Effects of Deep Breathing Exercise on Pulmonary Function, Perceived Stress and Physical Fitness.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Effects of deep breathing exercise on pulmonary function, perceived stress and physical fitness among healthy smokers.

Detailed Description
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Smoking is injurious to health as cigarette contains harmful substances that cause different life threatening diseases, like bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases etc. During normal breathing, oxygen is supplied to the body through blood circulation. But, in smokers, carbon monoxide (CO) is supplied to body instead of oxygen, resulting in respiratory issues, like breathlessness and coughing, in acute stages . Smoking decreases lung capacity, as it contains acidic substances which start damaging the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles due to which they become inflamed and infected, resulting into coughing, shortness of breath and chest pain that leads towards chronic bronchitis. This study will contribute our young smokers as they are adherent to smoking and its difficult for them to quit smoking. as their physical activity is limited, individuals under stress condition and with pulmonary complications so impact of this research is that along with helping smokers to quit smoking also applying alternative strategies to minimize complication and improve quality of life. and these alternative strategies include such activities that performed easily at home and do not require much effort or no need to go to gym or any other place to perform these exercises.

Official Title
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Effects of Deep Breathing Exercise on Pulmonary Function, Perceived Stress and Physical Fitness Among Healthy Smokers.

Conditions
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Cigarette Smoking

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Breathing exercises


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Only Male Healthy Smoker. Age: 20 - 30 years. Participants had a minimum smoking history of 5 years. Subject without any chronic pulmonary complication. Exclusion Criteria: Smokers with any pulmonary disease, acute infections, other systemic disease. Chest deformity or any disability. History of any surgery. Not willing to participate.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Deep breathing exercise<br>This group will perform following exercises: Pursed lip breathing, Diaphragmatic breathing and powered breathing for 3-4 times a day for 6 weeks. | Other: Breathing exercises<br>* Pursed lip breathing, Diaphragmatic breathing and powered breathing<br>|
| No Intervention: No Intervention<br>This group will not perform any exercise. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Forced Vital Capacity | The volume of air which can be forcefully expelled from the lungs after taking a deep breath is known as forced vital capacity (FVC). The normal range of FVC for an adult lies between 3.0 and 5.0 L (29). The participant will be asked to seal their lips tightly over the mouthpiece and inhale as deeply as possible. Then they will exhale as forcefully as they can. | baseline, on 2nd ,4th and 6th week | 
| Forced Expiratory Volume | FEV1 assesses how much air an individual can forcefully exhale. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is the volume of air (in liters) exhaled in the first second during forced exhalation after maximal inspiration. The forced expiratory volume (FEV) can be calculated for the first, second, and/or third seconds of the forced breath. With reference to GOLD range of COPD, the normal value for FEV is &lt;80. An FEV1 of less than 1 L indicates significant lung disease. For correct measures, the procedure will be repeated 3 times, and then the best value will be taken. The FEV1 is the measurement of dynamic volume most often used in conjunction with the FVC in analysis of spirometry. | baseline, on 2nd ,4th and 6th week | 
| PERCEIVED STRESS | A more precise measure of personal stress can be determined by using a variety of instruments that have been designed to help measure individual stress levels. The first of these is called the Perceived Stress Scale. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a classic stress assessment instrument. It was originally developed in 1983. | baseline, on 2nd ,4th and 6th week | 
| Physical Fitness | The six minute walking test (6MWT) will be used to determine the physical fitness. Each patient will be administered a 6-minute walk test. Two cones will be placed 100 feet apart in a hallway. Patients will instructed to walk as many laps around the cones as possible. A calibrated electronic pedometer (Omron Health Care Corporation, Vernon Hills, IL) will be worn on the hip of each patient to obtain the total number of steps taken during the test. Researcher will stand at the center of the 100-foot course and will encourage the patient after every 2 minutes. The researcher will record the time and distance to onset of exhaustion as well as the total distance walked and the total number of steps taken during the test. The walking distances will be subsequently converted from feet to meters. | baseline, 2nd, 4th and on 6th week | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sleep quality | To determine the sleep quality, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be used. It was designed to evaluate overall sleep quality in the populations with an internal reliability of a = .83, a test-retest reliability of .85 for the global scale, a sensitivity of 89.6%, and a specificity of 86.5%. Each of the questionnaire's 19 self-reported items belongs to one of seven subcategories: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. | baseline, 2nd, 4th and on 6th week |