lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The permeability of the metallic chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face.

question: What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?, answer: Some oils and greases | question: How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?, answer: parallel | question: What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?, answer: stainless steel or titanium | question: What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?, answer: water absorption
In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o. E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations. E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

question: What language is parle or tem ?, answer: Valencian | question: What language is parlo or temo ?, answer: Northwestern | question: What language is parl?, answer: Balearic | question: What language form is parli?, answer: Northern
In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity.

question: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?, answer: the forebrain | question: In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?, answer: the hypothalamus, | question: A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?, answer: the hypothalamus, | question: The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?, answer: the pituitary gland | question: The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?, answer: the bloodstream
In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH) 2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3) 2, chlorate Zn(ClO3) 2, sulfate ZnSO 4, phosphate Zn 3(PO4) 2, molybdate ZnMoO 4, cyanide Zn(CN) 2, arsenite Zn(AsO2) 2, arsenate Zn(AsO4) 2·8H 2O and the chromate ZnCrO 4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O 2CCH3) 2).

question: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?, answer: zincates
In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.

question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?, answer: Town of Greece v. Galloway | question: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?, answer: May 5, 2014 | question: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?, answer: 5-4 | question: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?, answer: Town of Greece | question: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?, answer: sectarian prayers
In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s–lower 50s °F (8–12 °C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3–5 in (8–13 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.

question: The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?, answer: winter | question: What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?, answer: upper 40s–lower 50s °F | question: What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?, answer: below the freezing point | question: What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?, answer: 3–5 in | question: What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?, answer: sleet and freezing rain
In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched.

question: When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?, answer: mid 2015 | question: What is the third BeiDou system called?, answer: BDS-3 | question: When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?, answer: 30 September 2015 | question: How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?, answer: 4
Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

question: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?, answer: less efficient | question: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?, answer: 2.2% | question: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?, answer: LED | question: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?, answer: 1,000 hours | question: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?, answer: The remaining energy is converted into heat.
Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

question: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?, answer: prohibited them already | question: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?, answer: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs | question: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?, answer: cold cathode fluorescent lamps | question: What does the acronym CFL refer to?, answer: compact fluorescent lamps | question: What does the acronym LED refer to?, answer: light-emitting diode
Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads with a power factor of 1. This means the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal. Incandescent light bulbs are usually marketed according to the electrical power consumed. This is measured in watts and depends mainly on the resistance of the filament, which in turn depends mainly on the filament's length, thickness, and material. For two bulbs of the same voltage, type, color, and clarity, the higher-powered bulb gives more light.

question: What does a power factor of 1 mean?, answer: the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal | question: What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?, answer: the resistance of the filament | question: What determines the resistance of the filament?, answer: the filament's length, thickness, and material | question: How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?, answer: Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads | question: All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?, answer: the higher-powered bulb gives more light
Incandescent light bulbs come in a range of shapes and sizes. The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions. Many of these shapes have a designation consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more numbers, e.g. A55 or PAR38. The letters represent the shape of the bulb. The numbers represent the maximum diameter, either in 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters, depending on the shape and the region. For example, 63 mm reflectors are designated R63, but in the US, they are known as R20 (2.5 in). However, in both regions, a PAR38 reflector is known as PAR38.

question: What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?, answer: the shape of the bulb | question: What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?, answer: the maximum diameter | question: Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?, answer: The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions | question: What units are the bulb sizes measured in?, answer: 1⁄8 of an inch, or in millimeters
Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.

question: What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?, answer: the envelope | question: What is the filament made of?, answer: tungsten wire | question: How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?, answer: two (or more) | question: What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?, answer: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base | question: What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?, answer: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires
Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairy wren Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to inbreeding depression (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see Promiscuity#Other animals for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young.

question: What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?, answer: inbreeding depression | question: What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?, answer: Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings | question: What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?, answer: 43%
Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a "very expensive, sophisticated campaign", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's campaign headquarters shared the same building as Kerry's. On the eve of the September 19 primary, police found Kerry's younger brother Cameron and campaign field director Thomas J. Vallely, breaking into where the building's telephone lines were located. They were arrested and charged with "breaking and entering with the intent to commit grand larceny", but the charges were dropped a year later. At the time of the incident, DiFruscia alleged that the two were trying to disrupt his get-out-the vote efforts. Vallely and Cameron Kerry maintained that they were only checking their own telephone lines because they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut.

question: What was Paul Sheehy's job?, answer: attorney | question: What was DiFruscia's position?, answer: State Representative | question: Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?, answer: Anthony R. DiFruscia | question: Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?, answer: they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut | question: What is Kerry's younger brother's name?, answer: Cameron
Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

question: What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?, answer: Harmony Sweepstakes | question: Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?, answer: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music | question: What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?, answer: Nota | question: Who won The Sing-Off final season?, answer: Pentatonix | question: In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?, answer: Puerto Rico
Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), and Candolle (1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach. Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.

question: What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?, answer: Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy | question: In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?, answer: 1819 | question: On what did Candolle base his classification system?, answer: morphological complexity | question: What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?, answer: concept of common descent
Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

question: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?, answer: cultural contacts with the Muslim world | question: What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?, answer: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily | question: In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?, answer: those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control | question: What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?, answer: Cefalù Cathedrals | question: What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?, answer: Teruel Cathedral
Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

question: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?, answer: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951 | question: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?, answer: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. | question: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?, answer: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. | question: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?, answer: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. | question: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?, answer: British Petroleum | question: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?, answer: September 1973 | question: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?, answer: $3.8 billion | question: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?, answer: 1979 | question: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?, answer: $40
Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.

question: What did the shramana movements challenge?, answer: orthodoxy of rituals | question: Who was the founder of Jainism?, answer: Mahavira | question: What prominent icon founded Buddhism?, answer: Buddha | question: What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?, answer: Middle Way | question: What belief system taught the idea of samsara?, answer: Shramana
Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.

question: Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?, answer: video games | question: What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?, answer: dance bar | question: At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?, answer: sports bar | question: Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?, answer: Shove ha'penny
Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through brood patches, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of megapodes comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in woodpeckers, cuckoos and passerine birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and kiwis).

question: What process optimises temperature for chick development?, answer: Incubation | question: When does incubation begin?, answer: after the last egg has been laid | question: What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?, answer: brood patches | question: How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?, answer: 10 days | question: How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?, answer: over 80 days
Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime.

question: When was independence declared?, answer: 24 September 1973 | question: What date was independence considered universal?, answer: 25 April 1974 | question: What event caused the recognition to be universal?, answer: socialist-inspired military coup | question: Where did a coup take place?, answer: Portugal | question: Who was overthrown in the coup?, answer: Lisbon's Estado Novo regime