lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:

question: What are anarchists against?, answer: State | question: What are anarchists not against?, answer: not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. | question: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer?, answer: federalism or confederalism
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.

question: Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?, answer: Ancient Egypt | question: What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?, answer: geometry | question: What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?, answer: The 3-4-5 right triangle | question: What research was Egypt known for?, answer: alchemy | question: What is the name of the earliest medical document?, answer: The Edwin Smith papyrus
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. It was against this backdrop, that the ascendancy of Macedon began, under king Philip II. Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world, and although its royal family claimed Greek descent, the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks. However, Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government, and compared to most Greek states, directly controlled a large area.

question: When was the Peloponnesian War?, answer: 431–404 BC | question: What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?, answer: Theban | question: When was the Battle of Leuctra?, answer: 371 BC | question: When was the Battle of Mantinea?, answer: 362 BC | question: Which king lend the rise of Macedon?, answer: Philip II
Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article.

question: De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?, answer: Lucretius | question: What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?, answer: mechanistic explanations
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts) Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school . The various schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. For example, the Cārvāka nāstika philosophy holds that only one (perception) is an epistemically reliable means of knowledge, the Samkhya school holds three are (perception, inference and testimony), while the Mīmāṃsā and Advaita schools hold all six are epistemically useful and reliable means to knowledge.

question: What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?, answer: pramāṇas | question: How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?, answer: six | question: What is the pramanas for perception?, answer: pratyakṣa | question: What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?, answer: anumāṇa | question: Which pramanas is understanding of experts?, answer: śabda
Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.

question: How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?, answer: 5000 years | question: Where are the most notable rock paintings located?, answer: the Laas Geel complex | question: Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?, answer: human figures | question: Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?, answer: the northern Dhambalin region | question: In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?, answer: northern
Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.

question: Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?, answer: Christopher Clavius | question: What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?, answer: discrepancies | question: Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?, answer: Petrus Pitatus | question: When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?, answer: 1560 | question: What is the theory about leap year called?, answer: Gregorian leap year rule
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

question: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?, answer: Androphilia and gynephilia | question: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?, answer: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization | question: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?, answer: a sex assignment or gender identity | question: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?, answer: pansexual and polysexual | question: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?, answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual | question: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?, answer: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia | question: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?, answer: homosexual and heterosexual | question: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?, answer: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject | question: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?, answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.
Angels in the Outfield was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation were the Western novels of Zane Grey. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at card games. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport," in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation, and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A classmate reported that after learning to play contract bridge at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months.

question: What was Eisenhower's favorite film?, answer: Angels in the Outfield | question: Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?, answer: Zane Grey | question: What genre did Zane Grey write in?, answer: Western | question: Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?, answer: Abilene | question: At West Point, what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months?, answer: contract bridge
Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

question: What does Anglican mean?, answer: the English Church | question: When did the word Anglican begin?, answer: 1246 | question: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?, answer: the Archbishop of Canterbury | question: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?, answer: 80 million | question: What power does each national or regional church possess?, answer: full autonomy
Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century AD. Initially, their arrival seems to have been at the invitation of the Britons as mercenaries to repulse incursions by the Hiberni and Picts. In time, Anglo-Saxon demands on the British became so great that they came to culturally dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain, though recent genetic evidence suggests Britons still formed the bulk of the population. This dominance creating what is now England and leaving culturally British enclaves only in the north of what is now England, in Cornwall and what is now known as Wales. Ireland had been unaffected by the Romans except, significantly, having been Christianised, traditionally by the Romano-Briton, Saint Patrick. As Europe, including Britain, descended into turmoil following the collapse of Roman civilisation, an era known as the Dark Ages, Ireland entered a golden age and responded with missions (first to Great Britain and then to the continent), the founding of monasteries and universities. These were later joined by Anglo-Saxon missions of a similar nature.

question: Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?, answer: Anglo-Saxons | question: What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?, answer: southern Great Britain | question: What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?, answer: the Dark Ages | question: What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?, answer: golden age | question: What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?, answer: monasteries and universities
Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12; and defending against some infectious diseases.

question: What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?, answer: phyla | question: What is the importance of having phyla in the body?, answer: essential to digestion | question: Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?, answer: vitamin B12 | question: What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?, answer: breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food | question: Where could one find a large population of gut flora?, answer: Animal intestines
Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged, digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods. Unabsorbed matter, along with some waste products of metabolism, is eliminated from the body in the feces.

question: Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?, answer: bloodstream | question: In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?, answer: unborn fetus | question: What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?, answer: Digestive juices | question: Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?, answer: digestive processes | question: Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?, answer: feces
Animals are also involved in the distribution of seeds. Fruit, which is formed by the enlargement of flower parts, is frequently a seed-dispersal tool that attracts animals to eat or otherwise disturb it, incidentally scattering the seeds it contains (see frugivory). Although many such mutualistic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition and to spread widely, flowering proved to be an unusually effective means of reproduction, spreading (whatever its origin) to become the dominant form of land plant life.

question: What are animals also a part of?, answer: distribution of seeds | question: What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?, answer: Fruit | question: What does a plant get out of forming fruit?, answer: seed-dispersal | question: What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition?, answer: fragile | question: What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?, answer: flowering
Animals are generally considered to have evolved from a flagellated eukaryote. Their closest known living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have a morphology similar to the choanocytes of certain sponges. Molecular studies place animals in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal spermatozoa, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella.

question: It is believed that animals evolved from what?, answer: a flagellated eukaryote | question: What are the closest known living relatives of animals?, answer: choanoflagellates | question: What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?, answer: opisthokonts | question: The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?, answer: choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists | question: Where does the name opisthokonts come from?, answer: the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells
Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking rigid cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at certain life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a blastula stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals.

question: What sets animals apart from bacteria and most protists?, answer: Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular | question: What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?, answer: heterotrophic | question: What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?, answer: lacking rigid cell walls | question: The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?, answer: animals
Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). More characteristic of cooler northern and high elevation habitat is the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), whereas the Appalachian northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus), which closely resembles the southern flying squirrel, is confined to northern hardwood and spruce-fir forests.

question: How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?, answer: five species | question: What is the most commonly seen species?, answer: gray squirrel | question: What does the squirrel share its habitat with?, answer: larger fox squirrel | question: What is found more in the northern portions?, answer: red squirrel | question: Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?, answer: Appalachian northern flying squirrel
Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.

question: How do animals typically use the color green?, answer: camouflage | question: Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?, answer: reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment | question: What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?, answer: Turacoverdin | question: What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?, answer: ceruloplasmin | question: What is the green pigment in bile called?, answer: biliverdin
Anita Baker, Sade, Regina Belle, and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC, urban AC and smooth jazz listeners. Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends. In recent years, the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC, as an attempt to lure younger listeners.

question: Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?, answer: mainstream AC | question: What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?, answer: smooth jazz | question: When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?, answer: the weekends | question: What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?, answer: Smooth AC | question: What was the smooth jazz format renamed?, answer: to lure younger listeners
Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.

question: What form of government does Ann Arbor have?, answer: council-manager | question: How many voting members are there in the city- council?, answer: 11 | question: How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?, answer: two-year | question: Who is elected every even numbered year?, answer: mayor | question: How many council members are elected for the city's ward?, answer: Two