lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A sample of applause compressed with a relatively low bit rate provides a good example of compression artifacts.

question: If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?, answer: compression artifacts | question: Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?, answer: compression artifacts | question: Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?, answer: compress | question: Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?, answer: ringing | question: What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?, answer: A sample of applause
Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found that many thousands of genetic markers had to be used in order for the answer to the question "How often is a pair of individuals from one population genetically more dissimilar than two individuals chosen from two different populations?" to be "never". This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian). The entire world population is much more complex and studying an increasing number of groups would require an increasing number of markers for the same answer. The authors conclude that "caution should be used when using geographic or genetic ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes." Witherspoon, et al. concluded that, "The fact that, given enough genetic data, individuals can be correctly assigned to their populations of origin is compatible with the observation that most human genetic variation is found within populations, not between them. It is also compatible with our ﬁnding that, even when the most distinct populations are considered and hundreds of loci are used, individuals are frequently more similar to members of other populations than to members of their own population."

question: Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?, answer: cluster | question: How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?, answer: thousands | question: Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?, answer: markers | question: What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?, answer: caution | question: People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?, answer: other populations
Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autovía A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autovía A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connecting comarcal capitals, such as the aforementioned AG-53, Autovía AG-55 connecting A Coruña to Carballo or AG-41 connecting Pontevedra to Sanxenxo.

question: The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?, answer: Xunta de Galicia | question: Name another road they responsible for., answer: AG-41
Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

question: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?, answer: London's status as the capital of England | question: What areas within Greater London have city status?, answer: the City of London and the City of Westminster | question: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?, answer: for the purposes of lieutenancies
Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.

question: Why did different sects come about within Shiism?, answer: they differed over their Imams' successions | question: What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?, answer: Shia - Sunni | question: What does each Shia tariqah follow?, answer: its own particular Imam's dynasty | question: What is the literal meaning of tariqah?, answer: path | question: What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?, answer: The Occultation
Within a few months of John's return, rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support. This was particularly important for John, as a way of pressuring the barons but also as a way of controlling Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the meantime, John began to recruit fresh mercenary forces from Poitou, although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the king was escalating the conflict. John announced his intent to become a crusader, a move which gave him additional political protection under church law.

question: Where did John hold a council in January 1215?, answer: London | question: Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?, answer: Poitou | question: John announced his intent to become what?, answer: a crusader
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.

question: Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?, answer: Female | question: Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?, answer: Eastern Fennoscandia | question: When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?, answer: autumn
Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.

question: What is partial migration?, answer: not all populations may be migratory | question: Where is partial migration most common?, answer: the southern continents | question: In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?, answer: 44% | question: In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?, answer: 32% | question: What is leap frog migration?, answer: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes
Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

question: What does ACL stand for?, answer: access control lists | question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?, answer: enforcing privilege separation | question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?, answer: the confused deputy problem | question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?, answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws | question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?, answer: capabilities
Within each province are communities (hamaynkner, singular hamaynk). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr). Settlements are classified as either towns (kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages (gyugher, singular gyugh). As of 2007[update], Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community. Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.

question: How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?, answer: 915 | question: How many districts does Yerevan have?, answer: twelve | question: Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?, answer: rural | question: What is the Armenian term for settlment?, answer: bnakavayr
Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – the day after the Luftwaffe destroyed the centre of Rotterdam – the RAF also carried out operations east of the Rhine, attacking industrial and transportation targets. Operations were carried out every night thereafter.

question: Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?, answer: UK and France | question: The RAF bombed what Germany coast?, answer: Wilhelmshaven | question: What kind of leaflets were dropped?, answer: propaganda | question: What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?, answer: civilian casualties | question: What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?, answer: 1940
Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

question: What position was held by James Forrestal?, answer: Secretary of Defense | question: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?, answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff | question: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?, answer: Augusta National Golf Club | question: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?, answer: Columbia Associates | question: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?, answer: July 1949
Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

question: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?, answer: Priscillian | question: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?, answer: excommunicated | question: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?, answer: Catholics | question: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?, answer: Cayetano Ripoll | question: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?, answer: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter
Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

question: What was the name of EIC military company?, answer: Addiscombe Military Seminary | question: what was the highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army, answer: Subadar-Major | question: While in EIC army the British officer outrank the indian officer they both promoted based on?, answer: seniority
Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.

question: What is the entertainment center of London known as?, answer: the West End | question: What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?, answer: giant electronic advertisements | question: London's Chinatown district is located in what area?, answer: Soho | question: Where is London's West End located geographically?, answer: the City of Westminster | question: What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?, answer: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

question: Which language tree groups Dutch with English?, answer: Indo-European | question: What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?, answer: Germanic | question: In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?, answer: Iron Age | question: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?, answer: Verner's law | question: What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?, answer: common ancestor
Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did not believe that air power alone could be decisive. Contrary to popular belief, the Luftwaffe did not have a systematic policy of what became known as "terror bombing". Evidence suggests that the Luftwaffe did not adopt an official bombing policy in which civilians became the primary target until 1942.

question: Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?, answer: Luftwaffe | question: What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?, answer: terror bombing | question: What year did the terror bombing policy become official?, answer: 1942
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.

question: How many major hospitals are in Detroit?, answer: over a dozen | question: What is the Detroit VA hospital called?, answer: John D. Dingell | question: How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?, answer: 3,000 | question: How many beds does the DMC have?, answer: 2,000 | question: Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?, answer: DMC
Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which – although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in – protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]

question: How many tram systems were in Cork?, answer: two | question: Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?, answer: George Francis Train | question: When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?, answer: 1872 | question: Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?, answer: Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line | question: Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?, answer: protruded from the road surface
Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

question: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?, answer: 700 | question: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?, answer: 325 | question: How many states in the US have the death penalty?, answer: 32 | question: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?, answer: Alabama | question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?, answer: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty
Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

question: What are Parskahay?, answer: Armenians who originate from Iran | question: What are Lipananahay?, answer: Armenians from Lebanon | question: What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?, answer: Western | question: How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?, answer: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other | question: What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?, answer: Eastern