lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).

question: What does Auto didacticism generally mean?, answer: learning on your own | question: When can you become an Autodidact?, answer: any point in one's life | question: Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?, answer: Abraham Lincoln | question: Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?, answer: Thomas Alva Edison
Autumn, winter, and early spring are frequently characterized by rain. Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C). Summers are sunny, dry and warm, with August, the warmest month, averaging 66.1 °F (18.9 °C), and with temperatures reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on 3.1 days per year, although 2011 is the most recent year to not reach 90 °F. The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 16 thru March 10, allowing a growing season of 250 days.

question: What is Seattle's average December temperature?, answer: 40.6 °F | question: How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?, answer: 28 annual days | question: What month is the warmest in Seattle?, answer: August | question: What is August's usual temperature?, answer: 66.1 °F | question: How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?, answer: 250 days
Available modes of transport are by road, sea and air. Of the 10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roads in the Republic of Cyprus in 1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) were paved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi) were unpaved. In 1996 the Turkish-occupied area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately 1,370 km (850 mi) of paved road and 980 km (610 mi) unpaved.[citation needed] Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom). A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.

question: What are the three modes of transport available on Cyprus?, answer: road, sea and air | question: How many miles of roads are paved on Cyprus?, answer: 6,249 km (3,883 mi) | question: How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus?, answer: 4,414 km (2,743 mi) | question: Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on?, answer: left-hand
Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

question: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?, answer: rich user interfaces | question: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?, answer: Internet suites | question: What does IRC stand for?, answer: Internet Relay Chat
Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000–11,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008, average attendance was above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007. Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game.

question: What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?, answer: 10,000–11,000 | question: Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?, answer: the September 11, 2001 attacks | question: What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?, answer: 12,392 | question: In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?, answer: 12,957 | question: During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?, answer: eight
Aves and a sister group, the clade Crocodilia, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined phylogenetically as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and Archaeopteryx lithographica. However, an earlier definition proposed by Jacques Gauthier gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents of the Phylocode system. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the Avialae, in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs.

question: Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?, answer: clade Crocodilia | question: Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?, answer: Gauthier | question: What is a sister group to Aves?, answer: clade Crocodilia
Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the Cretaceous Period. Many groups retained primitive characteristics, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the pygostyle bone in the group Pygostylia. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.

question: During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?, answer: Cretaceous Period | question: Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?, answer: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis | question: When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?, answer: late Cretaceous | question: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?, answer: around 95 million years ago
Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

question: What religion was Avicenna?, answer: Muslim | question: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?, answer: rational philosophy | question: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?, answer: prove the existence of God | question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?, answer: 19th century | question: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?, answer: the prophets
Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?, answer: Uzbekistan | question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?, answer: Bukhara | question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?, answer: Afghanistan | question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?, answer: Setareh | question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?, answer: ten
Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

question: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?, answer: Al-Biruni | question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?, answer: mathematical astronomy | question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?, answer: Aristotle | question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?, answer: Venus | question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?, answer: below the Sun
Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?, answer: necessity | question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?, answer: contingency-in-itself | question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?, answer: the source of its own being without borrowed existence | question: According to Avicenna, what always exists?, answer: The necessary | question: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?, answer: false in itself
Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?, answer: Kitab al-shifa | question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?, answer: classical psychology | question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?, answer: quantitative extension | question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?, answer: Descartes | question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?, answer: De Anima
Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?, answer: physiology | question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?, answer: strong enough | question: How does Avicenna explain the connection between body and soul?, answer: his understanding of perception | question: How does man first perceive features of an object?, answer: external senses | question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?, answer: the physical body
Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.

question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?, answer: Avignon | question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?, answer: 1378 | question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?, answer: The War of the Sicilian Vespers | question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?, answer: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples | question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?, answer: 1442
Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.

question: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?, answer: Avoidance of triggers | question: What are some of the more common triggers?, answer: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods | question: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?, answer: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke | question: What did law that limit smoking accomplish?, answer: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma | question: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?, answer: Yoga
Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses. A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling along an axon, arrives at a synapse, it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released. The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.

question: Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?, answer: synapses | question: The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?, answer: receptor molecules | question: An axon can connect to how many other cells?, answer: several thousand
BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

question: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?, answer: mining and smelting operations of Africa | question: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?, answer: denied | question: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?, answer: being aware of child miners
BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

question: How many terminals do BJTs have?, answer: three | question: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?, answer: three | question: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?, answer: an emitter, a base, and a collector | question: How can one find the amount of collector current?, answer: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current | question: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?, answer: greater than 100
BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being "more selective" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010).

question: What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?, answer: 49 | question: What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?, answer: 3.82 | question: What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?, answer: 78 | question: What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?, answer: 26th | question: How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?, answer: 88
BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree.

question: What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?, answer: Nobel Prize winner | question: What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?, answer: the hearing aid | question: Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?, answer: Gymboree | question: What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?, answer: two time world's most influential business thinker | question: Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?, answer: Paul D. Boyer