lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism, the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty, self-determination and personal responsibility, it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society. Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance.

question: How can associationism be defined?, answer: the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines | question: What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?, answer: associationism, | question: Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?, answer: the Renaissance
The predominant religions in Zhejiang are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 23.02% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.62% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 3.92% in 2004. The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 74.36% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

question: What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?, answer: Chinese Buddhism | question: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?, answer: 23.02% | question: According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?, answer: 2.62% | question: What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?, answer: 3.92% | question: What percent of the population may be irreligious?, answer: 74.36%
The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?, answer: Thomistic | question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?, answer: University of Paris | question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?, answer: William of Ockham | question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?, answer: Occam's razor | question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?, answer: heretical
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th-century or contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era, such as Classical or Romantic. Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically similar to works of the Classical era.

question: A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?, answer: neo | question: What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?, answer: 20th-century | question: Who wrote Pulcinella?, answer: Stravinsky's | question: What era is Pulcinella similar to?, answer: Classical
The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.

question: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?, answer: The presence of companies like Shell | question: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?, answer: old and corroded | question: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?, answer: new | question: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?, answer: responsibility for environmental causes | question: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?, answer: boycott Shell
The presence of pain in an animal cannot be known for certain, but it can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions. Specialists currently believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, might too. As for other animals, plants, or other entities, their ability to feel physical pain is at present a question beyond scientific reach, since no mechanism is known by which they could have such a feeling. In particular, there are no known nociceptors in groups such as plants, fungi, and most insects, except for instance in fruit flies.

question: What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?, answer: presence | question: An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?, answer: pain | question: Who do specialists believe can feel pain?, answer: vertebrates | question: No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?, answer: plants | question: What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?, answer: nociceptors
The presence of the University of California, San Diego and other research institutions has helped to fuel biotechnology growth. In 2013, San Diego has the second-largest biotech cluster in the United States, below the Boston area and above the San Francisco Bay Area. There are more than 400 biotechnology companies in the area. In particular, the La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley areas are home to offices and research facilities for numerous biotechnology companies. Major biotechnology companies like Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences are headquartered in San Diego, while many biotech and pharmaceutical companies have offices or research facilities in San Diego. San Diego is also home to more than 140 contract research organizations (CROs) that provide a variety of contract services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

question: What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?, answer: University of California | question: What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?, answer: Boston | question: How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?, answer: 140 | question: What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?, answer: La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley | question: What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?, answer: Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences
The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

question: Who was present under the cross?, answer: Virgin Mary | question: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?, answer: Marian Cross | question: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?, answer: Pope John Paul II | question: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion., answer: Raphael | question: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?, answer: Caravaggio
The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records) was overseen by Professor Franz Six and was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number is not accurately known, it is estimated that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime. Masonic concentration camp inmates were graded as political prisoners and wore an inverted red triangle.

question: How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?, answer: between 80,000 and 200,000 | question: What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?, answer: political prisoners | question: What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?, answer: inverted red triangle | question: Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?, answer: Professor Franz Six | question: Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?, answer: The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office) | question: What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?, answer: Reichssicherheitshauptamt | question: Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?, answer: Professor Franz Six | question: How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?, answer: between 80,000 and 200,000 | question: What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?, answer: an inverted red triangle.
The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.

question: Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?, answer: president | question: What group is Mali's sole legislative party?, answer: The unicameral National Assembly | question: The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?, answer: 113 | question: How many legislative assemblies are held each year?, answer: two regular sessions | question: Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?, answer: prime minister
The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns.

question: What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?, answer: HIV | question: What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?, answer: 1.8% | question: How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage?, answer: 20% | question: What does retroviral coverage help prevent?, answer: transmission to newborns | question: Who receives retroviral coverage?, answer: infected pregnant women
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others experience several bouts a day, or it may occur only once every week or two. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.

question: What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?, answer: nearly 82% | question: What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?, answer: 54% | question: What may accompany urination for amputees?, answer: phantom limb pain | question: What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?, answer: become sensitized | question: After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?, answer: 65 percent
The priesthoods of public religion were held by members of the elite classes. There was no principle analogous to separation of church and state in ancient Rome. During the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), the same men who were elected public officials might also serve as augurs and pontiffs. Priests married, raised families, and led politically active lives. Julius Caesar became pontifex maximus before he was elected consul. The augurs read the will of the gods and supervised the marking of boundaries as a reflection of universal order, thus sanctioning Roman expansionism as a matter of divine destiny. The Roman triumph was at its core a religious procession in which the victorious general displayed his piety and his willingness to serve the public good by dedicating a portion of his spoils to the gods, especially Jupiter, who embodied just rule. As a result of the Punic Wars (264–146 BC), when Rome struggled to establish itself as a dominant power, many new temples were built by magistrates in fulfillment of a vow to a deity for assuring their military success.

question: The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome?, answer: elite | question: Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans?, answer: Jupiter | question: What was the time span of the Roman Republic?, answer: 509–27 BC | question: What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome?, answer: church and state | question: As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals?, answer: Punic Wars
The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?, answer: the Baroque and early romantic eras | question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?, answer: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries | question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?, answer: the cadenzas to their piano concertos | question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?, answer: come scritto | question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?, answer: soprano Maria Callas
The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains "classical" photoreceptors ("rods" and "cones"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock.

question: Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?, answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus | question: Where are these cell groups found in humans?, answer: hypothalamus | question: What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?, answer: complete absence | question: What provides information to the SCN?, answer: eyes | question: What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?, answer: ganglion
The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States. The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.

question: How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?, answer: tenth-busiest | question: How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?, answer: 182 | question: When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?, answer: 2006 | question: Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?, answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport | question: What is Houston's primary airport?, answer: George Bush Intercontinental Airport
The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead) other than their hands or arms. Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.

question: When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?, answer: throw-in restart | question: A ball cannot be received in what type of position?, answer: offside | question: throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?, answer: the pitch | question: Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?, answer: goalkeepers
The primary motivation for migration appears to be food; for example, some hummingbirds choose not to migrate if fed through the winter. Also, the longer days of the northern summer provide extended time for breeding birds to feed their young. This helps diurnal birds to produce larger clutches than related non-migratory species that remain in the tropics. As the days shorten in autumn, the birds return to warmer regions where the available food supply varies little with the season.

question: What is the primary motivation for migration?, answer: food | question: Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?, answer: hummingbirds | question: When do the birds return to warmer regions?, answer: autumn | question: what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?, answer: time for breeding birds to feed their young. | question: What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?, answer: larger clutches
The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.

question: What is price stability defined as?, answer: inflation of under 2% | question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?, answer: over the medium term | question: When did the Governing Council define price stability?, answer: October 1998 | question: What is the primary goal of the ECB?, answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone | question: Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?, answer: Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.

question: What is the main mission of the ECB?, answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone | question: What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?, answer: Article 16 of its Statute | question: How can a member state use euro coins?, answer: the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand | question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?, answer: Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB | question: Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?, answer: Article 3 of the Statute
The primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Naumann in 1795, as well as physiological changes such as increased fat deposition. The occurrence of Zugunruhe even in cage-raised birds with no environmental cues (e.g. shortening of day and falling temperature) has pointed to the role of circannual endogenous programs in controlling bird migrations. Caged birds display a preferential flight direction that corresponds with the migratory direction they would take in nature, changing their preferential direction at roughly the same time their wild conspecifics change course.

question: What is the primary cue for migration?, answer: changes in the day length | question: How do birds act in the period before migration?, answer: higher activity | question: What does Zugunruhe mean in English?, answer: migratory restlessness | question: What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?, answer: preferential flight direction | question: When do caged birds change their preferential direction?, answer: the same time their wild conspecifics change course