diff --git "a/BioASQ-train-list-10synergy-snippet-annotated.json" "b/BioASQ-train-list-10synergy-snippet-annotated.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/BioASQ-train-list-10synergy-snippet-annotated.json" @@ -0,0 +1,6775 @@ +{ + "version": "BioASQ10synergy", + "data": [ + { + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "Nasopharyngeal swab is the preferred choice for SARS-CoV-2 testing since it seems to have a greater sensitivity; however the procedure is not always free of complications and an epistaxis can occur", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_003_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 178 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CASE REPORT: This paper draws attention to a complication of viral swab testing in the nasopharynx and describes the premature engagement of a viral swab breakpoint, resulting in impaction in the nasal cavity", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_009_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "swab break", + "answer_start": 149 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In this report, we describe a case in which a young woman sustained a traumatic skull base injury during a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID\u201019.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_018_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "skull base injury", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Nasopharyngeal swab is the preferred choice for SARS-CoV-2 testing since it seems to have a greater sensitivity; however the procedure is not always free of complications and an epistaxis can occur.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_027_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 178 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CASE REPORT: This paper draws attention to a complication of viral swab testing in the nasopharynx and describes the premature engagement of a viral swab breakpoint, resulting in impaction in the nasal cavity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_049_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "swab break", + "answer_start": 149 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended obtaining an NP swab in COVID-19 suspects to test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR).A study found that NP swabbing was associated with epistaxis in approximately 5-10% of the cases.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_059_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 278 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In this report, we describe a case in which a young woman sustained a traumatic skull base injury during a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID\ufffd\ufffd\ufffd19.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_066_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "skull base injury", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_093_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "preseptal cellulitis", + "answer_start": 138 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_094_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 166 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Other authors have previously reported various complications in connection with the use of nasal swabs, including retained swab fragments, epistaxis and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_099_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 139 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Preseptal cellulitis and infraorbital abscess as a complication of a routine COVID-19 swab.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_110_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 25 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper draws attention to a complication of viral swab testing in the nasopharynx and describes the premature engagement of a viral swab breakpoint, resulting in impaction in the nasal cavity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_121_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "swab break", + "answer_start": 136 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This patient\u2019s meningitis developed due to prolonged occult CSF leak after her COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab ruptured a pre-existing congenital meningocele.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_148_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CSF leak", + "answer_start": 60 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_025_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 61 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_028_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 119 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_031_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 73 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_033_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 138 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recent reports suggest that some SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants, such as B.1.1.7, may be more transmissible, and are quickly spreading around the world.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_049_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 70 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We report a SARS-CoV-2 lineage that shares N501Y, P681H, and other mutations with known variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_073_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 117 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_097_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_103_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_105_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 73 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_109_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 91 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa) and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_110_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 96 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_121_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 37 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_124_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 116 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_127_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 56 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_129_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 132 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_130_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "501Y.V2", + "answer_start": 65 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_133_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 90 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_134_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 149 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_135_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.28.1", + "answer_start": 78 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK\u2013B.1.1.7, South Africa\u2013B.1.351 and Brazil\u2013P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_145_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 67 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK\u2013B.1.1.7, South Africa\u2013B.1.351 and Brazil\u2013P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_151_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK\u2013B.1.1.7, South Africa\u2013B.1.351 and Brazil\u2013P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_153_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 76 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK\u2013B.1.1.7, South Africa\u2013B.1.351 and Brazil\u2013P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_157_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK\u2013B.1.1.7, South Africa\u2013B.1.351 and Brazil\u2013P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_158_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 101 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Rapidly spreading variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have arisen in the United Kingdom and South Africa share the spike N501Y substitution, which is of particular concern because it is located in the viral receptor binding site for cell entry and increases binding to the receptor", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_172_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 65 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Rapidly spreading variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have arisen in the United Kingdom and South Africa share the spike N501Y substitution, which is of particular concern because it is located in the viral receptor binding site for cell entry and increases binding to the receptor", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_177_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 84 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, most recently circulating isolates from the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and Republic of South Africa (B.1.351), has led to lower neutralization from convalescent serum by pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays and resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_193_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 134 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, most recently circulating isolates from the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and Republic of South Africa (B.1.351), has led to lower neutralization from convalescent serum by pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays and resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_196_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 118 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, most recently circulating isolates from the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and Republic of South Africa (B.1.351), has led to lower neutralization from convalescent serum by pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays and resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_199_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 173 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, most recently circulating isolates from the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and Republic of South Africa (B.1.351), has led to lower neutralization from convalescent serum by pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays and resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_201_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 159 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "For both B.1.1.7 and B.1351 variants, named as variants of concern (VOC), increased transmissibility was reported, whereas B.1.351 was more resistant to multiple monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as well as convalescent and vaccination sera.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_217_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 9 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "For both B.1.1.7 and B.1351 variants, named as variants of concern (VOC), increased transmissibility was reported, whereas B.1.351 was more resistant to multiple monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as well as convalescent and vaccination sera.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_223_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 123 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_313_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 217 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_314_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "20I/501Y.V1", + "answer_start": 196 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_316_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 172 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_319_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 270 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_320_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "20H/501Y", + "answer_start": 249 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_321_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 227 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_322_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "501Y.V2", + "answer_start": 253 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_325_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 326 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With the global transmission of the virus, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 variants have also appeared, especially, emerging strains that have recently been discovered in the United Kingdom (variant 20I/501Y.V1, lineage B.1.1.7), South Africa (variant 20H/501Y.V2, lineage B.1.351), and Brazil (variant 20 J/501Y.V3, and lineage P.1).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_326_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 284 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 lineage (first found in South Africa) has been raising global concern due to its harboring of multiple mutations in the spike that potentially increase transmissibility and yield resistance to neutralizing antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_367_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 28 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 lineage (first found in South Africa) has been raising global concern due to its harboring of multiple mutations in the spike that potentially increase transmissibility and yield resistance to neutralizing antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_369_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 60 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compared 19,207 cases of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7/S gene target failure (SGTF), 436 B.1.351 and 352 P.1 to non-variant cases reported by seven European countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_409_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 47 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compared 19,207 cases of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7/S gene target failure (SGTF), 436 B.1.351 and 352 P.1 to non-variant cases reported by seven European countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_415_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compared 19,207 cases of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7/S gene target failure (SGTF), 436 B.1.351 and 352 P.1 to non-variant cases reported by seven European countries", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_421_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 105 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "OBJECTIVES: We sought to review current knowledge of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly those deemed VOC/Is: B.1.351, B.1.1.7, and P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_457_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 126 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "OBJECTIVES: We sought to review current knowledge of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly those deemed VOC/Is: B.1.351, B.1.1.7, and P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_463_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 117 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "OBJECTIVES: We sought to review current knowledge of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly those deemed VOC/Is: B.1.351, B.1.1.7, and P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_469_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 139 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here, we describe a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage (501Y.V2) characterised by eight lineage-defining mutations in the spike protein, including three at important residues in the receptor-binding domain (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have functional significance3-5.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_490_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "501Y.V2", + "answer_start": 44 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_505_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 125 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_511_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 162 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_513_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 139 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_513_002", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 266 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_517_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 206 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this current point in time there are 4 known major variants of the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, namely the English variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351), Brazilian variants (VOC202101/02 (P.1) and VUI202101/01) and a variant similar to that of the South African variant found in North America (B.1.526), all of which have varying levels of resistance and infectivity.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_518_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 172 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC)-202012/01 (also known as B.1.1.7), first collected in United Kingdom on 20 September 2020, is a rapidly growing lineage that in January 2021 constituted 86% of all SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced in England.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_529_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 71 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC)-202012/01 (also known as B.1.1.7), first collected in United Kingdom on 20 September 2020, is a rapidly growing lineage that in January 2021 constituted 86% of all SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced in England.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_532_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 100 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Currently, some new SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating in Latin America and one among the significant variant belongs to the P.1 lineage (B.1.1.28.1) that has 17 mutations", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_565_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 126 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Currently, some new SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating in Latin America and one among the significant variant belongs to the P.1 lineage (B.1.1.28.1) that has 17 mutations", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_567_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.28.1", + "answer_start": 139 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_577_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_583_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 99 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_585_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 77 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_649_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 111 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_655_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 130 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_658_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "501Y.V2", + "answer_start": 139 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_661_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 164 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_663_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.28.1", + "answer_start": 152 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_673_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_679_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 99 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some of the variants, especially the U.K. coronavirus variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), and the recently identified India variant (B.1.617) are more infectious and deadlier compared to SARS-CoV-2 before their appearance.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_681_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 77 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Epidemiological studies have revealed the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC), including the lineage B.1.1.7 that is rapidly replacing old variants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_697_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 174 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1351) have emerged harbouring mutations that make them highly contagious", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_721_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 81 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_745_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 59 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_745_002", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 87 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_748_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 68 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_750_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_751_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 150 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_753_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 159 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_756_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 136 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_757_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 197 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_758_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 202 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_761_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 182 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_793_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 128 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_801_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 141 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_805_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 196 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_806_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 178 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_817_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 100 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_822_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_823_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 116 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_828_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 124 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_829_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 131 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_833_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 135 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This review begins with an overview of SARS-CoV-2 morphology and replication and summarizes what is known to date about the detection of the virus in nasal, oropharyngeal, and fecal specimens of patients who have recovered from COVID-19, with a focus on the factors thought to contribute to prolonged detection", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_011_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 176 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This review begins with an overview of SARS-CoV-2 morphology and replication and summarizes what is known to date about the detection of the virus in nasal, oropharyngeal, and fecal specimens of patients who have recovered from COVID-19, with a focus on the factors thought to contribute to prolonged detection", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_012_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 157 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Based on our discovery experiments using purified virus, recombinant viral protein and nasopharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 positive patients, nucleocapsid protein was selected as a target antigen", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_020_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 87 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: To demonstrate whether various clinical specimens contain the viable virus, we collected naso/oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, urine, and stool from five COVID-19 patients and performed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess viral load.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_031_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 124 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: To demonstrate whether various clinical specimens contain the viable virus, we collected naso/oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, urine, and stool from five COVID-19 patients and performed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess viral load.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_039_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 143 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: To demonstrate whether various clinical specimens contain the viable virus, we collected naso/oropharyngeal swabs, saliva, urine, and stool from five COVID-19 patients and performed a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess viral load.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_042_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 103 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This review begins with an overview of SARS-CoV-2 morphology and replication and summarizes what is known to date about the detection of the virus in nasal, oropharyngeal, and fecal specimens of patients who have recovered from COVID-19, with a focus on the factors thought to contribute to prolonged detection.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_056_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 176 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This review begins with an overview of SARS-CoV-2 morphology and replication and summarizes what is known to date about the detection of the virus in nasal, oropharyngeal, and fecal specimens of patients who have recovered from COVID-19, with a focus on the factors thought to contribute to prolonged detection.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_057_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 157 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: Viable SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated in saliva, urine, and stool from COVID-19 patients up until days 11 to 15 of the clinical course.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_061_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 51 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: Viable SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated in saliva, urine, and stool from COVID-19 patients up until days 11 to 15 of the clinical course.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_069_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 70 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Further, viable SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva of COVID-19 patients, as well as nasal washes of ferrets inoculated with patient urine or stool.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_076_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 74 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Further, viable SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva of COVID-19 patients, as well as nasal washes of ferrets inoculated with patient urine or stool.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_084_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 171 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Further, viable SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from naso/oropharyngeal swabs and saliva of COVID-19 patients, as well as nasal washes of ferrets inoculated with patient urine or stool.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_087_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The most commonly used and reliable test for diagnosis of COVID-19 is reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed by using nasopharyngeal swabs or other respiratory tract specimens.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_095_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 144 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_114_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 193 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_119_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 177 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although NPAs have high viral loads and remain the specimen of choice for most patients with respiratory virus infections, supplementary molecular testing of saliva can improve the clinical management of these patients", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_151_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 158 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The aim of our study was to verify the clearance of the virus at viral culture in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 that have clinically recovered but are still positive on nasopharyngeal swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_170_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 174 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Many researches proved the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples of patients, where the genes of this virus gave a positive signal several days prior to the occurrence of symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_189_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Also, almost all studies of COVID-19 testing, whether of NP swabs, saliva, or otherwise, have been restricted to reporting results in the abstruse units of \u201cC(T) values,\u201d which only mean something in the context of a specific assay and testing platform", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_196_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 67 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During screening visit (follow-up after discharge), The nucleic acid test of COVID-19 is positive in any one of the following samples: sputum, throat swabs, blood, feces or other specimens", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_224_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 135 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This patient\u2019s meningitis developed due to prolonged occult CSF leak after her COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab ruptured a pre-existing congenital meningocele.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_020_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CSF leak", + "answer_start": 60 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing. Other authors have previously reported various complications in connection with the use of", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_037_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "preseptal cellulitis", + "answer_start": 138 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing. Other authors have previously reported various complications in connection with the use of", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_038_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 166 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Preseptal cellulitis and infraorbital abscess as a complication of a routine COVID-19 swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_046_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 25 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Epidemiological studies have revealed the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC), including the lineage B.1.1.7 that is rapidly replacing old variants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_001_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 174 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) variants (B.1.1.7 and B.1351) have emerged harbouring mutations that make them highly contagious", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_025_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 81 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_049_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 59 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_049_002", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 87 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_052_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 68 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_054_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_055_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 150 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_057_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 159 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_060_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 136 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_061_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 197 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_062_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 202 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These SARS-Cov-2 variants comprise the two Alpha variants (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom and B.1.1.7 with the additional E484K mutation), the Beta variant (B.1.351, South Africa), and the Gamma variant (P.1, Brazil).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_065_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 182 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_097_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 128 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_105_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 141 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_109_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 196 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged globally, of which the most notable and concerning currently are the UK variant B.1.1.7, the South African variant B1.351 and the Brazilian variant P.1.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_110_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 178 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_121_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 100 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_126_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_127_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 116 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_132_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 124 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_133_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 131 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants\u2014B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318\u2014and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_137_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 135 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_145_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_150_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 9 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_151_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 17 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_156_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 26 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_157_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 33 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_161_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_162_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_164_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 61 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_174_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 27 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_180_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 34 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_185_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_188_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 47 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_191_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Lambda", + "answer_start": 58 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compute the allele frequencies of the alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and delta (B.167.2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 from almost two million genome sequences on the GISAID repository.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_217_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 48 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compute the allele frequencies of the alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and delta (B.167.2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 from almost two million genome sequences on the GISAID repository.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_223_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_241_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 216 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_246_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 209 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_247_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 232 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_252_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 226 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_253_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 249 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_257_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 242 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_258_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 266 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_260_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 259 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the present study, the Delta variants (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2, which have appeared in many countries, were considered for analysis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_282_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 42 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the present study, the Delta variants (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2, which have appeared in many countries, were considered for analysis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_284_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 26 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_289_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_295_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 49 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_301_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 58 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_313_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_316_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 59 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_319_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 76 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_321_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 85 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_325_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 104 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_326_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 109 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "INTERPRETATION: Our study provides direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7, as well as other N501Y-carrying variants including B.1.351 and P.3, has gained the capability to expand species tropism to murines and public health measures including stringent murine control should be implemented to facilitate the control of the ongoing pandemic.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_337_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "INTERPRETATION: Our study provides direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7, as well as other N501Y-carrying variants including B.1.351 and P.3, has gained the capability to expand species tropism to murines and public health measures including stringent murine control should be implemented to facilitate the control of the ongoing pandemic.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_343_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 140 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_009_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 193 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_014_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 177 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although NPAs have high viral loads and remain the specimen of choice for most patients with respiratory virus infections, supplementary molecular testing of saliva can improve the clinical management of these patients", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_046_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 158 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The aim of our study was to verify the clearance of the virus at viral culture in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 that have clinically recovered but are still positive on nasopharyngeal swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_065_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 174 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Many researches proved the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples of patients, where the genes of this virus gave a positive signal several days prior to the occurrence of symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_084_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Also, almost all studies of COVID-19 testing, whether of NP swabs, saliva, or otherwise, have been restricted to reporting results in the abstruse units of \u201cC(T) values,\u201d which only mean something in the context of a specific assay and testing platform", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_091_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 67 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During screening visit (follow-up after discharge), The nucleic acid test of COVID-19 is positive in any one of the following samples: sputum, throat swabs, blood, feces or other specimens", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_119_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 135 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Ten days after the onset of COVID\u201019 symptoms, the infectious virus was undetectable, and Ct values were more than 30 in NSP and saliva samples", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_151_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 129 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During the follow-up examination after discharge, seven out of ten patients contained SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in their fecal specimens, despite all patients showed negative results in respiratory tract specimens", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_206_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 116 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV GVU6109 can survive for 4 days in diarrheal stool samples with an alkaline pH, and it can remain infectious in respiratory specimens for >7 days at room temperature", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_233_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 120 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV GVU6109 can survive for 4 days in diarrheal stool samples with an alkaline pH, and it can remain infectious in respiratory specimens for >7 days at room temperature", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_234_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_253_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "breastmilk", + "answer_start": 61 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_253_002", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "breastmilk", + "answer_start": 134 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although viral RNA remained detectable in respiratory secretions and stool and urine specimens for >30 days in some patients, virus could not be cultured after week 3 of illness", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_264_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The viral load of the respiratory specimens appears be related to shedding of the virus into feces in this group of patients", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_278_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 22 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: Molecular detection for 15 viral species and subtypes was performed on three types of respiratory specimens (nose, throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates) using a multiplex RT-PCR kit (Seeplex\u2122 RV detection, Seegene) and additional monoplex real-time RT-PCRs", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_307_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal aspirates", + "answer_start": 141 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: Molecular detection for 15 viral species and subtypes was performed on three types of respiratory specimens (nose, throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates) using a multiplex RT-PCR kit (Seeplex\u2122 RV detection, Seegene) and additional monoplex real-time RT-PCRs", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_308_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 95 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_323_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_326_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 30 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In particular, the confirmed positivity of nasopharyngeal swabs following the viability procedure suggests their potential infectivity, while the complete prevention of amplification in wastewater indicated either non-infectious particles or free RNA", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_350_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_361_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 97 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_365_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_369_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 105 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_374_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients, which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_384_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients, which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_386_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 105 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_395_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 249 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_398_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 184 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_404_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 238 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The goals of this article are to highlight the literature regarding self-collected nasal or oropharyngeal specimens for respiratory pathogen testing; discuss the role of self-collection in helping prevent the spread of the COVID-19 disease from infected patients and facilitating a shift toward \u201cvirtual\u201d medicine or telemedicine; and describe the current and future state of self-collection for infectious agents, and the impacts these approaches can have on population health management and disease diagnosis and prevention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_417_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 92 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_425_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 24 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_432_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 6 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_434_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 148 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We also found that FFP2/N95 mask usage would have reduced infection by 95-100%, while cloth masks would have reduced it by only 40-80", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_003_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "FFP2", + "answer_start": 19 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Surgical masks might offer some respiratory protection from inhalation of infectious aerosols, but not as much as respirators", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_010_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Surgical masks", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_014_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 respirators", + "answer_start": 21 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In health care workers, the results show no difference between N95 masks and surgical masks on the risk of confirmed influenza or other confirmed viral respiratory infections, although possible benefits from N95 masks were found for preventing influenzalike illness or other clinical respiratory infections", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_037_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 masks", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In health care workers, the results show no difference between N95 masks and surgical masks on the risk of confirmed influenza or other confirmed viral respiratory infections, although possible benefits from N95 masks were found for preventing influenzalike illness or other clinical respiratory infections", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_037_002", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 masks", + "answer_start": 208 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We report a case of Guillain-Barre\u0301 syndrome (GBS) following the first dose of Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine with papilledema as atypical onset", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_015_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Guillain-Barre\u0301 syndrome", + "answer_start": 20 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Electromyoneurography and laboratory findings in a case of Guillain-Barre\u0301 syndrome after second dose of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_023_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Guillain-Barre\u0301 syndrome", + "answer_start": 59 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Lessons of the month 1: Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_025_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "transverse myelitis", + "answer_start": 47 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We present a case of acute transverse myelitis after vaccination against COVID-19 with the ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine (AZD1222), which was the first case reported in Taiwan.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_057_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "transverse myelitis", + "answer_start": 27 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some studies have shown that neurological complications after COVID-19 vaccination are rare and dominated by demyelinating disease.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_069_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "demyelinating disease", + "answer_start": 109 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: In our case, the most probable etiology of the patient's multiple cranial neuropathy is the Pfizer\u2010BioNTech vaccine, which highlights the need for prolonged surveillance of COVID\u201019 vaccine neurological complications", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_088_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "cranial neuropathy", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing. Other authors have previously reported various complications in connection with the use of", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_005_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "preseptal cellulitis", + "answer_start": 138 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This case report describes a significant complication of a routine COVID-19 swab in a previously fit and well young patient who developed preseptal cellulitis and an infraorbital abscess as a consequence of the mentioned nasal swabbing. Other authors have previously reported various complications in connection with the use of", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_006_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 166 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Preseptal cellulitis and infraorbital abscess as a complication of a routine COVID-19 swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_014_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "infraorbital abscess", + "answer_start": 25 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We describe a case of a 40-year-old SARS-CoV-2 positive patient with no prior cardiac history who developed asystole while an NP swab was being used to obtain a sample for a SARS-CoV-2 assay", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_047_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "asystole", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This is the first reported case describing asystole during use of an NP swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_055_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "asystole", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We present a case of uncontrolled epistaxis requiring hospitalization following a routine nasopharyngeal swab in a healthy patient", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_067_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 34 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Male gender, age, metastatic disease, immunosuppressive treatments, lymphopenia, COVID-19 diagnosis and diabetes were independent risk factors for death.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a7d1a8da1b335c5b000027_1084_001", + "question": "What are the clinical factors that predict COVID-19 mortality in cancer patients?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Male gender", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_001_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_006_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 9 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_007_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 17 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_012_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 26 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_013_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 33 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_017_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_018_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) are four SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants that have recently been identified as variants of concern", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_020_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 61 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_030_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 27 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_036_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 34 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_041_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_044_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 47 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which might disable the in\u2010used therapies and vaccines", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_047_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Lambda", + "answer_start": 58 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compute the allele frequencies of the alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and delta (B.167.2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 from almost two million genome sequences on the GISAID repository.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_073_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 48 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We compute the allele frequencies of the alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and delta (B.167.2) variants of SARS-CoV-2 from almost two million genome sequences on the GISAID repository.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_079_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_097_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 216 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_102_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 209 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_103_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 232 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_108_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 226 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_109_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 249 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_113_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 242 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_114_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 266 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Owing to a possible risk of increasing the transmissibility of the virus, severity of the infected individuals, and the ability to escape the antibody produced by the vaccines, the four SARS-CoV-2 variants of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) have attracted the most widespread attention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_116_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 259 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the present study, the Delta variants (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2, which have appeared in many countries, were considered for analysis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_138_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 42 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the present study, the Delta variants (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2, which have appeared in many countries, were considered for analysis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_140_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 26 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_145_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_151_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 49 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and P.3, contain mutations in spike that has been suggested to associate with an increased recognition of mouse ACE2, raising the postulation that these SARS-CoV-2 variants may have evolved to expand species tropism to wildtype mouse and potentially other murines.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_157_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 58 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_169_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 50 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_172_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "United Kingdom", + "answer_start": 59 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_175_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 76 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_177_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 85 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_181_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 104 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the past few months, the identification of new B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) variants of concern (VOC) has highlighted the importance of tracking the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that impact transmissibility, virulence, and immune and neutralizing antibody escape.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_182_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Brazil", + "answer_start": 109 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "INTERPRETATION: Our study provides direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7, as well as other N501Y-carrying variants including B.1.351 and P.3, has gained the capability to expand species tropism to murines and public health measures including stringent murine control should be implemented to facilitate the control of the ongoing pandemic.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_193_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "INTERPRETATION: Our study provides direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7, as well as other N501Y-carrying variants including B.1.351 and P.3, has gained the capability to expand species tropism to murines and public health measures including stringent murine control should be implemented to facilitate the control of the ongoing pandemic.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_199_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 140 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Newly emerging significant SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 are the variant of concern (VOC) for the human race", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_217_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Newly emerging significant SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 are the variant of concern (VOC) for the human race", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_223_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_241_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 46 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_247_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_253_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_258_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_270_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 72 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_276_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_281_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_288_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Omicron", + "answer_start": 4 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_289_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 30 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_295_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 46 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_301_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_306_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "[Image: see text] The newly emerging Kappa, Delta, and Lambda SARS-CoV-2 variants are worrisome, characterized with the double mutations E484Q/L452R, T478K/L452R, and F490S/L452Q, respectively, in their receptor binding domains (RBDs) of the spike proteins.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_332_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 44 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "[Image: see text] The newly emerging Kappa, Delta, and Lambda SARS-CoV-2 variants are worrisome, characterized with the double mutations E484Q/L452R, T478K/L452R, and F490S/L452Q, respectively, in their receptor binding domains (RBDs) of the spike proteins.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_335_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Lambda", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_342_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 6 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_343_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 22 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_348_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 31 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_349_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_353_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 52 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_354_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 106 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_356_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 117 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_366_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 25 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_372_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 32 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_377_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_380_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The two most popular publicly available datasets for COVID-19 classification are COVID-CT and COVID-19 Image Data Collection.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_005_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT", + "answer_start": 81 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The performance of this network is evaluated through two public datasets, which are the COVIDx and the enhanced COVID-19 datasets.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_022_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 88 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We collected two dialogue datasets -CovidDialog- (in English and Chinese respectively) containing conversations between doctors and patients about COVID-19.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_049_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CovidDialog", + "answer_start": 36 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "To help researchers combat COVID-19 health misinformation, therefore, we present CoAID (Covid-19 heAlthcare mIsinformation Dataset), with diverse COVID-19 healthcare misinformation, including fake news on websites and social platforms, along with users' social engagement about such news.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_132_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CoAID", + "answer_start": 81 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We introduce a new dataset called Synthetic COVID-19 Chest X-ray Dataset for training machine learning models.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_162_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Synthetic COVID-19 Chest X-ray Dataset", + "answer_start": 34 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the initial version of COVID-19 Search Trends symptoms dataset (published at https://goo.gle/covid19symptomdataset on September 2, 2020), a publicly available dataset that shows aggregated, anonymized trends in Google searches for symptoms (and some related topics).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_178_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-19 Search Trends symptoms dataset", + "answer_start": 98 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the initial version of COVID-19 Search Trends symptoms dataset (published at https://goo.gle/covid19symptomdataset on September 2, 2020), a publicly available dataset that shows aggregated, anonymized trends in Google searches for symptoms (and some related topics).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_179_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "covid19symptomdataset", + "answer_start": 168 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper presents COV19Tweets Dataset (Lamsal 2020a), a large-scale Twitter dataset with more than 310 million COVID-19 specific English language tweets and their sentiment scores.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_203_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Lamsal 2020a", + "answer_start": 41 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "COVID-CT-Dataset: A CT Scan Dataset about COVID-19", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_215_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The performance of this network is evaluated through two public datasets, which are the COVIDx and the enhanced COVID-19 datasets", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_253_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 88 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The performance of this RND\u2010CNN is evaluated using two public datasets: the COVIDx and the enhanced COVID\u201019 datasets", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_274_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 76 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The data and code are available at https://github.com/UCSD-AI4H/COVID-Dialogue", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_302_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-Dialogue", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We apply this method on two recently released publications datasets (Dimensions' COVID-19 dataset and the Allen Institute for AI's CORD-19).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_338_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CORD-19", + "answer_start": 131 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We also introduce COVIDx, an open access benchmark dataset that we generated comprising of 13,975 CXR images across 13,870 patient patient cases, with the largest number of publicly available COVID-19 positive cases to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_358_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 18 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The dataset, code, and DL models are publicly available at https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/COVID-19-CT-CXR.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_399_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CT-CXR", + "answer_start": 96 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CORD-19, a dataset of COVID-19 and coronavirus publications, has been made available alongside calls to help mine the information it contains and to create tools to search it more effectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_401_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CORD-19", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We also introduce COVIDx, an open access benchmark dataset that we generated comprising of 13,975 CXR images across 13,870 patient patient cases, with the largest number of publicly available COVID-19 positive cases to the best of the authors' knowledge.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_421_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 18 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights (published at http://goo.gle/covid19vaccinationinsights), a publicly available dataset showing aggregated and anonymized trends in Google searches related to COVID-19 vaccination.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_460_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights (published at http://goo.gle/covid19vaccinationinsights), a publicly available dataset showing aggregated and anonymized trends in Google searches related to COVID-19 vaccination.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_461_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "covid19vaccinationinsights", + "answer_start": 145 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper introduces a new COVID-19 CT scan dataset, referred to as COVID-CT-MD, consisting of not only COVID-19 cases, but also healthy and subjects infected by Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_467_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper introduces a new COVID-19 CT scan dataset, referred to as COVID-CT-MD, consisting of not only COVID-19 cases, but also healthy and subjects infected by Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_478_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT-MD", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Motivated by these attributes and the promise of artificial intelligence tools to aid clinicians, we introduce COVIDx-US, an open-access benchmark dataset of COVID-19 related ultrasound imaging data that is the largest of its kind.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_484_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 111 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Motivated by these attributes and the promise of artificial intelligence tools to aid clinicians, we introduce COVIDx-US, an open-access benchmark dataset of COVID-19 related ultrasound imaging data that is the largest of its kind.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_500_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx-US", + "answer_start": 111 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "COVIDx-US -- An open-access benchmark dataset of ultrasound imaging data for AI-driven COVID-19 analytics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_505_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "COVIDx-US -- An open-access benchmark dataset of ultrasound imaging data for AI-driven COVID-19 analytics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_521_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx-US", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While individual modules are validated on related benchmarks (mainly MSTS and SICK), the complete architecture is validated using a new dataset called NLI19-SP that is publicly released with COVID-19 related hoaxes and tweets from Spanish social media.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_543_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "NLI19-SP", + "answer_start": 151 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Ten days after the onset of COVID\u201019 symptoms, the infectious virus was undetectable, and Ct values were more than 30 in NSP and saliva samples", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_016_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 129 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During the follow-up examination after discharge, seven out of ten patients contained SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in their fecal specimens, despite all patients showed negative results in respiratory tract specimens", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_056_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 116 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV GVU6109 can survive for 4 days in diarrheal stool samples with an alkaline pH, and it can remain infectious in respiratory specimens for >7 days at room temperature", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_083_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 120 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV GVU6109 can survive for 4 days in diarrheal stool samples with an alkaline pH, and it can remain infectious in respiratory specimens for >7 days at room temperature", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_084_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_103_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "breastmilk", + "answer_start": 61 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_103_002", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "breastmilk", + "answer_start": 134 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although viral RNA remained detectable in respiratory secretions and stool and urine specimens for >30 days in some patients, virus could not be cultured after week 3 of illness", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_114_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The viral load of the respiratory specimens appears be related to shedding of the virus into feces in this group of patients", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_128_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 22 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: Molecular detection for 15 viral species and subtypes was performed on three types of respiratory specimens (nose, throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates) using a multiplex RT-PCR kit (Seeplex\u2122 RV detection, Seegene) and additional monoplex real-time RT-PCRs", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_157_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal aspirates", + "answer_start": 141 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS: Molecular detection for 15 viral species and subtypes was performed on three types of respiratory specimens (nose, throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates) using a multiplex RT-PCR kit (Seeplex\u2122 RV detection, Seegene) and additional monoplex real-time RT-PCRs", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_158_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 95 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_173_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_176_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 30 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In particular, the confirmed positivity of nasopharyngeal swabs following the viability procedure suggests their potential infectivity, while the complete prevention of amplification in wastewater indicated either non-infectious particles or free RNA", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_200_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_211_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 97 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_215_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_219_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 105 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "METHODS A total of 790 clinical specimens, including nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, saliva, stool, endotracheal aspirate and serum were obtained from patients who were suspected or already confirmed to have COVID-19 at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital from February to May 2020.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_224_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients, which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_234_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Viral RNA has also been isolated from stool specimens of COVID-19 patients, which raised the concern for fecal-oral transmission in addition to droplet transmission.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_236_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 105 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_245_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 249 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_248_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 184 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_254_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 238 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The goals of this article are to highlight the literature regarding self-collected nasal or oropharyngeal specimens for respiratory pathogen testing; discuss the role of self-collection in helping prevent the spread of the COVID-19 disease from infected patients and facilitating a shift toward \u201cvirtual\u201d medicine or telemedicine; and describe the current and future state of self-collection for infectious agents, and the impacts these approaches can have on population health management and disease diagnosis and prevention.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_267_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 92 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_275_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 24 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_282_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "oropharyngeal", + "answer_start": 6 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs are recommended for the detection of early infection, other lower respiratory tract specimens like the sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage are used for late detection and monitoring of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_284_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "sputum", + "answer_start": 148 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patients can have persistent viral stool positivity despite negative respiratory samples, irrespective of symptoms", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_294_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "stool", + "answer_start": 56 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "AIM: To establish and validate a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT- LAMP) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_305_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 148 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_338_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "respiratory specimens", + "answer_start": 40 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions In an analysis of fecal and respiratory specimens from patients with COVID-19 in quarantine in Korea, we found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_341_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 30 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Background Diagnostic testing for coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is performed using nasopharyngeal swabs.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_350_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 84 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result of a nasopharyngeal swab sample.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_380_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 41 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV-2 presence in the saliva, tears and cerumen of COVID-19 patients.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_391_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 27 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Half of the saliva, tear and cerumen samples obtained from asymptomatic patients contained SARS-CoV-2 genome.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_421_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 12 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSION The virus was detected in the saliva, tears and cerumen samples of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_451_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 41 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Here, we compared the simple self-collection of gargle lavage fluid with the gold standard nasopharyngeal swab as a specimen for COVID-19 testing.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_470_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "nasopharyngeal swab", + "answer_start": 91 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Conclusions These results support the idea of the use of saliva as an alternative specimen for diagnostic testing for COVID-19.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_496_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "saliva", + "answer_start": 57 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We included original observational studies that reported the detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a783eada1b335c5b000024_536_001", + "question": "Please list the type of clinical specimens obtained from COVID-19 patients that have been shown to contain infectious virus?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "fecal", + "answer_start": 97 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In health care workers, the results show no difference between N95 masks and surgical masks on the risk of confirmed influenza or other confirmed viral respiratory infections, although possible benefits from N95 masks were found for preventing influenzalike illness or other clinical respiratory infections", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_013_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 masks", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In health care workers, the results show no difference between N95 masks and surgical masks on the risk of confirmed influenza or other confirmed viral respiratory infections, although possible benefits from N95 masks were found for preventing influenzalike illness or other clinical respiratory infections", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_013_002", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 masks", + "answer_start": 208 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "N95 masks are considered one of the essential protective equipment in the management of patients with COVID-19", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81d78da1b335c5b00002c_025_001", + "question": "What are the best masks for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "N95 masks", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CONCLUSIONS: In our case, the most probable etiology of the patient's multiple cranial neuropathy is the Pfizer\u2010BioNTech vaccine, which highlights the need for prolonged surveillance of COVID\u201019 vaccine neurological complications", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a037d7da1b335c5b00000c_008_001", + "question": "What neurological complications have been described after vaccination for COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "cranial neuropathy", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "As molecular testing capacity is overloaded during the pandemic, rapid antigen tests, such as lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), can be a useful tool as they allow greater test availability and obtain results in a very short time", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a77f53da1b335c5b00001d_021_001", + "question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "LF", + "answer_start": 121 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "As molecular testing capacity is overloaded during the pandemic, rapid antigen tests, such as lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), can be a useful tool as they allow greater test availability and obtain results in a very short time", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a77f53da1b335c5b00001d_022_001", + "question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "rapid antigen tests", + "answer_start": 65 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Unfortunately, the overall poor sensitivity of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip does not allow using it alone as the frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a77f53da1b335c5b00001d_073_001", + "question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Respi-Strip", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag test (SD Biosensor, Inc., Suwon, Korea) is a rapid immunochromatography test that qualitatively detects the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 using gold conjugated antibodies.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a77f53da1b335c5b00001d_107_001", + "question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Q COVID-19 Ag test", + "answer_start": 13 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We describe a case of a 40-year-old SARS-CoV-2 positive patient with no prior cardiac history who developed asystole while an NP swab was being used to obtain a sample for a SARS-CoV-2 assay", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_007_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "asystole", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This is the first reported case describing asystole during use of an NP swab", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_015_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "asystole", + "answer_start": 43 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We present a case of uncontrolled epistaxis requiring hospitalization following a routine nasopharyngeal swab in a healthy patient", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_027_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "epistaxis", + "answer_start": 34 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Instances of nasopharyngeal swab as a syncope trigger are mostly anecdotal and not well described in the medical literature.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6098952e335f7e8227000054_048_001", + "question": "What are the complications of tCOVID-19 Nasopharyngeal Swab Test?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "syncope", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Male gender, age, metastatic disease, immunosuppressive treatments, lymphopenia, COVID-19 diagnosis and diabetes were independent risk factors for death.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a7d1a8da1b335c5b000027_464_001", + "question": "What are the clinical factors that predict COVID-19 mortality in cancer patients?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Male gender", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Newly emerging significant SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 are the variant of concern (VOC) for the human race", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_001_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Newly emerging significant SARS-CoV-2 variants such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28 are the variant of concern (VOC) for the human race", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_007_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_025_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 46 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_031_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_037_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Four SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1, and two variants of interest including C.37 and B.1.621 have been reported to have potential immune escape, and one or more mutations endow them with worrisome epidemiologic, immunologic, or pathogenic characteristics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_042_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_054_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 72 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_060_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_065_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Omicron variant also shares several mutations with the previous VOC Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants, which immediately raised global concerns about viral transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune evasion", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_072_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Omicron", + "answer_start": 4 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_073_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 30 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_079_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 46 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_085_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 63 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Variants designated G, alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) are important lineages that emerged sequentially and are considered variants of concern.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_090_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 80 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "[Image: see text] The newly emerging Kappa, Delta, and Lambda SARS-CoV-2 variants are worrisome, characterized with the double mutations E484Q/L452R, T478K/L452R, and F490S/L452Q, respectively, in their receptor binding domains (RBDs) of the spike proteins.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_116_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 44 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "[Image: see text] The newly emerging Kappa, Delta, and Lambda SARS-CoV-2 variants are worrisome, characterized with the double mutations E484Q/L452R, T478K/L452R, and F490S/L452Q, respectively, in their receptor binding domains (RBDs) of the spike proteins.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_119_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Lambda", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_126_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 6 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_127_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 22 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_132_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 31 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_133_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 38 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_137_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 52 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_138_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 106 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": ".1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, eith", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_140_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 117 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_150_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 25 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_156_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 32 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_161_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 53 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Six SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, Iota, Gamma, and Delta) can be identified simultaneously.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_164_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "SARS-CoV-2 mutants carrying the \u2206H69/\u2206V70 deletion in the amino-terminal domain of the Spike protein emerged independently in at least six lineages of the virus (namely, B.1.1.7, B.1.1.298, B.1.160, B.1.177, B.1.258, B.1.375).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_241_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 170 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_265_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 108 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_270_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 101 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_271_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 132 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_276_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 126 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_277_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 161 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since then, the pandemic has evolved with the large worldwide emergence of new variants, such as the Alpha (B.1.1.7 variant), Beta (B.1.351 variant), and Gamma (P.1 variant), and some other under investigation such as the A.27 in France.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_281_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Gamma", + "answer_start": 154 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_289_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 10 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_294_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 18 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_300_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Beta", + "answer_start": 33 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_306_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 44 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B1.351(Beta), and B.1.617.2(Delta) strains, which appear to have increased transmissibility, were detected.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_308_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 54 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The R.1 variant (B.1.1.316) was responsible for most infections in March, replacing the previous variant (B.1.1.214); the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant caused most infections in April and May; and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was the most prevalent in July and August.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_313_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 129 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The R.1 variant (B.1.1.316) was responsible for most infections in March, replacing the previous variant (B.1.1.214); the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant caused most infections in April and May; and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was the most prevalent in July and August.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_318_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Alpha", + "answer_start": 122 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The R.1 variant (B.1.1.316) was responsible for most infections in March, replacing the previous variant (B.1.1.214); the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant caused most infections in April and May; and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was the most prevalent in July and August.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_330_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 210 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The R.1 variant (B.1.1.316) was responsible for most infections in March, replacing the previous variant (B.1.1.214); the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant caused most infections in April and May; and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was the most prevalent in July and August.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_332_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Delta", + "answer_start": 195 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (B.1.1.529) Omicron variant originated from South Africa in the middle of November 2021.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_345_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "South Africa", + "answer_start": 121 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (B.1.1.529) Omicron variant originated from South Africa in the middle of November 2021.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_360_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Omicron", + "answer_start": 89 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has been recently declared a Variant of Concern due to a series of important mutations in the viral spike protein and especially in the receptor-binding domain.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_384_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "Omicron", + "answer_start": 19 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Through analysis of 210 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 complete genomes obtained from the largest regional health departments we identified cocirculation of multiple SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 lineages such as B.1.1 (0.5%), B.1.1.28 (23.2%), B.1.1.7 (alpha variant, 6.2%), B.1.566 (1.4%), B.1.544 (0.5%), C.37 (0.5%) P.1 (gamma variant, 66.2%), and P.2 (zeta variant, 1.0%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_385_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 206 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Through analysis of 210 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 complete genomes obtained from the largest regional health departments we identified cocirculation of multiple SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 lineages such as B.1.1 (0.5%), B.1.1.28 (23.2%), B.1.1.7 (alpha variant, 6.2%), B.1.566 (1.4%), B.1.544 (0.5%), C.37 (0.5%) P.1 (gamma variant, 66.2%), and P.2 (zeta variant, 1.0%).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_397_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 281 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "IMPORTANCE Recently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (alpha variant), B.1.617.2 (delta variant) and B.1.1.529 (omicron variant) harbor spike mutations and have been linked to increased virus pathogenesis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_433_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 49 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "IMPORTANCE Recently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (alpha variant), B.1.617.2 (delta variant) and B.1.1.529 (omicron variant) harbor spike mutations and have been linked to increased virus pathogenesis.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_450_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.617.2", + "answer_start": 74 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, four variants have been identified, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_457_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.1.7", + "answer_start": 46 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, four variants have been identified, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_463_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "B.1.351", + "answer_start": 55 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Recently, four variants have been identified, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "6097a81c335f7e8227000049_469_001", + "question": "What are some of the important SARS-CoV-2 variants?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "P.1", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The performance of this network is evaluated through two public datasets, which are the COVIDx and the enhanced COVID-19 datasets", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_001_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 88 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The performance of this RND\u2010CNN is evaluated using two public datasets: the COVIDx and the enhanced COVID\u201019 datasets", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_022_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 76 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The data and code are available at https://github.com/UCSD-AI4H/COVID-Dialogue", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_050_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-Dialogue", + "answer_start": 64 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We apply this method on two recently released publications datasets (Dimensions' COVID-19 dataset and the Allen Institute for AI's CORD-19).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_086_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CORD-19", + "answer_start": 131 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We also introduce COVIDx, an open access benchmark dataset that we generated comprising of 13,975 CXR images across 13,870 patient patient cases, with the largest number of publicly available COVID-19 positive cases to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_106_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 18 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The dataset, code, and DL models are publicly available at https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/COVID-19-CT-CXR.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_147_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CT-CXR", + "answer_start": 96 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CORD-19, a dataset of COVID-19 and coronavirus publications, has been made available alongside calls to help mine the information it contains and to create tools to search it more effectively.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_149_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CORD-19", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "We also introduce COVIDx, an open access benchmark dataset that we generated comprising of 13,975 CXR images across 13,870 patient patient cases, with the largest number of publicly available COVID-19 positive cases to the best of the authors' knowledge.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_169_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 18 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights (published at http://goo.gle/covid19vaccinationinsights), a publicly available dataset showing aggregated and anonymized trends in Google searches related to COVID-19 vaccination.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_208_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights", + "answer_start": 79 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This report describes the aggregation and anonymization process applied to the COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights (published at http://goo.gle/covid19vaccinationinsights), a publicly available dataset showing aggregated and anonymized trends in Google searches related to COVID-19 vaccination.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_209_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "covid19vaccinationinsights", + "answer_start": 145 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper introduces a new COVID-19 CT scan dataset, referred to as COVID-CT-MD, consisting of not only COVID-19 cases, but also healthy and subjects infected by Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_215_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "This paper introduces a new COVID-19 CT scan dataset, referred to as COVID-CT-MD, consisting of not only COVID-19 cases, but also healthy and subjects infected by Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP).", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_226_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVID-CT-MD", + "answer_start": 69 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Motivated by these attributes and the promise of artificial intelligence tools to aid clinicians, we introduce COVIDx-US, an open-access benchmark dataset of COVID-19 related ultrasound imaging data that is the largest of its kind.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_232_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 111 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Motivated by these attributes and the promise of artificial intelligence tools to aid clinicians, we introduce COVIDx-US, an open-access benchmark dataset of COVID-19 related ultrasound imaging data that is the largest of its kind.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_248_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx-US", + "answer_start": 111 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "COVIDx-US -- An open-access benchmark dataset of ultrasound imaging data for AI-driven COVID-19 analytics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_253_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "COVIDx-US -- An open-access benchmark dataset of ultrasound imaging data for AI-driven COVID-19 analytics", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_269_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "COVIDx-US", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While individual modules are validated on related benchmarks (mainly MSTS and SICK), the complete architecture is validated using a new dataset called NLI19-SP that is publicly released with COVID-19 related hoaxes and tweets from Spanish social media.", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_291_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "NLI19-SP", + "answer_start": 151 + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "CORD-19, a dataset of COVID-19 and coronavirus publications, has been made available alongside calls to help mine the information it contains and to create tools to search it more effectively", + "qas": [ + { + "id": "61a81fd3da1b335c5b00002f_317_001", + "question": "What new public datasets are available related to COVID-19?", + "answers": [ + { + "text": "CORD-19", + "answer_start": 0 + } + ] + } + ] + } + ], + "title": "BioASQ10synergy" + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file