lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition?, answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, | question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition?, answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927) | question: Have any other countries ever competed?, answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, | question: Why can't those countries compete?, answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. | question: Has any other country been allowed to enter the competition since?, answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

question: What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?, answer: pravopis | question: Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?, answer: Serbo-Croatian | question: Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?, answer: Serbian
West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.

question: Where is West Raleigh?, answer: along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. | question: What is West Raleigh the home of?, answer: North Carolina State University | question: What arena is in the area?, answer: PNC Arena | question: What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?, answer: Rex Hospital. | question: How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?, answer: 2 miles
West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1925 era had a higher amplitude in the midrange region. Brilliance such as this compensated for dullness in many early magnetic pickups having drooping midrange and treble response. As a result, this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm records.

question: Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?, answer: P. G. A. H. Voigt | question: How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?, answer: pre-emphasis in the recording | question: When was a pre-emphasis most useful?, answer: above 1,000 Hz | question: On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s?, answer: 78 rpm and 33 1⁄3 rpm | question: In which Era was this finding most significant?, answer: 1925 era
West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district.

question: In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?, answer: West | question: In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?, answer: East | question: Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?, answer: Fort Washington Avenue | question: Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?, answer: Harlem
West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.

question: Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located?, answer: West of the Historic Center | question: What is the Mexican name for the historic center?, answer: Centro Histórico | question: Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?, answer: Santa Fe | question: Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?, answer: along Paseo de la Reforma
West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus (also known as the Intermountain West), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges. The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north-south mountain ranges. The Southwest is predominantly a low-lying desert region. A portion known as the Colorado Plateau, centered around the Four Corners region, is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world. It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon, Arches, Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon, among others. Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington, western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho.

question: What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains?, answer: Intermontane Plateaus | question: What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?, answer: the Great Basin | question: What type of flats compose the Great Basin?, answer: salt flats | question: What region is centered around the Four Corners?, answer: Colorado Plateau
Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?, answer: Western Armenian | question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?, answer: /d/ | question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?, answer: /t/
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?, answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian | question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?, answer: four | question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?, answer: Eastern block | question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?, answer: subdialects | question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?, answer: Western Catalan
Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.

question: Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?, answer: France | question: How many Jews live in France?, answer: between 483,000 and 500,000 | question: What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?, answer: 292,000
Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?, answer: an extra hour | question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?, answer: three | question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?, answer: Double Summer Time | question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?, answer: Central European Midsummer Time
Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means "school" and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, radical or otherwise. Madaris have varied curricula, and are not all religious. Some madaris in India, for example, have a secularised identity. Although early madaris were founded primarily to gain "knowledge of God" they also taught subjects such as mathematics and poetry. For example, in the Ottoman Empire, "Madrasahs had seven categories of sciences that were taught, such as: styles of writing, oral sciences like the Arabic language, grammar, rhetoric, and history and intellectual sciences, such as logic." This is similar to the Western world, in which universities began as institutions of the Catholic church.

question: What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?, answer: anti-Americanism and radical extremism | question: What type of content is delivered at madaris?, answer: varied curricula | question: What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?, answer: secularised | question: What are the origins of western schools?, answer: institutions of the Catholic church | question: How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?, answer: seven
Western philosophy regarded emotion in varying ways. In stoic theories it was seen as a hindrance to reason and therefore a hindrance to virtue. Aristotle believed that emotions were an essential component of virtue. In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the Middle Ages, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by scholasticism and Thomas Aquinas in particular. There are also theories of emotions in the works of philosophers such as René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza and David Hume. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an empiricist psychiatric perspective.

question: What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?, answer: stoic | question: What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?, answer: Aristotle | question: What did the Aristotelians call emotions?, answer: passions | question: Who was a notable scholastic thinker?, answer: Thomas Aquinas | question: Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?, answer: Baruch Spinoza
Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.

question: Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?, answer: ancient Greece | question: What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?, answer: philosophy of ancient Greece | question: Ancient Greece was dominated by what?, answer: city-states
Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

question: What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?, answer: collegiate church | question: Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?, answer: Queen Elizabeth I | question: Who governs the church?, answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster | question: Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?, answer: the Dean and four canons residentiary | question: Who assist the chapter of Westminster?, answer: the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

question: What was Westminster Abbey's original name?, answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster | question: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?, answer: Gothic | question: In what city is Westminster Abbey located?, answer: City of Westminster, London | question: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?, answer: Between 1540 and 1556 | question: What type of building is the Abbey now considered?, answer: Royal Peculiar | question: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?, answer: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster | question: Where is Westminster Abbey located?, answer: City of Westminster, London | question: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?, answer: Between 1540 and 1556 | question: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?, answer: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"
Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

question: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?, answer: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School | question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?, answer: the Pope | question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?, answer: 1179 | question: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?, answer: Westminster Abbey Choir School
Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.

question: When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?, answer: 1550 | question: The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?, answer: a second cathedral of the Diocese of London | question: Who is the abbey dedicated to?, answer: Saint Peter
Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General Staff studies in those subjects fell by the wayside, and the Air Academies focused on tactics, technology, and operational planning, rather than on independent strategic air offensives.

question: Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?, answer: Wever | question: What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?, answer: mirror imaging | question: What did the Air Academies not focus on?, answer: independent strategic air offensives | question: What army does the general staff belong to?, answer: the Luftwaffe
What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.

question: What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?, answer: photosensitive proteins | question: What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?, answer: replicating DNA | question: From what did DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells?, answer: ultraviolet radiation | question: One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?, answer: redox reactions | question: What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?, answer: Great Oxidation Event
What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

question: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?, answer: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers | question: Where did children from rural areas work?, answer: farms | question: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?, answer: 1959 | question: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?, answer: physical and emotional abuse