lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name.

question: What occupation did David Jones have?, answer: merchant | question: Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet?, answer: in London | question: Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?, answer: Sydney | question: What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia?, answer: Appleton & Jones | question: When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?, answer: 1838
Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

question: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?, answer: The Age of Reason | question: Which century was the first writing from?, answer: 18th-century | question: Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?, answer: Feuerbach | question: What was the origin of the second writing?, answer: German
Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

question: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?, answer: information
Davis and his cabinet left the city by train that night, as government officials burned documents and departing Confederate troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny their contents to the victors. On April 2, 1865, General Godfrey Weitzel, commander of the 25th corps of the United States Colored Troops, accepted the city's surrender from the mayor and group of leading citizens who remained. The Union troops eventually managed to stop the raging fires but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed-

question: What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?, answer: tobacco | question: What general received the surrender of Richmond?, answer: Godfrey Weitzel | question: On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?, answer: April 2, 1865 | question: By what means did Davis leave Richmond?, answer: train | question: What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?, answer: 25
Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

question: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?, answer: Winston Churchill | question: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?, answer: Daylight Slaving Time | question: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?, answer: agricultural | question: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?, answer: sports | question: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?, answer: war
Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.

question: What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?, answer: summer time | question: What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?, answer: one hour | question: What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?, answer: daylight | question: In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?, answer: autumn | question: By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?, answer: sunrise
Days of working time in Israel are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of Shabbat, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a "short day", usually lasting till 14:00 in the winter, or 16:00 in the summer. Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world, and make Sunday a non-working day, while extending working time of other days or replacing Friday with Sunday as a work day.

question: What are the days of working in Israel?, answer: Sunday through Thursday | question: Friday is considered what?, answer: short day | question: Several proposals have been raised to do what?, answer: make Sunday a non-working day
De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and formation through mutation of "cryptic" transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein.

question: What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?, answer: De novo or "orphan" genes | question: What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?, answer: 18 to 60 | question: How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?, answer: typically shorter | question: How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?, answer: simpler in structure | question: What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?, answer: gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change
Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

question: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?, answer: a rubber stamp | question: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?, answer: primary schools to be abolished | question: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?, answer: home schooling | question: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?, answer: allow women into the armed forces
Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

question: Bell's two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?, answer: Mabel Hubbard | question: What was Georgie's father's name?, answer: Thomas Sanders | question: What disease made Mabel deaf?, answer: scarlet fever | question: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?, answer: 15
Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory, concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory, concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge about the world, such as "Paris is the capital of France". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal associations of a particular place or time. Episodic memories often reflect the "firsts" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly. Autobiographical memory - memory for particular events within one's own life - is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory. Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a mental image. Visual memory can result in priming and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon.[citation needed]

question: When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?, answer: Episodic memories | question: Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?, answer: Semantic memory | question: When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?, answer: Autobiographical memory | question: Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?, answer: Visual memory
Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much memory or CPU time they use in the decoding process).

question: What is carefully defined in the standard?, answer: Decoding | question: What are most decoders?, answer: bitstream compliant | question: The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?, answer: specified degree of rounding tolerance | question: Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?, answer: computationally efficient | question: The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?, answer: CPU time
Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings "Mystery of Love" (1985) and "Can You Feel It?" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its "posthuman tendencies back towards the lush" soulful sound of early disco music.

question: what producer was the first to produce deep house?, answer: Mr Fingers | question: where was producer mr. fingers' from?, answer: Chicago | question: when was mr. fingers' "mystery of love" released?, answer: 1985 | question: when was mr. fingers' "can you feel it?" released?, answer: 1986
Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for?, answer: Defensive Counterair | question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?, answer: friendly | question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA?, answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks | question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?, answer: ballistic | question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks?, answer: counter-measures
Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult. Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.

question: What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?, answer: enhancers | question: Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?, answer: because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity | question: What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?, answer: a gene's introns | question: How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?, answer: in trans | question: Where can regulatory regions be found?, answer: different chromosomes
Definitions of "Southeast Asia" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.

question: Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?, answer: East Timor | question: Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?, answer: Papua New Guinea | question: What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before?, answer: East Indies | question: What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea?, answer: Sovereignty | question: Which country is Christmas Island governed by?, answer: Australia | question: Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?, answer: Papua New Guinea | question: What does ASEAN mean?, answer: Association of Southeast Asian Nations | question: Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?, answer: Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands | question: Which state is not a member of ASEAN?, answer: East Timor
Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

question: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?, answer: a "culturally relative definition" | question: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?, answer: all books and writing | question: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?, answer: the Romantic period | question: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?, answer: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature
Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack provinces. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.

question: How many provinces are in the mountain range?, answer: thirteen provinces | question: What is one of the provinces?, answer: the Atlantic Coast Uplands | question: Which province is often left out?, answer: the Adirondack provinces | question: What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?, answer: the Adirondack Mountains
Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus plantation, began in the Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España (ENCE) in Pontevedra, which wanted it for its pulp. Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.

question: Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?, answer: eucalyptus tree | question: What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?, answer: Hydroelectric
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

question: What is a deistic view of God?, answer: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it | question: How does a deistic God feel about us?, answer: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity | question: What is Pandeism?, answer: why God would create a universe and then abandon it | question: What does a deistic God not do?, answer: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles | question: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?, answer: Deism | question: What is deism?, answer: God has no interest in humanity | question: In deism is God represented in human form?, answer: God is not anthropomorphic | question: In deism, does God answer prayers?, answer: neither answers prayers