lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates.

question: When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?, answer: 1607 | question: Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?, answer: Jamestown | question: Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?, answer: Captain John Smith | question: When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?, answer: 1615 | question: What did England rename New Netherland to?, answer: New York
English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God. This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change, and as the means for reformation of humanity's nature as an image of divinity. This type of mysticism carried with it four elements. First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life. Second, there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ's life and humanity's disposition as images of the divine. Third, English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center. Finally, the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God.

question: What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?, answer: ecstatic experiences of union with the divine | question: English mysticism was composed of how many elements?, answer: four | question: What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?, answer: it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life | question: What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?, answer: one's personal relationship with God
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

question: When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?, answer: the 1720s | question: Who were the first English Freemasons in France?, answer: lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites | question: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?, answer: 18th century | question: Who formed the Grand Loge de France?, answer: Duke of Clermont | question: Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?, answer: Duke of Orléans | question: When did English Freemasonry spread to France?, answer: the 1720s | question: When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?, answer: the 18th century | question: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?, answer: the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont | question: Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?, answer: the Duke of Orléans | question: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?, answer: 1773
Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena’s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.

question: Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?, answer: Englishman Sir Francis Drake | question: What did English ships of war attack on the island?, answer: Portuguese India carracks | question: Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?, answer: the Dutch | question: Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?, answer: The Portuguese and Spanish
Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

question: How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?, answer: four | question: In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?, answer: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. | question: Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?, answer: Daniel Bunčić | question: Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?, answer: Enisa Kafadar
Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an "unprejudiced examination" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament.

question: Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?, answer: Thomas Jefferson | question: The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?, answer: Thirty Years' War | question: What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?, answer: a return to simple Scripture | question: Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?, answer: avoid
Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge – of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage", tutelage being "man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another". "For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance." The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment "a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self-confidence and self-consciousness". According to historian Roy Porter, the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture.

question: Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?, answer: Moses Mendelssohn | question: How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?, answer: "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage" | question: For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?", answer: Immanuel Kant | question: According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?, answer: the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance
Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war. Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology (e.g. disregarding Judaic law). Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any organized religion, but instead recommended that each person follow what they found most convincing. A good religion based in instinctive morals and a belief in God should not theoretically need force to maintain order in its believers, and both Mendelssohn and Spinoza judged religion on its moral fruits, not the logic of its theology.

question: Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??, answer: moral fruits | question: What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?, answer: organized religion | question: Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?, answer: politics | question: Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?, answer: what they found most convincing
Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grades E-5 through E-9) all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into "NCOs" (pay grades E-5 and E-6) and "Senior NCOs" (pay grades E-7 through E-9); the term "Junior NCO" is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants (pay grades E-5 and E-6).

question: What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?, answer: E-1 (entry level) | question: What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?, answer: E-9 (senior enlisted) | question: What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?, answer: pay grades E-7 through E-9 | question: What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?, answer: staff sergeants and technical sergeants
Enrollment at the Lawrence and Edwards campuses was 23,597 students in fall 2014; an additional 3,371 students were enrolled at the KU Medical Center for a total enrollment of 26,968 students across the three campuses. The university overall employed 2,663 faculty members in fall 2012.

question: How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?, answer: 23,597 | question: In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?, answer: 3,371 | question: How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?, answer: 26,968 | question: How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?, answer: 2,663
Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

question: Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?, answer: 1990 | question: What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?, answer: modernizing factories | question: What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?, answer: Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated | question: What are today's big environmental problems?, answer: the salination of the Werra river | question: What is causing the salination of the Werra river?, answer: discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach
Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first Church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis a virgin goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus being regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th Century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."

question: Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?, answer: Ephesus | question: Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?, answer: Artemis | question: Who was the author of the book, "Survivals of Roman Religion?", answer: William E. Phipps | question: Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?, answer: Queen Theodora | question: Where was Mary rumored to have died?, answer: Ephesus
Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro. Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.

question: What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?, answer: Epic poetry | question: What was the time period of Frankish rule?, answer: 4th century–1489 | question: Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times?, answer: Ioannis Kigalas | question: Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century?, answer: Italy
Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc. as it continues to divide. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.

question: What process causes changes in plant cells?, answer: Epigenetic changes | question: What is the original cell of the plant?, answer: the zygote | question: How are the different cells formed?, answer: continues to divide | question: How is it determined, which cells will be formed?, answer: activation of some genes and inhibition of others
Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently. One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not. Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed. Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.

question: What does epigenetics study?, answer: changes in gene function | question: How do DNA changes affect plants?, answer: express themselves") differently | question: When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?, answer: prevent that region of the DNA code | question: What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?, answer: differences | question: Are the changes then presented, permanent?, answer: may be temporary
Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

question: What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?, answer: Episcopalians and Presbyterians | question: Affluent American families are what type of families?, answer: Mainline Protestant | question: What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?, answer: Episcopalians and Presbyterians | question: What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?, answer: Republican Party | question: Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?, answer: American business, law
Equivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014540000000000000♠540 THz (7014540000000000000♠540×1012 Hz). Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J. That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, NA ≈ 7023602200000000000♠6.022×1023 mol−1. The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol, a typical energy of everyday life.

question: What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of?, answer: particles | question: Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to?, answer: 555 nanometres | question: What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to?, answer: green | question: What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?, answer: the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles | question: At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?, answer: 555 nanometres | question: What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?, answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz | question: How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?, answer: by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant | question: How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?, answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol | question: What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?, answer: 555 nanometres | question: What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?, answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz | question: What is the energy of a photon?, answer: 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J | question: How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?, answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol
Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.

question: What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?, answer: Pontic Indo-European | question: Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?, answer: the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands | question: What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?, answer: Greek and Ancient Macedonian