lmqg/qa_squad huggingface dataset:
The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:

Question: Who abolished the policy council?
Answer: the Ming

Question: What was the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs appointed as?
Answer: the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office

Question: Who governed most areas of Tibet?
Answer: Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songtsän Gampo (c. 605–649)—the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power—by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to "restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age" by reinstating secular administration, promoting "national culture and traditions," and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.

Question: Who divided Central Tibet into districts?
Answer: Changchub Gyaltsen

Question: Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?
Answer: Van Praag

Question: What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?
Answer: the University of Washington

Question: What did Lok-Ham Chan claim Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?
Answer: all traces of Mongol suzerainty
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times "engaged in armed confrontation with them."

Question: What was the name of the eunuch?
Answer: Yang Sanbao

Question: Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?
Answer: Tibet

Question: When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
Answer: 1413

Question: Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
Answer: the allegiance of various Tibetan princes

Question: Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?
Answer: to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.

Question: Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past?
Answer: the Mongols

Question: Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose?
Answer: religious purposes

Question: What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans?
Answer: to send a military force into Tibet

Question: Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools

Question: Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: Deshin Shekpa
Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.

Question: Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?
Answer: the Karmapa hierarchs

Question: What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?
Answer: 1446

Question: When did Deshin Shekpa die?
Answer: 1415

Question: Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?
Answer: the Karmapa
Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because "Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus" and also that "China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet." He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China’s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was "subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.

Question: Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China?
Answer: Chinese writers of the early 20th century

Question: What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?
Answer: China's intervening Ming dynasty

Question: Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China?
Answer: the 13th century

Question: When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?
Answer: the 18th century
Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government." Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.

Question: During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?
Answer: the Qing dynasty

Question: Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government?
Answer: the Chinese central government
P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."

Question: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
Answer: the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans

Question: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
Answer: the Republic of China and its Communist successors

Question: Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?
Answer: the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco

Question: Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?
Answer: the Mongols

Question: The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?
Answer: patron and priest relationship
When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

Question: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?
Answer: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan

Question: What role did Güshi Khan take on?
Answer: protector

Question: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat?
Answer: the Gelugpas

Question: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?
Answer: Amdo

Question: When did the Ü-Tsang forces surrender?
Answer: 1642
Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques", a reference to the short story "The Hildebrand Rarity" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?
Answer: Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques

Question: Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?
Answer: Kingsley Amis

Question: What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?
Answer: The Hildebrand Rarity

Question: "The Hildebrand Rarity" is from what short story collection?
Answer: For Your Eyes Only

Question: Which character tortures Bond?
Answer: Blofeld

Question: What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?
Answer: Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise.

Question: How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?
Answer: All of the highways

Question: What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?
Answer: 80%

Question: Where did two chemical plants collapse?
Answer: Dujiangyan

Question: How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?
Answer: 60

Question: What highways into Wenchuan were damaged?
Answer: All of the highways

Question: What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?
Answer: delayed arrival

Question: How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?
Answer: 80%

Question: What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?
Answer: two chemical plants

Question: How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?
Answer: fewer than 60
In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.

Question: What was stated in the press conference?
Answer: that earthquake prediction was a global issue

Question: What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?
Answer: no proven methods exist

Question: What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?
Answer: a global issue

Question: What was received before the quake occurred?
Answer: no prediction notification

Question: What did seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?
Answer: did not see anything
The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible.

Question: How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?
Answer: over 30 years

Question: How long since the Sichuan area has had a severe quake?
Answer: 30 years

Question: Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?
Answer: no consensus

Question: People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?
Answer: statistics

Question: What is not an established science?
Answer: Earthquake prediction
By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.

Question: How much did Yao Ming donate?
Answer: $214,000 and $71,000

Question: How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?
Answer: $26 million

Question: How much money had been donated by May 14?
Answer: 10.7 billion yuan

Question: What group donated the 10.7 yuan?
Answer: the Chinese public

Question: What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?
Answer: Yao Ming

Question: How much has the Red Cross Society collected?
Answer: 26 million
A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 – making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States – with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.

Question: On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?
Answer: Governors Island

Question: On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?
Answer: Manhattan Island

Question: In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?
Answer: 1625

Question: What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?
Answer: Peter Minuit

Question: In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?
Answer: 1626

Question: New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?
Answer: 1624

Question: What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?
Answer: 1625

Question: What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?
Answer: glass beads
On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it "New Orange" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674.

Question: What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?
Answer: William III

Question: What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?
Answer: August 24, 1673

Question: What did Colve call New York after he captured it?
Answer: New Orange

Question: In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?
Answer: 1674

Question: August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer took control of NYC?
Answer: Anthonio Colve

Question: The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?
Answer: England

Question: New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?
Answer: King William III
The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 469, and by length of routes. New York's subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.

Question: Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?
Answer: New York City Subway system

Question: How many stations does the New York City Subway system contain?
Answer: 469

Question: Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?
Answer: Grand Central Station

Question: How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?
Answer: 1.75 billion

Question: What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?
Answer: Grand Central Station
As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.

Question: To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?
Answer: United States

Question: What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?
Answer: Southern Gothic novel

Question: Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?
Answer: racial injustice and the destruction of innocence

Question: Which region of America was the novel set in?
Answer: Deep South

Question: What has caused the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?
Answer: racial epithets
After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled "Go Set a Watchman", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey — known professionally as Tay Hohoff — a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. “[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,” she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, “more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.” During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.

Question: The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?
Answer: Go Set a Watchman

Question: Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?
Answer: Tay Hohoff

Question: What was the name of the editor who helped Lee finish her book?
Answer: Therese von Hohoff Torrey
Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo.

Question: Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?
Answer: Scout, Atticus, and Boo

Question: Who was Harper Lee's sister?
Answer: Alice Lee

Question: What book compiled Adults' impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?
Answer: Scout, Atticus, and Boo
In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, "One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever."

Question: Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?
Answer: University of Notre Dame

Question: Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Answer: George W. Bush

Question: When did Lee receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Answer: 2007

Question: What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?
Answer: Notre Dame

Question: In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Answer: George W. Bush
In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: "She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him."

Question: When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles Public Library?
Answer: May 2005

Question: What did Peck's widow call Lee?
Answer: a national treasure
Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: "Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished." The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, "when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice," to which he responds, "Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them."

Question: Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?
Answer: Tom Robinson

Question: What does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?
Answer: Boo Radley

Question: According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?
Answer: real nice
The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's "rich use of language" but writes that the central lesson is that "courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book "still rouses fresh and horrified indignation" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with "a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that "one’s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled" is eloquently discussed.

Question: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?
Answer: William Faulkner

Question: Rosemary Goring connected Lee to whom?
Answer: Jane Austen
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

Question: Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?
Answer: 3,850,000

Question: In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?
Answer: one year

Question: How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?
Answer: 3,000

Question: Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?
Answer: one year

Question: What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?
Answer: approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year

Question: How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?
Answer: approximately 3,000 EJ per year

Question: The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?
Answer: coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

Question: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be provided by solar heating systems?
Answer: 70

Question: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?
Answer: sunlight

Question: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?
Answer: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water

Question: What is a common type of solar water heater?
Answer: evacuated tube collectors

Question: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?
Answer: unglazed plastic collectors
Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

Question: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?
Answer: hydrogen production from protons

Question: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?
Answer: Solar chemical processes

Question: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?
Answer: artificial photosynthesis
Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.

Question: Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?
Answer: thermal

Question: The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?
Answer: The "Dover House"

Question: What are some examples of phase change materials?
Answer: paraffin wax and Glauber's salt

Question: What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?
Answer: 64 °C or 147 °F

Question: What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?
Answer: Dover House

Question: Why are salts good for thermal storage?
Answer: they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems

Question: How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?
Answer: 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)
Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
Answer: Evolutionary

Question: What is evolutionary anthropology based in?
Answer: natural science and social science

Question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
Answer: past and present

Question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
Answer: scientific

Question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
Answer: many lines
Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

Question: What is Laurisilva?
Answer: a unique type of subtropical rainforest

Question: What are some examples of mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
Answer: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear

Question: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
Answer: migratory birds
SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.

Question: What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?
Answer: SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP

Question: What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?
Answer: "os três grandes" ("the big three")

Question: How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have "the big three" won?
Answer: eight

Question: Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?
Answer: roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball

Question: By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?
Answer: Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol
In December 2015, West released a song titled "Facts". He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11, after releasing new song "Real Friends" and a snippet of "No More Parties in L.A." with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves, and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. As of February 2, 2016, West and Khalifa had reconciled. Several days ahead of the album's release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo. On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track "Waves" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL.

Question: What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?
Answer: February 11

Question: What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?
Answer: Waves

Question: With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?
Answer: Wiz Khalifa

Question: What became the final title of Kanye's next album?
Answer: The Life of Pablo

Question: What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?
Answer: Tidal

Question: What song by West was debuted in December 2015?
Answer: "Facts"

Question: On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?
Answer: Waves

Question: What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?
Answer: Wiz Khalifa

Question: What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?
Answer: Yeezy Season 3
In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered.

Question: What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?
Answer: Fatburger

Question: How many restaurants did Kanye open?
Answer: 2

Question: What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?
Answer: shut down

Question: What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?
Answer: Fatburger

Question: How many of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?
Answer: 2

Question: When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?
Answer: 2011

Question: What is the name of Kanye West's food company?
Answer: KW Foods LLC
On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyoncé and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyoncé, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. "The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.

Question: What platform was Kanye named a co-owner of in 2015?
Answer: Tidal

Question: What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?
Answer: Jay-Z

Question: What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?
Answer: low payout of royalties

Question: What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?
Answer: Tidal

Question: What is Tidal's specialization?
Answer: lossless audio and high definition music videos

Question: Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?
Answer: Jay Z

Question: What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?
Answer: Spotify
In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened "The Dr. Donda West Foundation." The foundation ceased operations in 2011.

Question: What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?
Answer: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

Question: What year did the foundation end its run?
Answer: 2011

Question: In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?
Answer: 2008

Question: Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death?
Answer: The Dr. Donda West Foundation

Question: What year did the foundation stop operating?
Answer: 2008
In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.

Question: Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?
Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?
Answer: $3 million

Question: How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?
Answer: one of the poorest

Question: What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?
Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?
Answer: Arizona

Question: For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan?
Answer: human rights concerns
Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.

Question: What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?
Answer: Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman)

Question: The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as views that bind one to what?
Answer: suffering

Question: What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?
Answer: the Buddha refused to answer

Question: What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or person or thing?
Answer: neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self

Question: What is the 3rd mark of existence?
Answer: Not-self

Question: In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?
Answer: Nikayas

Question: Buddha rejected the assertion "I have a Self" and what other related assertion?
Answer: "I have no Self"

Question: What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?
Answer: skandhas
Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."

Question: The ancient buddhist site in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
Answer: third

Question: Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
Answer: South
For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003–04 television season through the 2010–11 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season.

Question: What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?
Answer: 2015

Question: What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?
Answer: 2015

Question: For how many seasons did American Idol air?
Answer: 15

Question: How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?
Answer: eight

Question: When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?
Answer: May 11, 2015
From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.

Question: How many text message votes were there in season eight?
Answer: 178 million

Question: In which season was online voting introduced?
Answer: ten

Question: What company counts the votes on American Idol?
Answer: Telescope Inc

Question: At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?
Answer: the semi-finals

Question: How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?
Answer: Over 110 million

Question: How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?
Answer: nearly 750 million