lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

question: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?, answer: 1889 | question: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?, answer: the Kingdom of Italy | question: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?, answer: the new colony of Italian Eritrea | question: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?, answer: 1889 | question: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?, answer: 1889–1913
In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.

question: How long is the run way in vaulting?, answer: 25 metres (82 ft) | question: How man feet do vaulters land on?, answer: a two footed landing | question: What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?, answer: their height and strength | question: What is a round-off entry vault called?, answer: Yurchenko | question: What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?, answer: yurchenko
In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

question: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?, answer: the Magisterial Reformation | question: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?, answer: new papists | question: What were reform movement leaders compared to?, answer: Roman Popes | question: What is another name for magister?, answer: teacher | question: What has been linked with pacifism?, answer: Anabaptism
In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

question: Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?, answer: Decius | question: What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?, answer: Decian oath | question: What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?, answer: Jews | question: What was the Decian decree meant to root out?, answer: subversives | question: What happened to the decree after a year?, answer: edict expired.
In the wake of the Coventry Blitz, there was widespread agitation from the Communist Party over the need for bomb-proof shelters. Many Londoners, in particular, took to using the Underground railway system, without authority, for shelter and sleeping through the night there until the following morning. So worried were the Government over the sudden campaign of leaflets and posters distributed by the Communist Party in Coventry and London, that the Police were sent in to seize their production facilities. The Government, up until November 1940, was opposed to the centralised organisation of shelter. Home Secretary Sir John Anderson was replaced by Morrison soon afterwards, in the wake of a Cabinet reshuffle as the dying Neville Chamberlain resigned. Morrison warned that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. He recognised the right of the public to seize tube stations and authorised plans to improve their condition and expand them by tunnelling. Still, many British citizens, who had been members of the Labour Party, itself inert over the issue, turned to the Communist Party. The Communists attempted to blame the damage and casualties of the Coventry raid on the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests and called for a negotiated peace. Though they failed to make a large gain in influence, the membership of the Party had doubled by June 1941. The "Communist threat" was deemed important enough for Herbert Morrison to order, with the support of the Cabinet, the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.

question: What was the communist party agitated over?, answer: the need for bomb-proof shelters. | question: What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?, answer: Underground railway system | question: What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?, answer: that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made. | question: Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?, answer: the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests | question: What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?, answer: the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal.
In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio.

question: After the Republic collapsed, what addition was made to the religions of Rome?, answer: emperors | question: Who was the first Roman emperor?, answer: Augustus | question: For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?, answer: emperor | question: What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?, answer: Imperial cult | question: As what during the time of the Roman empire was rejection of the state religion viewed?, answer: treason
In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.

question: How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?, answer: four | question: What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?, answer: Trump Plaza | question: What year did Trump Plaza originally open?, answer: 1984 | question: What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?, answer: Revel | question: What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?, answer: Atlantic Club
In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 billion in 2006 to $2.9 billion in 2013, the state saw a drop in money from its 8% tax on those earnings, which is used to fund programs for senior citizens and the disabled.

question: How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?, answer: 40-year | question: Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?, answer: Governor Christie | question: When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum?, answer: September 2014 | question: How much was casino revenue in 2006?, answer: $5.2 billion | question: How much was casino revenue in 2013?, answer: $2.9 billion
In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that "Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it."

question: What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune?, answer: French and the British | question: Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune?, answer: Le Verrier and Adams | question: Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune?, answer: Dennis Rawlins | question: Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it?, answer: Le Verrier | question: Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune?, answer: Adams
In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

question: Who was Calhoun college named for?, answer: John C. Calhoun | question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?, answer: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century | question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?, answer: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” | question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?, answer: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." | question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?, answer: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika
In the wake of these external defeats, the Guangxu Emperor initiated the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898. Newer, more radical advisers such as Kang Youwei were given positions of influence. The emperor issued a series of edicts and plans were made to reorganize the bureaucracy, restructure the school system, and appoint new officials. Opposition from the bureaucracy was immediate and intense. Although she had been involved in the initial reforms, the empress dowager stepped in to call them off, arrested and executed several reformers, and took over day-to-day control of policy. Yet many of the plans stayed in place, and the goals of reform were implanted.

question: What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?, answer: Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 | question: Name an advisor to Guangxu?, answer: Kang Youwei | question: Who took over the policy of China?, answer: empress dowager
In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.

question: Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?, answer: Austrian forces | question: How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?, answer: 280,000 | question: What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?, answer: River Pruth | question: Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?, answer: Orthodox Christians | question: After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?, answer: Turkey
In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.

question: How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?, answer: low | question: What position did George Hardie hold?, answer: Labour Member of Parliament | question: Who was George VI's brother?, answer: Edward
In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as "perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.

question: What does AAUP stand for?, answer: American Association of University Professors | question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?, answer: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students | question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?, answer: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education | question: Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?, answer: Caucasian students | question: In which year did the AAUP release their study?, answer: 2000
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."

question: When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?, answer: 712 | question: Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?, answer: Sindh | question: At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?, answer: Rajasthan | question: Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?, answer: Nagabhata | question: To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?, answer: Pratihara
In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

question: In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?, answer: 743 | question: In what month did the excesses occur?, answer: February | question: What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?, answer: Confession | question: What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?, answer: an animal or old woman | question: What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?, answer: the opposite gender
In the years after Tito's death up to nowadays, some people have disputed his identity. Tito's personal doctor, Aleksandar Matunović, wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family. Serbian journalist Vladan Dinić (born 1949), in Tito nije tito, includes several possible alternate identities of Tito.

question: What was the name of Tito's personal doctor?, answer: Aleksandar Matunović | question: Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin?, answer: Aleksandar Matunović | question: What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito?, answer: Vladan Dinić | question: In what year waas Vladan Dinic born?, answer: 1949 | question: Dinic gives several alternate identities of what person?, answer: Tito