Efficacy and Safety of Combo-stim Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-refractory Mental Disorders

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
This is a multi-center, single arm, prospective, open-label, extendable study for the efficacy and safety of combo-stim deep brain stimulation for treatment-refractory mental disorders (obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar with depression, anorexia nervosa, gambling disorder and adult autism).

Detailed Description
-----------------
Total of 18 subjects from Shanghai Mental Health Center who fit inclusion and don't fit exclusion criteria are recruited to undergo neurosurgical implantation of combo-stim DBS in bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC) on a certain date, the DBS system will be turned on for stimulation and parameters adjusted 7-14 days after implantation, treatment purposes are evaluated after system has been turned on for 8-24 weeks. Primary efficacy is evaluated by change in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Positive and Negative Syndrome (PANSS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Body Mass Index (BMI), Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC) score and longest consecutive days without gambling within one month. Safety is evaluated by adverse events (AE) and device-related adverse events (ADE), serious adverse events (SAE) and serious device-related events (SADE), device deficiencies (DD) and device malfunction, physical examination and vital signs, laboratory examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), imaging examination, scale evaluation and early drop out ratio due to AE.

Official Title
-----------------
Efficacy and Safety of Combo-stim Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-refractory Mental Disorders: a Multi-center, Single Arm, Prospective, Open-label, Extendable Study

Conditions
-----------------
Deep Brain Stimulation

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Device: deep brain stimulation


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Fits DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive disorder criteria. Fits treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder criteria (both i and ii): i.Treated with at least 3 kinds of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with at least 2 kinds of 2nd generation antipsychotic medication as enhancement, enough dosage and enough course of treatment, and still no effect or intolerant. ii.While using enough dosage of SSRIs, treated with more than 8 12 times of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) or CBT-intolerant. d)Y-BOCS score ≥ 25 in screening period and baseline. e)CGI-S score ≥ 4 in screening period and baseline. f)Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Treatment refractory schizophrenia: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Fits DSM-5 schizophrenia criteria. Course of disorder ≥ 5 years. Fits treatment refractory schizophrenia criteria, one of the conditions below: i.Treated with more than 2 different anti-psychotic medications (clozapine excluded), enough dosage (equivalent dosage as chlorpromazine ≥ 600mg/day), enough course of treatment (≥ 12 weeks), no effect or intolerant. ii.Treated with enough dosage of clozapine (≥ 300mg/day or blood medication concentration ≥ 350ng/ml, enough course of treatment (≥ 12 weeks), no effect or intolerant. e)PANSS score ≥ 70 in screening period and baseline, and at least 1 item from 5 items (P1, P2, P3, P5, P6) of PANSS positive symptom scale ≥ 4; or at least 3 items from PANSS negative symptom scale (N1 N7) ≥ 4, or at least 2 items ≥ 5. f)CGI-S ≥ 4 in screening period and baseline. g)GAF ≤ 60 in screening period and baseline. h)Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Treatment refractory bipolar with depression: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Fits DSM-5 bipolar I or bipolar II criteria, currently with depression episode. Course of disorder ≥ 2 years. Fits treatment refractory bipolar with depression criteria (treated with two different kinds of treatment below, enough dosage and enough course of treatment ≥ 8 weeks, and cannot acquire symptom cure for 8 consecutive weeks, either i or ii): i.Used at least two medications (alone) among Olanzapine (10-20mg/d) + Fluoxetine (20-60mg/d), Quetiapine (200-600mg/d), Lurasidone (40-160mg/d), Lamotrigine (200-400mg/d) ii.Used at least one medication above (alone), and used one of medication above with another medication among Lamotrigine (200-400mg/d), Valproate (1000-2000mg/d) and lithium salt (blood lithium reaches 0.8mmol/L). e)Upon medication treatment, electroconvulsive therapy ≥ 12 times, no effect or failed (such as intolerant). f)Fits severe symptom criteria: i.Depression episode ≥ 12 weeks in screening period. ii.MADRS score ≥ 26 in screening period and baseline. iii.GCI-BP score ≥ 4 in screening period and baseline. iv.YMRS score ≥ 12 in screening period and baseline. g)Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Treatment refractory anorexia nervosa: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Fits DSM-5 anorexia nervosa criteria, consider both restricting type and binge-eating/purging type. 10 ≤ BMI < 16 in screening period and baseline. Fits treatment refractory anorexia nervosa criteria (both i, ii, iii and iv): i.Course of disorder ≥ 5 years, severe and sustained anorexia nervosa. ii.With ≥ 3 times repeated inpatient history and bad treatment effect (can't complete treatment or immediate relapse after treatment). iii.Through systemic nutrient treatment, medication (SSRIs and/or anti-psychotics), psychotherapies (such as reinforced CBT, FBT treatment), no effect or intolerant. iv.Worsened instability of clinical treatment, refuse treatment or bad reaction to reinforced treatment, last for more than 1 year, with more than 2 times of involuntary food intake. e)Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Gambling disorder: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Course of disorder ≥ 2 years. Diagnosed as gambling disorder based on DSM-5, fits medium or severe diagnostic standard (≥ 6 terms) Received systemic treatment (such as medication and social mental intervention) but still has iterative thoughts of impulse or gambling behaviors. Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Adult autism: Aged 18 65 when signing informed consent, outpatient or inpatient, male or female. Fits DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder diagnostic standard, and there's severe, life-threatening iterative behaviors, and independently evaluated by two psychiatric doctors. AuBC score ≥ 62 in screening period and baseline. CGI-S score ≥ 4 in screening period and baseline. Course of disorder ≥ 10 years, received systemic behavior intervention or training ( such as critical reaction training, cognitive behavior intervention, language expression training, demonstration method, natural environment training, patriarch training, social skill training, intervention based on story tales, etc. ) but failed, or intolerant. Patient and guardian agree to DBS implant and sign informed consent after fully understood research aims, contents, anticipated treatments and risks. Exclusion Criteria: With mental disorders including physical mental disorders, paranoid personality disorder, delayed mental development etc. Through clinical evaluation by investigators, there exists significant suicide behavior risk. From screening period to baseline, patients who has significant improvement in evaluation scores: Obsessive compulsive disorder: Y-BOCS score decreased (or improved) ≥ 20% Schizophrenia: PANSS score decreased (or improved) ≥ 20% Bipolar with depression: MADRS score decreased (or improved) ≥ 20% Anorexia nervosa: BMI improved ≥ 20% Gambling: through evaluation by investigators, online gambling behavior is significantly improved Adult autism: AuBC score decreased (or improved) ≥ 20%. With severe or unstable cardiovascular, inspiratory, liver, kidney, blood, endocrine, neural system or other system disorders. Has neural system disorders including physical brain disorders, brain trauma, treatment-refractory seizure etc. During screening period or baseline, abnormalities in patient's physical examination, laboratory examination, electrocardiogram examination, imaging examination have significant clinical meaning, and patients who are considered unfit by investigators. Implanted artificial cochlea, pacemaker, similar single-side or double-side products or experienced other physical surgeries within half a year that are considered to have effect on this trial by investigators. DBS implant surgery taboos present and is considered unfit by investigators. Diagnosed as HIV positive. Female in gestation, lactation, or blood HCG / urine gestation test positive. Or patients who can't take effective contraception actions during the trial. Or patients planning to birth or give birth after the trial begins for 3 months. Currently involved or involved in other medication or medical device clinical trials 3 months before the screening period. Other patients who are considered unfit by investigators.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: DBS intervention group<br>This is a single arm, prospective, open label clinical study, participants who fit inclusion standards, don't fit exclusion standards and fit surgical implantation standard will start DBS system stimulation and adjust parameters after 7-14 days of implantation. Then after stimulation for 8-24 weeks, they will be evaluated for treatment efficacies. This study is extendable, with agreements from participants, long term efficacy and safety follow-up study will be performed after 24 weeks ± 7 days, specific plan depends on different mental disorders. | Device: deep brain stimulation<br>* DBS electrodes will be implanted into the ALIC and the NAcc, electric stimulation of those areas are used to treat mental disorders and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DBS system.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| change of Y-BOCS score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation | change of Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation. The Y-BOCS is a test to rate the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. Total of 10 items, total score is 40, minimum score is 0 (no symptom) , maximum score is 40 (extreme). | 12 weeks. | 
| reduce rate of PANSS score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation | reduce rate of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation. The PANSS is a medical scale used for measuring symptom severity of patients with schizophrenia. Composed of three scles: The positive scale has 7 items (minimum score 7, maximum score 49), negative scale has 7 items (minimum score 7, maximum score 49), general psychopathology scale has 16 items (minimum score 16, maximum score 112). Together, PANSS total score minimum 30 (no symptom), maximum 210 (extreme). | 12 weeks | 
| change of Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation | change of Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation. The MADRS is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. Total score is 54, minimum score 0 (normal/symptom absent), maximum score 54 (severe). | 12 weeks | 
| change of BMI compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation | change of BMI compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation. Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2. | 12 weeks | 
| the duration of abstinence in gambling disorder | within 24 weeks of stimulation, longest consecutive days without gambling | within 24 weeks | 
| change of AuBC score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation | change of Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC) score compared to baseline after 12 weeks of stimulation. The Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC) is a 57-item behavior rating scale assessing the behaviors and symptoms of autism for children 3 and older. Total score 228, minimum score 57, maximum score 228. | 12 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Treatment efficacy rate in OCD | the number of treatment-response patient/total patient*100% after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Y-BOCS score reduce rate ≥ 35% and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-I) score being 1 or 2 means treatment response. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change in Y-BOCS score compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. Change of Y-BOCS score in OCD | Change in Y-BOCS score compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. The Y-BOCS is a test to rate the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Total of 10 items, total score is 40, minimum score is 0 (no symptom) , maximum score is 40 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of CGI-S score in OCD | Change in CGI-S score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). Item or total score is not available for both scales, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 7 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMD-17 score in OCD | Change in Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. This is a 17-item clinician-rated scale that is used to measure the severity of depression. Total score is 52, minimum socre is 0 (no symptom), maximum score is 52 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMA score in OCD | Change in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. This is a psychological questionnaire used by clinicians to rate the severity of a patient's anxiety.The scale consists of 14 items, total score is 56, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 52 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| CGI-I score in OCD | CGI-I score after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). In CGI-I, minimum score 1 (very much improved), maximum score 7 (extremely deteriorated). | within 24 weeks | 
| Sheehan Disability Scale score in OCD | Change in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) is a short, simple, and cost-effective measure of disability and functional impairment. Total of 5 items, no total score/maximum/minimum score available. | within 24 weeks | 
| Treatment efficacy rate in schizophrenia | Treatment efficacy rate (PANSS score reduce rate ≥ 20% compared to baseline) after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a medical scale used for measuring symptom severity of patients with schizophrenia. Composed of three scles: The positive scale has 7 items (minimum score 7, maximum score 49), negative scale has 7 items (minimum score 7, maximum score 49), general psychopathology scale has 16 items (minimum score 16, maximum score 112). Together, PANSS total score minimum 30 (no symptom), maximum 210 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Reduce rate of PANSS score in schizophrenia | Reduce rate of PANSS score compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. | within 24 weeks | 
| Reduce rate of PANSS positive symptoms | Reduce rate of PANSS positive symptoms compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. | within 24 weeks | 
| Reduce rate of PANSS negative symptoms | Reduce rate of PANSS negative symptoms compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score in schizophrenia | e)Change in Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of an individual. Total of 10 items, toal score 100, minimum score 1 (severely impaired), maximum score 100 (extremely high functioning). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of CGI-S score in schizophrenia | Change in CGI-Schizophrenia score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression-schizophrenia (CGI-S) scale is a valid, reliable instrument to evaluate severity and treatment response in schizophrenia. Total of 5 items, total score 35, minimum score 5, maximum score 35. | within 24 weeks | 
| CGI-I score in schizophrenia | Change in CGI-I score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). In CGI-I, minimum score 1 (very much improved), maximum score 7 (extremely deteriorated). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of MADRS score in bipolar with depression | Change in MADRS score compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. Total score is 54, minimum score 0 (normal/symptom absent), maximum score 54 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Treatment efficacy rate in bipolar with depression | Treatment efficacy rate (ratio of patients whose MADRS score reduce ≥ 50% compared to baseline) after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. Total score is 54, minimum score 0 (normal/symptom absent), maximum score 54 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Symptom relieve rate in bipolar with depression | Symptom relieve rate (ratio of patients whose MADRS score ≤ 12) after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. Total score is 54, minimum score 0 (normal/symptom absent), maximum score 54 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMD-17 score in bipolar with depression | Change of HAMD-17 score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17) is a 17-item clinician-rated scale that is used to measure the severity of depression. Total score is 52, minimum score is 0 (no symptom), maximum score is 52 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of YMRS score in bipolar with depression | Change of Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) is an eleven-item multiple choice diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the presence and severity of mania and associated symptoms. The scale has eleven items and is based on the patient's subjective report of his or her clinical condition, total score is 60, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 60 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of CGI-BP-S score in bipolar with depression | Change of CGI-BP-S score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The CGI-BP-S is a scale which assesses a participant's severity of their overall bipolar illness, depression, and mania. Total of 3 subscales, total score is 7 for each scale, minimum score 1, maximum score 7. | within 24 weeks | 
| CGI-I score in bipolar with depression | CGI-I score after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). In CGI-I, minimum score 1 (very much improved), maximum score 7 (extremely deteriorated). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in bipolar with depression | Change of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. Total of 19 items, total score 21, minimum score 0, maximum score 21. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of SDS in bipolar with depression | Change of SDS score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) is a short, simple, and cost-effective measure of disability and functional impairment. Total of 5 items, no total score/maximum/minimum score available. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of BMI in anorexia nervosa | Change of BMI compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. Weight and height will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 in anorexia nervosa | Change of Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDEQ-6.0) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 (EDE-Q 6.0) is one of the most broadly used self-report tools that assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with eating disorders (EDs). Total of 28 items, there's no total score or maximum/minimum score. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of CGI-S score in anorexia nervosa | Change of CGI-S score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). Item or total score is not available for both scales, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 7 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMD-17 score in anorexia nervosa | Change of HAMD-17 score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17) is a 17-item clinician-rated scale that is used to measure the severity of depression. Total score is 52, minimum score is 0 (no symptom), maximum score is 52 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMA score in anorexia nervosa | Change of HAMA score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. This is a psychological questionnaire used by clinicians to rate the severity of a patient's anxiety.The scale consists of 14 items, total score is 56, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 52 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of Y-BOCS score in anorexia nervosa | Change of Y-BOCS score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Y-BOCS is a test to rate the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Total of 10 items, total score is 40, minimum score is 0 (no symptom) , maximum score is 40 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 in anorexia nervosa | Change of Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) is a widely used measure of impulsiveness. Total of 26 items, there's no total score or maximum/minimum score. | within 24 weeks | 
| CGI-I score in anorexia nervosa | CGI-I score after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). In CGI-I, minimum score 1 (very much improved), maximum score 7 (extremely deteriorated). | within 24 weeks | 
| duration of abstinence in gambling disorder | within 24 weeks of stimulation, total days of sustained quit gambling | within 24 weeks | 
| Subjective craving in gambling disorder | Change of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0-10 scale, 0 is no craving, 10 is extreme craving) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMD-17 in gambling disorder | Change in HAMD-17 score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD 17) is a 17-item clinician-rated scale that is used to measure the severity of depression. Total score is 52, minimum score is 0 (no symptom), maximum score is 52 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of HAMA in gambling disorder | Change in HAMA score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. This is a psychological questionnaire used by clinicians to rate the severity of a patient's anxiety.The scale consists of 14 items, total score is 56, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 52 (severe). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of SDS in gambling disorder | Change in SDS score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) is a short, simple, and cost-effective measure of disability and functional impairment. Total of 5 items, no total score/maximum/minimum score available. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of AuBC score in autism disorder | Change in AuBC score compared to baseline after 8/24 weeks of stimulation. The Autism Behavior Checklist (AuBC) is a 57-item behavior rating scale assessing the behaviors and symptoms of autism for children 3 and older. Total score 228, minimum score 57, maximum score 228. | within 12 weeks | 
| Change of Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC) scorein autism disorder | Change in Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (AbBC) is a symptom checklist for assessing problem behaviors of children and adults with developmental disabilities. Total of 58 items, total score 174, minimum score 0, maximum score 174. | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of GCI-S score in autism disorder | Change in GCI-S score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). Item or total score is not available for both scales, minimum score 0 (no symptom), maximum score 7 (extreme). | within 24 weeks | 
| CGI-I score in autism disorder | CGI-I score after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. The clinical global impression (CGI) rating scales are measures of symptom severity, treatment response and the efficacy of treatments in treatment studies of patients with mental disorders. It is composed of Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Global Improvement (CGI-I). In CGI-I, minimum score 1 (very much improved), maximum score 7 (extremely deteriorated). | within 24 weeks | 
| Change of ADL score in autism disorder | Change in Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL) score compared to baseline after 8/12/24 weeks of stimulation. Activities of daily living (ADL) is a scale used in healthcare to refer to people's daily self-care activities. Total of 14 items, total score 56, minimum score 14, maximum score 56. | within 24 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
adult autism, deep brain stimulation, nucleus accumbens, anterior limb of internal capsule, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar with depression, anorexia nervosa, gambling disorder