lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

question: In what year was Palermo founded?, answer: 734 BC | question: What name was Palermo originally founded as?, answer: Ziz | question: What group of people founded Palermo?, answer: the Phoenicians | question: What did the Greeks name Palermo?, answer: Panormus | question: During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?, answer: 831 to 1072
The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, with work initiated the next year. By 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, "Atlantic City's Godfather" Nelson Johnson describes the inspiration of Dr. Jonathan Pitney (the "Father of Atlantic City") to develop Atlantic City as a health resort, his efforts to convince the municipal authorities that a railroad to the beach would be beneficial, his successful alliance with Samuel Richards (entrepreneur and member of the most influential family in southern New Jersey at the time) to achieve that goal, the actual building of the railroad, and the experience of the first 600 riders, who "were chosen carefully by Samuel Richards and Jonathan Pitney":

question: What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?, answer: Philadelphia | question: By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?, answer: 500,000 | question: What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?, answer: Absecon Lighthouse | question: Who is considered to be "Atlantic City's Godfather?", answer: Nelson Johnson
The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the River Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.

question: What peninsula is Bern located on?, answer: Aare | question: What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?, answer: bridges | question: What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?, answer: 19th century
The city went through serious troubles in the mid-fourteenth century. On the one hand were the decimation of the population by the Black Death of 1348 and subsequent years of epidemics — and on the other, the series of wars and riots that followed. Among these were the War of the Union, a citizen revolt against the excesses of the monarchy, led by Valencia as the capital of the kingdom — and the war with Castile, which forced the hurried raising of a new wall to resist Castilian attacks in 1363 and 1364. In these years the coexistence of the three communities that occupied the city—Christian, Jewish and Muslim — was quite contentious. The Jews who occupied the area around the waterfront had progressed economically and socially, and their quarter gradually expanded its boundaries at the expense of neighbouring parishes. Meanwhile, Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were entrenched in a Moorish neighbourhood next to the present-day market Mosen Sorel. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, causing its virtual disappearance and leading to the forced conversion of its surviving members to Christianity. The Muslim quarter was attacked during a similar tumult among the populace in 1456, but the consequences were minor.

question: When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?, answer: 1348 | question: Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?, answer: Christian, Jewish and Muslim | question: The Muslims lived near what current market?, answer: Mosen Sorel | question: When was the Jewish section attacked?, answer: 1391 | question: When was the Muslim section attacked?, answer: 1456
The city's FM radio band features RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ lyric fm, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4fm, Newstalk and the religious station Spirit Radio. There are also local stations such as Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm) and Christian radio station Life 93.1FM. Cork also has a temporary licensed city-wide community station 'Cork FM Community Radio' on 100.5FM, which is currently on-air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small pirates stations remain. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1.

question: Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?, answer: Life 93.1FM | question: What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?, answer: South Coast Radio and ERI | question: What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?, answer: Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1 | question: When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?, answer: 1980s | question: What did Cork Campus Radio change to?, answer: UCC 98.3FM
The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.

question: Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?, answer: Eastern Market | question: How big is Midtown's population?, answer: 50,000 | question: Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?, answer: Detroit Festival of the Arts | question: How many casino resorts ore in downtown?, answer: three | question: On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?, answer: Saturdays
The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015. This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013. During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.

question: Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years?, answer: dropped | question: How many public schools have been closed in 2013?, answer: 24 | question: How much does the city spend per year per child?, answer: $12,570
The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.

question: Who granted Cork's charter?, answer: Prince John | question: What kind of protection did Cork have?, answer: fully walled | question: What parts of Cork's defense remain today?, answer: some wall sections and gates | question: What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?, answer: Black Rent | question: Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?, answer: between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south
The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

question: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?, answer: Mount Wrightson | question: Which desert is Tuscon in?, answer: Sonoran | question: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?, answer: five | question: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?, answer: 4,687 ft | question: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?, answer: north | question: How high is Tucson's airport?, answer: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level | question: What desert is Tucson in?, answer: Sonoran | question: What mountain range is east of Tucson?, answer: Rincon Mountains | question: What mountain range is north of Tucson?, answer: Tortolita Mountains | question: What mountain range is west of Tucson?, answer: Tucson Mountains
The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrobús, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San Lázaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrobús could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrobús buses transported 850,000 passengers daily.

question: What is the name of the city's fast bus line?, answer: Metrobús | question: When did Metrobus begin services?, answer: June 2005 | question: When did the second line of Metrobus open?, answer: December 2008 | question: How many people ride the Metrobus every day?, answer: 850,000 | question: April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?, answer: line 4
The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.

question: Where is the main office of Siglo21?, answer: Lawrence | question: The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?, answer: El Planeta
The city's largest private school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University. Along with the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University make up the city's major research universities. The city is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015.

question: What is the largest private institution in the city?, answer: Temple University | question: What are the 3 research universities in the city?, answer: University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University | question: How many med schools are there?, answer: five
The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.

question: How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?, answer: 11 | question: Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?, answer: state legislators. | question: What was Raleigh as a city?, answer: planned | question: What were the original boundaries?, answer: the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets | question: What city was the plan based on?, answer: Philadelphia
The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe — in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her Royal visit to the city.

question: Who controlled Cork's municipal government?, answer: 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe | question: How many citizens were origionally in Cork?, answer: about 2,100 | question: What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?, answer: Black Death | question: When did the plague hit Cork?, answer: 1349 | question: Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?, answer: Perkin Warbeck
The city's planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paranoá. Brasília has a range of tourist accommodation from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels. The city's restaurants cater to a wide range of foods from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine.

question: Where did Brasilia place hotels?, answer: Hotels Sectors North and South | question: What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have?, answer: from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine | question: What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have?, answer: from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels | question: What lake has some hotels around it?, answer: Lake Paranoá
The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.

question: What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?, answer: 90.4 | question: Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?, answer: suburbs | question: How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?, answer: 120,000 | question: What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?, answer: Great Migration | question: What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?, answer: automobile
The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000, and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of October 2015, the resident population stood at 140,634, of which 100,634 were Swiss citizens and 40,000 (30%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.

question: What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners?, answer: 30%
The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.–Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side.

question: What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?, answer: San Diego International Airport (SAN) | question: How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?, answer: 17 million | question: What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?, answer: give direct access to Tijuana International Airport | question: What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?, answer: San Diego Regional Airport Authority | question: What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?, answer: Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM)
The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. Hispanics in Boston are mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. When including all Hispanic national origins, they number 107,917. In Greater Boston, these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.

question: What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?, answer: the East Boston neighborhood | question: How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?, answer: 107,917 | question: How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?, answer: 175,000+ | question: How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?, answer: 25,000+ | question: How many Colombians live in greater Boston?, answer: 22,000+
The civilians of London had an enormous role to play in the protection of their city. Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard, the Air Raid Precautions service (ARP), the Auxiliary Fire Service, and many other organisations. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July 1939. Only one year earlier, there had only been 6,600 full-time and 13,800 part-time firemen in the entire country. During the Blitz, The Scout Association guided fire engines to where they were most needed, and became known as the "Blitz Scouts". Many unemployed were drafted into the Royal Army Pay Corps. These personnel, along with others from the Pioneer Corps, were charged with the task of salvage and clean-up.

question: What is ARP?, answer: Air Raid Precautions | question: The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?, answer: 138,000 | question: Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?, answer: Scout Association | question: The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up?, answer: Pioneer Corps
The clan groupings of the Somali people are important social units, and clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. The tombs of the founders of the Darod, Dir and Isaaq major clans as well as the Abgaal sub-clan of the Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this general area as an ancestral homeland of the Somali people.

question: What is a basic social unit of Somali society?, answer: clan | question: In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?, answer: northern | question: Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?, answer: Hawiye
The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

question: Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?, answer: Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko | question: What did Zaire used to be known as?, answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo | question: What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?, answer: kleptocracy | question: Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?, answer: General Sani Abacha