lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

question: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?, answer: socialism and communism | question: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?, answer: Brezhnev | question: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?, answer: Western Europe
The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter "33") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone.

question: How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?, answer: 10.5% | question: What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?, answer: Vetter 33 | question: What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?, answer: Samuel Adams | question: What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?, answer: 2011 | question: What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?, answer: champagne yeasts
The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most “important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.” This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in “simplifying English grammar.”

question: What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?, answer: Danish | question: What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?, answer: Old Norse | question: Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?, answer: inflectional
The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

question: What kind of cancer did the King develop?, answer: lung cancer | question: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?, answer: arterial blockage | question: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?, answer: right lumbar sympathectomy | question: Who was the King's heir presumptive?, answer: Elizabeth | question: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?, answer: Duke of Edinburgh
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in bacteriology), fungi (mycology) – including lichen-forming fungi (lichenology), non-chlorophyte algae (phycology), and viruses (virology). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses.

question: What is the scientific name for seed plants?, answer: gymnosperms | question: What is the study of algae called?, answer: phycology | question: What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?, answer: haploid and diploid
The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the "Philadelphia Order". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, "The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle." The order included definite "goals and timetables." As President Nixon asserted, "We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment."

question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?, answer: his successor Nixon | question: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?, answer: Philadelphia Order | question: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?, answer: construction | question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?, answer: craft unions | question: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?, answer: Arthur Fletcher
The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages, and was revived in the mid-17th century. The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical, featuring essays, poetry, and painting. By roughly 1725, however, this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified, including "royal propaganda, philosophical battles, and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime." Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice in France.

question: The practice of contests dates back to what time period?, answer: Middle Ages | question: Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?, answer: generally religious and/or monarchical | question: Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?, answer: theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice | question: Were the concours academiques public or private matters?, answer: public
The structure known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.

question: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?, answer: Middle Ages | question: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located?, answer: Piedigrotta | question: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil's tomb" is located also called?, answer: grotta vecchia
The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

question: The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?, answer: medieval | question: What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?, answer: a Cultural World Heritage Site | question: What is Berns most famous site?, answer: Zytglogge | question: What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?, answer: Münster | question: What type of cathedral is Muster?, answer: Gothic
The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine forming an exciton that excites a QD. This scheme is commonly studied for quantum dot display. The tunability of emission wavelengths and narrow bandwidth is also beneficial as excitation sources for fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated.

question: What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?, answer: electrical-excitation | question: What is one material used in electrical-excitation?, answer: hole-transporting materials | question: During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?, answer: electrons and holes | question: A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?, answer: near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

question: Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?, answer: often only a small part | question: What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene?, answer: the actual protein coding sequence | question: What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?, answer: DNA regions that are not transcribed | question: What is another element of the structure of a gene?, answer: untranslated regions of the RNA | question: What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?, answer: DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA
The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

question: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?, answer: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran | question: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?, answer: 1320 AD | question: When did Gardezi die?, answer: 1150 AD | question: When was Ahangar's tomb built?, answer: sixteenth century | question: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?, answer: blue
The structure of hardwoods is more complex. The water conducting capability is mostly taken care of by vessels: in some cases (oak, chestnut, ash) these are quite large and distinct, in others (buckeye, poplar, willow) too small to be seen without a hand lens. In discussing such woods it is customary to divide them into two large classes, ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

question: Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?, answer: complex | question: What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?, answer: vessels | question: Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?, answer: large | question: In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?, answer: a hand lens | question: Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?, answer: diffuse-porous
The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

question: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?, answer: at home | question: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?, answer: all male Swiss citizens | question: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?, answer: women | question: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?, answer: Army XXI | question: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?, answer: 120,000
The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.

question: What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?, answer: mechanisms to protect the rights of component states | question: What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?, answer: intrastate federalism | question: What is intrastate federalism?, answer: is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions | question: What is a bicameral legislature?, answer: the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole
The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

question: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?, answer: until 1911 | question: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?, answer: 1921 | question: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?, answer: Mohammad Ali Shah | question: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?, answer: restoring order | question: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?, answer: Ottoman armies
The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.

question: What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?, answer: descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism | question: Who are descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism?, answer: Sephardic Bnei Anusim | question: What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?, answer: 19.8%
The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.

question: Why are plants important to human life?, answer: oxygen and food | question: What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?, answer: photosynthesis | question: What is used to rebuild cells?, answer: organic molecules | question: What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?, answer: oxygen | question: What do plant roots prevent?, answer: soil erosion
The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?, answer: theology | question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?, answer: Al-Farabi | question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?, answer: Hamadan | question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?, answer: Al-Biruni | question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?, answer: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.

question: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?, answer: innate immune system | question: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?, answer: acquired or adaptive immune system | question: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?, answer: humoral (or antibody) | question: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?, answer: cell-mediated | question: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?, answer: molecular and cellular components