lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.

question: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?, answer: natural philosophy | question: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?, answer: deductive reasoning | question: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?, answer: 387 BC | question: Aristotle introduced what theory?, answer: empiricism | question: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?, answer: 540
Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

question: When did the US invade Afghanistan?, answer: October 2001 | question: Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?, answer: UK and coalition allies | question: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?, answer: oust the Taliban regime | question: When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?, answer: 7 October 2001 | question: Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?, answer: Pakistan
Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

question: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?, answer: Admiral Robert Blake | question: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?, answer: Isaac Newton | question: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?, answer: Charles Darwin | question: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?, answer: William Wilberforce | question: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?, answer: William Pitt
Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

question: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?, answer: November 1 | question: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?, answer: Imperial German Protectorate | question: What nation had control of the Carolines?, answer: Spain | question: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?, answer: copra | question: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?, answer: 1884
Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.

question: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?, answer: additive | question: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?, answer: mask | question: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?, answer: palladium | question: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?, answer: copper | question: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?, answer: sensitized areas
Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.

question: What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?, answer: 600 to 1,200 mm | question: In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?, answer: heavy | question: Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?, answer: control pests | question: Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?, answer: South Plains | question: What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?, answer: salt and drought
Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

question: Which type of theory is most falsifiable?, answer: simplest | question: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?, answer: positivism | question: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?, answer: impossible | question: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?, answer: its falsity
Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.

question: What is optimal strategy?, answer: minimize the maximum loss for each player | question: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?, answer: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior | question: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?, answer: Oskar Morgenstern
Sugar taken orally reduces the total crying time but not the duration of the first cry in newborns undergoing a painful procedure (a single lancing of the heel). It does not moderate the effect of pain on heart rate and a recent single study found that sugar did not significantly affect pain-related electrical activity in the brains of newborns one second after the heel lance procedure. Sweet oral liquid moderately reduces the incidence and duration of crying caused by immunization injection in children between one and twelve months of age.

question: What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?, answer: Sugar | question: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?, answer: heart rate | question: Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?, answer: pain-related | question: A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?, answer: crying
Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton. Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.

question: How is charcoal made?, answer: pyrolysis of wood | question: Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?, answer: one of the three ingredients of gunpowder | question: Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?, answer: biodiesel | question: Rayon comes from what plant product?, answer: cellulose
Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.

question: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?, answer: Suger | question: Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?, answer: the West Front | question: The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?, answer: the Roman Arch of Constantine | question: Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?, answer: to ease the problem of congestion | question: The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?, answer: pointed arches of the Gothic style
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

question: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?, answer: 1520–1566 | question: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?, answer: 1521 | question: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?, answer: Battle of Mohács | question: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?, answer: Hungary | question: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?, answer: the Siege of Güns
Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.

question: What position did Sultan Quli hold?, answer: governor of Golkonda | question: When was Hyderabad founded?, answer: 1591 | question: In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?, answer: 1518 | question: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?, answer: Aurangabad | question: Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?, answer: the Bahmani Sultanate
Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

question: What is an "ensi"?, answer: priest-king | question: What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?, answer: theocratic | question: Who assisted the ensi?, answer: a council of elders | question: What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?, answer: Uruk | question: Over how many people lived in Uruk?, answer: 50,000
Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.

question: How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?, answer: two | question: What does one myth see creation as being the result of?, answer: a series of hieros gami | question: In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?, answer: fresh and salt water | question: What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?, answer: the muddy ones | question: Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?, answer: Ninhursag
Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

question: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?, answer: 15 miles west | question: What is London's average high temperature in July?, answer: 24 °C (75.2 °F) | question: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?, answer: urban heat island effect | question: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?, answer: 31 | question: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?, answer: Snowfall
Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 °F (24.2 °C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 °F (29 °C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 °F (2 °C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from −9 °F (−23 °C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 °F (40 °C) on August 7, 1918.[b]

question: What is the daily average temperature in July?, answer: 75.6 °F | question: Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?, answer: September | question: What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?, answer: 35.5 °F | question: What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?, answer: −9 °F | question: How many days long is the growing season?, answer: 239 days
Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.

question: What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?, answer: 32 | question: What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?, answer: 113 °F (45 °C) | question: Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?, answer: Perryville | question: What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?, answer: −32 °F | question: Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?, answer: Mountain City