lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s, less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich, four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor. Fewer than half of all primary-school-age children attended school, most of them being boys. Nasser's policies changed this. Land reform and distribution, the dramatic growth in university education, and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve. From academic year 1953-54 through 1965-66, overall public school enrolments more than doubled. Millions of previously poor Egyptians, through education and jobs in the public sector, joined the middle class. Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser. During the 1960s, the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

question: How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?, answer: less than half a million | question: How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s, answer: four million | question: How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s, answer: 17 million | question: What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?, answer: Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists | question: What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?, answer: went from sluggish to the verge of collapse
At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

question: In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?, answer: U.S. | question: What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?, answer: National Assessment of Adult Literacy | question: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?, answer: 44% | question: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?, answer: 14 | question: People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?, answer: level of poverty
At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.

question: What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?, answer: violate copyright laws | question: Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?, answer: unauthorized | question: How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?, answer: Three | question: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?, answer: view | question: What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?, answer: DMCA
At the time, the Umayyad taxation and administrative practice were perceived as unjust by some Muslims. The Christian and Jewish population had still autonomy; their judicial matters were dealt with in accordance with their own laws and by their own religious heads or their appointees, although they did pay a poll tax for policing to the central state. Muhammad had stated explicitly during his lifetime that abrahamic religious groups (still a majority in times of the Umayyad Caliphate), should be allowed to practice their own religion, provided that they paid the jizya taxation. The welfare state of both the Muslim and the non-Muslim poor started by Umar ibn al Khattab had also continued. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Christian. The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were stable in this time. The Umayyads were involved in frequent battles with the Christian Byzantines without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious assimilation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.

question: What form of tax were Christians required to pay?, answer: jizya | question: Who was the mother of Yazid?, answer: Maysum | question: What was Maysum's religion?, answer: Christian
At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this meeting was to define Christian orthodoxy and clearly differentiate it from Christian heresies. The meeting reached consensus on the Nicene Creed and other statements. Later, Philostorgius criticized Christians who offered sacrifice at statues of the divus Constantine. Constantine nevertheless took great pains to assuage traditionalist and Christian anxieties.

question: What group did Constantine call to a meeting?, answer: First Council of Nicaea | question: From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?, answer: Western Empire | question: How many bishops attended the First Council?, answer: 318 | question: What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?, answer: Nicene Creed | question: What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?, answer: Christian orthodoxy
At the turn of the 21st century, a post-punk revival developed in British and American alternative and indie rock, which soon started appearing in other countries, as well. The earliest sign of a revival was the emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s. However, the first commercially successful bands – the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors – surfaced in the late 1990s to early 2000s, as did several dance-oriented bands such as the Rapture, Radio 4 and LCD Soundsystem. Additionally, some darker post-punk bands began to appear in the indie music scene in the 2010s, including Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum, who were also affiliated with the darkwave revival, as well as A Place to Bury Strangers, who combined early post-punk and shoegaze. These bands tend to draw a fanbase who are a combination of the indie music subculture, older post-punk fans and the current goth subculture. In the 2010s, Savages played a music reminiscent of early British post-punk bands of the late '70s.

question: When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies?, answer: turn of the 21st century | question: What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?, answer: emergence of various underground bands | question: When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene?, answer: the 2010s | question: The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture?, answer: indie music | question: What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010?, answer: Savages | question: When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures?, answer: turn of the 21st century | question: Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival?, answer: the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors | question: When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene?, answer: late 1990s to early 2000s | question: What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival?, answer: emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s | question: Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene?, answer: Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum
At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock.

question: When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?, answer: end of the 19th century | question: What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?, answer: violin family instruments | question: What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?, answer: European-style bowl-back | question: Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited?, answer: Orville Gibson
At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,303 ft). Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is the Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,400 m (4,593 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,155 ft). The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.

question: What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes?, answer: isolated cushions | question: Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps?, answer: above 4,000 m | question: What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?, answer: the King of the Alps | question: What is the best known of the alpine plants?, answer: Edelweiss
At this point, Fox whispered that there was "no loss of friendship". "I regret to say there is", Burke replied, "I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered "unusually bitter sarcasms". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.

question: When did Burke leave the Whig party?, answer: 5 June 1791 | question: Who did Burke turn down money from?, answer: Fitzwilliam | question: What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?, answer: French constitution | question: Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?, answer: Fox | question: Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?, answer: Burke
At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.

question: The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money, answer: £1 million | question: What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?, answer: monetary consequences of a war | question: What was the name of the war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?, answer: Seven Years' War | question: The seven years' war changed the British state focus from trade to protecting europe and defending which colonies?, answer: colonies in North America | question: in what year did the Seven years' war, answer: 1763
At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and Anne was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Geneviève Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn (1975), a sequel to True Grit (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. Rooster Cogburn co-starred John Wayne, reprising his Oscar-winning role from the earlier film, and Katharine Hepburn, their only film together. The film was only a moderate success.

question: Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days?, answer: Hal B. Wallis | question: Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on?, answer: Maxwell Anderson | question: In what year was the film version of Mary, Queen of Scots made?, answer: 1971 | question: Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod?, answer: Richard Burton | question: What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal?, answer: Rooster Cogburn
At times a character may "turn", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade. Others may have no noticeable effect on the character's status. If a character repeatedly switches between being a face and heel, this lessens the effect of such turns, and may result in apathy from the audience. Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history.

question: What might a character do with their persona?, answer: turn | question: What did Hulk Hogan become?, answer: heel | question: Who has the most turns in the WWE?, answer: Vince McMahon
At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.

question: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?, answer: state collateral review | question: About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?, answer: 6 | question: In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?, answer: 53 | question: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?, answer: ineffective assistance of counsel
At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.

question: After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?, answer: Germany's rocket engineers | question: What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?, answer: Operation Paperclip | question: The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?, answer: V2 rockets
Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach. The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own "Rabbit" chip. However, Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case. Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement, which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team. Tengen's antitrust claims against Nintendo were never finally decided.

question: Atari created NES products under which name?, answer: Tengen | question: What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?, answer: copyright infringement | question: Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?, answer: "Rabbit" chip | question: Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?, answer: United States Patent and Trademark Office
Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy, they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption. Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.

question: When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?, answer: before the Arian controversy | question: Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?, answer: Against the Heathen | question: How did he believe Jesus came into the world?, answer: in human form | question: Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?, answer: Incarnation of the Word of God
Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the "7 books not in the canon but to be read" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas.

question: Who standardized the books of the New Testament?, answer: Athanasius | question: What books were used before his decision to standardize?, answer: various | question: How many books are listed that should be included but were not?, answer: 7 books | question: How many books are in the New Testament?, answer: 27 books | question: Have those books changed over time?, answer: in use today
Athanasius knew Greek and admitted not knowing Hebrew [see, e.g., the 39th Festal Letter of St. Athan.]. The Old Testament passages he quotes frequently come from the Septuagint Greek translation. Only rarely did he use other Greek versions (to Aquila once in the Ecthesis, to other versions once or twice on the Psalms), and his knowledge of the Old Testament was limited to the Septuagint. Nonetheless, during his later exile, with no access to a copy of the Scriptures, Athanasius could quote from memory every verse in the Old Testament with a supposed reference to the Trinity without missing any.[citation needed] The combination of Scriptural study and of Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian School.

question: Did Athanasius speak Greek?, answer: knew Greek | question: Did he understand Hebrew?, answer: not knowing Hebrew | question: Did he know all of the Old Testament?, answer: limited to the Septuagint | question: What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?, answer: Scriptural study and of Greek | question: What translation of the Old Testament did he study?, answer: Septuagint Greek