lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?, answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. | question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?, answer: An aspirated affricate
When auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack of several records above the turntable itself, dropping them one at a time onto the active turntable to be played in order. Many longer sound recordings, such as complete operas, were interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms, so that the first disk of a three-disk recording would carry sides 1 and 6 of the program, while the second disk would carry sides 2 and 5, and the third, sides 3 and 4, allowing sides 1, 2, and 3 to be played automatically; then the whole stack reversed to play sides 4, 5, and 6.

question: Where were records made with raised label areas?, answer: reducing the risk of damage | question: Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems?, answer: interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms | question: Do grooves on records touch when stacked?, answer: allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact | question: Do records touch when in auto changers?, answer: Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack
When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be un-original, hence establishing a "critical text", or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both "external" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and "internal" or "physical" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).

question: Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?, answer: witnesses | question: What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?, answer: variant readings, or simply variants or readings. | question: How or why do variations enter a witness text?, answer: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship) | question: As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?, answer: document variant readings | question: Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?, answer: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.
When discussing peer relationships among adolescents it is also important to include information in regards to how they communicate with one another. An important aspect of communication is the channel used. Channel, in this respect, refers to the form of communication, be it face-to-face, email, text message, phone or other. Teens are heavy users of newer forms of communication such as text message and social-networking websites such as Facebook, especially when communicating with peers. Adolescents use online technology to experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups, such as increasing the amount of friends acquired on Facebook and other social media sites. Some adolescents use these newer channels to enhance relationships with peers however there can be negative uses as well such as cyberbullying, as mentioned previously, and negative impacts on the family.

question: How do adolescents use online technology?, answer: experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups | question: To what does "channel" refer in terms if adolescent communication?, answer: form of communication | question: What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?, answer: cyberbullying
When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.

question: Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?, answer: monotremes | question: Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?, answer: Triassic | question: Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?, answer: maintenance of a high and stable body temperature
When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, "My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned."

question: How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?, answer: five | question: What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?, answer: scarlet parliamentary robes | question: Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?, answer: the senior | question: Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?, answer: The Lords Reading Clerk
When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

question: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?, answer: colonel | question: What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?, answer: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard | question: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?, answer: blue | question: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?, answer: white | question: What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?, answer: white
When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

question: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?, answer: al-Nahda al-Masria | question: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?, answer: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom | question: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?, answer: British rule | question: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?, answer: Two | question: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?, answer: constitution
When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed]

question: What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?, answer: anti-infective | question: How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?, answer: Several | question: What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?, answer: severity and the type of infection | question: How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?, answer: with intravenous antibiotics | question: How do antibiotics work?, answer: slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria
When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to "Radio Ga Ga". Brian May stated: "I'd never seen anything like that in my life and it wasn't calculated either. We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents because of the (music) video. I remember thinking 'oh great, they've picked it up' and then I thought 'this is not a Queen audience'. This is a general audience who've bought tickets before they even knew we were on the bill. And they all did it. How did they know? Nobody told them to do it."

question: The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?, answer: Radio Ga Ga | question: Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?, answer: Brian May | question: What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?, answer: (music) video
When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.

question: The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?, answer: civil and criminal cases | question: What court has supremacy for matters of social security?, answer: Bundessozialgericht | question: What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?, answer: Bundesarbeitsgericht | question: Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?, answer: Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe
When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about "edge effects" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.

question: what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?, answer: implosive lens project was greatly expanded | question: What was the tolerance limit for implosion "edge effect"?, answer: not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry | question: Who constructed Trinity bomb?, answer: George Kistiakowsky | question: In what year was Trinity bomb completed?, answer: 1945
When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea".

question: What are students taught to memorize?, answer: native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning | question: What is name of the hanja?, answer: mul-su | question: What is the Korean pronunciation of water?, answer: mul
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

question: What is used asphalt turned back into?, answer: new pavement mixtures | question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?, answer: 99% | question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?, answer: 95% | question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?, answer: maintenance | question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road?, answer: worn or damaged
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.

question: The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?, answer: 1571 | question: The Morean War took place during which years?, answer: 1684–1699 | question: The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?, answer: 1770 | question: The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?, answer: Russian | question: During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?, answer: Ottoman Empire
When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population it is called polymorphic. Most different alleles are functionally equivalent, however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits. A gene's most common allele is called the wild type, and rare alleles are called mutants. The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift. The wild-type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles, nor is it necessarily fitter.

question: What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?, answer: polymorphic | question: What can some alleles give rise to?, answer: different phenotypic traits | question: What is a gene's most common allele known as?, answer: the wild type | question: What are rare alleles called?, answer: mutants | question: What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?, answer: genetic drift
When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, an embroidered fez.

question: What is a koofiyad?, answer: an embroidered fez | question: What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?, answer: the macawis | question: Where is the macawis worn?, answer: around the waist | question: What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?, answer: sarong | question: Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?, answer: turban
When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.

question: What are factors that determine shaft torque?, answer: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density | question: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?, answer: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth | question: What limits excessive torque?, answer: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage
When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace. They are allocated a large suite of rooms known as the Belgian Suite, situated at the foot of the Minister's Staircase, on the ground floor of the north-facing Garden Wing. The rooms of the suite are linked by narrow corridors, one of them is given extra height and perspective by saucer domes designed by Nash in the style of Soane. A second corridor in the suite has Gothic influenced cross over vaulting. The Belgian Rooms themselves were decorated in their present style and named after Prince Albert's uncle Léopold I, first King of the Belgians. In 1936, the suite briefly became the private apartments of the palace when they were occupied by King Edward VIII.

question: Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?, answer: the Belgian Suite | question: What floor are the Belgian Suites located?, answer: ground floor | question: The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?, answer: the Minister's Staircase | question: How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?, answer: by narrow corridors | question: What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?, answer: the style of Soane | question: Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?, answer: the Belgian Suite | question: The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?, answer: Minister's Staircase | question: On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?, answer: the ground floor | question: How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?, answer: by narrow corridors | question: The saucer domes are in whose style?, answer: the style of Soane
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.

question: How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?, answer: define and talk about a particular conception of race | question: What can be said to be a social construct?, answer: races | question: What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?, answer: legal, economic, and sociopolitical | question: Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?, answer: major social situations | question: What effect does race have in the lives of people?, answer: real material