Animal Assisted Intervention for Hemodialysis Outpatients

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this clinical trial is to understand if and how an animal-assisted intervention [AAI] using therapy dogs can support hemodialysis [HD] patients' treatment adherence and enhance their well-being. The main objectives are: Objective 1: Determine if the AAI impacts patients' HD treatment adherence (primary outcome is number of unplanned missed treatments no due to hospitalization). Objective 2: Evaluate if the AAI impacts patients' psychosocial well-being (secondary outcomes are stress, pain, mood, QOL). Objective 3: Examine potential mechanistic biomarkers that underpin human-animal bonding (hormones tied to stress and bonding). (exploratory aim) Objective 4: Understand patients' subjective experiences of the AAI. Participants will be asked to engage in several research tasks, including: assessments therapy dog visits monthly blood draws focus group Researchers will compare how the treatment group (those who receive 2 dogs visits per week) and the control group (those who receive 0 dog visits per week) to see if the AAI impacts treatment adherence and psychosocial well-being.

Detailed Description
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This study will take place in one outpatient dialysis clinic. The clinical trial will compare a standardized therapy dog interaction delivered twice weekly (based on pilot study outcomes detailed below) to usual care (e.g., no dog exposure) using a 1:1 randomized, 2-arm design. Subjective patient-reported outcomes [PRO] and routinely-tracked clinic data (e.g., missed visits) will be used. A total of 30 patients will be recruited then randomized 1:1 into 2 arms: control group with 0 dog visits (n = 15) and intervention group with 2 dog visits per week for 20 weeks (n = 15). The AAI is designed to promote patient comfort, uplift mood, and provide an opportunity for socialization. The nature of the dog interaction involves several different components, including but not limited to: petting the dog, talking to the dog, watching the dog do tricks, conversing with the dog handler, and being prompted to discuss any fond memories/stories of their own personal experiences with human-animal interactions. Regarding duration, the dog visits average 10 minutes but will be allowed to vary, and length of dog visits will be tracked. Each team (dog handler + dog) will have an assigned unique ID so that variation in dog is controlled for. This study will utilize trained certified dog handlers to deliver the intervention from reputable local and national pet therapy organizations. All dogs have gone through extensive training and behavioral assessment, will provide proper documentation, liability insurance, and vaccinations. All study procedures take place in the clinic waiting room. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO)s will be collected as pre-post data (before and after dog visit or lobby-as-usual control condition). All PROs will be collected electronically on iPads using REDcap. Regarding treatment adherence data, the clinic routinely tracks missed appointments and will report these metrics directly to research team. Patients will complete assessments 2 times per week for a total of 20 weeks. A short demographic questionnaire will be administered once at the first study visit. Also, patients will also undergo a monthly blood-draw providing 3mL of blood 1 time a month at the same time as their standard of care blood draw. This will be bio-banked in a repository for later ELISA analyses, which will focus on hormones related to stress and bonding (e.g., oxytocin, cortisol); this may provide insight into mechanistic biomarkers underpinning the human-animal bonding process. Lastly, qualitative focus groups with intervention group participants will be conducted post-trial to learn about their subjective experiences of the AAI.

Official Title
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Animal Assisted Intervention for Hemodialysis Outpatients: A Mixed-method Randomized Controlled Trial for Treatment Adherence and Psychosocial Well-being

Conditions
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End-Stage Kidney Disease, Chronic Kidney Failure, Chronic Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Animal-assisted intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: current HD patient aged 18+, English speaking, -≥2 missed HD treatments in the last 90 days. Exclusion Criteria: not an HD patient currently aged younger than 18 years old lacks proficiency in English speaking and reading has only 1 or less missed HD treatments in the last 90 days.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Treatment group<br>Intervention: Animal-assisted intervention (therapy dog visit) Frequency: 2 dog visits per week Duration: each visit is approx 10 mins long, study lasts 20 weeks | Behavioral: Animal-assisted intervention<br>* The AAI is designed to promote patient comfort, uplift mood, and provide an opportunity for socialization. The nature of the dog interaction involves several different components, including but not limited to: petting the dog, talking to the dog, watching the dog do tricks, conversing with the dog handler, and being prompted to discuss any fond memories/stories of their own personal experiences with human-animal interactions. Therapy dogs are trained and certified animals who are leashed at all times and under direct care of their dog handler, NOT companion animals, personal pets, nor emotional support animals.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>Intervention: NONE - sit in waiting room like usual Frequency: 0 dog visits per week Duration: study lasts 20 weeks | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Treatment adherence | Number of unplanned missed hemodialysis treatment sessions not due to hospitalizations | 20 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Affective distress | Anxiety & depression (PHQ-4). This is 4 items. Total score is determined by adding together the scores of each of the 4 items. Scores are rated as normal (0-2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8), and severe (9-12). Total score ≥3 for first 2 questions suggests anxiety. Total score ≥3 for last 2 questions suggests depression. | 20 weeks | 
| Pain unpleasantness | Pain unpleasantness (Numeric Rating Scale 0-10) This is 1 item. higher score means worse pain. | 20 weeks | 
| Pain intensity | Pain intensity (PROMIS-SF). This is 3 items, score range 3 - 15 (raw scores) , higher scores indicate worse pain. | 20 weeks | 
| Stress | Subjective psychological stress (Stress symptom scale). 1 item, 5-point likert scale, higher score indicates greater stress. | 20 weeks | 
| Dog bonding | Human Animal Bond Scale. Emotionality sub-scale (7 items). 5-pt likert scale. Higher scores indicate higher levels of bonding between human and animal. | 20 weeks | 
| Companionship | Social togetherness (PROMIS-SF companionship). 4 items. 5-pt likert scale. Higher scores indicate higher levels of companionship. | 20 weeks | 
| Social Support | Emotional support (PROMIS-SF Emotional support). 4 items. 5-pt likert scale. Higher scores indicate higher levels of support. | 20 weeks | 
| Perceived subjective Quality of life | Perceived overall quality (Kemp QOL scale). 1 item. 7-pt likert scale, higher score indicates better perceived quality of life. | 20 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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treatment adherence