lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.

question: What city did Ibn Sina settle in?, answer: Rey | question: What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?, answer: Tehran | question: How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?, answer: thirty | question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?, answer: Hamadãn | question: What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?, answer: office of vizier
Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

question: Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?, answer: the emir, Nuh II | question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?, answer: access to the royal library of the Samanids | question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?, answer: to conceal the sources of his knowledge | question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?, answer: his father | question: What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?, answer: 997
Ibn Sīnā refers to the secondary education stage of maktab schooling as a period of specialisation when pupils should begin to acquire manual skills, regardless of their social status. He writes that children after the age of 14 should be allowed to choose and specialise in subjects they have an interest in, whether it was reading, manual skills, literature, preaching, medicine, geometry, trade and commerce, craftsmanship, or any other subject or profession they would be interested in pursuing for a future career. He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.

question: What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?, answer: manual skills | question: According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?, answer: 14 | question: According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?, answer: flexibility | question: What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school?, answer: future career
Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.

question: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?, answer: alchemy | question: On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?, answer: Physics | question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?, answer: Aristotelian doctrine | question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?, answer: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?, answer: Arabic | question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?, answer: ethics | question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?, answer: Persian | question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?, answer: Aristotle | question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?, answer: Metaphysics
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

question: What is another name for Ibn Tufail?, answer: Abubacer | question: What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?, answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) | question: Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?, answer: Ibn al-Nafis | question: What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?, answer: Al-Ghazali | question: Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?, answer: Hayy
Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?, answer: Icelandic and Faroese | question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?, answer: consonant clusters | question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?, answer: double stops and single stops
Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over concrete realities. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, who focus on the world as it presently is. In the arts, similarly, idealism affirms imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism.

question: What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?, answer: to see | question: By what year was "idealism" a word in English?, answer: 1743 | question: Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?, answer: pragmatists | question: What language is ἰδεῖν?, answer: Greek
Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In § 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind...." Also, "...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world."

question: Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?, answer: physicists | question: Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?, answer: relativity | question: In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?, answer: 1900 | question: What did Pearson claim that science classifies?, answer: contents of the mind | question: Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?, answer: Einstein
Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "Forty acres and a mule" policy. The proposal was never widely adopted due to strong political opposition. Nearly a century later (1950s-1960s), policies to assist classes of individuals reemerged during the Civil Rights Movement. The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decisions came to be known as affirmative action in which mandatory, as well as voluntary programs, affirmed the civil rights of people of color. Furthermore, these affirmative action programs protected people of color from the present effects stemming from past discrimination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term "affirmative action" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." This executive order realized the government's intent to create equal opportunities for all qualified people. This executive order was eventually amended and superseded by Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246 which prevented discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by organizations which received federal contracts and subcontracts. In 1967, the order was amended to include sex as well. The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.

question: When did the Reconstruction Era end?, answer: 1877 | question: Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?, answer: General William Tecumseh Sherman | question: What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?, answer: Forty acres and a mule | question: Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?, answer: Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment | question: Who was the first person to utilize the term "affirmative action"?, answer: President John F. Kennedy
Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In other words, in an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are adolescents are liking to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. But, developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood.[citation needed] Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.

question: When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?, answer: adolescent years | question: What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?, answer: family life, environment, and social status | question: What are two main aspects of identity development?, answer: self-clarity and self-esteem | question: What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?, answer: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem | question: Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?, answer: more difficult
Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

question: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?, answer: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s | question: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?, answer: the oil industry | question: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?, answer: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry | question: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?, answer: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt | question: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:, answer: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | question: What country won the Six-Day War?, answer: Israel | question: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?, answer: Tripoli and Benghazi | question: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?, answer: Egypt | question: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?, answer: 1969 | question: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?, answer: Black Boots
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.

question: Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?, answer: monotremes | question: Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?, answer: Amphilestes and Amphitherium | question: How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?, answer: 167 million years | question: About what year do synapsid date back to?, answer: 225 Ma
If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.

question: What was William Miller's life span?, answer: 1864–1945 | question: What was William Miller an expert on?, answer: the Near East | question: So to speak, what did William Miller do?, answer: signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires | question: Where did Miller attend school?, answer: Oxford
If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility):

question: Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?, answer: driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly | question: What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?, answer: the internal microscopic dipoles | question: What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?, answer: dielectric dispersion | question: What regulates dielectric dispersion?, answer: dielectric relaxation processes | question: What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?, answer: Debye relaxation
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

question: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?, answer: direct review | question: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?, answer: appellate | question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?, answer: three | question: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?, answer: trial | question: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?, answer: 60
If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

question: Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?, answer: heavy | question: What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?, answer: growth rings | question: What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?, answer: white pines | question: Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?, answer: easy | question: What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?, answer: hard pines