lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

question: Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?, answer: the Berlin Conference | question: What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?, answer: Royal Niger Company | question: When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?, answer: 1900 | question: When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?, answer: 1 January 1901 | question: Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?, answer: Benin
In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

question: What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?, answer: small air gap | question: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?, answer: Frank Julian Sprague | question: What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?, answer: electric trolley system | question: What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?, answer: South Side Elevated Railway | question: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?, answer: Thomas Edison
In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.

question: What was the original name of the Arsenal team?, answer: Dial Square | question: When was Arsenal originally formed?, answer: 1886 | question: When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?, answer: 1913 | question: In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?, answer: 2006 | question: How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?, answer: $1.3 billion
In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

question: How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?, answer: 50 | question: What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?, answer: fiftieth anniversary | question: Who accused Karim of spying?, answer: Her family and retainers | question: What was Munshi lying about?, answer: his parentage | question: What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?, answer: 1887 | question: Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?, answer: Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India | question: What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?, answer: Abdul Karim | question: Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?, answer: Sir Henry | question: Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?, answer: Equerry Frederick Ponsonby | question: When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee?, answer: 1887 | question: What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion?, answer: Hindustani | question: Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family?, answer: Muslim Patriotic League | question: Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria?, answer: Equerry Frederick Ponsonby | question: What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations?, answer: 20 June | question: When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?, answer: 1887 | question: What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?, answer: the fiftieth anniversary of her accession | question: Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?, answer: Abdul Karim | question: Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?, answer: spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus | question: How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?, answer: until he returned to India with a pension on her death
In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

question: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?, answer: 1888 | question: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?, answer: 1911 | question: What was the longest line in the world during its time?, answer: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway | question: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?, answer: the British | question: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?, answer: police and public works departments
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

question: When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?, answer: 1890 | question: Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?, answer: Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson | question: What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?, answer: trading steamer | question: What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?, answer: Robert Louis Stevenson | question: What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?, answer: The Cruise of the Janet Nichol
In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.

question: What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?, answer: Captain Davis | question: What was the name of Davis's ship?, answer: HMS Royalist | question: What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?, answer: agents | question: How many traders did some islands have?, answer: competing | question: What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders?, answer: dryer
In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

question: What element can be found in thyroid glands?, answer: iodine | question: What group of natives suffered from beriberi?, answer: Java | question: Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?, answer: Christiaan Eijkman | question: What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?, answer: unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact | question: How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?, answer: two decades
In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

question: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?, answer: Patrick and Gilbert | question: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?, answer: J.S. Szymanski | question: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?, answer: bees | question: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?, answer: "period" | question: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?, answer: circadian clock
In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

question: Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?, answer: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught | question: What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?, answer: wedding veil | question: What color was her dress?, answer: white | question: Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?, answer: Albert's | question: A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?, answer: his hand | question: Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?, answer: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle | question: What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?, answer: a white dress and her wedding veil | question: What year did Queen Victoria die?, answer: 1897 | question: What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?, answer: a lock of John Brown's hair | question: What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin?, answer: She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil | question: Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers?, answer: John Brown | question: When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring?, answer: 1883 | question: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?, answer: Saturday, 2 February | question: Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death?, answer: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park | question: Where was Victoria laid to rest?, answer: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park | question: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?, answer: 2 February | question: What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?, answer: a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him | question: How was Victoria dressed for burial?, answer: a white dress and her wedding veil | question: Who placed Victoria into her coffin?, answer: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

question: What color silk covered Bell's kites?, answer: maroon | question: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?, answer: Selfridge | question: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?, answer: 1912 | question: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?, answer: 3 | question: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?, answer: Alexander Graham Bell
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy, many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle-class black Americans. Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina.

question: What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?, answer: a new constitution | question: What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?, answer: poll taxes | question: What did the new constitution require for voter registration?, answer: literacy tests | question: Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?, answer: voting | question: What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?, answer: 1964
In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.

question: What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?, answer: 1899 | question: Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?, answer: Doncaster | question: WHere was the proposed conference held?, answer: Memorial Hall
In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

question: In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?, answer: 1899 | question: What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?, answer: U.S. postage | question: What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?, answer: 96910–96932 | question: Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?, answer: FedEx, UPS, and DHL
In 1899, the memorial, by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter (1846–1917), finally came to rest, although subject to repeated vandalism, in the Bronx, at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park near today's Yankee Stadium. (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.) In 2007, Christopher Gray of The New York Times described it as "a writhing composition in white Tyrolean marble depicting Lorelei, the mythical German figure, surrounded by mermaids, dolphins and seashells."

question: When did Herter die?, answer: 1917 | question: When was Herter born?, answer: 1846 | question: What was Herter's career?, answer: sculptor | question: Where was Herter's Heine memorial placed in 1899?, answer: 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park | question: Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?, answer: 161st Street and the Concourse
In 1899, the university opened a national design contest for the new campus. The renowned Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson won unanimously with its plan for a row of Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall, was laid on October 20, 1900. The construction of Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics. The delay allowed the university to construct ten buildings instead of the seven originally planned. This original cluster of buildings set a precedent for the development of the Danforth Campus; Cope & Stewardson’s original plan and its choice of building materials have, with few exceptions, guided the construction and expansion of the Danforth Campus to the present day.

question: When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?, answer: 1899 | question: What firm won the Washington University national design contest?, answer: Cope & Stewardson | question: When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?, answer: October 20, 1900 | question: What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?, answer: Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples | question: Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?, answer: to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics
In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African-Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents.

question: What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?, answer: hurricane | question: Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?, answer: Spindletop | question: Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?, answer: Beaumont | question: In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?, answer: 1910 | question: Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?, answer: President Theodore Roosevelt