lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources.

question: During which period was the odometer cart first created?, answer: Han | question: What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?, answer: sliding metal calipers | question: What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?, answer: artwork | question: What was used to separate parts of grain?, answer: winnowing machines | question: What use did the odometer cart provide?, answer: measured journey lengths
Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

question: Who created the account of Jesus?, answer: author of the Mark Gospel | question: Who amended the account at a later date?, answer: Luke | question: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?, answer: the death of kings and other major figures | question: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?, answer: Jewish | question: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?, answer: Géza Vermes
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

question: What is are the main themes of present-day botany?, answer: molecular genetics and epigenetics | question: How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?, answer: providing staple foods | question: How can botany be applied to the construction industry?, answer: synthesis of chemicals and raw materials | question: Is botany a narrow science?, answer: a broad, multidisciplinary subject
Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work. Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier (Father of Modern Chemistry) on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, which refuted phlogiston theory. The theory that all matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest constituents of matter that cannot be broken down without losing the basic chemical and physical properties of that matter, was provided by John Dalton in 1803, although the question took a hundred years to settle as proven. Dalton also formulated the law of mass relationships. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev composed his periodic table of elements on the basis of Dalton's discoveries.

question: When did modern chemistry come into existence?, answer: the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries | question: Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?, answer: Robert Boyle | question: What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?, answer: The Sceptical Chymist | question: What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?, answer: Father of Modern Chemistry | question: Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?, answer: phlogiston theory
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are generally considered as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from electronic toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

question: Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?, answer: integrated circuits | question: How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?, answer: millions to billions of times
Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including ⟨g⟩ in place of the insular G, ⟨s⟩ for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨r⟩. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ by placing dots above the palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The letter wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨w⟩, but æsc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).

question: What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?, answer: palatal | question: What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?, answer: w | question: What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?, answer: g | question: What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?, answer: s | question: When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?, answer: thorn
Modern electrification systems take AC energy from a power grid which is delivered to a locomotive and converted to a DC voltage to be used by traction motors. These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC (using power electronics). Thus both systems are faced with the same task: converting and transporting high-voltage AC from the power grid to low-voltage DC in the locomotive. Where should this conversion take place and at what voltage and current (AC or DC) should the power flow to the locomotive? And how does all this relate to energy-efficiency? Both the transmission and conversion of electric energy involve losses: ohmic losses in wires and power electronics, magnetic field losses in transformers and smoothing reactors (inductors). Power conversion for a DC system takes place mainly in a railway substation where large, heavy, and more efficient hardware can be used as compared to an AC system where conversion takes place aboard the locomotive where space is limited and losses are significantly higher. Also, the energy used to blow air to cool transformers, power electronics (including rectifiers), and other conversion hardware must be accounted for.

question: What nowdays electrification systems can use?, answer: DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors | question: What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?, answer: converting and transporting | question: What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?, answer: ohmic losses | question: What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?, answer: magnetic field losses
Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.

question: What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?, answer: Darwin's theory of evolution | question: What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?, answer: The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. | question: In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?, answer: medicine and agriculture | question: What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?, answer: a religion-based political controversy
Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 or 糎 for 厘米 – some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn "library", a contraction of 圖書館, A four-morpheme word, 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì "socialism", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, 义, with the radical of the first, 社, yielding roughly 礻义.

question: What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?, answer: SI units | question: What is a less systematic example?, answer: túshūguǎn | question: What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?, answer: socialism
Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

question: what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?, answer: Advanced Typographic | question: Where is information provided to designate which character form to select?, answer: plain text | question: How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations?, answer: Unicode variation sequences
Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps. Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals—a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century. These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.

question: How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?, answer: 6,000 years | question: Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?, answer: the first geological maps | question: In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?, answer: comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals | question: What are used to create geological maps?, answer: index fossils | question: What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?, answer: layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained
Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?, answer: the nation state | question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?, answer: the Alps | question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?, answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic | question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?, answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century | question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?, answer: the end of western religious unity
Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

question: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?, answer: Hasmonaean Dynasty | question: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?, answer: 165 BCE to 63 BCE | question: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?, answer: Antigonus II Mattathias | question: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?, answer: Herod | question: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?, answer: 37 BCE
Modern morphology recognizes a continuum between the major morphological categories of root, stem (caulome), leaf (phyllome) and trichome. Furthermore, it emphasizes structural dynamics. Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants. Modern Molecular phylogenetics largely ignores morphological characters, relying on DNA sequences as data. Molecular analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants enabled the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to publish in 1998 a phylogeny of flowering plants, answering many of the questions about relationships among angiosperm families and species. The theoretical possibility of a practical method for identification of plant species and commercial varieties by DNA barcoding is the subject of active current research.

question: What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?, answer: phylogenetic | question: What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?, answer: DNA sequences | question: What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?, answer: Molecular analysis of DNA | question: Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?, answer: the major morphological categories
Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as the capital ship of the fleet, a role previously held by the battleship. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance. Supercarriers, displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as USS Tarawa and HMS Ocean, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate VSTOL aircraft.

question: Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?, answer: the battleship | question: When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?, answer: World War II | question: What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?, answer: Supercarriers | question: Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?, answer: Amphibious assault ships | question: What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?, answer: helicopters
Modern police forces make extensive use of radio communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. In recent years, vehicle-installed computers have enhanced the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police equipment include flashlights/torches, whistles, police notebooks and "ticket books" or citations.

question: How do modern police often communicate?, answer: radio | question: Where do police have radios?, answer: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles | question: Why do police use radios?, answer: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly | question: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?, answer: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds | question: What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?, answer: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis
Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.

question: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?, answer: Modern separation techniques | question: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?, answer: nutritional content | question: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?, answer: reduced | question: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?, answer: enriched | question: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?, answer: trans fatty acids