lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems, then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems. Mendel's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes, or germ cells, ensuring variation in the next generation. Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes (including a number of well-known genetic disorders) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division.

question: Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive?, answer: at a locus | question: When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to?, answer: their corresponding phenotypes | question: When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype?, answer: when paired with another copy of the same allele | question: When do alleles assort independently?, answer: in the production of gametes | question: What are gametes?, answer: germ cells
Allied submarines did not adopt a defensive posture and wait for the enemy to attack. Within hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, in retribution against Japan, Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine: unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan. This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Axis-controlled waters, without warning and without help to survivors.[nb 13] At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific the Dutch Admiral in charge of the naval defense of the East Indies, Conrad Helfrich, gave instructions to wage war aggressively. His small force of submarines sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and US navies together, an exploit which earned him the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich". The Dutch force were in fact the first to sink an enemy warship; On 24 December 1941, HNLMS K XVI torpedoed and sank the Japanese destroyer Sagiri.

question: What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan?, answer: unrestricted submarine warfare | question: Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?, answer: Conrad Helfrich | question: What was the nickname given to the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?, answer: "Ship-a-day Helfrich" | question: What was the first Japanese warship to be sunk by submarine?, answer: Sagiri | question: When was the first Japanese warship sunk by a submarine?, answer: 24 December 1941
Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties. For example, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. In later times bronze has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc.

question: What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?, answer: combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals | question: Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?, answer: alloys | question: When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?, answer: Bronze | question: When was the bronze age?, answer: prehistoric period | question: Copper and zinc combine to make what?, answer: Brass
Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?, answer: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze | question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?, answer: 4500 BC | question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?, answer: 3700–3300 BC | question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?, answer: Chalcolithic | question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc?, answer: Brass
Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bending, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized. However, some alloys can also have their properties altered by heat treatment. Nearly all metals can be softened by annealing, which recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects, but not as many can be hardened by controlled heating and cooling. Many alloys of aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened to some degree by some method of heat treatment, but few respond to this to the same degree that steel does.

question: What kind of treatment can be made to alter it's properties?, answer: heat treatment | question: Softening metals can be achieved by?, answer: annealing | question: Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?, answer: heat treatment | question: Annealling softens metals by achieving what?, answer: recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects
Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.

question: Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?, answer: spin casting | question: Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?, answer: Zamak | question: What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?, answer: small and intricate shapes | question: What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?, answer: Prestal | question: What is used to mold Prestal?, answer: die casts made of ceramics and cement.
Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964.

question: How claims to have stolen the FA cup?, answer: 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft | question: Did he act alone?, answer: He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men | question: How long go did this crime take place?, answer: 60 years | question: What did Burge do with the cup?, answer: the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins | question: What did they do with those coins?, answer: stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse
Almost all Protestant denominations are represented in Paris, with 74 evangelical churches from various denominations, including 21 parishes of the United Protestant Church of France and two parishes of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints. There are several important churches for the English-speaking community: the American Church in Paris, founded in 1814, was the first American church outside the United States; the current church was finished in 1931. The Saint George's Anglican Church in the 16th arrondissement is the principal Anglican church in the city.

question: How many evangelical churches are there in Paris?, answer: 74 | question: How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris?, answer: two | question: When was the American Church in Paris founded?, answer: 1814 | question: What is the principal Anglican church in Paris?, answer: Saint George's Anglican Church
Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons. Until 1970, however, experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking. In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long-term potentiation: the paper showed clear evidence of activity-induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days. Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out, and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change, and uncovered other types of activity-driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process.

question: In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?, answer: 1971 | question: BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?, answer: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | question: Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?, answer: Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked "[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann [sic] is one of the only [sic] female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."

question: What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?, answer: male | question: Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?, answer: Musicologist Marcia Citron | question: Why were women composers deemed not notable?, answer: did not write many symphonies | question: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?, answer: Clara Shumann | question: What type of music did women composers typically write?, answer: art songs
Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake coordinate system and more implicitly, the spatial–corporeal component of his metaphysics would come to define the philosophically modern notion of empty space as a quantified extension of volume. By the ancient definition however, directional information and magnitude were conceptually distinct. With the acquiescence of Cartesian mechanical philosophy to the "brute fact" of action at a distance, and at length, its successful reification by force fields and ever more sophisticated geometric structure, the anachronism of empty space widened until "a seething ferment" of quantum activity in the 20th century filled the vacuum with a virtual pleroma.

question: What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?, answer: that a vacuum does not occur in nature | question: Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?, answer: Descartes | question: What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?, answer: Cartesian mechanical philosophy
Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.

question: What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?, answer: four other scientists and various military personnel | question: What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?, answer: oversaw computations | question: What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?, answer: Kyoto | question: Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?, answer: Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.
Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.

question: What is the second largest port in the UK?, answer: The Port of London | question: Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?, answer: £64.2 billion | question: How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?, answer: 45 million tonnes | question: What is London's second most competitive industry?, answer: media distribution | question: What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?, answer: The BBC
Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that "as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment." For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780–1789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions.

question: What ordering scheme did readers prefer?, answer: alphabetical | question: Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?, answer: Charles Porset | question: Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?, answer: the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply | question: How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?, answer: 63 | question: How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?, answer: 148
Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.

question: What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?, answer: akritic and klephtic | question: Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?, answer: 9th and 10th | question: Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?, answer: klephtic
Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?, answer: minority | question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?, answer: Hindu rule | question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?, answer: interim government | question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?, answer: 500,000 | question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?, answer: 12 million
Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.

question: Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?, answer: mandatory suspensions | question: Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?, answer: appeals | question: Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?, answer: good