lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

question: What does the term "Moors" refer to?, answer: Muslims | question: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?, answer: Arab or Berber descent | question: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?, answer: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans | question: Where did "Moors" migrate from?, answer: North Africa or Iberia | question: What kind of term is "Moors"?, answer: derogatory
The term "Near and Middle East," held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of "Near East." Instead, the entire region is considered "the Middle East." The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman.

question: When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?, answer: a few years before World War I | question: What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?, answer: The term "Near and Middle East," | question: When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?, answer: 1916 | question: Who were the 40th Pathans?, answer: (troops of British India | question: In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?, answer: "the Middle East.
The term "Sumerian" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Sumer, by the Semitic Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga (cuneiform: 𒌦 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵), phonetically /uŋ saŋ giga/, literally meaning "the black-headed people", and to their land as ki-en-gi(-r) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning "place of the noble lords". The Akkadian word Shumer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term šumerû is uncertain. Hebrew Shinar, Egyptian Sngr, and Hittite Šanhar(a), all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of Shumer.

question: What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?, answer: Sumerian | question: What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?, answer: "the black-headed people" | question: How did the Sumerians refer to their land?, answer: "place of the noble lords" | question: Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?, answer: geographical | question: What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?, answer: southern
The term "alloy" is sometimes used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels", although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys. Steel is such a common alloy that many items made from it, like wheels, barrels, or girders, are simply referred to by the name of the item, assuming it is made of steel. When made from other materials, they are typically specified as such, (i.e.: "bronze wheel," "plastic barrel," or "wood girder").

question: What is the name of a common alloy?, answer: Steel | question: What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?, answer: automobile wheels | question: Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?, answer: alloys
The term "bacteria" was traditionally applied to all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes. However, molecular systematics showed prokaryotic life to consist of two separate domains, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, but now called Bacteria and Archaea that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. The archaea and eukaryotes are more closely related to each other than either is to the bacteria. These two domains, along with Eukarya, are the basis of the three-domain system, which is currently the most widely used classification system in microbiolology. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of molecular systematics and a rapid increase in the number of genome sequences that are available, bacterial classification remains a changing and expanding field. For example, a few biologists argue that the Archaea and Eukaryotes evolved from Gram-positive bacteria.

question: What would original term "bacteria" determine?, answer: all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes | question: What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?, answer: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria | question: What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?, answer: archaea and eukaryotes | question: What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?, answer: three-domain system
The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.

question: When did the term "classical music" appear?, answer: the early 19th century | question: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?, answer: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven | question: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?, answer: 1836 | question: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?, answer: Oxford English Dictionary | question: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?, answer: classical music | question: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?, answer: golden age | question: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?, answer: 1836 | question: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?, answer: Oxford English Dictionary
The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

question: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?, answer: Haydn | question: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?, answer: the early 1830s | question: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?, answer: the Medieval era
The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

question: The term "great power" was first used on which continent?, answer: Europe | question: Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?, answer: Treaty of Chaumont | question: What year was this treaty signed?, answer: 1814 | question: During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?, answer: World War I and World War II | question: What is another more modern term used in place of "great power"?, answer: superpower | question: What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?, answer: Treaty of Chaumont | question: During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?, answer: Europe | question: What is another term for Great Power?, answer: superpower | question: During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?, answer: World War I and World War II
The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the "hi-fi" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players. High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings.

question: What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?, answer: high fidelity | question: What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?, answer: High Fidelity and Audio | question: What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?, answer: variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies | question: During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?, answer: 1930s and 1940s | question: What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?, answer: high fidelity
The term "house music" is said to have originated from a Chicago club called The Warehouse, which existed from 1977 to 1983. Clubbers to The Warehouse were primarily black and gay, who came to dance to music played by the club's resident DJ Frankie Knuckles, whom fans refer to as the "godfather of house". After the Warehouse closed in 1983, the crowds went to Knuckles' new club, The Power Plant. In the Channel 4 documentary Pump Up The Volume, Knuckles remarks that the first time he heard the term "house music" was upon seeing "we play house music" on a sign in the window of a bar on Chicago's South Side. One of the people in the car with him joked, "you know, that's the kind of music you play down at the Warehouse!", and then everybody laughed. South-Side Chicago DJ Leonard "Remix" Roy, in self-published statements, claims he put such a sign in a tavern window because it was where he played music that one might find in one's home; in his case, it referred to his mother's soul & disco records, which he worked into his sets. Farley Jackmaster Funk was quoted as saying "In 1982, I was DJing at a club called The Playground and there was this kid named Leonard 'Remix' Roy who was a DJ at a rival club called The Rink. He came over to my club one night, and into the DJ booth and said to me, 'I've got the gimmick that's gonna take all the people out of your club and into mine – it's called House music.' Now, where he got that name from or what made him think of it I don't know, so the answer lies with him."

question: what club did the term 'house music' originate from?, answer: The Warehouse | question: what city was the club The Warehouse located in?, answer: Chicago | question: what years was the club The warehouse open?, answer: 1977 to 1983 | question: what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?, answer: primarily black and gay | question: who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?, answer: Frankie Knuckles
The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

question: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?, answer: modern | question: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?, answer: modo | question: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?, answer: The European Renaissance | question: In what country did The European Renaissance start?, answer: Italy | question: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?, answer: telescope and microscope | question: The phrase modern originated form what?, answer: Latin adverb modo | question: What did The European renaissance mark?, answer: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times | question: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?, answer: modern | question: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?, answer: 1420–1630) | question: In what country did The European renaissance begin?, answer: Italy
The term "post-punk" was first used by journalists in the late 1970s to describe groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas. Many of these artists, initially inspired by punk's DIY ethic and energy, ultimately became disillusioned with the style and movement, feeling that it had fallen into commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody. They repudiated its populist claims to accessibility and raw simplicity, instead seeing an opportunity to break with musical tradition, subvert commonplaces and challenge audiences. Artists moved beyonds punk's focus on the concerns of a largely white, male, working class population and abandoned its continued reliance on established rock and roll tropes, such as three-chord progressions and Chuck Berry-based guitar riffs. These artists instead defined punk as "an imperative to constant change", believing that "radical content demands radical form".

question: Who coined the term post-punk?, answer: journalists in the late 1970s | question: What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?, answer: groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas | question: What inspired early post-punk artists?, answer: punk's DIY ethic and energy | question: Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?, answer: commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody | question: What did the new post-punk artists believe?, answer: "radical content demands radical form" | question: Who were the first to use the term "post-punk"?, answer: journalists | question: When was "post-punk" first used to start describing artists?, answer: late 1970s | question: What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?, answer: punk's DIY ethic and energy | question: How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?, answer: three | question: What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?, answer: change
The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pull" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.

question: What does IPM stand for?, answer: integrated pest management | question: How can the location and amount of insects be changed?, answer: behavior-modifying stimuli | question: What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?, answer: food additives | question: What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM., answer: Push-Pull
The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet.

question: When did the band The Darkness break up?, answer: 2006 | question: The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?, answer: retro-metal | question: What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?, answer: Runnin' Wild | question: Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?, answer: Los Angeles | question: What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?, answer: Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet
The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio and parts of southern upstate New York.

question: What does the term Appalachian refer to?, answer: several different regions associated with the mountain range | question: What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?, answer: Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina
The term Ashkenazi also refers to the nusach Ashkenaz (Hebrew, "liturgical tradition", or rite) used by Ashkenazi Jews in their Siddur (prayer book). A nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari, as used by Lubavitch Hasidim.

question: What is the Siddur?, answer: prayer book | question: The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?, answer: the nusach Ashkenaz | question: The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?, answer: "liturgical tradition", or rite | question: Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?, answer: Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari | question: Nusach Ari is used by whom?, answer: Lubavitch Hasidim
The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, although British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are also sometimes referred to as these islands.

question: Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?, answer: association of the word British | question: Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?, answer: does not recognise or use the term | question: What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?, answer: Atlantic Archipelago | question: Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?, answer: its embassy in London discourages its use
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

question: When does Fastelavn occur?, answer: Shrove Tuesday | question: The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year?, answer: 1939 | question: Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?, answer: Eastern Orthodox | question: What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?, answer: Fastelavn | question: When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?, answer: on 11/11 | question: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?, answer: Catholic | question: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?, answer: the Philippines | question: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?, answer: 1939 | question: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?, answer: Fastelavn | question: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?, answer: Maslenitsa
The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911, mainly with reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, and Léger. In 1911, the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Indépendants. The following year, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote and published Du "Cubisme" in an effort to dispel the confusion raging around the word, and as a major defence of Cubism (which had caused a public scandal following the 1911 Salon des Indépendants and the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris). Clarifying their aims as artists, this work was the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and it still remains the clearest and most intelligible. The result, not solely a collaboration between its two authors, reflected discussions by the circle of artists who met in Puteaux and Courbevoie. It mirrored the attitudes of the "artists of Passy", which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers, to whom sections of it were read prior to publication. The concept developed in Du "Cubisme" of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously, i.e., the act of moving around an object to seize it from several successive angles fused into a single image (multiple viewpoints, mobile perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity), is a generally recognized device used by the Cubists.

question: What year did the term Cubism become used more?, answer: 1911 | question: Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism?, answer: Guillaume Apollinaire | question: The artists of Passy included which two people?, answer: Picabia and the Duchamp brothers