Pigtail or Chest Tube Placement After Uniportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study aims to figure out how small-bore pigtail catheter or large-bore chest tube for postoperative drainage impact on analgesic efficacy and actually enhance recovery postoperatively.

Detailed Description
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Design A randomized controlled trial. Setting The uniportal VATS has a small linear wound about 3 to 5 cm at only one intercostal space, mostly 4th or 5th. After elective thoracic surgery, the investigators routinely placed either one 14-Fr pigtail catheter or one 20-Fr chest tube for postoperative drainage. The patients regularly receive thoracoscopic internal costal nerve block with 10 mL of 1% Ropivacaine at the end of the operation, and are routinely prescribed with oral Tramadol 37.5mg and Acetaminophen 325mg four times a day postoperatively and intravenous morphine as extra dose if need. The investigators check chest X ray on postoperative day one and try to remove the drainage tube soon if well lung expansion and ambulation without adverse events. Then the investigators will discharge this patient six hours later or the next day after drain removal smoothly. Sample size determination and statistical analysis The patient number in one group will be calculated on the basis of significant pain relief and set as 33 patients with the following statistic parameter: α: 0.05 (type I error probability), power 0.8 (probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis), δ: 0.5 (difference in population means), σ: 1 (standard deviation of difference). The investigators added 20 % noncompliance rate and forty patients in each group (total eighty patients) will be included in this study. Participants The investigators enrolled eighty consecutive adult patients, over 20 years old, undergoing elective uniportal VATS lung resection, pleural tumor removal or mediastinal lymph node biopsy, etc. The exclusion criteria are patient refusal, body mass index > 27 kg/m2, American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grade above 3, contraindication to nerve block, allergy to analgesic agents, regular opioid used for chronic pain prior to this time surgery, anticipating postoperative patient control analgesia (PCA) before operation, surgeon's decision for exclusion during operation, conversion to thoracotomy or multiportal VATS procedure, postoperative intubation, postoperative intensive care unit admission. Interventions Eighty adult patients, over 20 years old, were allocated randomly in a 1:1 ratio by computer-generated randomization to receive either one 14-Fr pigtail catheter or one 20-Fr chest tube for postoperative pleural drainage. Measurement / Result The patient demographics, comorbidities, and thoracic surgical procedure, intra-operative blood loss, operative time, pathological results are reviewed. The evaluation and measurement of primary and secondary outcomes are recorded by nurses or assistants at post-anesthetic care unit and ward. The independent samples t test, Chi-square test, Logistic Regression will be used for data analysis. Primary outcome The resting and dynamic VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) while coughing and ambulation after operation 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours are collected, as well as the postoperative nausea or vomiting episodes related to anesthesia or analgesia. The investigators also record the first-time usage of intravenous morphine, cumulative intravenous morphine consumption in the first two postoperative days, and, if need, the additional analgesic agent or rescue analgesia requirement, such as patient controlled analgesia. Secondary outcome The investigators record the function and daily amount of the pleural drainage, the interpretation of postoperative day one chest X ray, any attempts of additional pleural drain insertion or conversion to tube thoracotomy from pigtail catheter if need. In addition, the timing of chest tube removal, length of hospital stays, and surgical pulmonary complications or morbidity are also noted. Conclusion The investigators will discover if the small-bore pigtail catheter placement would be equally or superiorly effective over analgesia and the following early recovery postoperatively after uniportal VATS, comparing to traditional chest tube. Then the protocol of minimally invasive thoracic operation will be revised and advanced.

Official Title
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Comparison of Postoperative Small-bore Pigtail or Large-bore Chest Tube Placement After Uniportal Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Postoperative Analgesia and Enhanced Recovery: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Conditions
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Post Operative Pain, Acute, Post-Op Complication, Opioid Use, Unspecified, ERAS, Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS)

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: uniportal VATS


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: - eighty consecutive adult patients undergoing elective uniportal VATS lobectomy Exclusion Criteria: - patient refusal, body mass index > 27 kg/m2, American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) grade above 3, contraindication to nerve block, allergy to analgesic agents, regular opioid used for chronic pain prior to this time surgery, anticipating postoperative patient control analgesia (PCA) before operation, surgeon's decision for exclusion during operation, conversion to thoracotomy or multiportal VATS procedure, postoperative intubation, postoperative intensive care unit admission.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 14-Fr pigtail catheter after uniportal VATS<br>smaller catheter used after uniportal VATS | Procedure: uniportal VATS<br>* elective uniportal VATS lung resection, pleural tumor removal or mediastinal lymph node biopsy, etc. (exclude the bil. operation, extended wound length over 5 cm, conversion to thoracotomy or multiportal VATS procedure, surgeon's decision for exclusion during operation.) thoracoscopic internal costal nerve block with 10 mL of 1% Ropivacaine at the end of the operation, routinely prescribed with oral Tramadol 37.5mg and Acetaminophen 325mg four times a day postoperatively and intravenous morphine as extra dose if need.<br>|
| Other: 20-Fr chest tube after uniportal VATS<br>routine management after uniportal VATS | Procedure: uniportal VATS<br>* elective uniportal VATS lung resection, pleural tumor removal or mediastinal lymph node biopsy, etc. (exclude the bil. operation, extended wound length over 5 cm, conversion to thoracotomy or multiportal VATS procedure, surgeon's decision for exclusion during operation.) thoracoscopic internal costal nerve block with 10 mL of 1% Ropivacaine at the end of the operation, routinely prescribed with oral Tramadol 37.5mg and Acetaminophen 325mg four times a day postoperatively and intravenous morphine as extra dose if need.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) | resting and dynamic VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) while coughing and ambulation, the scale from 0 to 10, depending on the severity of pain. 0 means not painful, and 10 means the most pain in whole life. | after operation 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours | 
| morphine usage | cumulative intravenous morphine consumption | in the first 24 hours after operation, | 
| if there is any episodes of nausea or vomiting episodes that needs mediaction | related to anesthesia or analgesia. | after operation 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| pleural drainage from chest tube or pigtail, which was recorded by nurse. | after uniportal VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery) | after operation 24, 48, 72, 96 hours | 
| if there is any timepoint for need of conversion to tube thoracotomy from pigtail catheter | related to post-operative complications, such as massive pleural effusion, pneumothorax, unstable vital signs or respiratory failure | after operation 24, 48, 72, 96 hours | 
| post-operative care after uniportal VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery) | the timing of chest tube removal and length of hospital stays | after operation 24, 48, 72, 96 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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post-operative analgesia, ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery), pigtail, chest tube