lmqg/qa_squad huggingface dataset:
In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song "Inside Your Heaven". Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide, and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards, the most Grammys by an "American Idol" alumnus.

Question: What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?
Answer: 2005

Question: How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?
Answer: 65 million

Question: What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol?
Answer: Inside Your Heaven

Question: Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?
Answer: Carrie Underwood

Question: When was the winner declared?
Answer: May 2005

Question: Who was the winner of this season?
Answer: Carrie Underwood

Question: What song did the two finalists release?
Answer: Inside Your Heaven

Question: How many records has Underwood sold in America?
Answer: 14 million
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on April 18, Sanjaya was voted off.

Question: Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?
Answer: Sanjaya Malakar

Question: What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?
Answer: Howard Stern

Question: What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?
Answer: Vote for the Worst

Question: What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?
Answer: April 18

Question: What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?
Answer: Sanjaya Malakar

Question: Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?
Answer: Sanjaya Malakar

Question: What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?
Answer: hair

Question: Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?
Answer: Vote for the Worst

Question: Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?
Answer: Howard Stern

Question: When was Sanjaya eliminated?
Answer: April 18
Season four premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show.

Question: What year did season four of American Idol first air?
Answer: 2005

Question: How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?
Answer: over 100,000

Question: What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?
Answer: 28

Question: What was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?
Answer: Season four

Question: In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?
Answer: Season four

Question: When did season four premiere?
Answer: January 18, 2005

Question: Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?
Answer: high definition

Question: How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?
Answer: over 100,000

Question: What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?
Answer: 28
Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returns as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges.

Question: What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?
Answer: 2015

Question: How many seasons of American Idol have there been?
Answer: 15

Question: How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol?
Answer: 5

Question: What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?
Answer: judges

Question: Who hosted American Idol in its last season?
Answer: Ryan Seacrest

Question: When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?
Answer: May 11, 2015

Question: Who is returning as host?
Answer: Ryan Seacrest
The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44% in the 18-49 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18–49 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013–14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the Nielsen Top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002.

Question: How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol?
Answer: 13.3 million

Question: During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings?
Answer: 13

Question: When did American Idol first air on television?
Answer: 2002

Question: The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?
Answer: 7.2 million

Question: How many viewers watched on average this season?
Answer: 13.3 million
The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale.

Question: What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?
Answer: Coca-Cola

Question: How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?
Answer: 8.03 million

Question: After what season will American Idol be cancelled?
Answer: 15

Question: When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?
Answer: May 11, 2015

Question: How many people watched the season 14 finale?
Answer: 8.03 million
The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18–49, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as Glee and New Girl. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, "saved Fox".

Question: For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol?
Answer: 8

Question: What television network originally aired the show Glee?
Answer: Fox

Question: What television network originally aired the show House?
Answer: Fox

Question: Who created American Idol?
Answer: Simon Fuller
American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.

Question: How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?
Answer: 9

Question: What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol?
Answer: Bruce Gower

Question: How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won?
Answer: 8

Question: What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?
Answer: Idol Gives Back

Question: How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?
Answer: nine

Question: What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?
Answer: Governor's Award in 2007
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.

Question: In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television?
Answer: season four

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?
Answer: $1.3 million

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014?
Answer: less than $300,000

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season?
Answer: $737,000

Question: By what season was Idol the highest advertising cost of all shows?
Answer: four

Question: How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?
Answer: 800 million
Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000–30,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.

Question: Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?
Answer: 9,000–30,000 years BCE

Question: Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?
Answer: humans.

Question: What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?
Answer: social-cognitive skills of human children

Question: Dogs are very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?
Answer: humans.

Question: Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?
Answer: humans.

Question: What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?
Answer: Dog behavior

Question: More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?
Answer: understand and communicate

Question: Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
Answer: human children
Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).

Question: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
Answer: unsystematic.

Question: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many types of dogs being determinably distinct?
Answer: four

Question: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
Answer: Malamute and Shar Pei

Question: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
Answer: herding

Question: How many main types of dogs are there?
Answer: four

Question: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
Answer: old world dogs

Question: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
Answer: all others
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136

Question: What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition

Question: What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?
Answer: sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication

Question: Higher social attributes and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
Answer: one of the most successful species on the planet today.

Question: What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition
In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it. A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple
In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Question: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
Answer: It has been severely criticized

Question: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
Answer: Henry Stapp and David Bohm

Question: What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
Answer: Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves

Question: What are gravitational waves?
Answer: phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes

Question: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
Answer: Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: ten years

Question: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?
Answer: the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)

Question: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
Answer: 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell

Question: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
Answer: today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: ten years

Question: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: three

Question: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: 2,000

Question: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
Answer: Cambridge University Press
This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:

Question: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?
Answer: generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon

Question: What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?
Answer: Gifford lectures

Question: Under what name were those lectures later published?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?
Answer: professional philosophers

Question: Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead publish?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?
Answer: 1927–28

Question: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?
Answer: the most difficult to understand
The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels".

Question: When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?
Answer: January 2011

Question: What was one of the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation

Question: What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?
Answer: key policy makers

Question: Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?
Answer: financial firms
The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed.

Question: How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
Answer: six

Question: Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?
Answer: Paul Krugman

Question: Several reports written by various agencies concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?
Answer: government affordable housing policy

Question: According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?
Answer: GSE loans

Question: How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
Answer: 4
As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior

Question: What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the UK?
Answer: First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service

Question: In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?
Answer: Minister of Defence
EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.

Question: What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?
Answer: The Geophysics Institute
After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.

Question: What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses?
Answer: BE
Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

Question: What are the saved versions of a site called?
Answer: Snapshots

Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
Answer: six months

Question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
Answer: variable
In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

Question: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?
Answer: 1630

Question: Who decreed this?
Answer: Pope Urban VIII

Question: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?
Answer: Prince

Question: Who held more power then the cardinal?
Answer: the Pope and crowned monarchs

Question: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?
Answer: Pope Urban VIII
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

Question: What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting

Question: What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?
Answer: positive

Question: Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?
Answer: energy consumption

Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Answer: artificial light sources

Question: The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?
Answer: Lighting or illumination

Question: What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting

Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Answer: Lighting

Question: What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?
Answer: positive

Question: What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?
Answer: energy consumption

Question: What is the used to achieve a practical effect?
Answer: Lighting or illumination
Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.

Question: Who invented track lighting?
Answer: Lightolier

Question: What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.
Answer: master transformer

Question: What type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?
Answer: cable lighting

Question: How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
Answer: 12 or 24 volts
Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.

Question: Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what?
Answer: Alzheimer's Disease

Question: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?
Answer: 24

Question: What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?
Answer: disrupt the natural circadian cycle
From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.

Question: In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead?
Answer: searchlights and flares

Question: The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield?
Answer: light

Question: Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what?
Answer: infrared cameras
The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
Answer: Roman architect Vitruvius

Question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
Answer: 1st century AD.

Question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight.

Question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who was the author of De architectura?
Answer: Vitruvius

Question: What was Vitruvius' profession?
Answer: architect

Question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
Answer: firmitas, utilitas, venustas

Question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: What was Ruskin's career?
Answer: art critic

Question: When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
Answer: 1849

Question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Answer: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
Answer: Le Corbusier

Question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
Answer: Architect

Question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
Answer: heart

Question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Answer: I am happy
Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).

Question: When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement?
Answer: the late 1950s and 1960s

Question: What was architectural phenomenology reacting to?
Answer: modernism

Question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
Answer: human experience

Question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?
Answer: Robert Venturi

Question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Answer: "ducks"
LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Question: What does LE stand for?
Answer: Life expectancy at birth

Question: What does MYS stand for?
Answer: Mean years of schooling

Question: What does EYS stand for?
Answer: Expected years of schooling

Question: What does GNIpc stand for?
Answer: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
The University of St Mark & St John (known as "Marjon" or "Marjons") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.

Question: What institution of higher education is colloquially known as Marjons?
Answer: The University of St Mark & St John

Question: What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?
Answer: teacher training
The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.

Question: On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?
Answer: 4 February 2014

Question: In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?
Answer: 130

Question: After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?
Answer: 4 April 2014

Question: In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?
Answer: February 2014