Investigation of the Relationship of Pain Perception and Pain Belief With Age in People With Chronic Lack Pain

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
This study was planned to investigate the relationship between pain perceptions and pain beliefs of individuals in different age groups with chronic low back pain and symptom severity.

Detailed Description
-----------------
The study will be conducted as an observational descriptive and cross-sectional research. Participants will be recruited after the purpose and content of the research are explained by the researchers, their written consent is read, and the volunteers who agree to be included in the study are given their written consent. The data collection process was carried out face-to-face and via a Google Forms survey over the internet, and will be conducted with the participants face-to-face and online. In the study; The pain beliefs questionnaire (PBQ), the centrality of pain scale (COPS) and the numerical rating scale (NRS-11) will be used.

Official Title
-----------------
Investigation of the Relationship of Pain Perception and Pain Belief With Age in People With Chronic Lack Pain

Conditions
-----------------
Chronic Pain, Low Back Pain

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Survey1
* Other: Survey2
* Other: Survey3


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: having low back pain for at least the past three months be between the ages of 18-79. Exclusion Criteria: Those outside the age limit of 18-79 and illiteracy.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 79 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| young group<br>Participants aged 18-39 | Other: Survey1<br>* As a research, it was planned to be a quantitative research. Data collection will be conducted through online and face-to-face surveys. Scales and forms to be found and used in the research: The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire-PBQ, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) and The Central Of Pain Scale-COPS. By handing out the paper format to the participants and uploading it to the Google Forms system online, it can be downloaded from mail, social media or mobile phone applications such as message, Mail, etc. They will be asked to participate in the study by accessing<br>|
| middle-aged group<br>Participants aged 40-56 | Other: Survey2<br>* As a research, it was planned to be a quantitative research. Data collection will be conducted through online and face-to-face surveys. Scales and forms to be found and used in the research: The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire-PBQ, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) and The Central Of Pain Scale-COPS. By handing out the paper format to the participants and uploading it to the Google Forms system online, it can be downloaded from mail, social media or mobile phone applications such as message, Mail, etc. They will be asked to participate in the study by accessing<br>|
| elderly group<br>Participants aged 57-79 | Other: Survey3<br>* As a research, it was planned to be a quantitative research. Data collection will be conducted through online and face-to-face surveys. Scales and forms to be found and used in the research: The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire-PBQ, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) and The Central Of Pain Scale-COPS. By handing out the paper format to the participants and uploading it to the Google Forms system online, it can be downloaded from mail, social media or mobile phone applications such as message, Mail, etc. They will be asked to participate in the study by accessing<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The numeric rating scale - NRS-11 | When using the NRS-11, patients are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10; where using integers (11 integers including zero) 0 represents no pain and 10 represents worst possible pain. Based on prior studies and clinical experience of use, pain screening scores NRS-11 scores as mild (1-3) are classified as moderate (4-6) or severe (7-10). | 2 weeks | 
| The centrality of pain scale - COPS) | It is a short 10-item self-report scale designed to assess the centrality of pain. COPS scores are significantly correlated with the clinician's assessment of individual-reported pain severity, disability, mental health, quality of life, and how well the patient's pain is controlled. Each item is rated on a five-point Likert scale. It is a 10-item questionnaire (1: strongly disagree, 2: disagree, 3: neither agree nor disagree, 4: agree, 5: strongly agree). Items 2, 4 and 9 are evaluated in reverse. The resulting value is the sum of all item scores. Higher scores indicate more central pain. The highest possible score is 50 and the lowest possible score is 10. | 2 weeks | 
| The pain beliefs questionnaire - PBQ | Two subtests of the test were created: the 8-item Organic Beliefs subtest and the 4-item Psychological Beliefs subtest. The item numbers of both subtests are listed as follows: Organic Beliefs: items 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, Psychological Beliefs: Items 4, 6, 9, 12. The test takers are asked to indicate the most appropriate one for the participants from 6 options ranging from 1st never to 6th always. The marked scores range from 1 to 6 for each item. The score collected for each subtest is calculated by taking the items in that subtest and summing them up and dividing the numbers by the number of items related to that subtest. An increase in the value calculated from the sub-dimension of the scale indicates that the belief in pain belonging to the sub-dimension is high, and a decrease in the value indicates low pain belief in the sub-dimension. | 2 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
pain perception, pain beliefs