Impact of Beetroot Supplementation in Athletes

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Several previous studies observed a positive effect of beetroot supplementation on sports performance in athletes, mainly in endurance performance. However, less attention has been paid to its effects on short-duration performance, especially in youth athletes. Moreover, only a few previous investigations performed biochemical analyses, including pro-oxidant balance assessments. It is especially important because chronic nitrate intake might directly cause the production of reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species in other subcellular compartments, leading to more oxidative stress. Additionally, no previous study verified the impact of beetroot intake on sleep.

Official Title
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Impact of Beetroot Supplementation on Sports Performance, Prooxidant-antioxidant Balance and Sleep in Athletes

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Beetroot juice supplementation or placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: male good general health assessed by physician highly trained written consent to participate Exclusion Criteria: medication or dietary supplements used within the previous month, which could potentially impact the study outcomes history of sleep nor neurological disorders chronic use (6 months) of any antibacterial mouthwash products.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 14 Years
Maximum Age: 23 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo group<br>Athletes received 7 days of placebo (2 × 70 mL of water with beetroot powder with negligible nitrate content). | Dietary Supplement: Beetroot juice supplementation or placebo<br>* Athletes received 7 days of beetroot juice supplementation with nitrate supplementation (2 × 70 mL of beetroot juice ∼12.9 mmol NO3-; Beet It, James White Drinks, Ipswich, UK) or placebo (2 × 70 mL of water with beetroot powder with negligible nitrate content).<br>|
| Experimental: Beetroot group<br>Athletes received 7 days of beetroot juice (2 × 70 mL of beetroot juice ∼12.9 mmol NO3-; Beet It, James White Drinks, Ipswich, UK). | Dietary Supplement: Beetroot juice supplementation or placebo<br>* Athletes received 7 days of beetroot juice supplementation with nitrate supplementation (2 × 70 mL of beetroot juice ∼12.9 mmol NO3-; Beet It, James White Drinks, Ipswich, UK) or placebo (2 × 70 mL of water with beetroot powder with negligible nitrate content).<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Performance test | yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1 | 7 days after treatment | 
| Changes in nitrates | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure nitrate concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in nitrites | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure nitrite concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in prooxidant status | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure total oxidative status | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in antioxidant status | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure total antioxidant capacity | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in oxidative stress index | The oxidative stress index will be calculated as the ratio of plasma prooxidant to antioxidant status | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in nitrooxidative stress markers | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure 3-nitrotyrosine concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in protein oxidation | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure advanced protein oxidation products concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in nucleic acid oxidation | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure ox-8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in lipids oxidation | Blood plasma will be obtained to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in exercise-induced metabolic acidosis | Arterialized blood will be obtained to measure lactate concentration | 1) Before the performance test 2) 3 minutes after the performance test 3) 10 minutes after the performance test 4) 20 minutes after the performance test | 
| Objective Sleep - Time in bed | Total time spent in bed during the night assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - Sleep-onset latency | The time it takes from when the athlete intends to go to sleep and actually starts to sleep assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - Total sleep time | Total sleep time obtained from sleep onset to time at wake-up assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - Light sleep | Total amount of time in light sleep assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - Deep sleep | Total amount of time in deep sleep assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - REM sleep | Total amount of time in REM sleep assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 
| Objective Sleep - Sleep efficiency | The percentage of total sleep time to lights off and leaving bed assessed by sleep radar | nights 1 - 7 during treatment | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Countermovement jump height |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Ball speed velocity |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Sprint test (0-20m) |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Agility T-test |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Maximal isometric handgrip strength |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Flanker task |  | 7 days after treatment | 
| Changes in muscle damage markers | Blood serum will be obtained to measure myoglobin concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in muscle enzymes activity | Blood serum will be obtained to measure creatine kinase activity | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in inflammation markers | Blood serum will be obtained to measure C-reactive protein concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in blood count | Whole blood will be obtained to measure leukocyte count | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in anabolic hormones | Blood serum will be obtained to measure testosterone concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in catabolic hormones | Blood serum will be obtained to measure cortisol concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in kidney function markers | Blood serum will be obtained to measure creatinine concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in the purine metabolism marker | Blood serum will be obtained to measure uric acid concentration | 1) baseline - 2) 7th day of treatment - before the supplementation, 3) 7th day of treatment - before the performance test, 4) 7th day of treatment - immediately after the performance test | 
| Changes in hemoglobin concentration | Arterialized blood will be obtained to measure hemoglobin concentration | 1) Before the performance test 2) 3 minutes after the performance test 3) 10 minutes after the performance test 4) 20 minutes after the performance test | 
| Changes in hematocrit | Arterialized blood will be obtained to measure hematocrit | 1) Before the performance test 2) 3 minutes after the performance test 3) 10 minutes after the performance test 4) 20 minutes after the performance test | 
| Changes in plasma volume | The change in plasma volume will be calculated using the hemoglobin and hematocrit results | 1) Before the performance test 2) 3 minutes after the performance test 3) 10 minutes after the performance test 4) 20 minutes after the performance test |