lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked, lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata; upon arrival, he was found to be dead. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a cross-fire and died from his bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility. Gaddafi's son Mutassim, who had also been among the convoy, was also captured, and found dead several hours later, most probably from an extrajudicial execution. Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; tied up and abused, the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. Libya's chief forensic pathologist, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi, his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head, the autopsy report was not made public.

question: Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?, answer: Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi | question: What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?, answer: Mutassim | question: Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?, answer: Misrata | question: Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?, answer: Dr. Othman al-Zintani | question: How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?, answer: 66
A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

question: What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?, answer: P-N junction | question: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?, answer: electroluminescence | question: Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?, answer: the conduction band | question: Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?, answer: holes existing in the P-region | question: Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?, answer: to recombine the electrons and the holes
A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.

question: What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?, answer: speed control | question: What is another name for PM fields?, answer: stators | question: What design feature does a PM motor lack?, answer: field winding | question: What do field windings provide?, answer: flux
A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the priesthood after a period of study.

question: If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?, answer: baptism | question: What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?, answer: marriage | question: Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?, answer: Protestant ministers who become Catholics | question: Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?, answer: re-baptized | question: Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?, answer: the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church
A Royal Charter in 1952 upgraded University College at Highfield to the University of Southampton. Southampton acquired city status, becoming the City of Southampton in 1964.

question: What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?, answer: Royal Charter | question: What is the new name of University College at Highfield?, answer: University of Southampton | question: When did Southampton officially become a city?, answer: 1964 | question: In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?, answer: 1952
A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

question: Who organized the Spanish expedition?, answer: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala | question: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?, answer: 22 January 1724 | question: Who was one significant early italian resident?, answer: Jorge Burgues
A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.

question: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?, answer: TiVo | question: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?, answer: YouTube for TV | question: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV, answer: YouTube XL | question: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?, answer: the Roku player | question: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?, answer: October 2014
A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the "other Muslims" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.

question: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?, answer: Timur | question: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?, answer: 17 December 1398 | question: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?, answer: in ruins | question: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?, answer: 100,000 | question: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?, answer: sayyids
A UCLA research study published in the June 2006 issue of the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry found that people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction into their daily lives. This study examined 17 subjects, (average age 53) with normal memory performance. Eight subjects were asked to follow a "brain healthy" diet, relaxation, physical, and mental exercise (brain teasers and verbal memory training techniques). After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. No long term follow up was conducted, it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.

question: Can one increase their brain efficency?, answer: people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency | question: What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?, answer: simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction | question: In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?, answer: After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. | question: Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?, answer: it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.
A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a "bit stuff violation" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.

question: What is a USB packet's end called?, answer: EOP (end-of-packet) | question: What can skew due to hubs add?, answer: as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet | question: What can this extra bit result in?, answer: "bit stuff violation
A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastity that was strictly enforced: a Vestal polluted by the loss of her chastity while in office was buried alive. Thus the exceptional honor accorded a Vestal was religious rather than personal or social; her privileges required her to be fully devoted to the performance of her duties, which were considered essential to the security of Rome.

question: What vow was required of Vestals?, answer: chastity | question: How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?, answer: essential | question: What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?, answer: buried alive | question: What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?, answer: devoted | question: What was the honor granted a Vestal ?, answer: religious
A Yagi-Uda array uses passive elements to greatly increase gain. It is built along a support boom that is pointed toward the signal, and thus sees no induced signal and does not contribute to the antenna's operation. The end closer to the source is referred to as the front. Near the rear is a single active element, typically a half-wave dipole or folded dipole. Passive elements are arranged in front (directors) and behind (reflectors) the active element along the boom. The Yagi has the inherent quality that it becomes increasingly directional, and thus has higher gain, as the number of elements increases. However, this also makes it increasingly sensitive to changes in frequency; if the signal frequency changes, not only does the active element receive less energy directly, but all of the passive elements adding to that signal also decrease their output as well and their signals no longer reach the active element in-phase.

question: What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?, answer: Yagi-Uda array | question: Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?, answer: does not contribute | question: What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?, answer: directors | question: Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?, answer: increasingly directional
A ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36, would have changed the way in which the state apportions its electoral votes. Rather than assigning all 9 of the state's electors to the candidate with a plurality of popular votes, under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system (Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district). Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College, and the amendment ultimately failed, receiving only 34% of the vote.

question: What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?, answer: ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36 | question: What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?, answer: under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system | question: Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?, answer: Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district) | question: Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?, answer: Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College | question: Did Amendment 36 get passed?, answer: the amendment ultimately failed
A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart. The name derives from the town of Bantam in Java where European sailors bought the local small chickens for their shipboard supplies. Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs. They are kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.

question: What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?, answer: A bantam | question: How are bantams different from other chickens?, answer: A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a "true bantam" with no larger counterpart | question: Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?, answer: Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs | question: Where are bantams kept?, answer: kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing.
A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted "H+" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species.

question: What is another term for a bare proton?, answer: H+
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.

question: What was established around the city?, answer: fortifications | question: Where is Fort Podbielski located?, answer: Mundolsheim | question: Where is Fort Bismark located?, answer: Wolfisheim | question: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?, answer: Holtzheim | question: Where is Fort Roon Located?, answer: Mundolsheim
A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign "Tardy Book", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the "Bill". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a "run" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.

question: What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?, answer: a "run" | question: Where is the "Tardy Book" kept?, answer: School Office | question: How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?, answer: typically three days | question: When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?, answer: the "Bill" | question: What is another term for rustication?, answer: suspension
A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.

question: When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?, answer: 1890s | question: What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?, answer: 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies | question: When did new construction start in Melbourne?, answer: late 1890s | question: When did Australia have a banking crisis?, answer: 1893. | question: During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?, answer: early 1890s | question: How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?, answer: 133 | question: How many "land banks" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?, answer: 16 | question: The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?, answer: Australian | question: When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?, answer: late 1890s
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.

question: What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?, answer: A brewery tap | question: If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?, answer: the nearest pub | question: What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?, answer: brewpub
A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.

question: What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?, answer: A broad operational definition | question: What is the broad operational definition of a gene?, answer: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products | question: What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?, answer: their specific DNA loci | question: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?, answer: their functional products (proteins or RNA) | question: What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?, answer: regulatory elements
A broad way of defining adolescence is the transition from child-to-adulthood. According to Hogan & Astone (1986), this transition can include markers such as leaving school, starting a full-time job, leaving the home of origin, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time. However, the time frame of this transition varies drastically by culture. In some countries, such as the United States, adolescence can last nearly a decade, but in others, the transition—often in the form of a ceremony—can last for only a few days.

question: The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?, answer: adolescence | question: How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?, answer: nearly a decade | question: Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?, answer: varies drastically by culture | question: Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?, answer: adolescence
A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

question: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?, answer: browser extension