lmqg/qag_squad huggingface dataset:
German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, Tönnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.

question: Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?, answer: Albertus Magnus | question: When was Leibniz an active philosopher?, answer: 17th century | question: What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?, answer: Kant | question: In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?, answer: Engels | question: When was the University of Berlin founded?, answer: 1810
German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of the opera Carmen in the previous year. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years; however, HMV provided an album, with a pictorial cover, for the 1917 recording of The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan).

question: What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?, answer: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package | question: What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?, answer: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan) | question: When were albums said to be pioneered?, answer: 1909 | question: What was one of the very first albums released?, answer: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky
Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

question: How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?, answer: was over four times larger | question: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?, answer: occupied Polish territories | question: Where were the soybeans coming from?, answer: Manchuria | question: What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?, answer: the battleship Bismarck | question: How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?, answer: thirty
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geographical conditions, Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten (city-states), as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer (literally: area states).

question: How many federal states does Germany have?, answer: sixteen | question: What are Hamburg and Berlin called?, answer: Stadtstaaten (city-states) | question: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which two cities?, answer: Bremen and Bremerhaven | question: How many federal states does Germany have?, answer: sixteen federal states | question: What do constituent states still have?, answer: measure of sovereignty | question: What are the two major city-states?, answer: Berlin and Hamburg | question: What is the name of the city-state that contains Bremen and Bremerhaven?, answer: Free Hanseatic City of Bremen | question: What do Germans call the other 13 states?, answer: Flächenländer | question: How many states are in Germany?, answer: sixteen | question: Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?, answer: Berlin and Hamburg | question: What is the German terms for states?, answer: Bundesland, or Land | question: How many states are called "Flächenländer"?, answer: 13 | question: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?, answer: Bremen and Bremerhaven
Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks.

question: High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?, answer: a 75 mm gun from Krupp | question: Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?, answer: Bofors | question: Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?, answer: a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36 | question: Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?, answer: Spain | question: What war was the FlaK first used in?, answer: Spanish Civil War
Germany's strong ties with Israel include cooperation on scientific and educational endeavors and the two states remain strong economic and military partners. Under the reparations agreement, by 2007[update] Germany had paid 25 billion euros in reparations to the Israeli state and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors. The UK has kept full diplomatic relations with Israel since its formation having had two visits from heads of state in 2007. The UK is seen as having a "natural" relationship with Israel on account of the British Mandate for Palestine. Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister Tony Blair's efforts for a two state resolution. Israel is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

question: How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state?, answer: 25 billion euros | question: What prime minister helped relations?, answer: Tony Blair | question: What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer?, answer: European Neighbourhood Policy
Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.

question: What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?, answer: Gherman Titov | question: Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?, answer: August 6, 1961 | question: Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?, answer: Vostok 3 and Vostok 4
Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.

question: In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?, answer: Brescia, Lombardy | question: In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?, answer: Concesio | question: What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?, answer: Italian Parliament | question: How many brothers did Giovanni have?, answer: two | question: What was Giovanni's mother descended from?, answer: rural nobility
Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22–27% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21–30% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.

question: What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?, answer: water contamination | question: What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents?, answer: clean water supply and improved sanitation | question: What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?, answer: 22–27% reduction in disease incidence
Given the potential consequences, engaging in sexual behavior is somewhat risky, particularly for adolescents. Having unprotected sex, using poor birth control methods (e.g. withdrawal), having multiple sexual partners, and poor communication are some aspects of sexual behavior that increase individual and/or social risk. Some qualities of adolescents' lives that are often correlated with risky sexual behavior include higher rates of experienced abuse, lower rates of parental support and monitoring. Adolescence is also commonly a time of questioning sexuality and gender. This may involve intimate experimentation with people identifying as the same gender as well as with people of differing genders. Such exploratory sexual behavior can be seen as similar to other aspects of identity, including the exploration of vocational, social, and leisure identity, all of which involve some risk.

question: What is an example of a poor birth control method?, answer: withdrawal | question: Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?, answer: lower | question: Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?, answer: similar | question: Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?, answer: increase
Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.

question: Who sang Medieval plainchant?, answer: monks | question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?, answer: solo piano | question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?, answer: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works | question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?, answer: the entire classical music period | question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?, answer: the symphony ensemble | question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?, answer: the symphony | question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?, answer: classical music | question: Who sang medieval plainchant?, answer: monks
Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.

question: What cause glacial stiations?, answer: large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock | question: What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?, answer: direction of the glacier's movement | question: What are chatter marks?, answer: lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier | question: How are chatter marks formed?, answer: abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released
Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.

question: At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?, answer: 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) | question: How many extant ice sheets exist?, answer: two | question: How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?, answer: 70 m (230 ft) | question: What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?, answer: nunataks | question: Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?, answer: ice streams
Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

question: Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?, answer: glaciers | question: What causes glaciers to release meltwater?, answer: warmer summer temperatures | question: In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?, answer: Antarctic environments | question: Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?, answer: when other sources may be scant
Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.

question: When are glacial moraines visible?, answer: after the glacier has retreated | question: How are glacial moraines formed?, answer: deposition of material from a glacier | question: Where are lateral moraines found?, answer: sides of the glacier | question: How are medial moraines formed?, answer: when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier | question: What are ground moraines also called?, answer: glacial drift
Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.

question: What characteristics determine glacial zones?, answer: surface snowpack and melt conditions | question: Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?, answer: ablation zone | question: What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?, answer: equilibrium line | question: How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?, answer: 60–70%
Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.

question: How many countries contain glaciers?, answer: fifty | question: Which continent contains glaciers?, answer: every continent | question: Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?, answer: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps | question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?, answer: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains | question: Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?, answer: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet
Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-Italian border; in the 19th century 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche.

question: What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?, answer: a piece of glacier will detach or break | question: What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?, answer: an avalanche | question: How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century?, answer: 120 homes
Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.

question: Under what circumstances do glaciers form?, answer: where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation | question: What is a cirque?, answer: The area in which a glacier forms | question: What shape is a cirque, generally?, answer: armchair-shaped | question: How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?, answer: 15 m (50 ft)