lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Replacement of the hard-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design) by the simpler binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. The Z3 was Turing complete.

question: When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?, answer: 1941 | question: What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse?, answer: the Z3 | question: How many relays did the Z3 contain?, answer: 2000 | question: What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency?, answer: about 5–10 Hz | question: How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3?, answer: 64
In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.

question: When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?, answer: 1941 | question: How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?, answer: four | question: How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?, answer: sixteen | question: Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?, answer: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez
In 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he convinced Hitler of the need to attack British port facilities. Hitler had been convinced by Raeder that this was the right course of action due to the high success rates of the U-Boat force during this period of the war. Hitler correctly noted that the greatest damage to the British war economy had been done through submarines and air attacks by small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 naval aircraft. He ordered attacks to be carried out on those targets which were also the target of the Kriegsmarine. This meant that British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland were the prime targets.

question: What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?, answer: support the German submarine force | question: Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?, answer: attack British port facilities. | question: What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right?, answer: the high success rates of the U-Boat force | question: Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily?, answer: British war economy | question: What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine?, answer: British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland
In 1943, Barcelona faced rivals Real Madrid in the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo (now the Copa del Rey). The first match at Les Corts was won by Barcelona 3–0. Real Madrid comfortably won the second leg, beating Barcelona 11–1. According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history." It has been alleged by local journalist Paco Aguilar that Barcelona's players were threatened by police in the changing room, though nothing was ever proven.

question: What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?, answer: Barcelona | question: What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?, answer: 11–1 | question: Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?, answer: police | question: What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?, answer: Paco Aguilar | question: What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?, answer: nothing
In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.

question: Which oblast was broken up in 1943?, answer: Karachay Autonomous Oblast | question: Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?, answer: Central Asia | question: Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?, answer: the Georgian SSR | question: Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?, answer: Joseph Stalin | question: Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?, answer: Joseph Stalin | question: When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?, answer: 1943 | question: To where were the Karachays exiled?, answer: Central Asia | question: Why were the Karachays exiled?, answer: alleged collaboration with the Germans | question: What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?, answer: Georgian SSR
In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

question: At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?, answer: 16 | question: Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?, answer: Grenadier Guards | question: In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act?, answer: Counsellors of State | question: When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?, answer: February 1945 | question: In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?, answer: driver and mechanic
In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.

question: Who did Nasser marry in 1944?, answer: Tahia Kazem | question: Who introduced Nasser and his wife?, answer: Abdel Hamid Kazim | question: Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?, answer: Manshiyat al-Bakri | question: What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?, answer: officer corps
In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and International remained interested in Universal, however, culminating in the studio's reorganization as Universal-International. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc., which also served as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films. Goetz, a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring "prestige" to the new company. He stopped the studio's low-budget production of B movies, serials and curtailed Universal's horror and "Arabian Nights" cycles. Distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc.

question: In what year was United World Pictures founded?, answer: 1945 | question: What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?, answer: Kenneth Young | question: How long did United World Pictures last?, answer: one year | question: Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?, answer: William Goetz | question: Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?, answer: Louis B. Mayer
In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.

question: What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?, answer: Sweet Adelines | question: When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?, answer: 1991 | question: How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?, answer: nearly 25,000 | question: Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?, answer: Tulsa, Oklahoma | question: In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?, answer: 1953
In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

question: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?, answer: Jan Smuts | question: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as?, answer: the Gestapo | question: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?, answer: South African government
In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

question: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?, answer: President of Columbia University | question: Where is Columbia University located?, answer: New York City | question: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?, answer: Crusade in Europe | question: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?, answer: Ivy League | question: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?, answer: Department of the Treasury
In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

question: In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?, answer: 1948 | question: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?, answer: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux | question: Who invented the point-contact transistor?, answer: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker | question: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?, answer: transistron | question: What was the transistron used for?, answer: amplified use in France's telephone network
In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

question: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?, answer: 1949 | question: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?, answer: France | question: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?, answer: an 819 lines system | question: Was France's 819 line system in color?, answer: monochrome only | question: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?, answer: 1983
In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.

question: What council was the city given a seat for in 1949?, answer: Council of Europe | question: When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?, answer: 1952 | question: When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?, answer: 1999
In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit "victory comes from harmony", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.

question: What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?, answer: Victoria Concordia Crescit | question: In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?, answer: rendered in colour | question: What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?, answer: trademark | question: In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?, answer: 2002 | question: Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?, answer: fans
In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.

question: When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?, answer: 1950 | question: Who was Israel frequently attacked by?, answer: Palestinian fedayeen | question: What did the war result in?, answer: significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration
In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

question: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?, answer: University of Chicago | question: Who supplied Hayek's salary?, answer: an outside foundation | question: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?, answer: departmental autonomy and control | question: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?, answer: sick of Hutchins' meddling | question: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?, answer: Committee on Social Thought
In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.

question: In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?, answer: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group | question: What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?, answer: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project | question: What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?, answer: General Advisory Committee
In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).

question: What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?, answer: 94.7% | question: In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?, answer: 49.5% | question: What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?, answer: 2000 | question: In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?, answer: formerly non-white areas | question: What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?, answer: 2006
In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

question: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?, answer: ANZUS Treaty | question: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?, answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States | question: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?, answer: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty | question: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?, answer: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) | question: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?, answer: San Francisco