lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Even as the Western Roman empire collapsed, literate men acknowledged that Virgil was a master poet. Gregory of Tours read Virgil, whom he quotes in several places, along with some other Latin poets, though he cautions that "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death."

question: Who cautioned "we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death"?, answer: Gregory of Tours | question: Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?, answer: Western Roman | question: Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?, answer: master
Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.

question: Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?, answer: Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys | question: Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?, answer: they receive little snowfall | question: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?, answer: warm air
Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China.

question: What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?, answer: glasswares | question: Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?, answer: Zhang Qian | question: When did Zhang Qian end his travels?, answer: 125 BC | question: Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?, answer: Silk Road | question: What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?, answer: Han
Even during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure by asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war-damaged roads and bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo Program. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500 km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The rail line has been restored between the port of Massawa and the capital Asmara, although services are sporadic. Steam locomotives are sometimes used for groups of enthusiasts.

question: Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?, answer: Warsay Yika'alo | question: How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?, answer: more than 500 km | question: What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?, answer: Steam | question: What is the capital of Eritrea?, answer: Asmara | question: Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?, answer: Eritrean
Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

question: Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?, answer: from 1999 to 2009 | question: Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?, answer: Justice Secretary Jack Straw | question: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?, answer: the rule was considered disproportionate
Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

question: What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?, answer: the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio | question: How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?, answer: days or weeks | question: What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?, answer: container geometry
Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.

question: What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?, answer: amino acids | question: Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?, answer: aggregate to form fruiting bodies | question: How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?, answer: more resistant | question: What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?, answer: multicellular organisation
Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"; he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.

question: What do some non-theists view God as?, answer: a symbol of human values and aspirations | question: Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation"?, answer: Charles Bradlaugh | question: What is NOMA?, answer: non-overlapping magisteria | question: In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?, answer: science | question: What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?, answer: theology | question: Name the nineteenth century English atheist?, answer: Charles Bradlaugh | question: What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?, answer: non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA) | question: What category does NOMA fall under?, answer: theology
Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.

question: Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?, answer: pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg | question: Who developed the spice trade initially?, answer: Indian and Arab merchants | question: Which European traders moved into Indonesia?, answer: Dutch
Even so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming apparent, and second, the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break led OKL to adopt the naval option. The indifference displayed by OKL to Directive 23 was perhaps best demonstrated in operational directives which diluted its effect. They emphasised the core strategic interest was attacking ports but they insisted in maintaining pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries building aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, and explosives. Other targets would be considered if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions.

question: What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?, answer: difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production | question: What was the second consideration?, answer: the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break | question: What did the OKL insist on maintaining?, answer: pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries | question: When would other targets be considered available?, answer: if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions
Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.

question: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?, answer: Zhonghua Zihai | question: What is formed by Chinese principles?, answer: Characters | question: What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?, answer: Tangut script
Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos, the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself.[citation needed]

question: What is the official language of Nigeria?, answer: English | question: How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language?, answer: a small minority of the country's urban elite | question: What is the most popular language in Nigeria?, answer: Hausa | question: What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria?, answer: Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba
Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:

question: What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?, answer: 63 | question: How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?, answer: 34 | question: Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature?, answer: over-representation
Even though the Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan performed some duties of a foreign office, they fell short of developing into a professional foreign service. It was not until 1861 — a year after losing the Second Opium War to the Anglo-French coalition — that the Qing government bowed to foreign pressure and created a proper foreign affairs office known as the Zongli Yamen. The office was originally intended to be temporary and was staffed by officials seconded from the Grand Council. However, as dealings with foreigners became increasingly complicated and frequent, the office grew in size and importance, aided by revenue from customs duties which came under its direct jurisdiction.

question: What was the foreign service called?, answer: Zongli Yamen | question: Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?, answer: Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan | question: What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing?, answer: Second Opium War
Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique "What is Darwinism?" that "Darwinism", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation–evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.

question: How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?, answer: by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans | question: Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?, answer: Charles Hodge | question: What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?, answer: the American creation–evolution controversy | question: What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?, answer: The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.

question: What do all living humans belong to?, answer: the same species | question: What species are all humans?, answer: Homo sapiens | question: Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?, answer: humans | question: What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?, answer: fuzzy | question: How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?, answer: in widely differing ways
Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (niṣkriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (māyā). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.

question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?, answer: non-dual | question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?, answer: Universal Consciousness | question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?, answer: real | question: Which group sees the world as illusion?, answer: Advaita | question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?, answer: merge in Shiva
Events in America influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.

question: How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?, answer: between 40,000 and 100,000 | question: New Brunswick was split off from which province?, answer: Nova Scotia | question: Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?, answer: The Constitutional Act of 1791 | question: What language did most of Upper Canada speak?, answer: English | question: What language did most of Lower Canada speak?, answer: French
Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun journalist John Blake, recently poached by the Daily Mirror, soon discovered. After further stories, in September 1987, The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed. In November, the Daily Mirror found their rival's only source for the rent boy story and he admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money. The inaccurate story about his dogs, actually Alsatians, put pressure on The Sun, and John received £1 million in an out of court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history. The Sun ran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline "SORRY, ELTON". In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: "Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay" was the paper's headline. Gay Church of England clergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as "Pulpit poofs".

question: How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?, answer: 17 | question: Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?, answer: rent boys | question: What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?, answer: John Blake | question: What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?, answer: Rottweiler | question: Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?, answer: Norway
Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1⁄3 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, one each by Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Johnnie Ray, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, and Frankie Laine. The 10-inch LP however had a longer life in the United Kingdom, where important early British rock and roll albums such as Lonnie Donegan's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury's The Sound of Fury were released in that form. The 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc or "single" established a significant niche for shorter duration discs, typically containing one item on each side. The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side.

question: What format of LPs was discontinued?, answer: 10-inch | question: What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?, answer: The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP | question: In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest?, answer: United Kingdom | question: Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side?, answer: 12-inch LP | question: Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?, answer: 12-inch LP