Pricing Interventions Based on Energy Content in Restaurants

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this clinical trial is to examine the impact of price decreases based on energy content in a full-service restaurant on immediate dietary consumption (in terms of kilocalories (kcals), sugar, fat, and salt intake) and dietary consumption the rest of the day following the intervention; and whether the intervention effects differ based on socioeconomic position (SEP). Participants will be asked to visit the restaurant twice. At visit 1, participants will receive a control study menu with the existing pricing structure of the restaurant. At visit 2, participants will receive the same study menu with the pricing intervention introduced. For comparative purposes a smaller subgroup of participants will receive the control menu at both visit 1 and 2 to allow the researchers to estimate whether any pre-post changes occur in the absence of a pricing intervention (and whether change differs by SEP).

Official Title
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Socioeconomic Position and the Effectiveness of a Pricing Intervention Based on Energy Content in Restaurants: a Real-world Experiment

Conditions
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Healthy Diet, Eating Behavior, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Pricing intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: UK resident, aged 18 and older, fluent in English, have an out-of-home meal at least once a month and have no dietary allergies Exclusion Criteria: No further exclusion criteria as it is a real-world study

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Control<br>Participants will receive a standard menu with the existing pricing structure of the restaurant | |
| Experimental: Pricing Intervention<br>Participants will receive a menu where lower kcal dishes are discounted by 30% | Behavioral: Pricing intervention<br>* Participants will be provided with a menu with manipulated prices for products with lower kilocalories<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total kilocalories (kcal) ordered at the restaurant | The researchers will observe whether the total kcal ordered is different with a standard menu versus the menu with price manipulations | 1 hour | 
| Total kcal consumed at the restaurant | The researchers will observe whether the total kcal consumed (taking into account leftovers and food sharing) is different with a standard menu versus the menu with price manipulations | 1 hour | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Later kcal intake | The researchers will examine dietary intake the rest of the day following the restaurant visit to examine evidence of compensatory dietary intake. | 10 hours | 
| Total sugar, fat and salt intake | The researchers will observe whether the total sugar, fat and salt ordered is different with a standard menu versus the menu with price manipulations | 1 hour |