lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.

question: What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?, answer: Black Rock Fort | question: In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated?, answer: 1779 | question: After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?, answer: Nathan Hale | question: What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?, answer: bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat | question: In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?, answer: 1921 | question: Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?, answer: the American Revolutionary War | question: The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?, answer: 1807 | question: Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?, answer: Revolutionary War hero | question: During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?, answer: a second Fort Hale was built | question: The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?, answer: 1921
After the American Revolutionary War, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center. To facilitate the transfer of cargo from the flat-bottomed bateaux above the fall line to the ocean-faring ships below, George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal in the 18th century to bypass Richmond's rapids, with the intent of providing a water route across the Appalachians to the Kanawha River. The legacy of the canal boatmen is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. As a result of this and ample access to hydropower due to the falls, Richmond became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities in the country, including iron works and flour mills, the largest facilities of their kind in the South. The resistance to the slave trade was growing by the mid-nineteenth century; in one famous case in 1848, Henry "Box" Brown made history by having himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, escaping slavery.

question: What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?, answer: James River and Kanawha Canal | question: To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?, answer: Kanawha River | question: To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?, answer: Philadelphia | question: What was Henry Brown's nickname?, answer: Box | question: What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?, answer: industrial
After the American Revolutionary War, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the Second Great Awakening, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.

question: When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?, answer: After the American Revolutionary War | question: How were the laws in New York abolished?, answer: in programs of gradual emancipation | question: How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?, answer: more than two decades to be completed | question: Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?, answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers | question: When were the last slaves freed in New York state?, answer: The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. | question: When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?, answer: After the American Revolutionary War | question: Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?, answer: Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves | question: What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?, answer: Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves | question: How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?, answer: the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South. | question: What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?, answer: gradual emancipation | question: The last slave in New York was freed when?, answer: 1827 | question: What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?, answer: Second Great Awakening | question: In 1810, how many black people were considered free?, answer: nearly 10 percent | question: What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?, answer: Revolutionary ideals
After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.

question: Oltenia is also known as what?, answer: Little Walachia | question: The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?, answer: 1716–1718 | question: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?, answer: Treaty of Passarowitz | question: The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?, answer: Austro-Russian–Turkish War | question: What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?, answer: port of Azov
After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled "Suite on Finnish Themes" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million.

question: The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?, answer: Finnish Democratic Republic | question: How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?, answer: over three months | question: Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?, answer: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev | question: How many Finnish people lost their homes?, answer: 422,000
After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War, but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.

question: Who was the governor during the Civil War?, answer: Zebulon Baird Vance | question: What did the governor order constructed?, answer: breastworks | question: What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?, answer: Union cavalry | question: Who led the cavalry in the capture?, answer: Hugh Judson Kilpatrick | question: Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?, answer: a state economy based on agriculture,
After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.

question: What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?, answer: the Sioux and Comanche | question: What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?, answer: population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds | question: Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?, answer: William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan | question: When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?, answer: 1876 | question: What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?, answer: Col. George Armstrong Custer
After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally free people of color in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their multiracial admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power.

question: As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?, answer: traditionally free people of color in Louisiana | question: Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?, answer: people of any portion of African descent
After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.

question: What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?, answer: the Communist Party | question: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?, answer: the national flower | question: In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?, answer: red | question: Which group gained power in China in 1949?, answer: the Communist Party of China | question: In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?, answer: 1949
After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.

question: In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?, answer: Rome | question: In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?, answer: two | question: In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?, answer: whole person | question: How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?, answer: whole | question: To what historical figure can the words "Do you love me more" be attributed?, answer: Christ
After the Dalai Lama's government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms. During the Great Leap Forward, between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died, and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet to India.

question: Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?, answer: Dharamsala | question: How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?, answer: between 200,000 and 1,000,000 | question: How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?, answer: 6,000 | question: When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?, answer: 1962 | question: To where did Chinese troops withdraw?, answer: north of the McMahon Line
After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

question: When year did the Dambusters raid happen?, answer: 1943 | question: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?, answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit | question: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?, answer: a new 55 mm gun | question: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?, answer: a centralised control system | question: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?, answer: hydraulics
After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?, answer: 1919 | question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?, answer: Estonian | question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?, answer: 97.3% | question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?, answer: Estonian
After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.

question: What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?, answer: Catholic Church became the sole preserver | question: What happened with education during the Early Middle Ages?, answer: church established cathedral schools | question: What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?, answer: medieval universities | question: What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?, answer: Chartres Cathedral School
After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

question: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?, answer: mixed-race people | question: What did people fear in 1930?, answer: "half-caste menace" | question: What did this menace undermine?, answer: the White Australia ideal | question: Who noted this particular fear?, answer: Dr. Cecil Cook | question: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?, answer: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,
After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

question: When was the Genpei war?, answer: late 12th century | question: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?, answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo | question: What was Minamoto's position?, answer: clan leader | question: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?, answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo | question: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?, answer: 1192
After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter, which included the statement that "the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.

question: When was France occupied by Germany?, answer: 1940 | question: When was the Atlantic Charter signed?, answer: August 1941 | question: Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?, answer: Churchill | question: Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?, answer: Roosevelt | question: Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?, answer: Soviet Union