lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters. In this respect, a religiously Ashkenazi Jew is an Israeli who is more likely to support certain religious interests in Israel, including certain political parties. These political parties result from the fact that a portion of the Israeli electorate votes for Jewish religious parties; although the electoral map changes from one election to another, there are generally several small parties associated with the interests of religious Ashkenazi Jews. The role of religious parties, including small religious parties that play important roles as coalition members, results in turn from Israel's composition as a complex society in which competing social, economic, and religious interests stand for election to the Knesset, a unicameral legislature with 120 seats.

question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?, answer: the chief Ashkenazi rabbi | question: What is the Knesset?, answer: a unicameral legislature with 120 seats | question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?, answer: halakhic matters
Religious Jews have Minhagim, customs, in addition to Halakha, or religious law, and different interpretations of law. Different groups of religious Jews in different geographic areas historically adopted different customs and interpretations. On certain issues, Orthodox Jews are required to follow the customs of their ancestors, and do not believe they have the option of picking and choosing. For this reason, observant Jews at times find it important for religious reasons to ascertain who their household's religious ancestors are in order to know what customs their household should follow. These times include, for example, when two Jews of different ethnic background marry, when a non-Jew converts to Judaism and determines what customs to follow for the first time, or when a lapsed or less observant Jew returns to traditional Judaism and must determine what was done in his or her family's past. In this sense, "Ashkenazic" refers both to a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry. Reform Judaism, which does not necessarily follow those minhagim, did nonetheless originate among Ashkenazi Jews.

question: For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?, answer: customs | question: What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?, answer: Orthodox Jews | question: For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?, answer: religious law | question: For religious Jews, "Ashkenazic" refers to what two things?, answer: a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry | question: Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?, answer: Ashkenazi Jews
Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially among residents of the Arabian Peninsula. All these strands came together with the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (d. 632). After his death, Islamic forces conquered much of the Eastern Empire and Persia, starting with Syria in 634–635 and reaching Egypt in 640–641, Persia between 637 and 642, North Africa in the later 7th century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. By 714, Islamic forces controlled much of the peninsula in a region they called Al-Andalus.

question: What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?, answer: Arab | question: What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?, answer: Zoroastrianism | question: In what yer did Muhammad die?, answer: 632 | question: In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?, answer: 634–635 | question: In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?, answer: 7th
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Baisakhi, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Christmas, Chhath Puja and Mahavir Jayanti. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.

question: What religious festival is also known as the festival of light?, answer: Diwali | question: What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India?, answer: The Qutub Festival | question: In what location is The Qutub Festival held?, answer: the Qutub Minar | question: The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name?, answer: Vasant Panchami | question: What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi?, answer: International Mango Festival
Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a "religion of humanity". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern.

question: What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?, answer: religious rituals | question: When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?, answer: 19th and early 20th centuries | question: Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?, answer: Jacques Hébert | question: During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?, answer: 1793
Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia (impious errors). Excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were superstitio. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger (ira deorum) and therefore harm the State. The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions, and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors. Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values.

question: On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?, answer: ritualised | question: What form of religion was atheism considered to be?, answer: Religious neglect | question: What results did proper religious practices produce?, answer: harmony and prosperity. | question: What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?, answer: divine anger | question: What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?, answer: commitment
Relocating his court from Jianzhou to Liaodong provided Nurhachi access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the Khorchin Mongol domains on the plains of Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhachi's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.

question: Where did Nurhachi move his court to?, answer: Liaodong | question: Where did Nurhachi move his court from?, answer: Jianzhou | question: Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?, answer: Mongol nation
Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations are prone to error; therefore, to ensure that a machine-generated translation will be useful to a human being and that publishable-quality translation is achieved, such translations must be reviewed and edited by a human.

question: Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?, answer: context-embedded | question: What does it take a person to be able to do?, answer: comprehend the context of the original text | question: What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?, answer: error | question: How must machine translations be transformed by a human?, answer: reviewed and edited
Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some furnishings were transferred from Carlton House, and others had been bought in France after the French Revolution. The external façade was designed keeping in mind the French neo-classical influence preferred by George IV. The cost of the renovations grew dramatically, and by 1829 the extravagance of Nash's designs resulted in his removal as architect. On the death of George IV in 1830, his younger brother King William IV hired Edward Blore to finish the work. At one stage, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament, after the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834.

question: What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?, answer: a small, comfortable home | question: King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?, answer: new Houses of Parliament | question: Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?, answer: John Nash | question: In what year was Nash removed as architect?, answer: 1829 | question: Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?, answer: Edward Blore | question: What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?, answer: 1762 | question: What was George IV's original plan for the house?, answer: a small, comfortable home | question: What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?, answer: 1826 | question: Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?, answer: John Nash | question: Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?, answer: Edward Blore
Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

question: What did renaissance humanism reference?, answer: Latin and Greek classical texts | question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?, answer: scholasticism | question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?, answer: accumulated commentaries
Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.

question: What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>, answer: cultural and educational reform | question: When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?, answer: late fifteenth century | question: Where was one main concentration of Humanism?, answer: Naples | question: What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?, answer: umanisti
Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

question: When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?, answer: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period | question: Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?, answer: Petrarch | question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?, answer: Cicero | question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?, answer: age of Darkness
Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

question: What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character?, answer: open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" | question: What is the code for the Unicode replacement character?, answer: U+FFFD | question: What is the name of Apple's font?, answer: Last Resort | question: What company uses the Unicode Fallback font?, answer: SIL International | question: What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly?, answer: a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character
Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

question: As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?, answer: renewable energy | question: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?, answer: Renewable energy commercialization | question: Name one second-generation technology that is market ready., answer: wind power
Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.

question: What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?, answer: Renewable energy | question: What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?, answer: the cost of renewable power falls | question: What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?, answer: Renewable technologies
Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing investment opportunities without the need for specific economic support," and added that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue." As of 2011[update], there have been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies:

question: What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?, answer: Renewable energy technologies | question: As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?, answer: 2011 | question: What group stated that "cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?", answer: IEA
Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.

question: Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?, answer: Christopher H. Smith | question: The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?, answer: Potemkin Villages | question: Which former director defended UNFPA?, answer: Dr. Nafis Sadik | question: Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?, answer: Amnesty International | question: What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?, answer: coercive techniques
Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

question: When did modern physics arise?, answer: early 20th century | question: What is the old Quantum theory?, answer: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. | question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?, answer: Michelson-Morley experiment | question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?, answer: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether | question: What does Darwinism promote?, answer: the theory of natural selection.
ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability.

question: What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?, answer: ReplayGain | question: What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?, answer: audio normalization | question: What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?, answer: the overall playback volume | question: What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?, answer: MP3Gain | question: MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?, answer: ReplayGain capability
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.

question: How are CDs mass produced?, answer: hydraulic press | question: What type of material is used to make CDs?, answer: raw polycarbonate plastic | question: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?, answer: 15 mm | question: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?, answer: two to three seconds | question: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?, answer: stacking ring