lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

question: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?, answer: meteorites | question: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?, answer: living material | question: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?, answer: plants and animals | question: What feature originally covered Alberta?, answer: ocean | question: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?, answer: 50 to 150 °C
Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?, answer: 150 °C | question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?, answer: liquidity | question: What is the liquefied mixture called?, answer: bitumen feedstock | question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?, answer: engine exhaust | question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?, answer: environmental
Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?, answer: consonant clusters | question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?, answer: Wahgi
Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

question: What has a different significance in various languages?, answer: Aspiration | question: What two forms can aspiration be in?, answer: allophonic or phonemic
Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

question: Aspiration alters with what?, answer: place of articulation
Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.

question: What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?, answer: Aspirin | question: Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?, answer: chest pain | question: WHat does NSTEMI stand for?, answer: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction | question: When is bypass surgery recommended?, answer: blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes | question: What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?, answer: Supplemental oxygen
Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.

question: What city is Dell's Texas facility in?, answer: Austin | question: What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?, answer: 1999 | question: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?, answer: North Carolina | question: What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?, answer: Asia | question: What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?, answer: Alienware
Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.

question: Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?, answer: theaters | question: How are LEDs used in theaters?, answer: to send sound to listeners' receivers | question: LEDs can send data over what type of cable?, answer: fiber optic | question: What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?, answer: very high bandwidth
Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.

question: What century does football in England date back to?, answer: eighth century AD | question: What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?, answer: FIFA | question: In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?, answer: mid-19th century | question: What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?, answer: England
Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.

question: What would you describe the shape of the football?, answer: spherical | question: How many players are on each team?, answer: eleven | question: What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?, answer: a draw | question: What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?, answer: the coin toss | question: What is another name for the football?, answer: soccer ball
Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants América, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.

question: What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?, answer: Azteca Stadium | question: How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?, answer: 91,653 | question: What is the largest stadium in Latin America?, answer: Azteca Stadium | question: What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?, answer: 1986 | question: What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?, answer: First
Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accuracy can occur. One such problem is "laser lock", where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused.

question: In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?, answer: CAV | question: Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?, answer: the rotational speed never varies | question: What happens during "laser lock"?, answer: the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen
Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations?, answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter | question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies?, answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD | question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies?, answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission | question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents?, answer: US national security
Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.

question: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?, answer: occupational disease | question: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?, answer: It is estimated that 5–25% | question: What are some of the most common agents?, answer: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes | question: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?, answer: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers
Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.

question: What are the characteristics of asthma?, answer: recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing | question: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?, answer: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air | question: What is produced in the lungs by coughing?, answer: Sputum | question: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?, answer: worse at night | question: Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?, answer: Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u
Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

question: How is asthma clinically classified?, answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate | question: How else is asthma classified?, answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic) | question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?, answer: atopic | question: What is asthma usually classified based on?, answer: severity | question: What is a important goal of asthma research?, answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.

question: What is asthma the result of?, answer: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways | question: What two airways are most effected by asthma?, answer: the bronchi and bronchioles | question: In what ways do airways change?, answer: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis | question: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?, answer: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils | question: What other components of the immune systems are included?, answer: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others
Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

question: What two factors cause asthma?, answer: genetic and environmental factors | question: What are two enviromental factors?, answer: exposure to air pollution and allergens | question: What medications can also trigger asthma?, answer: aspirin and beta blockers | question: What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?, answer: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry | question: How is asthma classified?, answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

question: When was Hipparchus born?, answer: 190 | question: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?, answer: Earth | question: Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?, answer: Pliny | question: Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?, answer: Farnese Atlas | question: Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?, answer: Aristarchos of Samos
Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty, so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions. By 635 Chinese astronomers had observed that the tails of comets always point away from the sun.

question: What observations in astronomy did China record?, answer: sunspots | question: What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?, answer: eclipses | question: Who made predictions in 1601?, answer: Jesuit Matteo Ricci | question: What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?, answer: 635 | question: How many records of sunspots are there?, answer: 112
Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bhāskara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.

question: Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?, answer: the Vedas | question: Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?, answer: Bhāskara | question: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?, answer: 12th century | question: The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?, answer: 13 | question: What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?, answer: the nature of the sphere
At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan or Belgium. It lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft). The terrain of is mostly low coastal plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves rising to Guinean forest-savanna mosaic in the east. Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago lies off of the mainland.

question: Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?, answer: Taiwan or Belgium | question: How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 300 metres (984 ft) | question: What archipelago lies off the mainland?, answer: Bijagos | question: How many square kilometers is Guinea-Bissau?, answer: 36,125 | question: Where does Guinea-Bissau get its hot dry winds from?, answer: the Sahara
At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

question: Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?, answer: Buya | question: How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?, answer: over 1 million years | question: What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?, answer: section of the Danakil Depression | question: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?, answer: hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans | question: What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?, answer: it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind