lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.

question: What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?, answer: Racial inequality | question: In what year was the Greater London Council formed?, answer: 1965 | question: In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?, answer: the mid-1960s | question: During "The Troubles", who waged assaults via bombings on London?, answer: the Provisional IRA | question: Why was the Greater London Council established?, answer: the growth of the urban area
Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust’s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic." BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.

question: How many years was Primark investigated for?, answer: three years | question: What did they claim about the BBC report?, answer: fake | question: What did the BBC do?, answer: apologised for faking footage | question: What happened to the reward the BBC received?, answer: returned the television award
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.

question: What is another term used for Primary education?, answer: elementary | question: What does primary school consist of?, answer: first five to seven years of formal, structured education | question: What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?, answer: UNESCO
Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.

question: If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?, answer: MDR-TB | question: What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as "extensively drug-resistant"?, answer: three | question: In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?, answer: Italy | question: What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?, answer: Bedaquiline | question: Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?, answer: Iran
Primary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge and develop. The first ejaculation of seminal fluid generally occurs about one year after the beginning of accelerated penis growth, although this is often determined culturally rather than biologically, since for many boys first ejaculation occurs as a result of masturbation. Boys are generally fertile before they have an adult appearance.

question: What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?, answer: masturbation | question: What are primary sex characteristics?, answer: those directly related to the sex organs | question: What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?, answer: growth of the testes and scrotum | question: After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?, answer: penis | question: Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?, answer: seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland
Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September, 1945. The following year Stepinac was arrested and put on trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Ustaše terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "Informbiro period", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.

question: Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?, answer: Aloysius Stepinac | question: How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?, answer: two days | question: What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?, answer: Catholic Church | question: Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?, answer: Stepinac | question: What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?, answer: house-arrest
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?, answer: refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans | question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?, answer: 1775 | question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?, answer: U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls | question: What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?, answer: African Lodge, Number 1 | question: What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?, answer: became a de facto "Grand Lodge" | question: What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?, answer: Prince Hall Freemasonry | question: In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?, answer: 1775 | question: When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?, answer: 1784 | question: When was the UGLE formed?, answer: 1813 | question: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?, answer: the African Lodge, Number 1
Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longespée. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north.

question: When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?, answer: May 1216 | question: Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?, answer: due to the risks of open battle | question: When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?, answer: end of the summer
Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

question: How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?, answer: with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony | question: Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?, answer: the Cathars | question: How did the Cathars live?, answer: in a state of self-sacrifice | question: In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?, answer: a strong leader | question: Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?, answer: the Albigensians
Prior to 1871, the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 (ch. 120, 16 Stat. 563) had a rider (25 U.S.C. § 71) attached that effectively ended the President’s treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall be acknowledged as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. The federal government continued to provide similar contractual relations with the Indian tribes after 1871 by agreements, statutes, and executive orders.

question: What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?, answer: Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 | question: By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871?, answer: agreements, statutes, and executive orders | question: Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans?, answer: 1871 | question: A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what?, answer: an independent nation, tribe, or power | question: A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation?, answer: contract by treaty
Prior to 1917, Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes. The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year (see Rumi calendar). As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of "escape years" every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump. From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian, rather than Julian. On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in other countries.

question: What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?, answer: lunar Islamic | question: What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?, answer: Julian | question: Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?, answer: 1 March | question: When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?, answer: 1 March 1917 | question: When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?, answer: 1 January 1926
Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]

question: Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?, answer: 800,000 | question: The only substantial aliyah came from where?, answer: Yemen and Syria | question: When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?, answer: early decades of the 20th century
Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:

question: What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?, answer: gymnastics | question: What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?, answer: two golds and two silvers | question: Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?, answer: Helsinki | question: What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?, answer: 1992
Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms "frequency" and "wavelength" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.

question: Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?, answer: a wave | question: What terms describe different types of radiation?, answer: "frequency" and "wavelength" | question: What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?, answer: sound | question: What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?, answer: intensity | question: Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?, answer: a wave | question: What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?, answer: intensity | question: What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?, answer: the energy account | question: What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?, answer: gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space
Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.

question: What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?, answer: Battle of Agincourt | question: What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?, answer: Southampton Plot | question: What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?, answer: Red Lion | question: What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?, answer: Richard | question: Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?, answer: the Bargate
Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?, answer: one of blending inheritance | question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?, answer: Charles Darwin | question: What does the term gemmule describe?, answer: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction | question: What year was Mendel's work first published?, answer: 1866 | question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?, answer: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak
Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase. To make Planck's law, which correctly predicts blackbody emissions, it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator. The influence of h in this complex factor would not disappear if it were set to zero or to any other value. Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h, of the Boltzmann constant, or of any other constant or variable in the equation. In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture.

question: Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?, answer: any | question: The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?, answer: a narrow range | question: What does Planck's law correctly predict?, answer: blackbody emissions | question: In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?, answer: h | question: Planck's work disproved what assumption?, answer: that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever | question: What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?, answer: The Rayleigh–Jeans | question: Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?, answer: multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator | question: Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?, answer: Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh–Jeans law could not be done | question: The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?, answer: the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture