lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.

question: When did William Graham Sumner teach?, answer: 1872 to 1909 | question: What did William Graham Sumner teach?, answer: economics and sociology | question: Why was The Yale Report established?, answer: the classics would not be abandoned | question: What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?, answer: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations | question: What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?, answer: Victorian culture
The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.

question: Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?, answer: Yangtze River | question: Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?, answer: Min River | question: What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?, answer: Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang | question: Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan., answer: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai
The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט"‎: "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited.

question: Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?, answer: Yiddish | question: What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English?, answer: A language is a dialect with an army and navy | question: When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"?, answer: 1945
The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism. Like Advaita Vedanta, the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable, and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman.

question: What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?, answer: jñāna | question: What is the meaning of jnana?, answer: knowledge | question: To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?, answer: moksha | question: To what school does yoga share central ideas?, answer: Advaita Vedanta | question: What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?, answer: liberation/freedom
The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.

question: What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?, answer: Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre | question: Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?, answer: Stoneham Theatre | question: Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?, answer: Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. | question: In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?, answer: October | question: What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?, answer: comedy
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.

question: What was the abacus first used for?, answer: arithmetic tasks | question: When was the Roman abacus first used?, answer: 2400 BC | question: Where was the Roman abacus first used?, answer: Babylonia | question: In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?, answer: a checkered cloth | question: A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?, answer: sums of money
The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

question: What was the abbey to Norman kings?, answer: coronation site | question: What architect continued work on the abbey?, answer: Henry Yevele | question: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?, answer: Richard II | question: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?, answer: Cosmati | question: What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?, answer: The Confessor's shrine
The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

question: The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?, answer: Mary I of England | question: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?, answer: Elizabeth I | question: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?, answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter | question: Who was made the first dean of the new church?, answer: The last of Mary's abbots
The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

question: When were the western towers built?, answer: between 1722 and 1745 | question: Who built the western towers of the abbey?, answer: Nicholas Hawksmoor | question: What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?, answer: Purbeck | question: Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?, answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott | question: What were the two western towers built from?, answer: Portland stone
The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

question: Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?, answer: The abbot and monks | question: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?, answer: government | question: Who was employed on royal service?, answer: The abbot | question: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?, answer: secular | question: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?, answer: Cluniac
The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.

question: What is the largest tagma of an insect?, answer: abdomen | question: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?, answer: 11–12 segments | question: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?, answer: head | question: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?, answer: sternum | question: The pleural area holds what?, answer: Spiracles
The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals.

question: What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?, answer: ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds | question: What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?, answer: Bacteria | question: What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?, answer: used for the bioremediation
The ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive ability of the birds to recognize habitats and form mental maps. Satellite tracking of day migrating raptors such as ospreys and honey buzzards has shown that older individuals are better at making corrections for wind drift.

question: What are older migrating birds better at?, answer: making corrections for wind drift | question: How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?, answer: Satellite | question: What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?, answer: recognize habitats and form mental maps | question: What are examples of day migrating raptors?, answer: ospreys and honey buzzards
The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s a Manx shearwater released in Boston returned to its colony in Skomer, Wales, within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For diurnal migrants, the sun is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the constellations surrounding Polaris. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's geomagnetism through specialised photoreceptors.

question: In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?, answer: diurnal migrants | question: Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?, answer: the Earth's geomagnetism | question: What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?, answer: internal clock
The ability of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. After pressure from Ireland and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration, declaring the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. Ireland distanced itself further from Britain with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.

question: When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?, answer: 1923 | question: Which treaty did Canada ignore?, answer: Treaty of Lausanne | question: When was the Balfour Declaration issued?, answer: 1926 | question: When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?, answer: 1931 | question: When did Ireland issue a new constitution?, answer: 1937
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

question: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?, answer: programs | question: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?, answer: The Church–Turing thesis
The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine.

question: What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?, answer: The abomasum | question: What is the abomasums close equivalent?, answer: a monogastric stomach | question: What does this site serve primarily as?, answer: a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. | question: What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?, answer: the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs | question: What is also digested in the small intestine?, answer: Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine
The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.

question: When was Wealth of Nations written?, answer: 1776 | question: How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?, answer: frequently | question: What happens in a market when there is competition?, answer: lower prices | question: What is the most important part of "Wealth"?, answer: the division of labour
The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.

question: What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?, answer: Entrapment pumps | question: Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?, answer: no vibration. | question: What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?, answer: Momentum transfer pumps
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

question: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new Prime Minister?, answer: Lord Salisbury | question: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?, answer: Lord President of the Council | question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?, answer: Harold Macmillan | question: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?, answer: Lord Chancellor | question: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?, answer: British Cabinet
The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: "As a heart desireth the water brook, so my souls longs for thee, O God." Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened.

question: What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?, answer: natural life | question: What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?, answer: the eucharist | question: What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?, answer: paradise and resurrection | question: What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?, answer: baptism | question: What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?, answer: the faithful aspiring to Christ