lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Besides Prince William and Prince Harry, members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, his eldest son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy, himself an Eton alumnus. Prince William of Gloucester (1942-1972) also attended Eton, as did George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, son of Princess Mary, Princess Royal.

question: Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?, answer: Prince Richard | question: Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?, answer: Ulster | question: Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?, answer: George Lascelles | question: Who was George Lascelles' mother?, answer: Princess Mary, Princess Royal
Besides being the political center, Brasília is an important economic center. Brasília has the highest city gross domestic product (GDP) of 99.5 billion reais representing 3.76% of the total Brazilian GDP. The main economic activity of the federal capital results from its administrative function. Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by UNESCO, the government in Brasília has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.

question: What is Brasilia's GDP?, answer: 99.5 billion reais | question: How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?, answer: 3.76% | question: What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?, answer: software, film, video, and gemology
Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12–15% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.

question: What caused the energy efficiency to go up?, answer: energy-intensity dropping | question: What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?, answer: electric | question: How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?, answer: 2.65% | question: Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?, answer: no improvement | question: Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?, answer: 2-axle freight cars
Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others.

question: What is a significant alternative to MP3?, answer: lossless formats | question: What can lossless formats provide?, answer: unaltered audio content | question: What is the downside of using a lossless format?, answer: increased file size | question: What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?, answer: FLAC | question: What does FLAC stand for?, answer: Free Lossless Audio Codec
Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: "I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist." After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.

question: Which instruments can Madonna play?, answer: drum and guitar | question: Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?, answer: Dan Gilroy | question: What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?, answer: guitar | question: How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?, answer: three months | question: Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?, answer: Monte Pittman
Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.

question: Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?, answer: Virginia | question: After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?, answer: free their slaves | question: What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?, answer: rose
Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two different MP3 encoders at about 128 kbit/s, one scored 3.66 on a 1–5 scale, while the other scored only 2.22.

question: Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?, answer: quality of the encoder | question: The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?, answer: encoding algorithms | question: As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?, answer: bit rates | question: An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?, answer: 2.22 | question: To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?, answer: 5
Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

question: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?, answer: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum | question: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?, answer: the Taipings | question: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?, answer: in the 19th century | question: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?, answer: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties
Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

question: What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?, answer: china clay | question: What is added for sizing purposes?, answer: Additives | question: What besides china clay is used as a filler?, answer: chalk
Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.

question: What type of support did child give to their families by working?, answer: financially | question: What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?, answer: cotton textiles | question: Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?, answer: large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture
Besides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views on the Eucharist that were contrary to church doctrine. Wycliffe's teachings influenced two of the major heretical movements of the later Middle Ages: Lollardy in England and Hussitism in Bohemia. The Bohemian movement initiated with the teaching of Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in 1415 after being condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance. The Hussite church, although the target of a crusade, survived beyond the Middle Ages. Other heresies were manufactured, such as the accusations against the Knights Templar that resulted in their suppression in 1312 and the division of their great wealth between the French King Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) and the Hospitallers.

question: Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?, answer: English | question: In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?, answer: 1415 | question: Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?, answer: the laity | question: What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?, answer: Hussitism | question: How did Jan Hus die?, answer: burned at the stake
Besides their traditional areas of inhabitation in Greater Somalia, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in Egypt. In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general Sudan area. Primarily concentrated in the north and Khartoum, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople. More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in Kenya, investing over $1.5 billion in the Somali enclave of Eastleigh alone. In South Africa, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the Western Cape province.

question: Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?, answer: Khartoum | question: In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?, answer: north | question: Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?, answer: students | question: In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?, answer: Eastleigh | question: In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?, answer: Western Cape
Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Beta versions can be made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users and to deliver value earlier, for an extended or even indefinite period of time (perpetual beta).[citation needed]

question: What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?, answer: Beta testing | question: To whom is the beta testing released to?, answer: limited audience outside of the programming | question: What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?, answer: perpetual beta
Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

question: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?, answer: A. C. Crombie | question: Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?, answer: technical writings | question: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant?, answer: Renaissance humanists | question: When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?, answer: 16th century,
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?, answer: Count András Hadik | question: What city did Hadik occupy?, answer: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night | question: How was Berlin spared?, answer: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers | question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?, answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines | question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?, answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city
Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

question: What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?, answer: Romanesque style | question: What year was the building finished?, answer: 1090 | question: What was the date of the Abbey's coronation?, answer: 28 December 1065 | question: Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?, answer: William the Conqueror | question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?, answer: King Edward the Confessor | question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?, answer: King Edward the Confessor | question: What style was the church rebuilt in?, answer: Romanesque | question: When was the building consecrated?, answer: 28 December 1065 | question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?, answer: 5 January 1066 | question: Who was the first documented coronation?, answer: William the Conqueror
Between 1346 and 1354, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen toppled the Sakya and founded the Phagmodrupa Dynasty. The following 80 years saw the founding of the Gelug school (also known as Yellow Hats) by the disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, and the founding of the important Ganden, Drepung and Sera monasteries near Lhasa. However, internal strife within the dynasty and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family Rinpungpa, based in Tsang (West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. In 1565 they were overthrown by the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the Karma Kagyu sect.

question: When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?, answer: Between 1346 and 1354 | question: Who founded the Gelug school?, answer: disciples of Je Tsongkhapa | question: Who dominated politics after 1435?, answer: minister family Rinpungpa | question: What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?, answer: Karma Kagyu
Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards. Although they lost militarily, the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.

question: How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?, answer: 150,000 | question: When was the beginning of the Social War?, answer: 91 BC | question: How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?, answer: more than 500,000 | question: How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?, answer: three | question: Ultimately what started the Social War?, answer: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.

question: What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?, answer: the crown of Beacon Hill | question: What sits on Beacon Hill today?, answer: State House | question: What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?, answer: The Great Boston Fire of 1872 | question: What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?, answer: as landfill along the downtown waterfront
Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.

question: The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?, answer: environmentalism | question: What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?, answer: rainfall | question: The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?, answer: environmental change
Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians, around 10,000,000 square miles (26,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been characterised by some historians as "Informal Empire".

question: How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?, answer: 10,000,000 | question: How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?, answer: 400 million | question: Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?, answer: Russia | question: What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?, answer: Britain's dominant position in world trade | question: Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?, answer: Informal Empire