Since it is possible that an HIV vaccine alone will never fully prevent HIV infection the way smallpox or polio vaccines can , our efforts in HIV vaccinology must be part of a broader approach toward HIV prevention that includes the delivery of proven methods such as HIV testing and counseling , education and behavior modification , the use of condoms , the treatment and prevention of drug and alcohol abuse , syringe exchange programs , antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission , and medically supervised adult male circumcision .