Intracardiac Hemodynamics and Myocardial Strain in Athletes

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this observational study is to compare the differences of intracardiac hemodynamics and myocardial strain in athletes with different training levels to adapt to long-term high-level training in rest conditions. The main questions aim to answer are: 1. whether an increase in amplitude and duration of intracardiac hemodynamics and myocardial strain compared with healthy controls; 2. Whether significant correlations exist between the hemodynamic indices and training level. Participants will be asked to filling out the questionnaire, such as the age, training year (the number of years the athlete has participated in any sport), technical hierarchy (promoted by the Competitive Sports Department of the General Administration of Sport of China, weekly training time in the last 6 months, height, weight, body surface area, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure; and will be asked to perform an examination of transthoracic echocardiography. Researchers will compare differences of cardiac structure and function, especially the hemodynamics and myocardial strain to see if training level could affect the cardiac function through hemodynamics and myocardial strain.

Official Title
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Research of Intracardiac Hemodynamics and Myocardial Strains of Athlete's Heart

Conditions
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Cardiac Structure and Function, Intracardiac Hemodynamic

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: athletes and healthy control subjects without regular exercise habits; no specific medical history or chronic illness. Exclusion Criteria: A previous history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart, kidney, hepatic, infectious, psychiatric, malignant, disorders, taking drugs that can influence ECG intervals, and electrolyte imbalance; poor echocardiographic image quality and abnormal segmental ventricular wall movement.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| elite athlete<br>training year > 10 years and weekly training time > 20 hours | Behavioral: exercise<br>* Exercise intervention according to the training program<br>* Other names: exercise training;|
| casual player<br>training year < 10 years and weekly training time < 20 hours | Behavioral: exercise<br>* Exercise intervention according to the training program<br>* Other names: exercise training;|
| healthy control<br>healthy participants with irregular exercise habits | Behavioral: exercise<br>* Exercise intervention according to the training program<br>* Other names: exercise training;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| intracardiac hemodynamics in mmHg/mm using vector flow mapping | intraventricular pressure gradient from left ventricular apex to base | through study completion, an average of 1 year | 
| myocardial strain in % using two-dimension tissue tracking | left ventricular longitudinal strain | through study completion, an average of 1 year | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| wall shear stress in pascal using vector flow mapping | segmental wall shear stress of the left ventricle | through study completion, an average of 1 year |