lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or "force and will", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of "divine majesty"; John continued this trend and claimed an "almost imperial status" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of "royal schizophrenia" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

question: What principle did John's predecessors use?, answer: vis et voluntas | question: What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?, answer: divine majesty | question: What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?, answer: 12th century | question: What did John suffer from?, answer: royal schizophrenia
The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

question: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?, answer: necessity and inerrancy | question: What is the term for how the church as a whole works?, answer: ecclesiology | question: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?, answer: Catholics | question: At what period was inerrancy debated?, answer: the Enlightenment | question: What item could be learned to gain salvation?, answer: the Bible
The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

question: What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?, answer: Thamel | question: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?, answer: Jhamsikhel | question: What is the traditional name for Freak Street?, answer: Jhochhen Tol | question: What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?, answer: hippies
The neopositivists subscribed to a notion of philosophy as the conceptual clarification of the methods, insights and discoveries of the sciences. They saw in the logical symbolism elaborated by Frege (1848–1925) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) a powerful instrument that could rationally reconstruct all scientific discourse into an ideal, logically perfect, language that would be free of the ambiguities and deformations of natural language. This gave rise to what they saw as metaphysical pseudoproblems and other conceptual confusions. By combining Frege's thesis that all mathematical truths are logical with the early Wittgenstein's idea that all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies, they arrived at a twofold classification of all propositions: the analytic (a priori) and the synthetic (a posteriori). On this basis, they formulated a strong principle of demarcation between sentences that have sense and those that do not: the so-called verification principle. Any sentence that is not purely logical, or is unverifiable is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered pseudoproblems.

question: When was Bertrand Russell born?, answer: 1872 | question: When did Bertrand Russell die?, answer: 1970 | question: What did Frege say about math?, answer: all mathematical truths are logical | question: What did Wittgenstein say about logic?, answer: all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies | question: What are pseudoproblems?, answer: most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems
The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement and the cerebrum controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and nest building. Most birds have a poor sense of smell with notable exceptions including kiwis, New World vultures and tubenoses. The avian visual system is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual fovea. Birds are tetrachromatic, possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. This allows them to perceive ultraviolet light, which is involved in courtship. Birds have specialized light-sensing cells deep in their brains that respond to light without input from eyes or other sensory neurons. These photo-receptive cells in the hypothalamus are involved in detecting the longer days of spring, and thus regulate breeding activities.

question: Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?, answer: nervous system | question: What is tetrachromatic?, answer: possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones | question: Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?, answer: courtship | question: What regulates breeding activities?, answer: photo-receptive cells in
The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface. When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength, we are in the regime of specular reflection, and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection. But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength, reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases. With shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), this is generally the case.

question: What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?, answer: topography | question: What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?, answer: reflection | question: What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?, answer: higher frequencies | question: When will reflections not be coherent?, answer: ground has irregularities
The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

question: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?, answer: 31 Days of Oscar | question: When does TCM's programming season begin?, answer: February | question: On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?, answer: letterboxed | question: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?, answer: Humphrey Bogart
The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?, answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export | question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?, answer: three | question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?, answer: money-lending system | question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?, answer: Dnieper route
The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.

question: What provides a fourth transfer mode?, answer: The new SuperSpeed bus | question: How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?, answer: 5.0 Gbit/s | question: What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?, answer: Communication
The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.

question: When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?, answer: 2004 | question: What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?, answer: purely appellate | question: What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?, answer: Court of Appeal of New Zealand | question: New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?, answer: the High Court | question: Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?, answer: the District Court
The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system. Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924. In 1936, the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty was concluded. Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution. The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad. British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954.

question: When was new constitution drafted?, answer: 1923 | question: What system of government was constitution based on?, answer: parliamentary system | question: Who was elected in 1924?, answer: Saad Zaghlul | question: Who succeeded King Farouk?, answer: his son Fuad | question: How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?, answer: 1954
The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country.

question: Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?, answer: Ibrahim Babangida | question: What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?, answer: International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program | question: What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?, answer: debt | question: What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?, answer: Organisation of the Islamic Conference
The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

question: What were interiors seeking to recreate?, answer: authentically Roman | question: What colors were utilized for interiors?, answer: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours | question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?, answer: Marie Antoinette | question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?, answer: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones | question: What were styles in France initially?, answer: Parisian
The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place – as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoulême. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]

question: How long did the new peace last?, answer: two years | question: When was John's decision to marry Isabella?, answer: August 1200 | question: John acquired key land between Poitou and where?, answer: Gascony
The new state became a focal point for the emerging oil industry, as discoveries of oil pools prompted towns to grow rapidly in population and wealth. Tulsa eventually became known as the "Oil Capital of the World" for most of the 20th century and oil investments fueled much of the state's early economy. In 1927, Oklahoman businessman Cyrus Avery, known as the "Father of Route 66", began the campaign to create U.S. Route 66. Using a stretch of highway from Amarillo, Texas to Tulsa, Oklahoma to form the original portion of Highway 66, Avery spearheaded the creation of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to oversee the planning of Route 66, based in his hometown of Tulsa.

question: What was the "Oil Capital of the World"?, answer: Tulsa | question: What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?, answer: oil | question: Who was the "Father of Route 66"?, answer: Cyrus Avery | question: Where was the Highway 66 Association based?, answer: Tulsa | question: When did Route 66 begin?, answer: 1927
The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

question: How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?, answer: 210 | question: Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?, answer: Patrick Ollier | question: What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?, answer: Rueil-Malmaison | question: What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?, answer: Republican | question: What is the budget for Metropole?, answer: 65 million Euros
The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device. However the idea that these changes did in fact make the connector more durable in real world use has been widely disputed, with many contending that they are in fact, much less durable.

question: What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?, answer: a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion | question: What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?, answer: 1,500 | question: After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?, answer: on the cable side of the connection | question: Why was the change made for the USB device?, answer: so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear
The newly allied armies captured Beijing on June 6. The Shunzhi Emperor was invested as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30. The Manchus, who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor. However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels. The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.

question: How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?, answer: seventeen years | question: Who did the Manchus struggle against?, answer: Ming loyalists | question: When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?, answer: October 30 | question: What was the Shunzi Emperor called?, answer: "Son of Heaven" | question: When did Beijing fall?, answer: June 6
The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback. Groove cuts in the vertical plane were employed rather than the usual lateral cuts. The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together, resulting in longer playback time. Additionally, the problem of inner groove distortion, which plagued lateral cuts, could be avoided with the vertical cut system. Wax masters were made by flowing heated wax over a hot metal disc thus avoiding the microscopic irregularities of cast blocks of wax and the necessity of planing and polishing.

question: What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?, answer: longer playback time | question: What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?, answer: inner groove distortion | question: How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?, answer: didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing | question: How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?, answer: override noise in playback | question: How was wax used to improve recordings?, answer: avoiding the microscopic irregularities
The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca, sailing under British colours, which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti, which he named Ellice's Island after an English Politician, Edward Ellice, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo. The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.

question: When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?, answer: May 1819 | question: Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?, answer: Nukufetau and Funafuti | question: What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?, answer: Ellice's Island | question: For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?, answer: Edward Ellice | question: After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?, answer: all nine islands
The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952.

question: The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?, answer: Geoffrey W.A. Dummer | question: Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?, answer: Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence