lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010. After two years of financial struggle, the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012. The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers.

question: How many major papers are published?, answer: two | question: What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?, answer: Philadelphia Inquirer | question: Who owns the major papers in the city?, answer: Interstate General Media
Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

question: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?, answer: Philip II of Spain | question: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?, answer: Spain and Portugal | question: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?, answer: Friday, 15 October 1582 | question: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?, answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582 | question: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?, answer: delay in communication
Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. In 352 BC he annexed Thessaly and Magnesia. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. In the aftermath, Philip formed the League of Corinth, effectively bringing the majority of Greece under his direct sway. He was elected Hegemon of the league, and a campaign against the Achaemenid Empire of Persia was planned. However, while this campaign was in its early stages, he was assassinated.

question: When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?, answer: 352 BC | question: Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?, answer: Philip II | question: When was the Battle of Chaeronea?, answer: 338 BC | question: Who formed the League of Corinth?, answer: Philip | question: Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?, answer: Achaemenid Empire of Persia
Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

question: When did Doson die?, answer: 221 BC | question: Who took control when Doson died?, answer: Philip V | question: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?, answer: Philip V | question: What was Philip V known as?, answer: the darling of Hellas | question: When was the Peace of Naupactus?, answer: 217 BC
Philips' preferred name for the format was "VLP", after the Dutch words Video Langspeel-Plaat ("Video long-play disc"), which in English-speaking countries stood for Video Long-Play. The first consumer player, the Magnavox VH-8000 even had the VLP logo on the player. For a while in the early and mid-1970s, Philips also discussed a compatible audio-only format they called "ALP", but that was soon dropped as the Compact Disc system became a non-compatible project in the Philips corporation. Until early 1980, the format had no "official" name. The LaserVision Association, made up of MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox, was formed to standardize the technical specifications of the format (which had been causing problems for the consumer market) and finally named the system officially as "LaserVision".

question: What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?, answer: Video Long-Play | question: What was the first consumer VLP player?, answer: Magnavox VH-8000 | question: Which group officially chose the name "Laservision"?, answer: The LaserVision Association | question: The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?, answer: MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox
Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the diencephalon (particularly the thalamus), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.

question: What is the thalamus a part of?, answer: the diencephalon | question: Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?, answer: Cannon | question: What creatures did Bard experiment on?, answer: animals | question: Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?, answer: physiological
Philosophical empiricists hold no knowledge to be properly inferred or deduced unless it is derived from one's sense-based experience. This view is commonly contrasted with rationalism, which states that knowledge may be derived from reason independently of the senses. For example, John Locke held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone. Similarly Robert Boyle, a prominent advocate of the experimental method, held that we have innate ideas. The main continental rationalists (Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz) were also advocates of the empirical "scientific method".

question: What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?, answer: rationalism | question: Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?, answer: reason independently of the senses | question: What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?, answer: knowledge of God's existence | question: What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?, answer: intuition and reasoning alone | question: Where were the main European rationalists?, answer: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.

question: What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?, answer: Philosophy | question: Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?, answer: academic journals | question: Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?, answer: Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche | question: What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?, answer: logic | question: Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?, answer: mathematics
Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject focuses on a number of basic issues, including whether or not time and space exist independently of the mind, whether they exist independently of one another, what accounts for time's apparently unidirectional flow, whether times other than the present moment exist, and questions about the nature of identity (particularly the nature of identity over time).

question: Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?, answer: Philosophy of space and time | question: The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?, answer: early analytic philosophy | question: The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?, answer: the mind | question: The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time?, answer: unidirectional
Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?, answer: Navajo | question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?, answer: an extended length of the frication
Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation.

question: Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?, answer: prosody | question: Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?, answer: feeding | question: Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?, answer: Phonology | question: Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?, answer: prosody
Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis either at a level beneath the word (including syllable, onset and rime, articulatory gestures, articulatory features, mora, etc.) or at all levels of language where sound is considered to be structured for conveying linguistic meaning. Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign languages.

question: What is phonology a branch of?, answer: linguistics | question: What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology?, answer: phonemes | question: The study of sign language is a part of what?, answer: Phonology
Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive linguistics, and phonology to theoretical linguistics, although establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence. Note that this distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the phoneme in the mid 20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as psycholinguistics and speech perception, resulting in specific areas like articulatory phonology or laboratory phonology.

question: What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?, answer: phonetics | question: What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?, answer: descriptive | question: Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?, answer: linguistics | question: When was the phonome's modern concept developed?, answer: mid 20th century | question: What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics?, answer: speech perception
Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). Due to the simplicity of manufacturing the phosphor method is still the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs. The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex RGB system, and the majority of high-intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion.

question: What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?, answer: the spectral distribution of the resultant light output | question: What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?, answer: phosphor method | question: Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?, answer: heat loss from the Stokes shift | question: What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?, answer: 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy | question: What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?, answer: monochrome
Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.

question: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?, answer: 100 | question: When were Photo CDs initially released?, answer: 1992 | question: Who created Photo CDs?, answer: Kodak | question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?, answer: photographic paper | question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?, answer: Beige Book
Photo Gallery is an optional application to view, create and group photos from PS3, which is installed separately from the system software at 105 MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists. The software was updated with the release of system software version 3.40 allowing users to upload and browse photos on Facebook and Picasa.

question: What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?, answer: Photo Gallery | question: What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?, answer: 2.60 | question: After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?, answer: Facebook | question: Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?, answer: separately | question: Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?, answer: facial expressions
Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases.

question: Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?, answer: has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. | question: Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?, answer: The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance | question: What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?, answer: increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus | question: What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?, answer: aerobic exercises
Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. In some cultures, extreme practices such as mortification of the flesh or painful rites of passage are highly regarded.

question: What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?, answer: political | question: Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?, answer: deliberate infliction | question: How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?, answer: deter | question: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?, answer: extreme | question: What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?, answer: an offence
Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.

question: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?, answer: safety | question: What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?, answer: rough | question: What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?, answer: body | question: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?, answer: Clothes | question: What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?, answer: UV
Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. from databases before the inception of Structured Query Language (SQL). The data recovered was disparate, redundant and disorderly, since there was no proper method to fetch it and arrange it in a concrete structure.[citation needed]

question: What do most database applications contain?, answer: DBMSs | question: What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?, answer: RAID | question: How can large quantities of data be accessed?, answer: Hardware database accelerators | question: What is required for a modern DBMS to function?, answer: standard operating system
Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.

question: Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?, answer: Physician Valerius Cordus | question: What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?, answer: John Gerard | question: Who is considered the father of natural history?, answer: Ulisse Aldrovandi | question: Who coined the term cells?, answer: Robert Hooke | question: In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?, answer: cork
Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.

question: Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?, answer: The brain | question: What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?, answer: reflexes | question: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?, answer: spinal cord or peripheral ganglia