lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.

question: What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?, answer: Verdigris | question: Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?, answer: Pliny | question: In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?, answer: Pompeii | question: What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?, answer: ruin | question: Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?, answer: Leonardo da Vinci
Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?, answer: Palladian | question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?, answer: made wide and relatively shallow | question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?, answer: the centre | question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?, answer: basement area | question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?, answer: mezzanine floor
Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34

question: What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters?, answer: anti-war | question: Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?, answer: the Communist Party's | question: What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?, answer: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, often with suppliants before him.

question: How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?, answer: Very few | question: The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?, answer: Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) | question: When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?, answer: between 634 and 730 | question: Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?, answer: hidden behind mortar | question: What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?, answer: almost all represent Saint Demetrius
Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

question: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?, answer: Yalamber | question: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?, answer: northern | question: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?, answer: Sino-Tibetan | question: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?, answer: southern half | question: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?, answer: Buddhist
Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are amplified and can be used to warn or communicate with other insects. Most sound-making insects also have tympanal organs that can perceive airborne sounds. Some species in Hemiptera, such as the corixids (water boatmen), are known to communicate via underwater sounds. Most insects are also able to sense vibrations transmitted through surfaces.

question: What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?, answer: low | question: Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?, answer: movement | question: Low insect sounds can be heard through what?, answer: microscopic stridulatory structures | question: Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?, answer: communicate | question: Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?, answer: underwater
Very small lamps may have the filament support wires extended through the base of the lamp, and can be directly soldered to a printed circuit board for connections. Some reflector-type lamps include screw terminals for connection of wires. Most lamps have metal bases that fit in a socket to support the lamp and conduct current to the filament wires. In the late 19th century, manufacturers introduced a multitude of incompatible lamp bases. General Electric introduced standard base sizes for tungsten incandescent lamps under the Mazda trademark in 1909. This standard was soon adopted across the US, and the Mazda name was used by many manufacturers under license through 1945. Today most incandescent lamps for general lighting service use an Edison screw in candelabra, intermediate, or standard or mogul sizes, or double contact bayonet base. Technical standards for lamp bases include ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 for common commercial lamp sizes, to ensure interchangeablitity between different manufacturer's products. Bayonet base lamps are frequently used in automotive lamps to resist loosening due to vibration. A bipin base is often used for halogen or reflector lamps.

question: Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?, answer: General Electric | question: In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?, answer: 1909 | question: What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?, answer: ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1 | question: What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?, answer: Bayonet base lamps | question: What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?, answer: bipin base
Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration.

question: Who did Victoria marry?, answer: Prince Albert | question: What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?, answer: the grandmother of Europe | question: In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?, answer: her popularity recovered | question: What year did Prince Albert die?, answer: 1861 | question: How many children did she have?, answer: nine | question: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?, answer: nine | question: What was the year of Alberts death?, answer: 1861 | question: Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?, answer: celebration | question: What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?, answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | question: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?, answer: first cousin | question: What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?, answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | question: Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?, answer: 1840 | question: How many children did Victoria and Albert have?, answer: nine | question: What year did Prince Albert die?, answer: 1861 | question: Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?, answer: republicanism | question: When did Queen Victoria get married?, answer: 1840 | question: What was the name of Victoria's husband?, answer: Prince Albert | question: What was Queen Victoria's nickname?, answer: the grandmother of Europe | question: When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?, answer: After Albert's death in 1861 | question: How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?, answer: nine | question: Who did Victoria marry?, answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | question: When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?, answer: 1840 | question: How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?, answer: nine | question: What was Victoria's unofficial title?, answer: the grandmother of Europe | question: When did Prince Albert die?, answer: 1861
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen." Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.

question: On what date did Victoria turn 18?, answer: 24 May 1837 | question: On what date did William IV die?, answer: 20 June 1837 | question: How old was William IV when he died?, answer: 71 | question: What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?, answer: 12 minutes past 2 | question: What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?, answer: Alexandrina Victoria | question: When did Victoria turn 18?, answer: 24 May 1837 | question: When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death?, answer: 20 June 1837 | question: What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?, answer: Alexandrina Victoria | question: How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death?, answer: 71 | question: Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England?, answer: the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham | question: What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?, answer: 20 June 1837, William IV died | question: Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?, answer: Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham | question: What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?, answer: Alexandrina Victoria | question: How old was William IV when he died?, answer: 71 | question: Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?, answer: sitting-room
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."

question: Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?, answer: Victoria | question: What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?, answer: 1889 | question: What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?, answer: 1900 | question: Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?, answer: Ireland | question: What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?, answer: 1900 | question: Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889?, answer: Biarritz | question: What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?, answer: Boer War | question: What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War?, answer: Ireland | question: Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year?, answer: her second son Alfred | question: Where did Victoria often go for holiday?, answer: mainland Europe | question: In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?, answer: set foot in Spain | question: Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?, answer: acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war | question: Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?, answer: the Boer War | question: What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?, answer: her second son Alfred ("Affie") died
Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.

question: How tall was Queen Victoria?, answer: no more than five feet tall | question: The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?, answer: her diary and letters | question: What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?, answer: 1964 | question: What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?, answer: 1972 | question: How tall was Queen Victoria?, answer: five feet | question: Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date?, answer: Lytton Strachey | question: What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?, answer: Elizabeth Longford | question: When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria?, answer: 1972 | question: What was Victoria like, physically?, answer: stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall | question: When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?, answer: after the release of her diary and letters | question: Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?, answer: Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith | question: When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?, answer: 1964 and 1972 | question: What kind of person was Victoria?, answer: emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

question: What year did Gladstone resign?, answer: 1885 | question: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?, answer: his budget | question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?, answer: General Gordon at Khartoum. | question: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?, answer: Lord Salisbury | question: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?, answer: a few months | question: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?, answer: General Gordon | question: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months?, answer: Lord Salisbury | question: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure?, answer: granting Ireland home rule | question: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?, answer: Salisbury | question: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885?, answer: his budget was defeated | question: When did Gladstone resign?, answer: 1885 | question: Why did Gladstone resign?, answer: his budget was defeated | question: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?, answer: pleased | question: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?, answer: General Gordon | question: Who replaced Gladstone?, answer: Lord Salisbury
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

question: Who was Queen Victorias father?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III | question: What year did Victorias Father die?, answer: 1820 | question: How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?, answer: 18 | question: What year did King George III die?, answer: 1820 | question: What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?, answer: German | question: What was the name of Victoria's father?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn | question: When did the Duke of Kent die?, answer: 1820 | question: What was Victoria's mother's name?, answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | question: At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?, answer: 18 | question: Who was Victoria's father?, answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III | question: Who raised Victoria?, answer: mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | question: When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?, answer: aged 18 | question: Why did Victoria inherit the throne?, answer: her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children | question: What kind of government did England have at the time?, answer: constitutional monarchy
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

question: Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?, answer: uncle Leopold | question: Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?, answer: Albert | question: Who introduced Albert to Victoria?, answer: uncle Leopold | question: What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?, answer: Leopold | question: How old was Victoria when she met Albert?, answer: 17 | question: Who introduced Victoria and Albert?, answer: her uncle Leopold | question: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?, answer: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy | question: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"?, answer: uncle Leopold | question: Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?, answer: Albert | question: What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance?, answer: the most pleasing and delightful exterior | question: Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?, answer: her uncle Leopold | question: What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?, answer: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy | question: What were Albert's best qualities?, answer: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable | question: How did Victoria find Albert's looks?, answer: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance | question: How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?, answer: 17