lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

question: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?, answer: six | question: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?, answer: Menzies | question: Who makes party policy?, answer: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members
The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.

question: Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?, answer: United Australia Party (UAP) | question: From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?, answer: anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments | question: What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?, answer: Nationalist Party of Australia | question: In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?, answer: 1917
The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

question: What does LoC stand for?, answer: The Library of Congress | question: What is the Library of Congress?, answer: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government | question: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?, answer: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library
The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

question: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?, answer: Malla | question: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?, answer: Turk Muslims | question: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?, answer: third | question: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?, answer: Kailashkut Bhawan | question: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?, answer: Abhaya Malla
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

question: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?, answer: Licchavis | question: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?, answer: Koliyas | question: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?, answer: Newar | question: Who killed the Shakyas?, answer: Virudhaka | question: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?, answer: Dakshin Koligram
The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.

question: When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?, answer: 24 November 2005 | question: After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?, answer: the local council | question: Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?, answer: 11.30 pm | question: How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?, answer: 207,800 | question: How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?, answer: 1,121
The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.

question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?, answer: Schmoelders | question: What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise?, answer: Al-Shifa' | question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?, answer: the Bodleian Library | question: What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?, answer: the An-najat | question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?, answer: Logic and Metaphysics
The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.

question: What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?, answer: Teddington Lock to the sea | question: What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?, answer: The London Fire Brigade | question: Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?, answer: London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority | question: The world's largest "free-at-the-point-of-use" ambulance service is known as what?, answer: the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust | question: What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?, answer: The London Air Ambulance charity
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:

question: In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?, answer: London Gazette | question: On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?, answer: 17 March 1691
The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.

question: How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?, answer: 2000 | question: How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?, answer: two | question: Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?, answer: more than 40 percent | question: How many species of fish live in the River Thames?, answer: 120 | question: The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?, answer: 47
The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420v DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at −210v DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630v DC. London Underground is now upgrading its fourth rail system to 750v DC with a positive conductor rail energised to +500v DC and a negative conductor rail energised to -250v DC. However, many older sections in tunnels are still energised to 630v DC. The same system was used for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro's line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail.

question: What type of system does London Underground use?, answer: four-rail system | question: What is the purpose of the forth rail?, answer: carries the electrical return | question: What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?, answer: +420v DC | question: What is the voltage of the return rail?, answer: −210v DC | question: Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?, answer: Milan
The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents. Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.

question: What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?, answer: the Fenway district | question: Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?, answer: the Beacon Hill area | question: Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?, answer: Brighton Center | question: What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?, answer: The Boston Public Health Commission
The Lophotrochozoa, evolved within Protostomia, include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former, which is the second-largest animal phylum by number of described species, includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods because they are both segmented. Now, this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates. but it now appears that the lophophorate group may be paraphyletic, with some closer to the nemerteans and some to the molluscs and annelids. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Bryozoa or moss animals.

question: What are two of the most successful animal phyla?, answer: Mollusca and Annelida | question: What are some of the animals in Mollusca?, answer: snails, clams, and squids | question: What are some of the animals in Annelida?, answer: earthworms and leeches | question: Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?, answer: common presence of trochophore larvae | question: What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?, answer: lophophore
The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.

question: How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?, answer: 28,095 | question: In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?, answer: 2015 | question: What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?, answer: legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants
The Louvre was the world's most visited art museum in 2014, with 9.3 million visitors. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, the second-most visited art museum in Paris, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. The Musée d'Orsay, in the former Orsay railway station, was the third-most visited museum in the city in 2014; it displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. The original building - a railway station - was constructed for the Universal Exhibition of 1900. The Musée du quai Branly was the fourth-most visited national museum in Paris in 2014; it displays art objects from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art, including the famous tapestry cycle of The Lady and the Unicorn. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Picasso Museum the Rodin Museum, and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix.

question: What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?, answer: The Louvre | question: Where is the Mona Lisa housed?, answer: The Louvre | question: What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?, answer: Centre Georges Pompidou | question: What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?, answer: Musée du quai Branly | question: What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?, answer: collections of Asian art
The Low German varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ausbau language.

question: What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?, answer: an ausbau language | question: Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?, answer: they are roofed by standard German
The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 1940, in comparison to Germany's 8,000. The replacement of pilots and aircrew was more difficult. Both the RAF and Luftwaffe struggled to replace manpower losses, though the Germans had larger reserves of trained aircrew. The circumstances affected the Germans more than the British. Operating over home territory, British flyers could fly again if they survived being shot down. German crews, even if they survived, faced capture. Moreover, bombers had four to five crewmen on board, representing a greater loss of manpower. On 7 September, the Germans shifted away from the destruction of the RAF's supporting structures. German intelligence suggested Fighter Command was weakening, and an attack on London would force it into a final battle of annihilation while compelling the British Government to surrender.

question: Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?, answer: poor intelligence | question: What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?, answer: capture | question: Britain's fabrication of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?, answer: 2 to 1 | question: How big was the crew of a bomber?, answer: four to five crewmen | question: How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?, answer: 10,000
The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities.

question: Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?, answer: Lutherans | question: In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?, answer: 1965 | question: In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?, answer: 1964 | question: Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?, answer: Fredrik A. Schiotz | question: To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?, answer: God
The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.

question: Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?, answer: M. bovis | question: Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?, answer: M. canetti | question: Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?, answer: M. microti | question: What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?, answer: M. africanum
The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

question: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?, answer: The MC | question: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?, answer: endpoint signaling | question: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?, answer: the signaling plane | question: On what plane does the MC operate?, answer: the media plane | question: What generates output streams from each endpoint?, answer: The MP