lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but there is less land area in the far south to support long-distance migration.

question: Along where do many birds migrate?, answer: a flyway | question: What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?, answer: south | question: What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?, answer: flying north | question: Why do the birds fly north?, answer: to breed
Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been introduced by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the ring-necked pheasant, for example, has been introduced around the world as a game bird. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild monk parakeets in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including cattle egret, yellow-headed caracara and galah, have spread naturally far beyond their original ranges as agricultural practices created suitable new habitat.

question: The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?, answer: game bird | question: Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?, answer: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat | question: Where have many birds established breeding populations?, answer: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans
Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of seasonal temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds, shorebirds, and waterbirds undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the temperate or polar regions and a non-breeding season in the tropical regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the bar-tailed godwit is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Seabirds also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of sooty shearwaters, which nest in New Zealand and Chile and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, Alaska and California, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (39,800 mi). Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.

question: When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?, answer: Before migration | question: What is the flight range of landbirds?, answer: 2,500 km (1,600 mi) | question: What is the flight range of shoebirds?, answer: 4,000 km (2,500 mi) | question: Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?, answer: bar-tailed godwit | question: Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?, answer: Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean
Many birds show plumage patterns in ultraviolet that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male blue tits have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging—kestrels have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. The eyelids of a bird are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the nictitating membrane, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds. The bird retina has a fan shaped blood supply system called the pecten. Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the great cormorant. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide visual field, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have binocular vision and can estimate the depth of field. The avian ear lacks external pinnae but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the Asio, Bubo and Otus owls, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The inner ear has a cochlea, but it is not spiral as in mammals.

question: What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?, answer: nictitating membrane | question: What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?, answer: pecten | question: Which birds have a wide visual field?, answer: Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads | question: What kind of vision do owls have?, answer: binocular vision | question: Where is a bird's cochlea located?, answer: inner ear
Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. In 2006 Alaska had the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state.

question: Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?, answer: bush seaplane | question: Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?, answer: Lake Hood | question: Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?, answer: Alaska | question: Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?, answer: Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

question: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?, answer: typically cellular in nature | question: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?, answer: not associated with any specific organ | question: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?, answer: embedded | question: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?, answer: circulating
Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

question: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?, answer: Uranium-235 | question: What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?, answer: Uranium-238 | question: What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?, answer: uranium-233 | question: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?, answer: uranium-233 | question: What is 238U?, answer: Depleted uranium
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.

question: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?, answer: Many crops | question: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?, answer: corn | question: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?, answer: significant | question: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?, answer: cocoa | question: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?, answer: indigenous Americans
Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.

question: What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?, answer: semenarche | question: What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?, answer: menarche | question: What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?, answer: Restrictive | question: What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?, answer: permissive | question: Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?, answer: discrepancies
Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

question: What Russian word is used for comics?, answer: komiks | question: What German word is used for comics?, answer: comics | question: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?, answer: manhua | question: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?, answer: manhwa
Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.

question: In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?, answer: functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory
Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.

question: What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?, answer: Human sciences | question: What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?, answer: psychiatry | question: What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?, answer: Nursing | question: What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?, answer: neuroscience | question: What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?, answer: education
Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?, answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux | question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?, answer: eternality | question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?, answer: sublime | question: What concept did Ledoux address?, answer: architectural character | question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?, answer: building should immediately communicate its function
Many early LDs were not manufactured properly; sometimes a substandard adhesive was used to sandwich together the two sides of the disc.[citation needed] The adhesive contained impurities that were able to penetrate the lacquer seal layer and chemically attack the metalized reflective aluminium layer, causing it to oxidize and lose its reflective characteristics. This was a problem that was termed "laser rot" among LD enthusiasts, also called "color flash" internally by LaserDisc-pressing plants. Some forms of laser rot could appear as black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise. But, for the most part, rotted discs could actually appear perfectly fine to the naked eye.

question: What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused "laser rot"?, answer: adhesive | question: What was the internal name for "laser rot" within LD processing plants?, answer: "color flash" | question: What problems could occur with laser rot?, answer: black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise
Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.

question: What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?, answer: to worship freely | question: What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?, answer: religious persecution | question: Who was persecuting the Puritans?, answer: King of England | question: What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?, answer: religious minorities | question: What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?, answer: churches
Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys ("DJs"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching originated on turntables. With CDs or compact audio cassettes one normally has only indirect manipulation options, e.g., the play, stop, and pause buttons. With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out, accelerate or decelerate the turntable, or even reverse its direction, provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it. However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.

question: What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?, answer: direct manipulation | question: In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?, answer: slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching | question: Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?, answer: provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it | question: What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?, answer: any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl | question: Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?, answer: However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.
Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

question: Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?, answer: because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants | question: Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?, answer: because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption | question: Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?, answer: Benjamin K. Sovacool
Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. Also, phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults.

question: What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?, answer: allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals | question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?, answer: Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery | question: What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?, answer: Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels | question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?, answer: indoor volatile organic compounds
Many factors played a role in Britain’s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.

question: If not forced why did children work?, answer: to help feed and support the family | question: What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?, answer: between the ages of ten and fourteen | question: Why was this age range important?, answer: they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families | question: How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?, answer: poor