Improvement of the Selenium Supply in a Vegan Diet by Different Selenium Sources

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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As vegans are among the individuals with the lowest serum selenium levels, the randomized controlled SelVeg study aims to address the question of whether Brazil nuts could be an adequate source of selenium for diets potentially low in selenium. For this purpose, we will investigate in individuals with a vegan or omnivorous dietary pattern how a daily selenium intervention in the form of a food (here Brazil nut butter) or an over-the-counter selenium supplement affects the selenium status.

Detailed Description
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The vegan diet is characterized by an exclusion of all animal foods and is associated with positive health effects. However, dietary restriction can lead to inadequate intake of both macro- and micronutrients. Selenium and zinc, among others are critical nutrients in a vegan diet. Brazil nuts represent a particularly selenium-rich plant food. In addition to selenium Brazil nuts have also relevant amounts of other trace elements, including zinc, iron and copper. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a daily selenium supplementation in the form of Brazil nut butter in comparison to a selenium supplement. As primary outcome, the serum selenium concentration and other serum biomarkers of the selenium status will be analyzed. Additionally, serum levels of other trace elements such as zinc will be quantified. Dietary questionnaires will provide information on dietary intake of nutrients (focus on dietary fiber, zinc and phytate intake) to identify potential factors influencing selenium bioavailability. The SelVeg study will enroll 90 healthy subjects with either a vegan (defined as exclusion of animal products) or omnivore (defined as weekly consumption of meat and/or sausage) dietary pattern. After categorizing in vegans or omnivores, participants are than randomized in one of the three intervention groups (placebo, Brazil nut or selenium supplement) and will receive 55 µg of additional daily selenium (as Brazil nut butter or tablet) or no additional selenium in case of placebo. The intervention period is 2 weeks.

Official Title
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Human Intervention Study on the Improvement of the Selenium Supply in a Vegan Diet by Different Selenium Sources

Conditions
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Diet, Vegan, Selenium

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: selenium supplement
* Dietary Supplement: Brazil nut
* Other: Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Apparently healthy participant Adherence to one of following eating habit (vegan or omnivore) confirmed by food frequency protocol (5 d), lifestyle and nutrition questionnaires Stable eating habit for at least 1 year before enrollment Exclusion Criteria: Diet other than omnivore or vegan Changing diet during the study period Baseline serum selenium concentration > 150 µg/L Acute or chronic disease (tumor, infection, other), gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes mellitus (type I, II), chronic renal disease, diseases of the parathyroids, diseases necessitating regular phlebotomies Nut allergy Pregnancy or lactation

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: non-blinded randomized controlled trial Parallel group design (2 groups): vegan (exclusion of animal products) vs. omnivore (weekly consumption of meat and/or sausage), stable dietary habit since at least one year, 3 intervention groups (placebo, Brazil nut or selenium supplement)
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: meat-based diet; placebo<br> | Other: Placebo<br>* Placebo pill<br>|
| Active Comparator: meat-based diet; selenium supplement<br> | Dietary Supplement: selenium supplement<br>* Selenium supplement containing 55 µg of sodium selenate<br>|
| Active Comparator: meat-based diet; Brazil nut<br> | Dietary Supplement: Brazil nut<br>* Brazil nut butter; consumption corresponds to a selenium intake of 55 µg/d<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: vegan diet; placebo<br> | Other: Placebo<br>* Placebo pill<br>|
| Active Comparator: vegan diet; selenium supplement<br> | Dietary Supplement: selenium supplement<br>* Selenium supplement containing 55 µg of sodium selenate<br>|
| Active Comparator: vegan diet; Brazil nut<br> | Dietary Supplement: Brazil nut<br>* Brazil nut butter; consumption corresponds to a selenium intake of 55 µg/d<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Selenium status | Changes in serum selenium concentration [µg/L] and selenoprotein-based biomarkers (SELENOP and GPX [U/L]) after intervention | baseline and after 2 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Trace element serum concentrations | Change in serum concentration of trace elements (zinc, copper, manganese, iron, potassium and calcium [µg/L]) after intervention | baseline and after 2 weeks | 
| Anthropometric data | body mass index [kg/m2] | baseline and after 2 weeks | 
| Mean macro- and micronutrient intake over 5 days |  | baseline | 
| Dietary zinc and phytate intake | Zinc and Phytate Diet Score (= frequency index * quantity index * zinc or phytate content [mg]) | 6 months |