lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.

question: Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?, answer: Miocene Epoch | question: What was the cause of the severe erosion?, answer: glaciation | question: Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?, answer: Louis Agassiz | question: What was Louis Agassiz also known as?, answer: the "father of the ice-age concept"
In the NLCS, the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres. The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins. With wins of 13–0 and 4–2, the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series. After being beaten in Game 3 7–1, the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith, with the game tied 5–5, allowed a game-winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3–0 lead into the 6th inning, and a 3–2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe (who won the Cy Young Award that year) still on the mound. Then, Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove. This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6–3, with a 4-run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers. The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs, one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans.

question: Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?, answer: , the Cubs | question: Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?, answer: Wrigley Field | question: Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?, answer: San Diego Padres
In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)

question: Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?, answer: arresten | question: The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?, answer: legislation against the constitution | question: What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?, answer: legislation against some treaties | question: Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?, answer: administrative law | question: The high court for administrative law is also known as what?, answer: Council of State (Raad van State)
In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example, Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives.

question: In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?, answer: Ottoman Empire | question: Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?, answer: The Iroquois philosophy | question: Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?, answer: Benjamin Franklin
In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.

question: When did the Papal States exist?, answer: until 1870 | question: In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?, answer: ghettos | question: What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?, answer: bad antisemitism
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

question: In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?, answer: Paris Agreements | question: In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?, answer: 67.7% | question: What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?, answer: 96.5% | question: Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?, answer: Chancellor Konrad Adenauer | question: The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?, answer: join the Federal Republic of Germany.
In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?, answer: via a faith in some form of deity | question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?, answer: spiritual intermediaries | question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?, answer: Religious officials | question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?, answer: Tradition | question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?, answer: strictly | question: Who were spiritual intermediates?, answer: Religious officials | question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?, answer: via a faith in some form of deity | question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?, answer: spiritual intermediaries | question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?, answer: ceremony and morals | question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?, answer: Tradition
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.

question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?, answer: 61.2% | question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?, answer: 37.8% | question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?, answer: 54.4% | question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?, answer: 8.2% | question: In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?, answer: 20.8%
In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German–Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.

question: In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?, answer: Posen | question: What was there strong support of in Posen?, answer: the French | question: What calls were made for the Polish recruits?, answer: to desert from the Prussian Army | question: On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?, answer: 16 August 1870 | question: What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?, answer: prolonged period of repressive measures
In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia. The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the Vestals and their rites – fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus.

question: Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?, answer: rex sacrorum | question: What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?, answer: civil | question: What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?, answer: Republican pontifices | question: What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?, answer: pontifex maximus | question: By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?, answer: rex sacrorum
In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

question: What supports 48,027 characters?, answer: the official national encoding standard | question: What supports 13,053 characters?, answer: BIG-5 | question: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?, answer: Taiwan
In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

question: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?, answer: obstinate and willful manifest heresy | question: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?, answer: The Codex Justinianus | question: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?, answer: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism | question: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?, answer: Paulicians | question: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?, answer: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars
In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?, answer: immutable divine and natural law | question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?, answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law | question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?, answer: formal authority and promulgation | question: What is the pope's official title?, answer: Supreme Pontiff | question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?, answer: legislative, executive, and judicial
In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?, answer: Cyprus | question: What term does the name copper originate from?, answer: сuprum | question: What componds are common in copper?, answer: copper(II) salts | question: What is one color common in copper salts?, answer: blue | question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper., answer: green verdigris
In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers." New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles and even wind machines for sound effects.

question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?, answer: fortepiano | question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?, answer: two | question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?, answer: the standard orchestral palette | question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?, answer: sound | question: What is a celestes?, answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument
In the Scottish Enlightenment, Scotland's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities, reading societies, libraries, periodicals, museums and masonic lodges. The Scottish network was "predominantly liberal Calvinist, Newtonian, and 'design' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment". In France, Voltaire said "we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist.

question: Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?, answer: Scotland | question: What was the profession of James Anderson?, answer: agronomist | question: Who was the first modern geologist?, answer: James Hutton | question: William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?, answer: physicist and chemist
In the Somali diaspora, multiple Islamic fundraising events are held every year in cities like Birmingham, London, Toronto and Minneapolis, where Somali scholars and professionals give lectures and answer questions from the audience. The purpose of these events is usually to raise money for new schools or universities in Somalia, to help Somalis that have suffered as a consequence of floods and/or droughts, or to gather funds for the creation of new mosques like the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque, which is currently undergoing construction in the Twin cities.

question: Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?, answer: Toronto | question: What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?, answer: the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque | question: Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?, answer: droughts | question: Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?, answer: schools
In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

question: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?, answer: Southern Netherlands | question: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?, answer: French | question: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?, answer: 1980 | question: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?, answer: Language Union Treaty | question: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?, answer: American English
In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi]) – this is called yakanye/яканье. Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and /x~xv~xw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). Some of these features such as akanye/yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited /ɡ/, a semivowel /w~u̯/ and palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum.

question: What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect?, answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable | question: What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?, answer: unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable | question: What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?, answer: modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)