lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In a 2009 national readership survey The Times was found to have the highest number of ABC1 25–44 readers and the largest numbers of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers.

question: In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?, answer: The Times | question: What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the "quality" papers?, answer: The Times | question: The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?, answer: 25–44
In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate–source voltage (VGS) is increased, the drain–source current (IDS) increases exponentially for VGS below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (IGS ∝ (VGS − VT)2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the "space-charge-limited" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node.

question: What determines the conductivity in a FET?, answer: electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals | question: What controls the current between the drain and source?, answer: the voltage applied between the gate and source | question: At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?, answer: a roughly quadratic rate | question: Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?, answer: in modern devices
In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator.

question: Where might a resistor be attached?, answer: rotor circuit | question: What can a resistor control?, answer: motor speed | question: How might wasted power be salvaged?, answer: inverter or separate motor-generator | question: From where may a converter be fed?, answer: rotor circuit
In a book called Science Versus Crime, Houck writes that Popper's falsificationism can be questioned logically: it is not clear how Popper would deal with a statement like "for every metal, there is a temperature at which it will melt." The hypothesis cannot be falsified by any possible observation, for there will always be a higher temperature than tested at which the metal may in fact melt, yet it seems to be a valid scientific hypothesis. These examples were pointed out by Carl Gustav Hempel. Hempel came to acknowledge that Logical Positivism's verificationism was untenable, but argued that falsificationism was equally untenable on logical grounds alone. The simplest response to this is that, because Popper describes how theories attain, maintain and lose scientific status, individual consequences of currently accepted scientific theories are scientific in the sense of being part of tentative scientific knowledge, and both of Hempel's examples fall under this category. For instance, atomic theory implies that all metals melt at some temperature.

question: Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?, answer: Science Versus Crime | question: Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?, answer: Carl Gustav Hempel | question: Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?, answer: Houck
In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust (in Schindler's List), the transatlantic slave trade (in Amistad), war (in Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies) and terrorism (in Munich). His other films include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Indiana Jones film series, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.

question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?, answer: the Holocaust | question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?, answer: the transatlantic slave trade | question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?, answer: terrorism | question: How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?, answer: more than four decades | question: In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?, answer: Schindler's List | question: In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?, answer: Amistad | question: In what films did Spielberg address war?, answer: Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies | question: In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?, answer: Munich | question: What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?, answer: y science-fiction and adventure
In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

question: What happens in a chennel transupport system?, answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria | question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?, answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify] | question: What does this secretion system transport?, answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes
In a chapter of The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something "outside the calculation" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter (although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists).

question: What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?, answer: physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function | question: What "outside of calculation" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?, answer: consciousness of the experimenter | question: Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?, answer: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists
In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube.

question: What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?, answer: the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope | question: What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?, answer: An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory | question: What are the primary causes of light loss?, answer: Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening | question: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?, answer: on the uppermost part of the envelope | question: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?, answer: across the entire surface of the envelope
In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss.

question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?, answer: 1991 | question: Where was optimality theory created?, answer: LSA summer institute | question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?, answer: John McCarthy | question: Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?, answer: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss
In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.

question: Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?, answer: Arno Tausch | question: What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?, answer: Protestantism | question: Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?, answer: Arno Tausch | question: What university is Arno Tausch from?, answer: Corvinus University of Budapest | question: What type of engagement is considered a World Value?, answer: environmental activism
In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic, and , are not valid for quantum theory.

question: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?, answer: Garrett Birkhoff | question: What concept was created for quatum logic?, answer: propositional calculus | question: What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?, answer: laws of distribution of classical logic, and , are not valid for quantum theory
In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as "cruel and unusual" punishment.

question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?, answer: William J. Brennan, Jr. | question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?, answer: William O. Douglas | question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?, answer: Byron White
In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.

question: What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?, answer: statistical estimates | question: What can achieve superior compression?, answer: Arithmetic coding | question: What uses an internal memory state?, answer: Huffman algorithm
In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.

question: Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?, answer: reduced resistance from collector to emitter | question: What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?, answer: the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage | question: What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?, answer: saturation | question: Why is the term saturation named as such?, answer: current is flowing from collector to emitter freely | question: What position is the switch in when saturated?, answer: on
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency and Syrian Civil War into a single conflict. Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization. Many analysts[who?] believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.

question: Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?, answer: Syrian | question: With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?, answer: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL) | question: What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?, answer: western | question: Who denounced ISIS?, answer: Al Qaeda's core organization | question: What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?, answer: competition
In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation," showing that it was now a sovereign state.

question: When did Gorbachev resign?, answer: December 25, 1991 | question: Who was given control after Gorbachev left?, answer: Yeltsin | question: What was Russia's new legal name?, answer: Russian Federation | question: What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?, answer: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On September 25, they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law, and on October 4, the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade. Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered. Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29, Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad, wounding dozens.

question: What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?, answer: blockade | question: What shortages were caused by the blockade?, answer: petrol and food | question: How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan?, answer: 85 percent | question: When was the sovereignty law passed?, answer: September 25 | question: What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front?, answer: local party offices
In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.

question: Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?, answer: In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist | question: Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?, answer: The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. | question: What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?, answer: political parties | question: What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?, answer: political parties
In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.

question: What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?, answer: methods of argument he employed | question: In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?, answer: Bôcher Memorial Prize | question: What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?, answer: Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups