lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.

question: What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?, answer: teen timetable | question: Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?, answer: White | question: What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?, answer: differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy
A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

question: What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?, answer: maintenance | question: How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?, answer: can switch to different supply voltages | question: What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?, answer: freight and passenger traffic | question: What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?, answer: significant capital expenditure
A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

question: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?, answer: 13th-century Westminster Retable | question: What is the Westminster Retable?, answer: England's oldest altarpiece | question: What was the altarpiece designed for?, answer: high altar of the abbey | question: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?, answer: altarpiece
A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?, answer: Neolithic Period | question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?, answer: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees | question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?, answer: Spain | question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?, answer: Neolithic cave-burial | question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?, answer: 8th century BC
A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.

question: In what case can a referee choose to end the match?, answer: when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match | question: What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?, answer: an injury | question: Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself?, answer: due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision | question: Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?, answer: Great American Bash
A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

question: Who developed the reference simulation software?, answer: the ISO MPEG Audio committee | question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?, answer: C | question: When was the reference software approved?, answer: March 1994 | question: When did the reference software become an international standard?, answer: 1998 | question: What could the reference software demonstrate?, answer: real time hardware decoding
A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

question: What was Djibouti called in 1958?, answer: French Somaliland | question: In what year did Somalia become independent?, answer: 1960 | question: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?, answer: Vice President of the Government Council | question: When did Djibouti achieve independence?, answer: 1977 | question: Who was the first president of Djibouti?, answer: Hassan Gouled Aptidon
A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.

question: What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?, answer: abmigration | question: What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?, answer: waterfowl | question: Who do abmigrating birds return with?, answer: the new population
A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.

question: What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?, answer: residential | question: What type of doors do commercial elevators use?, answer: metal sliding | question: What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?, answer: locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones | question: What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?, answer: residential
A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.

question: What releases formaldehyde?, answer: A resin | question: What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?, answer: formaldehyde | question: What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?, answer: Accountability | question: How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?, answer: 75 | question: How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?, answer: 6
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.

question: In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic?, answer: 1332 | question: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?, answer: 1348 | question: How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?, answer: over a thousand | question: What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?, answer: 10 pm | question: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?, answer: special tax
A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.

question: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?, answer: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license | question: Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?, answer: The Secretary | question: Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?, answer: $500,000
A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

question: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?, answer: route through Beringia | question: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?, answer: similarities in ages and geographical distributions | question: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?, answer: the mtDNA phylogeny | question: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?, answer: 2012 | question: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?, answer: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America
A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread.

question: What sampling rate is used for CD audio?, answer: 44.1 kHz | question: What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?, answer: CD audio | question: Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?, answer: the Internet | question: The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?, answer: 11:1 | question: As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?, answer: 320 kbit/s
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

question: How common was divorce for samurai?, answer: rare | question: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?, answer: adoption of a male heir | question: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?, answer: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage | question: What financial concern prevented divorce?, answer: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

question: How did the samurai treat concubines?, answer: akin to a marriage | question: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?, answer: shameful, if not criminal | question: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?, answer: many wealthy merchants | question: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?, answer: her family's money erased the samurai's debts | question: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?, answer: the son could inherit his father's social status
A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.

question: How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?, answer: 25 | question: When was the satellite dish installed?, answer: 1989 | question: Where was the satellite dish installed?, answer: The Briars | question: Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?, answer: sun outages
A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

question: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?, answer: Africa | question: What does hunting create economic incentives for?, answer: conservation | question: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?, answer: expenditures | question: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?, answer: scientific | question: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?, answer: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas | question: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?, answer: photographic | question: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?, answer: less than 3% | question: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?, answer: minimal | question: What is of major importance in Africa?, answer: trophy hunting | question: What does trophy hunting create in Africa?, answer: economic incentives for conservation | question: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?, answer: less than 3%
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.

question: What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?, answer: Louis' Lunch | question: In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?, answer: 1895 | question: Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?, answer: Louis Lassen | question: What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?, answer: Library of Congress | question: Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?, answer: Luigi Pieragostini | question: Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?, answer: the hamburger | question: What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?, answer: 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons | question: When was Louis's Lunch found?, answer: 1895
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.

question: On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?, answer: Frontage | question: What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?, answer: Route 34 extension | question: What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?, answer: Pfizer | question: What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?, answer: lab space | question: Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?, answer: Frontage Road | question: What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?, answer: SNET telephone building | question: When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?, answer: late 2009
A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?, answer: Napoleonic Empire | question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?, answer: Louis XVI style | question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?, answer: "Directoire" or Empire | question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?, answer: The Rococo style
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:

question: Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?, answer: Alfred Thayer Mahan | question: What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?, answer: the naval vulnerability of the trade routes | question: When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?, answer: 1902