lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

question: Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?, answer: majority | question: Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?", answer: Igor Mandić | question: Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?, answer: Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić
The opposite of a Show Up is a "Rip". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a "White Ticket", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an "info", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.

question: What is the opposite of a Show Up?, answer: a "Rip" | question: Who must sign a Rip?, answer: the boy's housemaster | question: Who must sign a White Ticket?, answer: all his teachers | question: Who must sign an "info"?, answer: the boy's housemaster and tutor | question: What punishment term is "info" short for?, answer: sign for information
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

question: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?, answer: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics | question: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source?, answer: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate | question: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what?, answer: those of the source | question: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?, answer: The optimum format for a broadcast
The ordinary half-wave dipole is probably the most widely used antenna design. This consists of two 1⁄4-wavelength elements arranged end-to-end, and lying along essentially the same axis (or collinear), each feeding one side of a two-conductor transmission wire. The physical arrangement of the two elements places them 180 degrees out of phase, which means that at any given instant one of the elements is driving current into the transmission line while the other is pulling it out. The monopole antenna is essentially one half of the half-wave dipole, a single 1⁄4-wavelength element with the other side connected to ground or an equivalent ground plane (or counterpoise). Monopoles, which are one-half the size of a dipole, are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large. Another common design is the folded dipole, which is essentially two dipoles placed side-by-side and connected at their ends to make a single one-wavelength antenna.

question: What is the most popular antenna type?, answer: half-wave dipole | question: What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?, answer: transmission line | question: Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?, answer: collinear | question: What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?, answer: Monopoles | question: What popular type combines more that one antenna?, answer: folded dipole
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

question: Who built the organ?, answer: Harrison & Harrison | question: When was the organ built?, answer: 1937 | question: When was the organ first used?, answer: the coronation of King George VI | question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?, answer: pipework | question: Who designed the two organ cases?, answer: John Loughborough Pearson
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

question: Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?, answer: the treasury and chancery | question: What were the scribes of the chancery known as?, answer: men of the pen | question: Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?, answer: ulama | question: What did the scribal bureaucracy become?, answer: a professional body | question: The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?, answer: the 17th century
The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operational Control (CHOP) of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander (CCDR). In the case of AFSPC, AFSOC, PACAF, and USAFE units, forces are normally employed in-place under their existing CCDR. Likewise, AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR.

question: Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions?, answer: Secretary of Defense | question: What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for?, answer: Change in Operational Control | question: Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?, answer: USTRANSCOM | question: Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions?, answer: Regional Combatant Commander
The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

question: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?, answer: Guglielmo Marconi | question: When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?, answer: 1895 | question: What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?, answer: raising the "aerial" wire | question: How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?, answer: 1.5 mi
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?, answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture | question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?, answer: The original Charter of 1837 | question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?, answer: promoting and facilitating
The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

question: Is original Cubist architecture rare?, answer: Cubist architecture is very rare | question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?, answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic | question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?, answer: Rondo-Cubism
The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

question: From what language does Universitas come from?, answer: Latin | question: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?, answer: they were self-regulating | question: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?, answer: urban town life and medieval guilds | question: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?, answer: princes, prelates
The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014. We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre, overtaking the previous record holder, the Grease musical. Brian May stated in 2008 that they were considering writing a sequel to the musical. The musical toured around the UK in 2009, playing at Manchester Palace Theatre, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, and Edinburgh Playhouse.

question: When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?, answer: Saturday, 7 October | question: Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?, answer: Dominion Theatre | question: When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?, answer: May 2014 | question: What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?, answer: We Will Rock You | question: What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?, answer: Grease
The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.

question: What was the NAS primarily a base for?, answer: seaplane | question: What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?, answer: anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels | question: What is located west of the NAS Annex?, answer: additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda | question: What happened at the end of the Cold War?, answer: US forces withdrew
The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

question: When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?, answer: January 1996 | question: How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?, answer: 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" | question: What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?, answer: 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed" | question: 1.1 was the first widely used version of what?, answer: USB | question: When was the first widely used version of USB released?, answer: September 1998
The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?, answer: Christians | question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?, answer: fervently Catholic | question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?, answer: Scottish Catholic | question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?, answer: religious test | question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?, answer: 1799
The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

question: How many members did the original Houston city council have?, answer: 14 | question: How many at-large positions were there originally?, answer: five | question: What areas do at-large council members represent?, answer: entire city | question: What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?, answer: 2.1 million | question: How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?, answer: two
The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.

question: What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?, answer: Belle Époque cream and gold | question: What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?, answer: brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis | question: How many rooms does the palace have?, answer: 775 rooms | question: In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?, answer: Chinese regency style | question: What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?, answer: Carlton House | question: Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?, answer: Sir Charles Long | question: Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?, answer: King Edward VII | question: Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?, answer: Chinese regency style | question: Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?, answer: Carlton House
The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:

question: Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?, answer: Chen Fangyun and his colleagues | question: When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?, answer: in the 1980s | question: The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?, answer: three
The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

question: How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?, answer: hardwired | question: The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?, answer: SELECT | question: What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?, answer: microphone | question: What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?, answer: square | question: What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?, answer: circular
The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.

question: What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?, answer: pop | question: How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?, answer: turned away from its aesthetics | question: What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?, answer: MTV | question: Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?, answer: American college radio | question: What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?, answer: U2 | question: What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?, answer: commercial sounds | question: What else would the post-punk bands record under?, answer: pop | question: Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?, answer: U2 | question: What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?, answer: entryism | question: What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?, answer: MTV and modern rock radio stations
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

question: What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?, answer: lodging | question: What is the main provision that pubs offer?, answer: alcohol | question: What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?, answer: food and drink | question: What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?, answer: Holiday Inn | question: In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?, answer: innkeepers