lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

question: What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?, answer: Irish Potato Famine | question: The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?, answer: Great Reform Bill of 1832 | question: Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?, answer: Corn Laws | question: During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?, answer: wealthy classes | question: The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?, answer: the secessionists
In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

question: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?, answer: blue | question: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?, answer: lapis lazuli | question: From which country was lapis lazuli imported?, answer: Afghanistan | question: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?, answer: gold | question: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?, answer: Byzantine Empire
In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?, answer: revival | question: What is Renaixenca?, answer: Catalan literary revival | question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?, answer: 1833 | question: When did this revival period begin?, answer: 1833 | question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?, answer: early 20th
In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

question: What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?, answer: Virtual photons | question: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?, answer: Virtual photons | question: What results in Coulomb law?, answer: electrostatic interaction between electric charges
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

question: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?, answer: Science | question: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?, answer: 1903 | question: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?, answer: illustrations | question: What award did Bell win in 1902?, answer: Albert Medal
In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.

question: Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?, answer: Venice | question: Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?, answer: St Mark's Basilica | question: When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?, answer: the late 11th century | question: The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?, answer: local artists | question: When was the sack of Constantinople?, answer: 1204
In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

question: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?, answer: mending | question: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?, answer: tear | question: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?, answer: worth more than labor | question: What is clothing considered today?, answer: a consumable item | question: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?, answer: thrifty
In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

question: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?, answer: ethics | question: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?, answer: romance | question: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?, answer: zoology | question: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?, answer: field science | question: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?, answer: ecology
In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

question: What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?, answer: reality | question: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?, answer: mind-independent | question: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?, answer: dualist | question: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?, answer: beliefs and values
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?, answer: phonetics | question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?, answer: allophones | question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?, answer: Indian and East Asian
In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?, answer: energy | question: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?, answer: joules | question: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?, answer: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton
In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.

question: How is "glass" defined in physics?, answer: a solid formed by rapid melt quenching | question: What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?, answer: glass-forming ability | question: What must happen quickly for glass to form?, answer: cooling | question: What predicts glass-forming ability?, answer: rigidity theory
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

question: What does corruption undermine in politics?, answer: democracy | question: What does corruption disregard in politics?, answer: formal processes | question: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?, answer: accountability | question: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?, answer: judiciary | question: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?, answer: public administration
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.

question: What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?, answer: protandry | question: What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?, answer: males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites | question: Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?, answer: sexual dimorphism
In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

question: Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?, answer: (gigaflops)
In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.

question: What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?, answer: sovereignty | question: What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?, answer: how other states will react | question: What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?, answer: impose sanctions or go to war | question: Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?, answer: In practice | question: Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?, answer: at any time
In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

question: What did culture refer to in practice?, answer: élite ideal | question: What was associated with culture during this German practice?, answer: art, classical music, and haute cuisine | question: Art and music were some of these forms of cultural related to what type of living?, answer: urban life | question: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?, answer: inequalities within European societies.
In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term "ref bump". While the referee remains "unconscious", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).

question: What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification?, answer: low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee | question: What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?, answer: must see the violation with their own eyes | question: In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?, answer: Dusty finishes | question: What is it called when a ref is knocked out?, answer: ref bump | question: What can wrestlers do when a ref is out?, answer: free to violate rules
In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

question: Tamudic schools are known as what?, answer: yeshivot | question: what are the colleges married men study in called?, answer: Talmudical colleges | question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?, answer: interact | question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?, answer: doctrines
In principle, the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century. In practice, these are no longer the most accurate methods. The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon, but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Five other measurements by three different methods were initially considered, but not included in the final refinement as they were too imprecise to affect the result.

question: How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?, answer: the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons | question: The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?, answer: 2007 | question: Where was this measurement made?, answer: the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | question: What method was was used to obtain the measurement?, answer: watt-balance measurement | question: One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?, answer: silicon
In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries, of removing property requirements for military service. The distinction between the three heavy infantry classes, which had already become blurred, had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry. The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock, while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry. The army's higher-level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy.

question: Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?, answer: all citizens | question: Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?, answer: citizen stock | question: Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?, answer: non-citizens | question: Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?, answer: Gaius Marius | question: What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?, answer: Marian reforms
In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein. Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins. This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes.:7.5

question: Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?, answer: in the cytoplasm | question: If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?, answer: at the 5' end of the RNA | question: Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?, answer: transcription occurs in the nucleus | question: Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?, answer: in the nucleus | question: What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?, answer: the primary transcript