lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment".

question: Is there a universal definition of astham?, answer: there is not one universal agreed upon definition | question: What main components play a role in asthma?, answer: many cells and cellular elements play a role | question: What is the inflamation a result of?, answer: airway hyper-responsiveness | question: What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?, answer: episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing | question: What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?, answer: spontaneously or with treatment
While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to "Queen" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, "I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."

question: Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?, answer: 1970 | question: What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?, answer: Humpy Bong | question: What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?, answer: Ealing Art College | question: In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?, answer: 1970 | question: What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?, answer: Freddie
While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it. Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

question: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?, answer: corpus christi | question: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?, answer: European | question: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?, answer: 40 | question: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?, answer: Christmas | question: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?, answer: outlet for their daily frustrations
While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.

question: Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?, answer: specialists | question: What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?, answer: penciller | question: What does an inker do?, answer: finishes the artwork in ink
While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.

question: What is another term used for Special Education Services?, answer: alternative | question: When were public schools become more and more developed?, answer: 19th century | question: What are some examples of alternative schools?, answer: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools
While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, unlike the earliest computers that were "programmed" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.

question: What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?, answer: von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report | question: What was the significance of EDVAC?, answer: architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, | question: Where was ENIAC located?, answer: University of Pennsylvania
While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy, the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience. Although the competition is staged, dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience. Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates, increased ticket sales, higher ratings on television broadcasts (which result in greater ad revenue), higher pay-per-view buyrates, and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage. All of these contribute to the profit of the promotion company.

question: What is the point of a match?, answer: to excite and entertain the audience | question: Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?, answer: Heightened interest | question: Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd?, answer: dramatic emphasis
While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

question: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?, answer: equal temperament | question: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?, answer: the 18th century | question: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?, answer: meantone temperament
While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled "Appalachian," it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.

question: What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?, answer: northern coast of Florida | question: When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?, answer: 1528 | question: What did they transcribe Florida's name as?, answer: Apalchen | question: What was the name eventually used for?, answer: as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north
While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

question: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?, answer: Christian | question: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?, answer: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia | question: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?, answer: Dionysia | question: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?, answer: December 17 | question: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?, answer: horribly murdered
While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.

question: What hinders schooling for child labourers?, answer: full-time work | question: What can relieve tension for children at work?, answer: Good relations with a supervisor | question: What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?, answer: school may impede the learning of skills
While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

question: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?, answer: during the manufacturing process | question: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?, answer: hardware-based or assisted computer security | question: What can hardware be a source of?, answer: insecurity | question: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?, answer: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?, answer: the castle of Fardajan | question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?, answer: "Floating Man" | question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?, answer: a substance | question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?, answer: intellectually | question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?, answer: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations
While highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine[clarification needed] and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant and marketed by Eli Lilly as an oral treatment for asthma. Following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration and palpitations. Amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications. It received approval as a New and Nonofficial Remedy from the American Medical Association for these uses in 1937 and remained in common use for depression until the development of tricyclic antidepressants in the 1960s.

question: Who developed Amphetamine?, answer: Smith, Kline and French | question: Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?, answer: Gordon Alles | question: What are common side effects of Amphetamine?, answer: sensations of exhilaration and palpitations | question: When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?, answer: 1960s | question: What were some uses for Amphetamine?, answer: narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications | question: Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?, answer: asthma | question: In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?, answer: 1929 | question: What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?, answer: Benzedrine Inhaler | question: In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?, answer: 1937 | question: In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?, answer: 1960s
While inert gas reduces filament evaporation, it also conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament and reducing efficiency. At constant pressure and temperature, the thermal conductivity of a gas depends upon the molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules. Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity, because both the molecular weight is higher and also the cross sectional area is higher. Xenon gas improves efficiency because of its high molecular weight, but is also more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps.

question: Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?, answer: conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament | question: What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?, answer: molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules | question: How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?, answer: Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity | question: Why is xenon gas not more widely used?, answer: more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps | question: What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?, answer: reduces filament evaporation
While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler.

question: A computer's assembly language is known as what?, answer: basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function | question: Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?, answer: an assembler. | question: Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?, answer: machine language
While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

question: What is undisputed about early humans?, answer: were hunters | question: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?, answer: earlier Australopithecines | question: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?, answer: hunting | question: What became a theme of stories and myths?, answer: hunting | question: Hunting allowed what type of rituals?, answer: dance and animal sacrifice | question: What is undisputed about earlier humans?, answer: humans were hunters | question: What did hunting become a theme of?, answer: stories and myths | question: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis?, answer: hunting hypothesis
While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets with Télévision de Radio-Canada stations). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published digital transition plans for none of its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to be converted to digital by the deadline. Under this plan, communities that receive analogue signals by rebroadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and Radio-Canada transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and Radio-Canada over-the-air signals include London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not planned to be converted to digital by the deadline.

question: What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?, answer: August 31, 2011 | question: How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?, answer: only about half | question: Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?, answer: London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)
While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.

question: Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?, answer: local government | question: How many wards make up Cork?, answer: six electoral wards | question: What is the most well represented ward in Cork?, answer: Fianna Fáil (10 members) | question: Which party has the least amount of members?, answer: Workers' Party | question: How is a mayor chosen in Cork?, answer: vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count