Incidence of Bleeding on Probing as an Indicator of Peri-Implant Disease Progression

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The primary goal of the present prospective cohort study is to evaluate the effect of varying incidences of BOP at implant sites across 15 months of maintenance visits on the probability of peri-implant disease progression. Over 15 months, participants will attend 6 visits where clinical measurements and maintenance care will be performed every 3 months.

Detailed Description
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Screening/Baseline/Maintenance Visit 1 (V1) After participants have consented, their health history will be reviewed, and their vitals including blood pressure and heart rate will be recorded. A dental exam of the teeth and gums will be completed. During this exam, a UNC 15 periodontal probe will be used to perform the clinical assessments. Intraoral photographs will be taken. An x-ray of the implant(s) included in the study will be taken using a customized x-ray holder (created during Visit 1) so that at the end of the study, a final x-ray will be taken in the exact same position. Finally, each participant will receive a dental prophylaxis (D1110) or maintenance (D4910) according to their prior periodontal diagnosis. Maintenance Visits 2-6 (V2-V6) Participants will return in 3-month intervals at approximately 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months (+/- 10 days) for Study Visits V2 - V6. At each of these visits, individuals will be asked about continued participation in the study. Participants will also be asked if there have been any changes to medical or dental history and if they are taking any new medications. Intraoral photographs of the study area will be performed, as well as, collecting measurements from around the dental implant(s), and providing regular dental cleaning. At the 15 month visit, a final x-ray will be taken using the custom x-ray holder made at the first visit. Clinical and radiographic assessments will include: BOP: at each of the 4 measured locations surrounding the implant of interest will be recorded as follows: Score 0 - No BOP Score 1 - Bleeding dot Score 2 - Continuous line of blood that fills the sulcus Score 3 - Profuse bleeding and/or hemorrhage drip. Probing depths (PD): at 4 locations surrounding the implant of interest (mesiolingual (ML), mesiobuccal (MB), distolingual (DL), and distobuccal (DB)). PD increase must exceed a threshold of 0.8mm to be considered progression. Recession: measured at each of the 4 locations surrounding the implant of interest. Keratinized mucosa width: measured at the midbuccal aspect of the implant(s). Mucosal thickness: assessed with the aid of an endodontic spreader, 2mm below the mucosal margin, at the midbuccal aspect of the implant(s). Marginal bone loss (MBL): measured by overlaying the baseline and final radiographs and measuring the change in marginal bone levels. Progression will have to exceed a threshold of 0.5mm to be considered.

Official Title
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Incidence of Bleeding on Probing as an Indicator of Peri-Implant Disease Progression: A Prospective Study

Conditions
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Peri-Implantitis, Bleeding of Subgingival Space

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Clinical measurements
* Diagnostic Test: Radiographic measurement
* Procedure: Dental prophylaxis or maintenance


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: To be enrolled in the study, the participant must meet the following inclusion criteria: adults in good general health (at least ASA 2) having ≥ 1 dental implant that was restored before January 2021 patients of the University of Pittsburgh Periodontics Department available for maintenance visits every 3 months for the length of the study Exclusion Criteria: Active infectious diseases of any kind Pregnant or planning to become pregnant (self-reported) Congenital or metabolic bone disorders Current heavy smokers: Subjects who have smoked more than 1 pack/day within 6 months of study onset Co-morbid conditions that would affect the study outcome or interpretation of study results Require treatment for periodontal disease prior to baseline

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Implants with BOP score 0<br>Implants with no BOP according to the modified bleeding index at baseline. | Diagnostic Test: Clinical measurements<br>* With the aid of a periodontal probe, the incidence of BOP, as well as PD, recession and KM will be assessed.<br>Diagnostic Test: Radiographic measurement<br>* A standardized periapical radiograph of the implant will be completed at the beginning and the end of study to determine the marginal bone loss.<br>Procedure: Dental prophylaxis or maintenance<br>* Dental prophylaxis or maintenance will be performed every 3 months.<br>|
| Implants with BOP score 1<br>Implants with a bleeding dot at baseline. | Diagnostic Test: Clinical measurements<br>* With the aid of a periodontal probe, the incidence of BOP, as well as PD, recession and KM will be assessed.<br>Diagnostic Test: Radiographic measurement<br>* A standardized periapical radiograph of the implant will be completed at the beginning and the end of study to determine the marginal bone loss.<br>Procedure: Dental prophylaxis or maintenance<br>* Dental prophylaxis or maintenance will be performed every 3 months.<br>|
| Implants with BOP score 2<br>Implants with a continuous line of blood that fills the sulcus at baseline. | Diagnostic Test: Clinical measurements<br>* With the aid of a periodontal probe, the incidence of BOP, as well as PD, recession and KM will be assessed.<br>Diagnostic Test: Radiographic measurement<br>* A standardized periapical radiograph of the implant will be completed at the beginning and the end of study to determine the marginal bone loss.<br>Procedure: Dental prophylaxis or maintenance<br>* Dental prophylaxis or maintenance will be performed every 3 months.<br>|
| Implants with BOP score 3<br>Implants with a profuse bleeding and/or hemorrhage drip at baseline. | Diagnostic Test: Clinical measurements<br>* With the aid of a periodontal probe, the incidence of BOP, as well as PD, recession and KM will be assessed.<br>Diagnostic Test: Radiographic measurement<br>* A standardized periapical radiograph of the implant will be completed at the beginning and the end of study to determine the marginal bone loss.<br>Procedure: Dental prophylaxis or maintenance<br>* Dental prophylaxis or maintenance will be performed every 3 months.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Marginal Bone Loss (MBL) | MBL will be calculated by measuring the difference in marginal bone level between the standardized periapical radiographs. Progression will have to exceed a threshold of 0.5mm to be considered. | Baseline and 15 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Incidence of BOP | Changes in BOP at each of the 4 sites assessed in baseline, according to Mombelli et al. (1987): Score 0 - No BOP Score 1 - Bleeding dot Score 2 - Continuous line of blood that fills the sulcus Score 3 - Profuse bleeding and/or hemorrhage drip. | 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months | 
| Changes in probing depth (PD) | Differences in probing depth over the study period. PD increase must exceed a threshold of 0.8mm to be considered progression. | Baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months | 
| Mucosal recession | Measured at each of the 4 locations surrounding the implant of interest. | Baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Bleeding on probing, Peri-implant mucositis