lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The eastern edge of the walled city was on Via Roma and the ancient port in the vicinity of Piazza Marina. The wall circuit was approximately Porto Nuovo, Corso Alberti, Piazza Peranni, Via Isodoro, Via Candela, Via Venezia, Via Roma, Piazza Paninni, Via Biscottari, Via Del Bastione, Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porto Nuovo.

question: Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?, answer: ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis | question: What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?, answer: Via Vittorio Emanuele | question: On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?, answer: Via Roma
Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

question: What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?, answer: Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque | question: Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?, answer: Palermo | question: What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?, answer: tourism, services, commerce and agriculture
Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".

question: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?, answer: mountains | question: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?, answer: mountains | question: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?", answer: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, | question: Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?, answer: La Pizzuta | question: Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?, answer: geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain
Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men, though she was not in favour of votes for women. Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel." With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her. Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".

question: Who died in 1865?, answer: Palmerston | question: Who resigned in 1868?, answer: Derby | question: How long was Disraeli in office?, answer: matter of months | question: Who was Disraeli's rival?, answer: William Ewart Gladstone | question: What political view did Gladstone hold?, answer: Liberal | question: What year did Palmerston die?, answer: 1865 | question: Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?, answer: Russell | question: Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?, answer: Derby | question: Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?, answer: 1866 | question: Who replaced Derby after his resignation?, answer: Benjamin Disraeli | question: What year did Pamerston die?, answer: 1865 | question: What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?, answer: State Opening of Parliament | question: What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women?, answer: Reform Act 1867 | question: Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868?, answer: Benjamin Disraeli | question: What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office?, answer: William Ewart Gladstone | question: When did Palmerston die?, answer: 1865 | question: Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?, answer: Derby | question: When did Derby resign?, answer: 1868 | question: Who was Derby's replacement?, answer: Benjamin Disraeli | question: How long did Disralei last in office?, answer: only lasted a matter of months
Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.

question: In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?, answer: 19th | question: What movement came out of the French Revolution?, answer: Nationalism | question: Who was threatened by Nationalism?, answer: aristocratic regimes | question: Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?, answer: Romanovs and the Habsburgs | question: Where was Johann Tillmann from?, answer: East Prussia
Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?, answer: Pan-Slavism | question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?, answer: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice | question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?, answer: The Russian Empire | question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?, answer: between 1945 and 1948 | question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?, answer: until the period 1989–1991
Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Francés, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panamá, Figali, Danté, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Danté remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.

question: How did Panama's department stores originally begin?, answer: as textile retailers | question: When did Panama's Department stores first start?, answer: at the turn of the nineteenth century | question: What department store is often called "Felix" by the local population?, answer: Felix B. Maduro | question: What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under?, answer: Cocos
Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.

question: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?, answer: Panelization | question: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?, answer: a single design | question: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?', answer: assembly panels | question: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?, answer: the plating process | question: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?, answer: bare board manufacturing panels
Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

question: What are the individual images with action called in comics?, answer: Panels | question: Narrative is placed into panels using what?, answer: encapsulation | question: Who puts the panels together using closure?, answer: The reader | question: Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?, answer: arrangement | question: When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?, answer: asynchronous
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]

question: What is Pantheism?, answer: God is the universe and the universe is God | question: WHat is Panentheism?, answer: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe | question: WHat is Kabbalah?, answer: Jewish mysticism | question: Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?, answer: The Baal Shem Tov | question: What is pantheism?, answer: God is the universe | question: Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?, answer: The Baal Shem Tov | question: What is Panentheism?, answer: God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe | question: What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?, answer: Vaishnavism | question: What is another name for Jewish mysticism?, answer: Kabbalah | question: What is pantheism?, answer: God is the universe
Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.

question: Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?, answer: china clay | question: What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?, answer: calendering | question: What is the shiniest type of coated paper?, answer: Gloss | question: What papers give the best optical density?, answer: Gloss
Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

question: What is a source for the particles in paper?, answer: wood | question: What is a common use for paper?, answer: writing | question: What is the last step in paper production?, answer: drying
Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

question: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?, answer: weight | question: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?, answer: a ream | question: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?, answer: card
Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

question: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?, answer: lignin | question: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?, answer: lignin | question: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?, answer: light and oxygen
Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

question: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?, answer: Library of Congress | question: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?, answer: oxalic
Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

question: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?, answer: 40% | question: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?, answer: 71.6 million | question: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?, answer: 16 billion | question: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?, answer: 31
Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.

question: Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?, answer: three | question: What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?, answer: filed a constitutional complaint | question: When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?, answer: July 1961 | question: On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed, answer: exclusively federal matter
Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

question: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?, answer: Huldrych Zwingli | question: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?, answer: the German states and the Swiss Confederation | question: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?, answer: the Colloquy of Marburg | question: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?, answer: Prince Philip of Hesse | question: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?, answer: its failure
Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?, answer: Order of the Garter | question: Who founded the Order of St. George?, answer: Charles I of Hungary | question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?, answer: 1325 | question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?, answer: chivalry | question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?, answer: 1348
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

question: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have?, answer: library and museum collections | question: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?, answer: the collection of resources | question: What are these resources collected for?, answer: for scholarship and research
Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

question: What is paraplegia?, answer: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control | question: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?, answer: burning or tingling | question: What can cause paraplegia?, answer: serious spinal cord damage, | question: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?, answer: Surgical | question: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?, answer: phantom body