lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return.

question: When did Alexander the Great reach India?, answer: 326 BC | question: Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?, answer: King Porus | question: At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?, answer: Battle of the Hydaspes | question: Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?, answer: Hyphasis | question: The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?, answer: Nanda Empire
By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

question: By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?, answer: 3400 BCE | question: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so dry?, answer: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures | question: What area is known for having the majority of the trade?, answer: the Nile Valley
By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390–387 BC. The Gauls, led by chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops, pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome, and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off. Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries.[relevant? – discuss]

question: When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?, answer: 387 BC | question: How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?, answer: 15,000 troops | question: Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?, answer: Rome | question: What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?, answer: Brennus | question: Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?, answer: two Etruscan towns
By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.

question: In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?, answer: Persian Empire | question: What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?, answer: Battle of Marathon | question: The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?, answer: Thermopylae | question: The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?, answer: Greco-Persian Wars | question: After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?, answer: Golden Age of Athens
By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.

question: Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?, answer: Red Sea | question: Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?, answer: the Atlantic coast | question: Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant fear?, answer: nomadic Berber
By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") to share power and influence. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire (modern Iraq and Iran). After initial successes, he marched his army deep into the desert; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in which Crassus himself perished. The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies. In 51 BC, some Roman senators demanded that Caesar not be permitted to stand for consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state, which would have left Caesar defenceless before his enemies. Caesar chose civil war over laying down his command and facing trial.

question: When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?, answer: 53 BC | question: Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?, answer: Crassus | question: In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?, answer: the Battle of Carrhae | question: Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?, answer: Pompey | question: What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?, answer: turned over control of his armies to the state
By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.

question: What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?, answer: cattle | question: By what time period were the Egyptians constructing large buildings?, answer: 6000 BCE | question: What items replaced previously items made of stone?, answer: Metal objects | question: In which direction were the dead facing when they were buried?, answer: due west
By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage. The spread of the feast, by now with the adjective "Immaculate" attached to its title, met opposition on the part of some, on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception. Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Other theologians defended the expression "Immaculate Conception", pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

question: What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?, answer: the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East | question: What was the name of this festival ?, answer: under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne | question: Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?, answer: In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans | question: Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?, answer: Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. | question: According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?, answer: out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.
By April 1945, China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. After Japanese victories in Operation Ichi-Go, Japan were losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalists forces and Communist guerrillas in the country side. The Japanese army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945. Japanese mobilized 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April. In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander-in-chief. At the same time, it airlifted the entire Chinese New 6th Corps, an American-equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from Kunming to Zhijiang. Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions. They were supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces. Chinese forces achieved a decisive victory and launched a large counterattack in this campaign. Concurrently, the Chinese managed to repel a Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei. Afterwards, Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei provinces in South China. Chinese launched a counter offensive to retake Guangxi which was the last major Japanese stronghold in South China. In August 1945, Chinese forces successfully retook Guangxi.[citation needed]

question: In 1945, how many years had Japan already been at war with China?, answer: seven | question: What battle did the Japanese Army begin to prepare for in March 1945?, answer: Battle of West Hunan | question: How many Japanese soldiers were mobilized to capture the Chinese airfields and railroads in West Hunan?, answer: 80,000 | question: Who was the Chinese commander-in-chief of the 10th and 27th Army Groups?, answer: He Yingqin | question: When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?, answer: August 1945
By April and May 1941, the Luftwaffe was still getting through to their targets, taking no more than one- to two-percent losses on any given mission. On 19/20 April 1941, in honour of Hitler's 52nd birthday, 712 bombers hit Plymouth with a record 1,000 tons of bombs. Losses were minimal. In the following month, 22 German bombers were lost with 13 confirmed to have been shot down by night fighters. On 3/4 May, nine were shot down in one night. On 10/11 May, London suffered severe damage, but 10 German bombers were downed. In May 1941, RAF night fighters shot down 38 German bombers.

question: What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission?, answer: one- to two-percent losses | question: How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?, answer: 712 | question: How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?, answer: 1,000 tons of bombs | question: On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost?, answer: nine | question: How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May?, answer: 38 German bombers
By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Armée performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

question: By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?, answer: the Rhine | question: On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?, answer: 25 September | question: How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?, answer: 200,000 | question: Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?, answer: Karl Mack | question: How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?, answer: 2000
By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities. By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River.

question: How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?, answer: by killing civil servants and intellectuals | question: Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?, answer: Kim Il-sung | question: Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?, answer: southeast Korea | question: What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?, answer: Nakdong River | question: How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?, answer: 10%
By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.

question: What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?, answer: slightly over 14% | question: Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?, answer: a budget PC | question: Apple has remained profitable since what time?, answer: Steve Jobs' return | question: According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?, answer: a higher-income demographic | question: Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?, answer: Steve Jobs
By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.

question: When could record album covers first be found?, answer: 1910 | question: What were early record album covers made of?, answer: empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover | question: What sizes were record album covers available in?, answer: 10-inch and 12-inch sizes | question: How were record album covers intended to be stored?, answer: upright | question: What was the purpose of record album covers?, answer: protecting them
By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

question: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?, answer: Nile Valley | question: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?, answer: Badarian culture | question: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?, answer: 3200 BC | question: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?, answer: more than two thousand years
By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, the New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."

question: Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?, answer: Tom Wolfe | question: When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?, answer: 1987 | question: Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?, answer: Sherman McCoy | question: What race was Sherman McCoy?, answer: white | question: Where did McCoy get lost?, answer: off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx
By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595–1610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603–1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.

question: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?, answer: The Long War | question: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?, answer: 1593–1606 | question: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?, answer: Sekban | question: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?, answer: 30 million people | question: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?, answer: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha