lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?, answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol | question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?, answer: ⟨ʰp⟩
Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

question: The Sami tongue also has what?, answer: Preaspirated stops | question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?, answer: North Sami
Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

question: What group rioted at the textile factories?, answer: communist | question: How many people died in the textile factory riots?, answer: nine | question: What group supported the RCC?, answer: Muslim Brotherhood | question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?, answer: two | question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?, answer: opposed
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011. Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May), averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881−82 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013−14. A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover. Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.

question: What is the average rainfall for summer months?, answer: 33.5 inches | question: How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?, answer: 42.5 | question: When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?, answer: spring and summer | question: How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?, answer: 27.5
Precipitation is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. However, dry periods lasting several weeks do occur, especially in autumn when long periods of pleasant, mild weather are most common. There is considerable variability in total monthly amounts from year to year so that no one month can be depended upon to be normal. Snow has been recorded during seven of the twelve months. Falls of 3 inches (7.6 cm) or more within 24 hours occur an average once per year. Annual snowfall, however, is usually light, averaging 10.5 inches (27 cm) per season. Snow typically remains on the ground only one or two days at a time, but remained for 16 days in 2010 (January 30 to February 14). Ice storms (freezing rain or glaze) are not uncommon, but they are seldom severe enough to do any considerable damage.

question: What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?, answer: autumn | question: How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?, answer: once | question: About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?, answer: 27 | question: During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?, answer: January 30 to February 14 | question: What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?, answer: freezing rain or glaze
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.

question: What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?, answer: Predation | question: The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?, answer: death | question: What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?, answer: detritivory | question: Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?, answer: their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse | question: The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?, answer: various antipredator adaptations
Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?, answer: trophic level | question: What is the top predator in an environment called?, answer: apex predator | question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes., answer: trophic pyramid | question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid?, answer: energy | question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?, answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs | question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?, answer: feed on heterotrophs | question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?, answer: apex predator | question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?, answer: five or six levels | question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?, answer: the top
Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.

question: How can natural predators benefit crops?, answer: reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides | question: How are predators beneficial to agriculture?, answer: controlling pests | question: If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?, answer: keeping its abundance down | question: Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?, answer: introduced species
Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.

question: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?, answer: keystone species | question: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?, answer: biodiversity | question: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?, answer: dominant | question: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?, answer: biodiversity of communities | question: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?, answer: keystone species | question: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?, answer: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density
Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.

question: What are some predators of the electric eel?, answer: (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats | question: What defense does a zebra have against predators?, answer: strong kick that can maim or kill | question: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?, answer: formidable teeth and claws | question: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?, answer: to kill prey
Predominantly Christian, the population of St. John's was once divided along sectarian (Catholic/Protestant) lines. In recent years, this sectarianism has declined significantly, and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John's. St. John's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's, and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001–2011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9% to 11.1%.

question: What is the largest religion in St. John's?, answer: Christian | question: What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?, answer: sectarianism | question: What sects declined from 2001-2011?, answer: Christian
Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere.

question: The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?, answer: Directory of Public Worship | question: When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?, answer: 1640s | question: Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?, answer: Scottish Parliament
Presbyterian government is by councils (known as courts) of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation. Teaching elders (pastors) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations. A congregation issues a call for the pastor's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery.

question: What is the Presbyterian government known as?, answer: councils (known as courts) of elders | question: What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors?, answer: teaching, worship, and performing sacraments | question: When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?, answer: local presbytery
Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.

question: What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?, answer: Christianity | question: Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?, answer: John Calvin | question: In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?, answer: 1560 | question: Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?, answer: First Book of Discipline
Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – PC (USA) – can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO).

question: When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?, answer: 1703 | question: In what city was the first Presbytery formed?, answer: Philadelphia | question: In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?, answer: 1789 | question: What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?, answer: the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word "Presbyterian," when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches that trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the English Civil War. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly).

question: Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to?, answer: British Isles | question: What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize?, answer: sovereignty of God | question: Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain?, answer: Great Britain
Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter. While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole. It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions.

question: Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?, answer: confessional tradition | question: Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?, answer: confessions of faith | question: What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?, answer: theology | question: How is theology carried out in a confessional church?, answer: by the community as a whole
Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.

question: What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?, answer: Presbyterianism | question: What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?, answer: Anglican Church of Ireland | question: How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?, answer: 100,000 | question: When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?, answer: 1642
Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization (or "church order") and worship; often using a "Book of Order" to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism. Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document – second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible – in Presbyterian churches.

question: What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order?, answer: Book of Order | question: Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible?, answer: Westminster Confession of Faith | question: What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?, answer: Calvinism
Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning. Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as "subordinate standards". It is generally considered that the point of such learning is to enable one to put one's faith into practice; some Presbyterians generally exhibit their faith in action as well as words, by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.

question: What do Presbyterians put importance into?, answer: education and lifelong learning | question: What do their studies consist of?, answer: scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine | question: How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith?, answer: by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.
Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."

question: Whats the typical age range for pre-school?, answer: three to seven | question: What are pre-schools also known as?, answer: nursery schools and as kindergarten, | question: In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?, answer: US