered onto single-sided blank LaserDiscs, just as a DVD would be burnt at home today, allowing for much easier selection and preparation of an Edit Decision List. In the days before video assist was available in cinematography, this was the only other way a film crew could see their work. The EDL went to the negative cutter who then cut the camera negative accordingly and assembled the finished film. Only 24 EditDroid systems were ever built, even though the ideas and technology are still in use today. Later EditDroid experiments borrowed from hard-drive technology of having multiple discs on the same spindle and added numerous playback heads and numerous electronics to the basic jukebox design so that any point on each of the discs would be accessible within seconds. This eliminated the need for racks and racks of industrial LaserDisc players since EditDroid discs were only single-sided.

question: How many EditDroid systems were ever built?, answer: 24 | question: Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?, answer: single-sided | question: Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?, answer: Lucasfilm