12 Weeks Orienteering Program Exercise on Older Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study aims to determine the effects of an orientation exercise program addressed to old on physical-motor, cognitive, and affective competencies. This quasi-experimental study is a controlled trial involving an orientation exercise program. The program will run for 12 weeks (3 sessions per week). Participants will be clustered into two groups: the experimental group will perform the exercise orientation sessions, and the control group will maintain regular activities routines. Evaluations will be performed before and after the intervention. After the study is finished, the control group will attend a similar exercise program.

Detailed Description
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The aging process is lived for all and is associated with uncountable limitations, such as physical, psychological, cognitive, or emotional, that daily translate into difficulty in accomplishing normal activities (2). Simple tasks such as getting up and sitting, carrying a shopping bag, or climbing some stairs, start being seen as an obstacle, much because of aging and the associated decline in physical and cognitive competencies such as balance, limb strength, aerobic capacity, motor coordination, processing speed, memory, executive functioning and, consequently, affective competences, such as emotional states and depression may also be compromised (1). Despite the above, it is known that there are some ways and alternatives that, even not reversing the aging process, might delay it, promoting healthy aging (6). Scientific advances recommend regular physical exercise since exercise ensures a more active lifestyle and, therefore, a less dependent on others' life. There are many options that physical exercise professionals can choose for planning physical exercise programs for older people (3). Nonetheless, instead of exercise planning training prescription, other options can be used to achieve healthy aging. In alternative to traditional exercise training, sporting modalities, such as orientation, may benefit this population. According to a study, after applying a protocol that included changes to the terrain to improve older adults' balance, there were significant improvements in their stride time (4). Other studies done within the same area, which applied one questionnaire on functional well-being, and four scales on depression, gastrointestinal system, physical activity, and healthy index to senior athletes between the ages of 67 and 71, found significant improvements in all the referred parameters except for the depression scale where the control group made up of older adults who do not practice the modality showed better results (5). However, the literature is scarce concerning the participation in orientation programs by the elderly population, namely in terms of this program's effect on aerobic capacity, lower limb strength, motor coordination, processing speed, memory, and executive functioning.

Official Title
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Effects of Orientation Exercise Program on Older Adults, Motor Skills, Cognitive and Emotional State: a Pilot Study

Conditions
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Community-dwelling Older Adults

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Orienteering exercise program


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Aged 65-75 years old; Locomotor independent capacity; Independent living in the community; Historical of physical activity practice; Attended, at least, the 3º school grade. Exclusion Criteria: Cognitive impairment such < 15 points in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); Evidence of neuromuscular disturb; Use of medication that conditions the performance of the orientation exercise tasks.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years
Maximum Age: 75 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Experimental: Experimental Orienteering group program<br>The experimental group intervention will attend the orienteering program. The program integrates 3 sessions / week during 12 consecutive weeks. | Other: Orienteering exercise program<br>* Orienteering exercise program running for 12 weeks (30-45 minutes, 3 sessions/week). Sessions will have 4 phases: 1) Signature of attendance sheet; 2) warm-up exercises for 5 minutes; 3) Start of orienteering proofs, where the departs will occur individually, with 3 interval minutes between participants; 4) stretches session, to return to a calm state.<br>|
| No Intervention: The control group<br>The control group will maintain the usually daily activities, not attending any exercise program. After study end, the control group will have the opportunity to participate on an exercise program. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in physical competencies | Fullerton Advance Balance Scale to assess balance, ranging from 0 (worst) to 40 (best) points | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in physical competencies | Senior Fitness Test, 6 minutes walking to assess aerobic capacity, measure in meters | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in physical competencies | Senior Fitness Test, Sit and Stand to assess limb strength, measure by the number of repetitions | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in physical competencies | Soda Pop Test to assess motor coordination. | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in cognitive competencies | Trail Making Test (Part A and B) to assess processing speed and executive functioning, measure in seconds | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in cognitive competencies | Rey Auditory Verbal Test to assess memory, measure in seconds | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in affective competencies | Profile of Mood States to assess mood states, ranging from -32 (best) to 200 (worst) points | 0, 12 weeks | 
| Change from the beginning, between groups comparison, in affective competencies | Geriatric Depression Scale to assess depression state, ranging from 0 (best) to 30 (worst) points | 0, 12 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cognitive impairment | Mini-Mental State Examination, ranging from 0 (worst) to 30 (best) points | 0 weeks |