lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law.

question: What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?, answer: documents under domestic law | question: What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?, answer: convention, protocol, or simply agreement | question: What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?, answer: named something other than a treaty, | question: What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?, answer: the Treaty of Waitangi | question: Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?, answer: terminology
The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German".

question: The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?, answer: German
The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

question: What is the Latin word for federalism?, answer: foedus | question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century?, answer: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. | question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as?, answer: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?, answer: interchangeably | question: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?, answer: United States | question: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?, answer: Geologists | question: What is a naming term for asphalt?, answer: tar | question: What is asphalt called outside of the US?, answer: bitumen
The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.

question: When did Nadelmann write about global policing?, answer: 1993 | question: When did Sheptycki write about global policing?, answer: 1995 | question: What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?, answer: international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing
The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.

question: What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?, answer: piracy and theft | question: What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?, answer: piracy | question: What kind of property is copyright used for?, answer: intellectual property | question: What is the difference between robbery and piracy?, answer: related only to tangible property | question: In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?, answer: theft
The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

question: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?, answer: shallow | question: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?, answer: hyphen | question: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?, answer: located above | question: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember., answer: taller
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

question: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ?, answer: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. | question: What do the Grecian Romioi descendants of the Constantine rule believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?, answer: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome | question: What other cultures do the Romioi clam to be their birthright ?, answer: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well | question: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?, answer: Hellene" still meant pagan
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

question: How many counties did New York originally have?, answer: 12 | question: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?, answer: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham | question: When was West Farms created?, answer: 1846 | question: When was Morrisania created?, answer: 1855 | question: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?, answer: 1873
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?, answer: indigenous civilizations | question: When did the Olmecs flourish?, answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE | question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?, answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs | question: Who lived in the Yucatan?, answer: the Maya | question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?, answer: Tenochtitlan
The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

question: In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?, answer: Rockford, Illinois | question: At what venue did the test game occur?, answer: Rockford MetroCentre | question: Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?, answer: Chicago Politicians | question: On what date did the second test game take place?, answer: February 26, 1987 | question: The second test game was played in what arena?, answer: Rosemont Horizon
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

question: Somali food contains influences from what region?, answer: Southeast Asian | question: Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?, answer: monumental architecture | question: Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?, answer: Margaret Laurence | question: Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?, answer: Canadian | question: What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?, answer: novelist
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]

question: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?, answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus | question: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?, answer: presents the author's work in three parts | question: What is the goal of the textual critic?, answer: a "critical edition" | question: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?, answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. | question: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?, answer: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla) | question: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?, answer: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating) | question: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?, answer: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)
The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later.

question: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?, answer: 10 October 1962 | question: What did this new law require?, answer: all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective | question: What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?, answer: nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective | question: How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?, answer: ten years later | question: What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?, answer: The thalidomide tragedy | question: When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?, answer: 10 October 1962 | question: What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?, answer: FDA | question: Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?, answer: 1938 and 1962 | question: What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?, answer: 40 percent
The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

question: Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?, answer: the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect | question: Why does relying on these effects create concern?, answer: If these theories are slightly inaccurate | question: Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?, answer: a circular argument | question: What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?, answer: there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

question: In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?, answer: the 1930s and 1940s | question: What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?, answer: the modern evolutionary synthesis | question: Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?, answer: George C. Williams | question: What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?, answer: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency." | question: Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?, answer: Richard Dawkins
The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

question: What theories began to be put in wider practice?, answer: equal temperament | question: What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?, answer: a wider range of chromatic possibilities | question: What did Bach not use?, answer: equal temperament | question: A modern piano is generally what?, answer: tuned | question: What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?, answer: meantone
The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).

question: Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?, answer: a single dimension of time | question: In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?, answer: by how long light takes to travel that distance | question: What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?, answer: by an invariant interval | question: The invariant interval between events is independent of what?, answer: of the observer (and his velocity) | question: The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?, answer: space-like, light-like, or time-like
The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: "we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism."

question: Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?, answer: Stanford | question: Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?, answer: the American Journal of Human Genetics | question: Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?, answer: self | question: What is a problematic category in addition to race?, answer: sex | question: What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?, answer: biology
The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.

question: When was the thermionic triode invented?, answer: 1907 | question: What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?, answer: amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony | question: Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?, answer: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld | question: Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?, answer: Canada | question: What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?, answer: 1925
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

question: What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?, answer: caliper | question: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?, answer: thousandths of an inch | question: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?, answer: mm | question: Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?, answer: 0.0028 and 0.0071 in