lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

question: What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?, answer: English Great Vowel Shift | question: In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?, answer: 1970s | question: The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?, answer: women | question: What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?, answer: Stroop | question: Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?, answer: English
This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.

question: What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?, answer: Spanish and Italian | question: What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?, answer: a deteriorating balance sheet | question: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?, answer: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank | question: What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?, answer: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?, answer: clash of opinions | question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?, answer: 2004 | question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?, answer: Spanish government
This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

question: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?, answer: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution | question: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?, answer: 1951 | question: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?, answer: 1952 | question: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?, answer: Privileges and Immunities Clause
This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

question: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?, answer: 12 | question: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?, answer: 1 | question: A440 in linear pitch are what size?, answer: 69 | question: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?, answer: 100 | question: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?, answer: 60.5
This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?, answer: mutual understanding | question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?, answer: accepting | question: Bribes can be direct or what?, answer: indirect
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.

question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?, answer: 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate | question: Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?, answer: Hino Tomiko | question: Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?, answer: lost interest in politics | question: Who was Nene?, answer: wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi | question: Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?, answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range of other populations for a given defining morphological character or a set of characters. The seventy-five percent rule still has defenders but other scholars argue that it should be replaced with ninety or ninety-five percent rule.

question: What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?, answer: difference | question: Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?, answer: Dean Amadon | question: What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?, answer: 1949 | question: The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?, answer: 99% | question: Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?, answer: The seventy-five percent rule
This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74

question: Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?, answer: Civil Rights Act | question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?, answer: integrate public facilities | question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?, answer: 11114 | question: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?, answer: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees | question: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?, answer: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace
This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

question: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?, answer: "Class of '67" | question: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?, answer: It included only vertebrates | question: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?, answer: habitat destruction | question: How did being listed initially impact species?, answer: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan?, answer: French or Spanish | question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?, answer: passive voice | question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?, answer: French or English | question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?, answer: preposition
This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.

question: Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?, answer: dance-pop | question: What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?, answer: boybands | question: What genre of music is played by Westlife?, answer: power pops | question: What genre of music is played by The Eagles?, answer: soft rock | question: What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?, answer: 18-54
This growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership (and protection) within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this (such as military rule of Sicily after the First Punic War), it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire, at least in certain locations. This shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal.

question: After what war did the alliances start to solidify?, answer: Second Punic War | question: What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?, answer: This growing coalition | question: What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?, answer: southern Italian | question: What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?, answer: membership (and protection)
This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

question: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?", answer: Jay Cross | question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?, answer: the Internet Time Group | question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?, answer: increasing efficiency | question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?, answer: exposes new vulnerabilities
This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called "Grexit", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

question: What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?, answer: Grexit | question: What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?, answer: If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability. | question: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?, answer: never pushed those exits | question: Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?, answer: Greece
This idea was later developed in ancient philosophy by the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology generally emphasized that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it. The doxographer Aetius summarizes this view as "When a man is born, the Stoics say, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon." Later stoics, such as Sextus of Chaeronea, would continue this idea of empiricism in later Stoic writings as well. As Sextus contends "For every thought comes from sense-perception or not without sense-perception and either from direct experience or not without direct experience" (Against the Professors, 8.56-8).

question: What is the Stoic view?, answer: the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it | question: What was Aetius's career?, answer: doxographer | question: Where was Sextus from?, answer: Chaeronea | question: Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?, answer: Sextus | question: Whose ideas did Sextus build on?, answer: Aetius
This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

question: What empire was o the decline on 1375?, answer: Western Sudanic Mali Empire | question: What happened when regions underwent desertification?, answer: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast | question: Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?, answer: The ethnic Kru | question: Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?, answer: the Grand Cape Mount region.
This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

question: Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?, answer: Howard M. Weiss | question: When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?, answer: 1996 | question: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?, answer: work | question: Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?, answer: Howard M. Weiss | question: Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?, answer: Research on Emotion in Organizations
This is a consequence of Lorentz reciprocity. For an antenna element not connected to anything (open circuited) one can write . But for an element which is short circuited, a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed, so the corresponding . This is the case, for instance, with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint. Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations.

question: a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?, answer: open circuited | question: When is the element not allowed voltage?, answer: short circuited | question: What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?, answer: Parasitic | question: What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?, answer: Yagi-Uda | question: Where can this solid rod be viewed?, answer: feedpoint
This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.

question: What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?, answer: they would seek ties with CARICOM | question: Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?, answer: primarily to strengthen cultural links. | question: Who has "observer status" to CARICOM?, answer: US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
This is fortunate, since antennas at lower frequencies which are not rather large (a good fraction of a wavelength in size) are inevitably inefficient (due to the small radiation resistance Rr of small antennas). Most AM broadcast radios (except for car radios) take advantage of this principle by including a small loop antenna for reception which has an extremely poor efficiency. Using such an inefficient antenna at this low frequency (530–1650 kHz) thus has little effect on the receiver's net performance, but simply requires greater amplification by the receiver's electronics. Contrast this tiny component to the massive and very tall towers used at AM broadcast stations for transmitting at the very same frequency, where every percentage point of reduced antenna efficiency entails a substantial cost.

question: Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what?, answer: inefficient | question: What is added to to increase ability for reception?, answer: small loop antenna | question: How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?, answer: little effect | question: When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?, answer: substantial cost