lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s.

question: The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?, answer: Non-standard | question: Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?, answer: freeformat | question: What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?, answer: 640 kbit/s | question: The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?, answer: 320
Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the "Pillar of the Church". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the "Father of Orthodoxy". Some Protestants label him "Father of the Canon". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.

question: What was he known as soon after he died?, answer: Pillar of the Church | question: What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?, answer: 18 January | question: How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?, answer: Father of Orthodoxy | question: What do the Protestants call him?, answer: Father of the Canon | question: What is his feast day in Western Christianity?, answer: 2 May
Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

question: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?, answer: biological mother | question: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?, answer: Emanuel Swedenborg | question: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?, answer: Nontrinitarians | question: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?, answer: Marian
Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.

question: What makes mosses different from other land plants?, answer: lack the vascular tissues | question: What protects the young plant in the seed?, answer: one or two sheathing layers | question: How does the plant escape the seed?, answer: splits to release it | question: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?, answer: Gymnosperms | question: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?, answer: evolution of the seed habit
Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

question: What is nonverbal communication?, answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages | question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?, answer: body language | question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?, answer: shaking a hand | question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?, answer: sweating | question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?, answer: 55%
Norfolk Island (i/ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.

question: In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?, answer: Pacific Ocean | question: How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?, answer: about 900 kilometres (560 mi) | question: What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?, answer: Kingston | question: How many people live on Norfolk Island?, answer: 1,796 | question: How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?, answer: 1,412 kilometres (877 mi)
Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

question: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?, answer: Norfolk Island Hospital | question: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?, answer: travel insurance | question: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?, answer: mainland Australia | question: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?, answer: the Royal Australian Air Force | question: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?, answer: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers
Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

question: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?, answer: 51 | question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?, answer: 18 | question: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?, answer: Norfolk Island National Park | question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?, answer: subtropical rain forest | question: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?, answer: 5 km2
Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29°07′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.117°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.

question: What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?, answer: South | question: What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?, answer: east | question: What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?, answer: 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950 | question: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?, answer: Mount Bates | question: What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?, answer: Phillip Island
Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

question: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?, answer: Norfolk Island | question: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?, answer: The Norfolk Island Act 1979 | question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?, answer: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015 | question: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?, answer: Gary Hardgrave | question: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?, answer: three years
Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.

question: Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?, answer: East Polynesians | question: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?, answer: a convict penal settlement | question: What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?, answer: 8 June 1856 | question: Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?, answer: Pitcairn Island | question: In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?, answer: 1913
Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

question: Norfolk Island was originally a what?, answer: colony acquired by settlement | question: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?, answer: Australia | question: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?, answer: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth) | question: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?, answer: High Court of Australia | question: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?, answer: Australian citizenship
Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+ 2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.

question: Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?, answer: kidney | question: What is the main form of 238U decay?, answer: alpha radiation | question: What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?, answer: hexavalent | question: At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?, answer: room
Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".

question: When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?, answer: 1976 | question: Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?, answer: Norman | question: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?, answer: the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus | question: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?, answer: Duck Pond in Norman | question: Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?, answer: Reaves Park
North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.

question: What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?, answer: North Carolina State Fairgrounds | question: What type of art is in the Museum of Art?, answer: American Art, European Art and ancient art, | question: When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?, answer: 2000 | question: How many people attended the Monet exhibit?, answer: 200,000 | question: How did the museum get the artworks they have?, answer: public funds
North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

question: Where is North Carolina State University?, answer: southwest Raleigh | question: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?, answer: Wolfpack | question: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?, answer: Carter-Finley Stadium | question: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?, answer: third largest football stadium in North Carolina | question: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?, answer: Reynolds Coliseum
North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state. The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a weather phenomenon known as "cold air damming" often occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter.

question: How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?, answer: fewer than 20 | question: Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?, answer: tornadoes | question: What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?, answer: eastern | question: What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?, answer: mountains | question: What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?, answer: cold air damming
North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements, but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed. Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants. The colonists generally supported the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies.

question: North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?, answer: the Province of Carolina | question: What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?, answer: 1729 | question: What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?, answer: small farmers | question: What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?, answer: Pirates | question: By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?, answer: 1718
North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the eastern 45% of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains the middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills. The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or "sounds": Albemarle Sound in the north and Pamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largest landlocked sounds in the United States.

question: How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?, answer: three | question: What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?, answer: Atlantic Coastal Plain | question: What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?, answer: the Piedmont region | question: Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?, answer: North Carolina | question: The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?, answer: Outer Banks