lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

question: Who created the first electrostatic device?, answer: Andrew Gordon | question: Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?, answer: André-Marie Ampère | question: In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?, answer: 1821 | question: What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?, answer: mercury
Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accountability Report for 2007 (Lloyd, et al. 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities (p. 19). As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement.

question: Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?, answer: Lloyd, et al. | question: Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?, answer: this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement | question: How accountable is Interpol?, answer: 22% | question: What is the least-accountable IGO?, answer: Interpol
Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.

question: What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?, answer: 1187 | question: Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?, answer: the Swedish town of Sigtuna | question: What important figure was killed in the raid?, answer: Swedish archbishop Johannes | question: What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?, answer: the piratica and the liburna | question: What type of ship was the liburna?, answer: merchant ship
Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of "man's place in the universe". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).

question: Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?, answer: Charles Darwin | question: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?, answer: On the Origin of Species | question: What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?, answer: both opposition and support from different parts of society | question: Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?, answer: Moravian monk Gregor Mendel | question: What was the major break through for the study of genetics?, answer: the basic structure of DNA
Perhaps, his most notable letter was his Festal Letter, written to his Church in Alexandria when he was in exile, as he could not be in their presence. This letter shows clearly his stand that accepting Jesus is the Divine Son of God is not optional but necessary; "I know moreover that not only this thing saddens you, but also the fact that while others have obtained the churches by violence, you are meanwhile cast out from your places. For they hold the places, but you the Apostolic Faith. They are, it is true, in the places, but outside of the true Faith; while you are outside the places indeed, but the Faith, within you. Let us consider whether is the greater, the place or the Faith. Clearly the true Faith. Who then has lost more, or who possesses more? He who holds the place, or he who holds the Faith?

question: Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?, answer: not optional but necessary | question: Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?, answer: the true Faith | question: Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?, answer: outside of the true Faith | question: Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?, answer: within you | question: Who was the Festal Letter written for?, answer: his Church in Alexandria
Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt.

question: What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel?, answer: rural | question: When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees?, answer: the first full year of their reign | question: Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?, answer: to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force | question: What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?, answer: lost the subsistence land or became bondservants | question: Who made the first known clean slate decrees?, answer: Enmetena and Urukagina
Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection. There are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body. Some viruses once acquired never leave the body. A typical example is the herpes virus, which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise.

question: Why do persistent infections occur?, answer: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection | question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?, answer: the infectious organism | question: How can some viruses main a persistent infection?, answer: by infecting different cells of the body | question: What never leave the body when acquired?, answer: Some viruses | question: Where does the herpes virus hide?, answer: in nerves
Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.

question: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?, answer: Personnel Recovery | question: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission?, answer: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel | question: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis?, answer: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda | question: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission?, answer: crisis response and regional stability
Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered "most German", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.

question: Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and families have been in place for generations are often consider?, answer: most German | question: What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?, answer: Aussiedler | question: What is the name of gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?, answer: Restdeutsche | question: What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?, answer: Auswanderer | question: People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?, answer: most German | question: Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?, answer: Aussiedler | question: What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?, answer: Restdeutsche | question: What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?, answer: Auswanderer
Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival. Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts. Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion.

question: What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?, answer: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals | question: Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?, answer: communication | question: Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?, answer: natural selection | question: In what century did Darwin write?, answer: 19th
Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).

question: What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?, answer: violence | question: Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?, answer: because it is the rainy season | question: When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?, answer: second half of the 20th century | question: What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?, answer: sexual assaults on women | question: How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?, answer: eight
Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.

question: What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?, answer: Over 98% | question: What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?, answer: non-target species, air, water and soil | question: What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?, answer: Pesticide drift | question: Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?, answer: water pollution | question: What is the effect of pesticide drift?, answer: potentially contaminating
Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.

question: What is one type of pesticide?, answer: biodegradable | question: How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?, answer: months or years | question: What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?, answer: persistence | question: What is one way to classify pesticides?, answer: type of pest they control
Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.

question: What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?, answer: pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes | question: What is the purpose of a pesticide?, answer: Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest | question: What are pesticides most commonly used for?, answer: The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products | question: What can pesticides protect plants from?, answer: protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects | question: What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?, answer: sanitizer
Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.

question: Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?, answer: West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria | question: What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?, answer: Herbicides | question: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?, answer: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | question: Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?, answer: Pest Management Regulatory Agency
Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

question: What is one way you could group pesticides?, answer: application method | question: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?, answer: by poisoning pests | question: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?, answer: movement is usually upward | question: Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?, answer: pollen and nectar in the flowers
Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15

question: What is one way to group pesticides?, answer: chemical structure | question: Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides., answer: herbicides, insecticides, fungicides | question: What are the two types of biopesticides?, answer: microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides | question: Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?, answer: Plant-derived pesticides, or "botanicals
Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that "most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations. Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,

question: Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?, answer: cause acute and delayed health effects | question: What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?, answer: cancer | question: What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?, answer: organophosphate insecticide exposures