lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing Crimean War (1854–56), which involved new techniques of modern warfare, and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica, was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 also limited its threat to the British.

question: When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?, answer: 1853 | question: What was took place in 1854-1856?, answer: Crimean War | question: Who lost the Crimean War?, answer: Russia | question: When did Britain take over Baluchistan?, answer: 1876 | question: Which country took over Kazakhstan?, answer: Russia
When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

question: Who returned to Apple in 1997?, answer: Steve Jobs | question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?, answer: Mac OS 8 | question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?, answer: the clone line | question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?, answer: significant financial losses | question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?, answer: USD$36 million
When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

question: What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?, answer: World War I | question: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?, answer: 29 May 1915 | question: Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?, answer: Russian Army | question: Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?, answer: Anatolia
When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the "Big Three". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.

question: When did World War II start?, answer: 1939 | question: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?, answer: two alliances | question: Who were the winners of World War II?, answer: Allies | question: Who made up the Axis powers?, answer: Germany, Italy and Japan | question: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?, answer: United Nations Security Council
When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war. Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators. The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both blacks and whites competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors, and blacks gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of blacks who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.

question: What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?, answer: World War II | question: Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?, answer: petroleum and synthetic rubber products | question: When was Ellington Field built?, answer: during World War I | question: When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?, answer: 1942 | question: What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?, answer: non-discrimination for defense contractors | question: What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel?, answer: Petrochemical | question: To fill what type of demand were refineries built?, answer: petroleum and synthetic rubber | question: What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals?, answer: World War II | question: Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston?, answer: defense jobs | question: Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors?, answer: President Roosevelt
When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.

question: Who is Apollo's son?, answer: Asclepius | question: Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?, answer: for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead | question: How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?, answer: one year of hard labor
When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.

question: What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?, answer: a Control-S | question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?, answer: Control-Q | question: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?, answer: handshaking | question: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?, answer: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)
When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

question: What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?, answer: enumeration process | question: What id the data rate determined during?, answer: the reset signaling | question: When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?, answer: After reset | question: What does the enumeration process start by doing?, answer: sending a reset signal to the USB device | question: What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?, answer: the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.
When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?, answer: the original text | question: Who was Jan Potocki?, answer: Polish aristocrat | question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?, answer: French | question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?, answer: 1847 | question: What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?, answer: French-language
When a joint German–Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.

question: Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?, answer: Britain and France | question: Why was the west creating a war?, answer: to maintain the Versailles system. | question: Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?, answer: Molotov
When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent. This is called a substitutional alloy. Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass, in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms. With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal. The smaller atoms become trapped in the spaces between the atoms in the crystal matrix, called the interstices. This is referred to as an interstitial alloy. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix. Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.

question: Bronze and brass are examples of what?, answer: substitutional alloys | question: Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?, answer: substitutional alloys | question: What is the name of one interstitial alloy?, answer: Steel | question: Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?, answer: interstitial and substitutional
When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited range of motion are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.

question: What become critical when a person is non-verbal?, answer: observation | question: What can be monitored as pain indicators?, answer: specific behaviors | question: What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?, answer: withdrawn | question: How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?, answer: signal | question: Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?, answer: pain
When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé's party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé's party required coalition partners.[citation needed]

question: When was a second democratic election held?, answer: in 1993 | question: Who became the first democratically elected president?, answer: Ange-Félix Patassé | question: What percentage did Patasse win with?, answer: 53% of the vote | question: What was the winning party?, answer: Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain | question: Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?, answer: gained a simple but not an absolute majority
When a state limits its treaty obligations through reservations, other states party to that treaty have the option to accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them. If the state accepts them (or fails to act at all), both the reserving state and the accepting state are relieved of the reserved legal obligation as concerns their legal obligations to each other (accepting the reservation does not change the accepting state's legal obligations as concerns other parties to the treaty). If the state opposes, the parts of the treaty affected by the reservation drop out completely and no longer create any legal obligations on the reserving and accepting state, again only as concerns each other. Finally, if the state objects and opposes, there are no legal obligations under that treaty between those two state parties whatsoever. The objecting and opposing state essentially refuses to acknowledge the reserving state is a party to the treaty at all.

question: When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?, answer: accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them | question: Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?, answer: other parties to the treaty | question: What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?, answer: drop out completely | question: What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?, answer: no legal obligations | question: If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?, answer: the reserving state is a party to the treaty
When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.

question: What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?, answer: limbs | question: What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?, answer: knots | question: In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?, answer: heartwood | question: What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?, answer: Subsequent growth | question: Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?, answer: sapwood
When an electromagnetic wave strikes a plane surface such as the ground, part of the wave is transmitted into the ground and part of it is reflected, according to the Fresnel coefficients. If the ground is a very good conductor then almost all of the wave is reflected (180° out of phase), whereas a ground modeled as a (lossy) dielectric can absorb a large amount of the wave's power. The power remaining in the reflected wave, and the phase shift upon reflection, strongly depend on the wave's angle of incidence and polarization. The dielectric constant and conductivity (or simply the complex dielectric constant) is dependent on the soil type and is a function of frequency.

question: Who proposed this theory?, answer: Fresnel coefficients | question: Is the ground has a great conductor, how much of the wave will be reflected?, answer: 180° out of phase | question: what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?, answer: electromagnetic wave | question: What depends on the polarization and waves angle?, answer: power remaining
When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy will generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package.

question: What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?, answer: the current through the inductance collapses quickly | question: What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?, answer: a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch | question: What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?, answer: A snubber capacitor | question: What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?, answer: contact breaker ignition systems | question: What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?, answer: a filter capacitor
When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements." Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line—which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist—was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their "unshakeable will" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.

question: The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was?, answer: the war was unjust and imperialist | question: The western communists claimed the war was what?, answer: the war was unjust and imperialist | question: French communists voted for what?, answer: war credits | question: Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?, answer: fled to Russia