lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.

question: What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?, answer: Iowa Barnstormers | question: Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?, answer: Super Bowl XXXIV | question: What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?, answer: St. Louis Rams | question: What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?, answer: TNN | question: What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?, answer: VooDoo
The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year, which began on the day when consuls first entered office—probably 1 May before 222 BC, 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC. The Julian calendar, which began in 45 BC, continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year. Even though the year used for dates changed, the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present.

question: What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?, answer: consular year | question: What event started the consular year?, answer: consuls first entered office | question: What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?, answer: 1 May | question: What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?, answer: 15 March | question: When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?, answer: 45 BC
The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Big Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994–95.

question: Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?, answer: In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005 | question: Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?, answer: due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. | question: Which two "Big Four" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?, answer: That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four | question: Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the "Big Four" to win the title, answer: Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95. | question: In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the "Big Four" since 2005?, answer: Tottenham | question: In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?, answer: fourth | question: In 2011-12, which club was the first non-"Big Four" team to win since 1994-95?, answer: Manchester City | question: In 2011-12, how many "Big Four" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?, answer: two | question: In 2005, which was the only non-"Big Four" team to break the top four?, answer: Everton
The young Feynman was heavily influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thinking, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother he gained the sense of humor that he had throughout his life. As a child, he had a talent for engineering, maintained an experimental laboratory in his home, and delighted in repairing radios. When he was in grade school, he created a home burglar alarm system while his parents were out for the day running errands.

question: What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?, answer: humor | question: What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?, answer: father | question: What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?, answer: radios | question: As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?, answer: home burglar alarm system | question: What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?, answer: engineering
The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna Sātakarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.

question: What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?, answer: Śātavāhana Empire | question: Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?, answer: Hinduism and Buddhism | question: What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?, answer: coins | question: When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?, answer: 3rd century CE | question: From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?, answer: foreign invaders
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the French government, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal at 2 rue de Richelieu, next to the Louvre. of Other famous theaters include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, next to the Luxembourg Gardens, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador, and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.

question: When was the oldest Paris theater founded?, answer: 1680 | question: What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?, answer: Comédie-Française | question: Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?, answer: French government | question: What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?, answer: the Louvre
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

question: What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?, answer: Mediterranean universities | question: What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?, answer: prince or monarch | question: From where did a degree come in a madrasa?, answer: individual teachers | question: In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?, answer: 10th
Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

question: What did the AEA name their last plane?, answer: Silver Dart | question: Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?, answer: J.A.D. McCurdy | question: What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?, answer: a doctor | question: What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?, answer: Canadian Aerodrome Company | question: On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?, answer: February 23
Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

question: In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?, answer: 1949 | question: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?, answer: 7–1 | question: In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?, answer: 1954 | question: To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed?, answer: Syd Owen | question: After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?, answer: Uruguay
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

question: What is the basis behind Catholic theology?, answer: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time | question: What ways can God interact with the universe?, answer: religious experience and the prayers of humans | question: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?, answer: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world | question: What is the suffix theism used for?, answer: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods | question: What are examples of different types of theism?, answer: monotheism or polytheism | question: What three points do most theists agree on?, answer: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, | question: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?, answer: Catholic | question: What does theism mean in general?, answer: belief in a god or gods
Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, the end of the world and doomsday, resurrection, and the afterlife. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and Islamic philosophy.

question: What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?, answer: 1213–1288 | question: What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?, answer: science fiction | question: What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?, answer: scientific knowledge
Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.

question: What classification guide did Theophrastus create?, answer: the first taxonomy | question: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?, answer: 77 AD | question: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?, answer: the octahedral shape | question: Who do engravers use diamond dust for?, answer: to cut and polish other gems | question: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?, answer: was a fossilized resin
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.

question: What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?, answer: 20% | question: What kind of bird flies less efficiently?, answer: a bird that loads itself with food | question: What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?, answer: Swainson's thrush | question: Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?, answer: far east across North America
Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders and families before the Edo Period. Bushido was an ideal, and it remained fairly uniform from the 13th century to the 19th century — the ideals of Bushido transcended social class, time and geographic location of the warrior class.

question: Who were most samurais' lords?, answer: daimyo | question: Whose teachings did all samurai read?, answer: Confucius and Mencius | question: What did Bushido transcend?, answer: social class, time and geographic location | question: When was Bushido formalized?, answer: before the Edo Period | question: Who formalized Bushido?, answer: several influential leaders and families
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

question: What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?, answer: Gut Reactions | question: What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?, answer: Feelings | question: What is Laird's job title?, answer: psychologist | question: What is Jesse Prinz's profession?, answer: philosopher | question: What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?, answer: the perceptual theory
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?, answer: Theories of coregulation | question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?, answer: Egypt | question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?, answer: Harold Innis | question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?, answer: Space Binding | question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?, answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires
Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:

question: From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?, answer: pelycosaurs | question: Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?, answer: 265 million years ago | question: At which group did Therapsids end with?, answer: probainognathian cynodonts
There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females. The 20–24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25–29 range with 24,700 people and then 30–34 years with 17,800. By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second largest on the South Coast after Plymouth.

question: Are there more males or females in Southampton?, answer: males | question: What age range contains the most people from Southampton?, answer: 20–24 | question: How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?, answer: 17,800 | question: How many women live in Southampton?, answer: 117,400 | question: What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?, answer: Plymouth
There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Zürich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]

question: How many universities are in Switzerland?, answer: 12 | question: How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?, answer: ten | question: When was the first university in Switzerland founded?, answer: 1460 | question: What is the biggest university in Switzerland?, answer: University of Zurich | question: How many students attend the University of Zurich?, answer: nearly 25,000