lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

question: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?, answer: Marengo | question: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?, answer: Lunéville | question: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?, answer: Moreau | question: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?, answer: the Treaty of Lunéville | question: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?, answer: Hohenlinden
Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

question: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?, answer: propaganda | question: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?, answer: censorship | question: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?, answer: France | question: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?, answer: civilian
Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.

question: The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?, answer: December | question: In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?, answer: 1814 | question: Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?, answer: the Frankfurt proposals | question: The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?, answer: 1791 | question: In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?, answer: Belgium
Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

question: Napoleon spent ten years as emperor of what people?, answer: the French | question: When did Napoleon's empire collapse?, answer: 1815 | question: Where are Napoleon's campaigns still studied today?, answer: military schools | question: What did Napoleon bring civilly to his territories?, answer: liberal reforms | question: What is Napoleon's legal achievement, still reaching a quarter of the world's legal systems?, answer: the Napoleonic Code | question: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?, answer: 15 August 1769 | question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?, answer: 5 May 1821 | question: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?, answer: French | question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?, answer: the French Revolution | question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?, answer: 1815 | question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?, answer: 5 May 1821 | question: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?, answer: the French Revolution
Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

question: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?, answer: 51 | question: What was the new name for the National Union?, answer: Arab Socialist Union | question: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?, answer: repression | question: What group was targeted with imprisonment?, answer: Islamists | question: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?, answer: submit their resignations in protest
Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

question: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?, answer: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces | question: When did students protest for political reforms?, answer: 1968 | question: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?, answer: Arab Socialist Union | question: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?, answer: external
Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

question: What was Nasser's principle vice?, answer: chain smoking | question: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?, answer: 18-hour | question: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?, answer: diabetes | question: What year did Nasser die?, answer: 1970 | question: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?, answer: influenza
Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

question: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?, answer: British influence | question: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?, answer: social justice | question: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?, answer: improved considerably | question: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?, answer: war effort
Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?, answer: Israel | question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?, answer: Gaza Strip | question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?, answer: did not retaliate militarily | question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?, answer: a blow to his growing popularity | question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?, answer: blockade on Israeli shipping
Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

question: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?, answer: Final Communique | question: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?, answer: French | question: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?, answer: right of return | question: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?, answer: UN
Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

question: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?, answer: African | question: Who did Nasser give asylum to?, answer: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries | question: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?, answer: anti-colonial propaganda | question: What African group did Nasser help to form?, answer: Organisation of African Unity | question: What year was the OAU formed?, answer: 1963
Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

question: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded., answer: Aswan Dam and Helwan City | question: What century did Nasser rule in?, answer: 20th | question: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?, answer: anti-imperialist | question: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?, answer: human rights violations
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

question: What political theory fascinated Nasser?, answer: Egyptian nationalism | question: What politician did Nasser admire?, answer: Mustafa Kamel | question: What poet did Nasser read?, answer: Ahmed Shawqi | question: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?, answer: Return of the Spirit | question: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?, answer: Royal Military Academy
Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

question: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?, answer: took great offense | question: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize?, answer: Suez Canal | question: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?, answer: unaware | question: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?, answer: 1956
Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

question: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?, answer: availability to the public | question: How many speeches did Nasser give?, answer: 1,359 | question: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?, answer: Nasser | question: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?, answer: press
Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

question: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?, answer: dictator | question: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?, answer: dissidents | question: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?, answer: confused Sultan
Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?, answer: 45 | question: What treaty did Nasser object to?, answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty | question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?, answer: British military bases | question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?, answer: declined significantly | question: From where did Nasser graduate?, answer: al-Nahda
Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

question: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?, answer: five million | question: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?, answer: Suez Canal | question: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?, answer: United Arab Republic | question: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?, answer: North Yemen Civil War | question: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?, answer: 1965
Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

question: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?, answer: Nasser | question: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?, answer: women | question: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?, answer: RCC | question: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents?, answer: sidelining | question: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?, answer: high-ranking positions in the cabinet