lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.

question: In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?, answer: the centre of England | question: What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?, answer: Malvern Hills | question: What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?, answer: 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835 | question: Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?, answer: his rival | question: Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?, answer: William | question: Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales?, answer: William | question: Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips?, answer: Ramsgate | question: Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen?, answer: Conroy | question: What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later?, answer: private secretary | question: Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?, answer: the Duchess of Kent and Conroy | question: Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?, answer: Conroy | question: How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?, answer: disliked | question: What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?, answer: enthusiastically welcomed in each | question: Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?, answer: concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival | question: When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?, answer: banned him from her presence
In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

question: What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?, answer: 1832 | question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?, answer: federal soldiers | question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?, answer: five United States Coast Guard cutters | question: The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?, answer: the Charleston incident | question: A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?, answer: in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs
In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government.

question: What ended in the year 1837?, answer: the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover | question: What was the name of William IV's heir?, answer: Queen Victoria | question: Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?, answer: Ernest Augustus | question: What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?, answer: annexed by Prussia | question: In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?, answer: Battle of Langensalza
In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?, answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt | question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?, answer: Egyptians | question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?, answer: 1839 | question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London?, answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia | question: In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention?, answer: 1840
In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.

question: in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?, answer: death penalty | question: in 1838 about how many tone of Opium was smuggled in to China per year?, answer: 1,400 tons | question: what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were caught smuggling Opium in to China?, answer: Special Imperial Commissioner | question: when did the first Opium war start?, answer: 1839 | question: Britian faught side by side with what country in the second Opium war?, answer: France
In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

question: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?, answer: 1838 | question: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?, answer: Pyrimont Seysell | question: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire?, answer: British asphalt industry | question: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?, answer: Whitehall | question: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?, answer: two
In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?, answer: 1838 | question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?, answer: pools and baths | question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?, answer: damp proofing | question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used?, answer: 1840s and 50s | question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?, answer: patents
In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

question: What did a teacher of religion from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?, answer: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria | question: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?, answer: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 | question: Who gave the teacher the new job ?, answer: Pope Pius IX | question: Who was the teacher who committed the act ?, answer: Mariano Spada | question: What problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed to do in response to the actions of the teacher ?, answer: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.
In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.

question: What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?, answer: to form a new ministry | question: In what year did Melbourne resign?, answer: 1839 | question: Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?, answer: Tory | question: What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?, answer: bedchamber crisis | question: What year did Melbourne resign?, answer: 1839 | question: Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?, answer: Radicals and Tories | question: Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?, answer: Sir Robert Peel | question: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?, answer: Melbourne | question: The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?, answer: the bedchamber crisis | question: Who resigned their position in 1839?, answer: Melbourne | question: Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?, answer: The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. | question: What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion?, answer: Sir Robert Peel | question: After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do?, answer: resigned his commission | question: Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis?, answer: Melbourne | question: What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?, answer: voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica | question: Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?, answer: plantation owners | question: Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?, answer: wives of Tories | question: Why did Peel resign his comission?, answer: Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen | question: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?, answer: Melbourne
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

question: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?, answer: 1840 | question: On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?, answer: 15 December 1840 | question: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?, answer: the Arc de Triomphe | question: In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?, answer: St Jérôme's Chapel | question: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?, answer: 1861
In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.

question: In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?, answer: a provisioning station | question: What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?, answer: British West Africa Squadron | question: What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?, answer: Brazil | question: How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?, answer: 500 | question: How many slaves were freed from the island?, answer: many thousands
In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

question: Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?, answer: British | question: Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?, answer: over 15,000 | question: What were the freed slaves known as?, answer: Liberated Africans
In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.

question: What year was the potato blight in Ireland?, answer: 1845 | question: How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?, answer: £2,000 | question: How long did the Great Famine last?, answer: four years | question: How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?, answer: over a million | question: What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?, answer: The Famine Queen | question: What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?, answer: potato blight | question: How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?, answer: over a million | question: What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine?, answer: The Famine Queen | question: What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine?, answer: that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home | question: How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor?, answer: £2,000 | question: What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?, answer: potato blight | question: When did the potato blight begin?, answer: 1845 | question: How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?, answer: a million | question: What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?, answer: The Famine Queen | question: How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?, answer: £2,000
In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.

question: What Neapolitan architect created the "Flying Chair" elevator?, answer: Gaetano Genovese | question: At what location was the "Flying Chair" installed in 1845?, answer: Royal Palace of Caserta | question: What type of wood was used on the inside ?, answer: maple | question: What controlled the traction?, answer: a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels | question: What did the safety system consist of?, answer: a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring
In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.

question: Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?, answer: Commodore Robert F. Stockton | question: What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?, answer: Battle of San Pasqual | question: What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?, answer: The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo | question: Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?, answer: Lieutenant Gray | question: How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?, answer: three weeks