Short-term Cocoa Supplementation and Elite Soccer Players

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this interventional study was to investigate the impact of daily ingestion of 30g of dark chocolate on omega-3 fatty acid status and gut microbial community in professional soccer players. The main questions it aims to answer are: Can 30g of dark chocolate positively influence the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) and, particularly, arachidonic acid (AA): eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio? Can 30g of dark chocolate change the microbial composition in professional soccer players? Elite male soccer players were randomly divided into 2 groups. One group was provided with 30g of dark chocolate 88% (2,5 mg/g of polyphenol) and one group, as control, was provided with with 30g of white chocolate (0 mg/g of polyphenol). Each group ingested the chocolate intervention as a solid bar in the morning (before 9:00 am) every day for 4 weeks. The dark chocolate and white chocolate were provided every morning to each subject by the nutritionist of each team, while, during off days, the chocolate was portioned into individual serving sizes and provided to each player. Adherence was checked by the nutritionist. For each assessment, the participants arrived at the training center in the morning, after an overnight fast. Before the beginning and the end of the study, a 3-days food record (3dr) was recorded (2 weekdays and 1 week-end day) by the nutritionist. Blood was collected between 08:00 and 09:00 hours, fecal sample was delivered within the end of the morning, and anthropometry measures were determined.

Detailed Description
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This study was conducted in May 2022. Elite male soccer players (n=38) were randomly divided into two groups. The dark chocolate group (DC N=19) was provided with 30g of dark chocolate 88% (Novi Nero Nero 88% cacao, Elah Dufour S.p.A., Strada Serravalle 73, Novi Ligure) (2,5 mg/g of polyphenol). The white chocolate group (WC n=19) was provided with 30g of white chocolate. (Bianco Novi, Elah Dufour S.p.A., Strada Serravalle 73, Novi Ligure) (0 mg/g of polyphenol). Each group ingested the chocolate intervention as a solid bar in the morning (before 9:00 am) every day for 4 weeks. The participants were instructed to refrain from consuming chocolate or flavanol-containing products (i.e., blueberry, strawberry, blackberry, green tea, red wine, and pomegranate juice), starting from 3 days before the beginning of the study and throughout the intervention period. The dark chocolate and white chocolate were provided every morning to each subject by the nutritionist of each team, while, during off days, the chocolate was portioned into individual serving sizes and provided to each player. Adherence was checked by the nutritionist. For each assessment, participants arrived at the training center in the morning, after an overnight fast. Before the beginning and the end of the study, a 3-days food record (3DR) was recorded (2 weekdays and 1 week-end day) by the nutritionist, blood was collected between 08:00 and 09:00 hours, fecal sample was delivered within the end of the morning, and anthropometry measures were determined. Briefly, for stool samples, athletes were asked to collect their fecal material (single defecation) in a plastic vial and place the vial in a labelled box. The nutritionist and/or the doctor of each team immediately collected the fresh stool samples and delivered them within 72h to the research hub facility (University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Science).

Official Title
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Short-term Cocoa Supplementation Influences Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentration and Microbiota Composition in Elite Male Football Players

Conditions
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Dyslipidemias, Fatty Acid; Metabolic Disorder

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: dark chocolate
* Dietary Supplement: White chocolate


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: • Elite football players playing in Serie A teams Exclusion Criteria: Any disease or serious medical condition Probiotic use Special diet such as vegan or vegetarian or high-fiber Use of specific medications such as: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics and statins taken in the last week

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 38 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Dark Chocolate<br>Dark chocolate group was provided with 30g of dark chocolate (high in flavanol) for 30 days | Dietary Supplement: dark chocolate<br>* 30g of dark or white chocolate was provided by the nutritionist for 30 days<br>|
| Sham Comparator: White Chocolate<br>White chocolate group was provided with30g of white chocolate (0 mg/g of polyphenol) for 30 days | Dietary Supplement: White chocolate<br>* 30g of white chocolate was provided by the nutritionist for 30 days<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Plasmatic level of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (AA:EPA) ratio | Investigate the impact of daily ingestion of 30g of dark chocolate on omega-3 fatty acid status in professional soccer players | 1 month | 
| Main compositional changes in gut microbiota | Investigate the impact of daily ingestion of 30g of dark chocolate gut microbial community in professional soccer players | 1 month | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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fatty acid, soccer, dark chocolate