lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.

question: What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?, answer: several miles away from navigable water | question: Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?, answer: William Heath Davis | question: Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?, answer: Alonzo Horton | question: What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?, answer: the arrival of a railroad connection | question: What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?, answer: New Town
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

question: Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?, answer: the Soviet war in Afghanistan | question: When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?, answer: February 1989 | question: Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?, answer: United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China | question: Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?, answer: Soviets | question: Which group later became al-Qaeda?, answer: World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders
The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

question: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?, answer: through what is now Italy | question: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?, answer: pre-Christian times | question: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?, answer: 212 CE | question: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?, answer: Emperor Caracalla
The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

question: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?, answer: 2003 | question: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?, answer: anthropology | question: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?, answer: Austronesian | question: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?, answer: 1,500 BCE
The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.

question: When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin?, answer: at the turn of the 19th century. | question: What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution?, answer: the affluent middle-class | question: Who was Josiah Wedgewood?, answer: entrepreneurs | question: What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?, answer: urbanized social group | question: What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded?, answer: women
The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to *walo meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years.

question: How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?, answer: 3000 years | question: By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?, answer: canoe | question: How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?, answer: nine islands | question: On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?, answer: Eight | question: What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?, answer: eight standing together
The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.

question: What is another name for folwarks?, answer: manor farms | question: Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud., answer: obscurity and mystery | question: Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth., answer: late 18th century | question: WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined., answer: political and legal privileges
The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?, answer: obscure | question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?, answer: odwieczna | question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?, answer: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians | question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?, answer: Alexander the Great | question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?, answer: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens
The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?, answer: three | question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?, answer: Ionic and Aeolic | question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?, answer: fricative
The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Británico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here.

question: Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?, answer: Buceo neighborhood | question: Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?, answer: Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood | question: When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo?, answer: 1828 | question: When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?, answer: 1884
The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.

question: What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?, answer: federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue | question: What are states not bound by?, answer: federal interpretations of state law | question: What states that deference is one way only?, answer: Erie doctrine | question: What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?, answer: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law
The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

question: What is the other definition of the term dialect?, answer: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language | question: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?, answer: subordinate to the standard language | question: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?, answer: Italy | question: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?, answer: regional Italian | question: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?, answer: Latin
The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

question: Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?, answer: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. | question: What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?, answer: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | question: When did the russian civil war take place?, answer: 1917–22
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

question: What was the RIBA Library's first address?, answer: 9 Conduit Street | question: Where did RIBA move its library?, answer: 66 Portland Place | question: In what year did RIBA move its library?, answer: 1934 | question: Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?, answer: Adolf Loos
The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

question: The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?, answer: Chinese | question: The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?, answer: Communist Revolution | question: When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?, answer: 1949 | question: What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?, answer: the bamboo network
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

question: What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?, answer: pub landlord | question: What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?, answer: publican | question: Name one way regulars choose their Pubs?, answer: for their proximity to home or work | question: What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?, answer: pub landlord | question: What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?, answer: publican | question: What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?, answer: locals | question: Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?, answer: darts | question: What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?, answer: pool or snooker
The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?, answer: between the 6th and 10th centuries | question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?, answer: Orthodox Christianity | question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?, answer: Roman Catholicism | question: When did the East-West Schism begin?, answer: 11th century | question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?, answer: Orthodox
The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along an A-delta or C fiber. Because the A-delta fiber is thicker than the C fiber, and is thinly sheathed in an electrically insulating material (myelin), it carries its signal faster (5–30 m/s) than the unmyelinated C fiber (0.5–2 m/s). Pain evoked by the (faster) A-delta fibers is described as sharp and is felt first. This is followed by a duller pain, often described as burning, carried by the C fibers. These first order neurons enter the spinal cord via Lissauer's tract.

question: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?, answer: along an A-delta or C fiber | question: Which fiber is thicker?, answer: A-delta | question: What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?, answer: myelin | question: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?, answer: via Lissauer's tract | question: What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?, answer: sharp and is felt first
The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

question: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?, answer: carmine | question: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?, answer: change color | question: What was madder lake made from?, answer: rubia tinctorum plant | question: During what century did carmine start to see use?, answer: 15th | question: What was kermes lake made from?, answer: kermes insects