lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.

question: What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?, answer: bison | question: What does MTBC stand for?, answer: M. tuberculosis complex | question: During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?, answer: Neolithic Revolution | question: In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?, answer: Wyoming
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.

question: What specific type of disease is TB?, answer: granulomatous inflammatory | question: What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?, answer: lymphocytes | question: What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?, answer: multinucleated | question: What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?, answer: immune response | question: What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?, answer: necrosis
Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004–2014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.

question: What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?, answer: HIV/AIDS | question: When did new cases of TB infection start going down?, answer: 2002 | question: What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?, answer: China | question: In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?, answer: 1980s | question: How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?, answer: 80%
Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?, answer: Phoenix | question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?, answer: 60 | question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?, answer: Optics Valley | question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census?, answer: 520,116 | question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013?, answer: 996,544 | question: Which county is Tucson in?, answer: Pima County | question: Which university is in Tucson?, answer: University of Arizona | question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?, answer: 108 miles (174 km) | question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?, answer: 60 mi (97 km) | question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?, answer: Optics Valley
Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

question: What kind of climate is Tuscon?, answer: desert | question: What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?, answer: Alice Springs | question: What is the average amount of yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?, answer: 11.8 | question: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?, answer: precipitation | question: What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?, answer: water | question: What is Tucson's climate type?, answer: desert | question: How much rain does Tucson get each year?, answer: 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) | question: What is evapotranspiration?, answer: net loss of water | question: Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?, answer: Alice Springs | question: What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?, answer: 11 inches (279.4 mm)
Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.

question: What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?, answer: Arizona Daily Star | question: What is Tucson's daily legal paper?, answer: The Daily Territorial | question: Who publishes Tucson Weekly?, answer: 10/13 Communications | question: Where is 10/13 based?, answer: Boulder, Colo. | question: What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?, answer: The Arizona Daily Wildcat
Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".

question: Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?, answer: Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood | question: When did Tucson get a railroad?, answer: March 20, 1880 | question: What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?, answer: "ancient and honorable pueblo" | question: How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?, answer: "A. and H. Pueblo" | question: Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?, answer: the President of the United States and the Pope
Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

question: When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?, answer: 1985 | question: What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?, answer: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter | question: What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?, answer: 64¢ per registered voter | question: What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?, answer: San Francisco and New York City | question: How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?, answer: 200
Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

question: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?, answer: 118 | question: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?, answer: 60 | question: What is the second largest city in Arizona?, answer: Tucson | question: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009?, answer: 32nd | question: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?, answer: Greater Tucson Metro | question: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?, answer: 520,116 | question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?, answer: 980,263 | question: How does Tucson rank among US cities?, answer: 32nd largest | question: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?, answer: 52nd largest | question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?, answer: 1 million
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?, answer: southern Arizona | question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?, answer: Hohokam | question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found?, answer: Santa Cruz River | question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?, answer: Paleo-Indians | question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?, answer: 12,000 years ago | question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?, answer: about 12,000 years ago | question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?, answer: 2100 BC | question: When was the Early Agricultural period?, answer: 1200 BC to AD 150 | question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?, answer: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage | question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?, answer: from AD 600 to 1450
Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.

question: How long is the Sun Link?, answer: 3.9-mile | question: What is Tucson's bus system called?, answer: Sun Tran | question: What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?, answer: the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service | question: When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?, answer: 1988 and 2005 | question: What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?, answer: streetcar
Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s. According to David Leighton, historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack, known as "The Harlem River Speedway," more commonly called "The Speedway," in New York City. The street was called "The Speedway," from 1904 to about 1906 before the word "The" was taken out.

question: What is Tuscon's largest Park?, answer: Reid Park | question: What was once named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine?, answer: Speedway Boulevard | question: What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard "the ugliest street in America?, answer: James Corbett | question: Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?, answer: Arizona Daily Star | question: What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?, answer: New York City | question: What is Tucson's biggest park?, answer: Reid Park | question: What sports field is in Reid Park?, answer: Hi Corbett Field | question: What zoo is in Reid Park?, answer: Reid Park Zoo | question: What was the "ugliest street in America" in the 1970s?, answer: Speedway Boulevard | question: What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?, answer: "Street of the Year"
Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.

question: Who runs Tucson's main power plant?, answer: Tucson Electric Power | question: What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?, answer: Interstate-10 | question: What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?, answer: coal and natural gas | question: When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?, answer: 1962 | question: How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?, answer: over 300
Tuition at KU is 13 percent below the national average, according to the College Board, and the University remains a best buy in the region.[citation needed]

question: Who provides statistics on educational costs?, answer: the College Board | question: What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?, answer: best buy
Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.

question: When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?, answer: 1993 | question: Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?, answer: Turkey | question: When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?, answer: 1991 | question: Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?, answer: Turkish business lobby
Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.

question: How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??, answer: 600,000 | question: Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?, answer: Turkish authorities | question: What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?, answer: between 1 and 1.5 million | question: Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?, answer: Arnold J. Toynbee | question: When was Toynbee's report put together?, answer: 24th May 1916
Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.

question: When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?, answer: month preceding the Academy Awards | question: When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?, answer: August | question: As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?, answer: Sally Field | question: On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?, answer: Saturday | question: On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?, answer: Sunday
Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects – from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley – under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments.

question: What were TCM Extras previously known as?, answer: One Reel Wonders | question: When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?, answer: 2007 | question: Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?, answer: Robert Benchley | question: Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?, answer: top of the hour