lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.

question: Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?, answer: Vladimir Komarov | question: When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?, answer: April 24, 1967
Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.

question: Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?, answer: 1976
Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

question: Which law established Glasgow's police?, answer: Glasgow Police Act | question: When was Glasgow's police force established?, answer: 1800 | question: Which law established Ireland's police?, answer: Irish Constabulary Act | question: When was Ireland's police force established?, answer: 1822 | question: What was Ireland's police force called?, answer: Royal Irish Constabulary
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.

question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?, answer: the 2000s | question: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?, answer: 34 percent | question: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?, answer: Japan | question: How are MP3s compressed?, answer: lossily-compressed | question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?, answer: 2000s | question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?, answer: Internet-based distribution of files
Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

question: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?, answer: Measures | question: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?, answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General | question: What were "measures" in Wales?, answer: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011 | question: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?, answer: 2006 and 2011 | question: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?, answer: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

question: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?, answer: imprecise definitions of corruption | question: When did indices on corruption first appear?, answer: 1995 | question: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?, answer: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

question: What were analog computers originally used for?, answer: astronomical calculations | question: During what war were computers first used for military applications?, answer: World War II, | question: In computer terms, what does PC stand for?, answer: personal computers | question: During what war were the first digital computers invented?, answer: World War II
Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

question: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?, answer: twice | question: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?, answer: Mechanical | question: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?, answer: acid-free
Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.

question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?, answer: the plate spacing | question: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?, answer: with a screw | question: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?, answer: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes | question: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?, answer: depletion region | question: What is an application of varactors?, answer: phase-locked loops
Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

question: Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?, answer: Microsoft | question: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?, answer: to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem | question: What was MTP originally designed for?, answer: use with portable media players | question: Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?, answer: MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does
Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.

question: What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?, answer: NBCUniversal | question: What was NBC's parent company in 2009?, answer: General Electric | question: What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?, answer: 51% | question: What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?, answer: Vivendi | question: What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?, answer: Time Warner
Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

question: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?, answer: cholera and tuberculosis | question: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?, answer: Malaria | question: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?, answer: 85–91 | question: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?, answer: HIV/AIDS | question: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?, answer: immunization
Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

question: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?, answer: Praxagoras of Kos | question: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?, answer: Herophilos | question: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?, answer: Empiric | question: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?, answer: Herophilos
Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most famous text is the Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta, which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical procedures.

question: Where are the Neolithic graveyards?, answer: Pakistan | question: What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?, answer: proto-dentistry | question: What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?, answer: Ayurveda | question: What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?, answer: Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta | question: What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?, answer: surgical procedures
Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

question: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?, answer: South India | question: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?, answer: military, economic and cultural | question: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?, answer: whole of Southern India | question: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel?, answer: Monumental | question: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as?, answer: sea power
Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

question: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?, answer: Medieval political philosophy in Europe | question: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?, answer: Mutazalite Islamic thinking | question: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe?, answer: St. Thomas Aquinas
Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

question: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?, answer: Bishop Etienne Tempier | question: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?, answer: 14th century | question: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?, answer: God could create a vacuum if he so wished. | question: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?, answer: nature abhorred a vacuum | question: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?, answer: horror vacui
Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval") derives from medium aevum. Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.

question: Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?, answer: Four Empires | question: What writer referred to the Christian period as new?, answer: Petrarch | question: Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?, answer: Leonardo Bruni | question: When was the History of the Florentine People published?, answer: 1442 | question: Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?, answer: Christoph Cellarius
Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

question: Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?, answer: Medievalist specialists | question: What are two examples of waqfs?, answer: madrasa and jāmiʻah | question: What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?, answer: Islamic college | question: What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?, answer: corporate element
Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death" on the date of the Jewish Passover.

question: How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?, answer: three times each week | question: What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?, answer: songs (hymns) and brief prayers | question: How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?, answer: "territory" they usually reside | question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?, answer: meetings | question: Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?, answer: Kingdom Halls