lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

question: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?, answer: Florentine Tuscan | question: What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?, answer: Latin | question: During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?, answer: 12th | question: What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?, answer: upper class | question: From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?, answer: Tuscany
Modern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved.

question: What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?, answer: peaceful | question: Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?, answer: articles | question: Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?, answer: their interpretation | question: Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?, answer: the final authentic copies | question: Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?, answer: disputes
Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly.

question: When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?, answer: 1914 | question: Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?, answer: British | question: When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?, answer: 1960 | question: When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?, answer: 1967 | question: When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?, answer: 2011
Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical".

question: What is written in modern usage?, answer: new characters | question: What is one consequence of modifying radicals?, answer: fossilization | question: What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"?, answer: "harmony, peace"
Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.

question: What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?, answer: Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish | question: What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?, answer: Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities | question: Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?, answer: landlocked cities | question: What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?, answer: Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein | question: What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?, answer: fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.
Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?, answer: Moisture absorption | question: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?, answer: cracking | question: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?, answer: 0.15% | question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?, answer: 4 | question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?, answer: Teflon
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

question: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?, answer: DNA analysis | question: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?, answer: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria | question: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?, answer: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.

question: How is water transported into plants?, answer: from roots | question: IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?, answer: as soluble ions | question: From where does the plant get the required minerals?, answer: chemical breakdown of soil | question: Where is sucrose produced in a plant?, answer: the leaves | question: How are hormones moved around a plant?, answer: by a variety of processes
Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.

question: Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?, answer: carbohydrates | question: If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?, answer: complex polysaccharides | question: What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?, answer: triglycerides | question: What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?, answer: cannot be synthesized in the body | question: Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?, answer: nitrogen
Molotov declared in his report entitled "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western "ruling circles" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring "their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war."

question: What was the title of Molotov’s report called?, answer: On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union | question: According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?, answer: extermination of Hitlerism | question: Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?, answer: defending democracy
Mon, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer. Overseas Indians are 2%. The remainder are Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepali and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the UK. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009[update], 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand.

question: What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer., answer: 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer | question: Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?, answer: Anglo-Burmese | question: When did a mass migration of the community that previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?, answer: 1958 onwards | question: Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?, answer: principally to Australia and the UK
Monastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movement of monastic reform in response to this fear. Cluny quickly established a reputation for austerity and rigour. It sought to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by placing itself under the protection of the papacy and by electing its own abbot without interference from laymen, thus maintaining economic and political independence from local lords.

question: In what century was thought given to monastic reform?, answer: 11th | question: In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?, answer: 909 | question: In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?, answer: Mâcon | question: Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?, answer: austerity | question: What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?, answer: Cluniac Reforms
Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors.

question: During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?, answer: 11th | question: When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?, answer: 1049 | question: What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?, answer: Pope Gregory VII | question: In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?, answer: 1122 | question: What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?, answer: German princes
Monopole antennas consist of a single radiating element such as a metal rod, often mounted over a conducting surface, a ground plane. One side of the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the rod, and the other side to the ground plane, which may be the Earth. The most common form is the quarter-wave monopole which is one-quarter of a wavelength long and has a gain of 5.12 dBi when mounted over a ground plane. Monopoles have an omnidirectional radiation pattern, so they are used for broad coverage of an area, and have vertical polarization. The ground waves used for broadcasting at low frequencies must be vertically polarized, so large vertical monopole antennas are used for broadcasting in the MF, LF, and VLF bands. Small monopoles are used as nondirectional antennas on portable radios in the HF, VHF, and UHF bands.

question: Monopole antennas consist of what element?, answer: metal rod | question: What are small monopoles used as?, answer: nondirectional antennas | question: What the most common form?, answer: quarter-wave monopole | question: What has vertical polarization?, answer: Monopoles
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism and Sikhism. In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit. Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.

question: What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?, answer: polytheism | question: Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?, answer: iconodules | question: What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?, answer: tawhid | question: What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?, answer: Quran | question: What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?, answer: "oneness" or "uniqueness" | question: What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?, answer: Hinduism and Sikhism | question: What is the trinity in Christianity?, answer: one God in three persons | question: What do monotheists believe?, answer: one god | question: What do Muslims think of Christianity?, answer: comparing it to polytheism
Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country music, notably B and E. He emphasized a powerful, syncopated right hand at the expense of left-hand virtuosity. Monroe's most influential follower of the second generation is Frank Wakefield and nowadays Mike Compton of the Nashville Bluegrass Band and David Long, who often tour as a duet. Tiny Moore of the Texas Playboys developed an electric five-string mandolin and helped popularize the instrument in Western Swing music.

question: What chording sound was Monroe popular for?, answer: the chop | question: What keys was Monroe popular for?, answer: B and E | question: Who was Monroe's most influential follower?, answer: Frank Wakefield | question: Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?, answer: Moore of the Texas Playboys | question: What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?, answer: Western Swing music
Montevideo has a very rich architectural heritage and an impressive number of writers, artists, and musicians. Uruguayan tango is a unique form of dance that originated in the neighbourhoods of Montevideo towards the end of the 1800s. Tango, candombe and murga are the three main styles of music in this city. The city is also the centre of the cinema of Uruguay, which includes commercial, documentary and experimental films. There are two movie theatre companies running seven cinemas, around ten independent ones and four art film cinemas in the city. The theatre of Uruguay is admired inside and outside Uruguayan borders. The Solís Theatre is the most prominent theatre in Uruguay and the oldest in South America. There are several notable theatrical companies and thousands of professional actors and amateurs. Montevideo playwrights produce dozens of works each year; of major note are Mauricio Rosencof, Ana Magnabosco and Ricardo Prieto.

question: What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?, answer: Uruguayan tango | question: Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?, answer: music | question: How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?, answer: two | question: What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?, answer: The Solís Theatre
Montevideo has over 50 hotels, mostly located within the downtown area or along the beachfront of the Rambla de Montevideo. Many of the hotels are in the modern, western style, such as the Sheraton Montevideo, the Radisson Montevideo Victoria Plaza Hotel located on the central Plaza Independencia, and the Plaza Fuerte Hotel on the waterfront. The Sheraton has 207 guest rooms and 10 suites and is luxuriously furnished with imported furniture. The Radisson Montevideo has 232 rooms and contains a casino and is served by the Restaurante Arcadia.

question: How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?, answer: 207 | question: How many suites does the Sheraton have?, answer: 10 | question: How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?, answer: 232
Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.

question: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?, answer: the Río de la Plata | question: What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?, answer: Santa Lucía River | question: What does the Bay of Montevideo form?, answer: a natural harbour