lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low lying: the lowest point in the islands is Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m (−9.02 ft). The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis being the highest point on the islands at 1,343 m (4,406 ft). Other mountainous areas include Wales and parts of Ireland, however only seven peaks in these areas reach above 1,000 m (3,281 ft). Lakes on the islands are generally not large, although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is an exception, covering 150 square miles (390 km2).[citation needed] The largest freshwater body in Great Britain (by area) is Loch Lomond at 27.5 square miles (71 km2), and Loch Ness, by volume whilst Loch Morar is the deepest freshwater body in the British Isles, with a maximum depth of 310 m (1,017 ft). There are a number of major rivers within the British Isles. The longest is the Shannon in Ireland at 224 mi (360 km).[citation needed] The river Severn at 220 mi (354 km)[citation needed] is the longest in Great Britain. The isles have a temperate marine climate. The North Atlantic Drift ("Gulf Stream") which flows from the Gulf of Mexico brings with it significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the islands' latitudes. Winters are cool and wet, with summers mild and also wet. Most Atlantic depressions pass to the north of the islands, combined with the general westerly circulation and interactions with the landmass, this imposes an east-west variation in climate.

question: What is the longest river in Ireland?, answer: the Shannon | question: Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?, answer: Wales and parts of Ireland | question: Where is the highest point in the British Isles?, answer: Ben Nevis | question: What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?, answer: Holme, Cambridgeshire at −2.75 m | question: What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?, answer: mild and also wet
The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.

question: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?, answer: the Federated States of Micronesia | question: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?, answer: Wake Island | question: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?, answer: 1,900,000 | question: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?, answer: 180 | question: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?, answer: 29
The islands enjoy a mild climate and varied soils, giving rise to a diverse pattern of vegetation. Animal and plant life is similar to that of the northwestern European continent. There are however, fewer numbers of species, with Ireland having even less. All native flora and fauna in Ireland is made up of species that migrated from elsewhere in Europe, and Great Britain in particular. The only window when this could have occurred was between the end of the last Ice Age (about 12,000 years ago) and when the land bridge connecting the two islands was flooded by sea (about 8,000 years ago).

question: Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?, answer: European continent | question: In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?, answer: Europe, and Great Britain | question: When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?, answer: about 8,000 years ago | question: When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?, answer: about 12,000 years ago
The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.

question: What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?, answer: Devensian | question: What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?, answer: the English Channel flooded | question: When did sea levels reach their current highth?, answer: 4,000 to 5,000 years ago | question: What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?, answer: a single ice sheet
The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

question: in what year were the islands first sighted?, answer: 1506 | question: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?, answer: Tristão da Cunha | question: who was the main island named after?, answer: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha | question: what year was it said the first island landing was made?, answer: 1520
The islands were occupied by a garrison of British Marines and a civilian population was gradually built up. Whalers also set up on the islands as a base for operations in the Southern Atlantic. However, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, together with the gradual move from sailing ships to coal-fired steam ships, increased the isolation of the islands, as they were no longer needed as a stopping port or for shelter for journeys from Europe to East Asia.

question: what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?, answer: the opening of the Suez Canal
The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function.

question: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?, answer: enzymes | question: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?, answer: RNA replicases | question: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?, answer: red blood cells | question: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?, answer: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase
The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

question: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?, answer: the Toledot Yeshu | question: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?, answer: warding off conversions to Christianity | question: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?", answer: virgin | question: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?, answer: medieval | question: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?, answer: the birth of Jesus
The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also evolved into pre- or prije- due to potential ambiguity with pri- ("approach, come close to"). For verbs that had -ěti in their infinitive, the past participle ending -ěl evolved into -io in Ijekavian Neoštokavian.

question: To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?, answer: -io | question: What is the western equivalent of the prefix "pre"?, answer: prije | question: Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled "pre"?, answer: due to potential ambiguity with pri | question: What is the meaning of "pri"?, answer: approach, come close to
The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.

question: Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?, answer: July 15, 1975
The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to "drive" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is −2.1 mV/°C. In some circuits special compensating elements (sensistors) must be used to compensate for such changes.

question: What is the junction forward voltage?, answer: the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT | question: What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?, answer: to make the base conduct a specified current | question: What is the ideal junction forward voltage?, answer: lower | question: Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?, answer: less power is required to "drive" the transistor | question: When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?, answer: decreases
The junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, Paul Tsongas, announced in 1984 that he would be stepping down for health reasons. Kerry ran, and as in his 1982 race for Lieutenant Governor, he did not receive the endorsement of the party regulars at the state Democratic convention. Congressman James Shannon, a favorite of House Speaker Tip O'Neill, was the early favorite to win the nomination, and he "won broad establishment support and led in early polling." Again as in 1982, however, Kerry prevailed in a close primary.

question: What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?, answer: junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts | question: When did Kerry run for Senate?, answer: 1984 | question: When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?, answer: 1982 | question: What was James Shannon's job?, answer: Congressman | question: What was Tip O'Neill's job?, answer: House Speaker
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city") and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).

question: Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?, answer: Hyderabad Police | question: What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?, answer: urban planning | question: What does the acronym HMDA stand for?, answer: Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority | question: What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?, answer: Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board | question: Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?, answer: GHMC area
The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

question: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?, answer: the tone's frequency content | question: The jnd is typically tested by?, answer: playing two tones in quick succession | question: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?, answer: 1,400
The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails.

question: What danger can return currents cause?, answer: electrolytic damage | question: How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels?, answer: by using resistors | question: What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?, answer: ceramic chairs | question: How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?, answer: water and gas mains | question: What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?, answer: running rail carries any current
The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.

question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?, answer: live improvisation | question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?, answer: rhythm | question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?, answer: written notation | question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?, answer: J.S. Bach's
The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, the business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on.

question: Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?, answer: The king | question: What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?, answer: the Libandla | question: What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?, answer: a minority | question: Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?, answer: to balance views in parliament
The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

question: What did the king lose on his way to the west?, answer: significant part of his baggage | question: When did John face a stalemate?, answer: October 1216 | question: When were the Crown Jewels lost?, answer: as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries
The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

question: Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?, answer: Mithridates VI | question: Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?, answer: Mithridates VI | question: What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?, answer: anastole | question: Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?, answer: Herakles | question: Pontus was defeated in what wars?, answer: Mithridatic
The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

question: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?, answer: Zoskales | question: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?, answer: by minting their own Aksumite currency | question: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?, answer: on the Arabian peninsula | question: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?, answer: Himyarite Kingdom | question: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?, answer: throughout the ancient world
The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?, answer: 6000 men | question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?, answer: Alma river | question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?, answer: three hours | question: How many allies were lost during the battle?, answer: 3,300 | question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled?, answer: south
The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with tendencies to have some summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces of Lugo and A Coruña, which are characterized by their Oceanic climate (Cfb), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers. However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical mediterranean climate.

question: What is the southern area's climate classified as?, answer: Mediterranean | question: What about the climate of its coastal areas?, answer: Oceanic