lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?, answer: Emperor Charlemagne | question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?, answer: 1295 | question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?, answer: 12th century | question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?, answer: Abbe Suger | question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?, answer: Virgin Mary
Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.

question: What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?, answer: red wine | question: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?, answer: white wine | question: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?, answer: resveratrol | question: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?, answer: Red wine
Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.

question: When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?, answer: the late nineteenth century | question: In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?, answer: 2004 | question: What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?, answer: one big red cross | question: How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?, answer: four | question: What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?, answer: the colors of the Russian flag
Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.

question: During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?, answer: 1870 to 1918 | question: What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?, answer: German nationalism | question: Whose design was the Nazi flag?, answer: Hitler's personal design | question: In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?, answer: 1920s | question: Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?, answer: attract attention
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Gujarati (including Memon), Kannada (including Nawayathi), Malayalam, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hyderabad is home to a unique dialect of Urdu called Hyderabadi Urdu, which is a type of Dakhini, and is the mother tongue of most Hyderabadi Muslims, a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Nizams.

question: What are the people who live in Hyderabad called?, answer: Hyderabadi | question: There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad, what are they?, answer: Telugu and Urdu | question: What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad?, answer: Hyderabadi Urdu | question: Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?, answer: Hadhrami | question: Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge?, answer: Dakhini
Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another, and they averaged little more than five years in length. In approximately a 450-year time frame, on average at least two great powers were fighting one another in each and every year." Even during the period of Pax Britannica (or "the British Peace") between 1815 and 1914, war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence. In fact, Joshua Baron points out that, in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations, the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against; Russia (8), France (5), Germany/Prussia (5) and Italy (1).

question: How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?, answer: 64 | question: For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?, answer: 450 | question: What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?, answer: UK | question: What span was the Pax Britannica?, answer: between 1815 and 1914
Reflection of the original signal also occurs when it hits an extended conductive surface, in a fashion similar to a mirror. This effect can also be used to increase signal through the use of a reflector, normally placed behind the active element and spaced so the reflected signal reaches the element in-phase. Generally the reflector will remain highly reflective even if it is not solid; gaps less than 1⁄10 generally have little effect on the outcome. For this reason, reflectors often take the form of wire meshes or rows of passive elements, which makes them lighter and less subject to wind. The parabolic reflector is perhaps the best known example of a reflector-based antenna, which has an effective area far greater than the active element alone.

question: If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?, answer: extended conductive surface | question: What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?, answer: increase | question: What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?, answer: less than 1⁄10 | question: What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?, answer: parabolic reflector
Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength.

question: What mostly affects polarization?, answer: Reflections | question: What reflector can change the waves polarization?, answer: ionosphere | question: What will you be matching with the receiving antenna's polarization?, answer: transmitter | question: What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?, answer: polarized transmissions | question: What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?, answer: a skywave
Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the "new Order of Mass" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to "end experimentation" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.

question: What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?, answer: Latin | question: What were revised between 1951 and 1955?, answer: Easter liturgies | question: What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?, answer: Easter Triduum | question: What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?, answer: Mass | question: How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?, answer: three
Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.

question: Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?, answer: Ionian | question: When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?, answer: 1815 | question: Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?, answer: Manolis Kalomiris
Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

question: Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?, answer: Molotov | question: Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?, answer: Stalin | question: Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?, answer: Derek Watson | question: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?, answer: Geoffrey Roberts
Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in strategy was also favoured to take place at night, to give the bombers greater protection under cover of darkness.[b] On 4 September 1940, in a long address at the Sportspalast, Hitler declared: "And should the Royal Air Force drop two thousand, or three thousand [kilograms ...] then we will now drop [...] 300,000, 400,000, yes one million kilograms in a single night. And should they declare they will greatly increase their attacks on our cities, then we will erase their cities."

question: The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?, answer: punishing | question: What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?, answer: change in strategy | question: What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?, answer: cover of darkness | question: What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?, answer: Sportspalast | question: In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast?, answer: 1940
Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material). It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis, the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items.

question: What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?, answer: diffusion | question: How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?, answer: in the form of relatively small molecules | question: What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?, answer: endocytosis | question: What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?, answer: molecular channels in cell membranes
Regardless of the way the tension between universities, individual scientists, and the scientific revolution itself is perceived, there was a discernible impact on the way that university education was constructed. Aristotelian epistemology provided a coherent framework not simply for knowledge and knowledge construction, but also for the training of scholars within the higher education setting. The creation of new scientific constructs during the scientific revolution, and the epistemological challenges that were inherent within this creation, initiated the idea of both the autonomy of science and the hierarchy of the disciplines. Instead of entering higher education to become a "general scholar" immersed in becoming proficient in the entire curriculum, there emerged a type of scholar that put science first and viewed it as a vocation in itself. The divergence between those focused on science and those still entrenched in the idea of a general scholar exacerbated the epistemological tensions that were already beginning to emerge.

question: What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and training scholars in universities?, answer: Aristotelian | question: The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?, answer: autonomy | question: There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science, and the idea of what?, answer: a general scholar | question: A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what?, answer: the scientific revolution | question: Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance?, answer: first
Regardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the Germans succeed. Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America, bringing supplies and materials. The considerable rail network distributed to the rest of the country. Operations against Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz were successful. Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping, with another 111,601 long tons (113,392 t) damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point to half of the port's 144 berths rendered unusable, while cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75%. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. On 8 May 1941, 57 ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons (81,000 t). Around 66,000 houses were destroyed, 77,000 people made homeless, and 1,900 people killed and 1,450 seriously hurt on one night. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale. The populace of the port of Hull became 'trekkers', people who underwent a mass exodus from cities before, during, and after attacks. However, the attacks failed to knock out or damage railways, or port facilities for long, even in the Port of London, a target of many attacks. The Port of London in particular was an important target, bringing in one-third of overseas trade.

question: What did the British fear most?, answer: intensification of submarine and air attack | question: What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?, answer: Liverpool | question: The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?, answer: 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping | question: How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?, answer: 57 ships | question: How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?, answer: one-third of overseas trade
Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.

question: What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?, answer: Regional social | question: What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?, answer: Bishnoi | question: What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?, answer: Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 | question: Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?, answer: the Chief Wildlife Warden | question: Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?, answer: government | question: Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?, answer: Bishnoi | question: What bans the killing of all wild animals?, answer: India's Wildlife Protection Act | question: What year was this protection act put into place?, answer: 1972 | question: Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?, answer: Chief Wildlife Warden | question: What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?, answer: becomes government property
Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.

question: What does RDN stand for?, answer: Registered dietitian nutritionists | question: Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?, answer: Certified Clinical Nutritionists | question: For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?, answer: RDN | question: Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?, answer: Certified Nutrition Specialist