Impact of Canola Protein Processing on Plasma Amino Acid Responses

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Muscle tissue consists of proteins. These proteins are built up of small building blocks: amino acids. By consuming enough protein through the diet, the body is provided with enough amino acids to facilitate muscle protein building. Providing the growing world population with sufficient animal-derived protein is a challenge. Plant proteins can be produced on a more sustainable commercial scale than conventional animal-derived proteins and therefore can contribute to feeding our future population. Canola protein is a protein that is derived from rapeseed. The composition of canola seems to be comparable to that of other high-quality animal based protein sources. However, the collection of canola protein from rapeseed occurs in a special way. These treatment processes might affect canola protein digestion. The goal of this study is to investigate the most optimal way of canola protein processing on blood plasma amino acid responses. Primary objective: To assess the impact of canola protein processing on 5h postprandial plasma total amino acid incremental area under the curve (iAUC) in vivo in healthy young females. Hypothesis: it is hypothesized that the ingestion of 20g processed canola will result in greater 5h postprandial plasma total amino acid iAUC in vivo in healthy young females, when compared to the ingestion of 20g native canola protein isolate.

Detailed Description
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To assess whether volunteers are eligible to participate in this study, the investigator will invite them to the University for a screening. At the start of the screening session, the entire experimental trial will be explained, and any potential questions will be answered. Thereafter, the volunteers are asked to read, fill out, and sign the informed consent form. After signing the informed consent form, the participant's eligibility will be assessed based on the in- and exclusion criteria. To further asses their eligibility, participants will be asked to fill out a medical questionnaire to assess their general health, use of medication, habitual food intake, and physical activity. Next, blood pressure will be assessed. Body mass (with accuracy of 0.1 kg) and height (with accuracy of 0.01 m) will be determined. The screening sessions will take place in the morning and participants are instructed to not have any breakfast in the morning in order to avoid perturbations in body weight and possibly in the DEXA scan. In the event of an unexpected medical finding during the screening, subjects will always be notified. If a subject does not want to receive this notification, she cannot participate in the study. When the screening is successfully performed, the test days will be scheduled. Protein and amino acid metabolism in women can be influenced by the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the experimental test days will be standardized in a specific period of the menstrual cycle. The test days will be planned in the first 10 days after the start of the menses (day 1 of the follicular phase), when hormones levels (i.e., estrogen) are low. In practice, this means that the test days will be planned based on the subjects' menstrual cycle. Therefore, 2 test days can be performed within 1 menstrual cycle (allowing 2 days between test days for standardization) and further test days will be planned approximately 28 days thereafter. This allows the investigators to finish testing for a single participant within a relatively short time frame while still taking the menstrual cycle and accompanying hormonal influences into consideration. A similar approach was used in our lab in previous studies that included young healthy women (METC17-3-047 & METC19-087). Throughout the study period, participants will also undergo a fasted Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scan to assess body composition. A DEXA scan is a simple, non-invasive procedure. At the beginning of the procedure, subjects will be asked to lie down on a scanning table wearing underwear and they need to remain motionless during the measurements. As the scanner moves, a dual energy beam passes through the targeted skeletal muscle section and is measured by a detector. This procedure takes approximately 3 minutes. The DEXA-scan provides valuable insight in participants' body composition, with minimal radiation burden. When the screening is successfully performed, the test day will be scheduled. In order to prevent major impact from the menstrual cycle on the measurements of protein metabolism, the test day will be scheduled to take place in the first 10 days of the follicular phase. Each subject will participate in 4 experimental test days lasting  5h. Subjects will be instructed to arrive at the university at 8:45 AM in an overnight fasted and rested state, meaning that participants are not allowed to eat and drink (except for water) from 22:00 the night prior to the experimental trial. They will be instructed to come to the university by car or public transportation. After the subjects arrive at the University, subjects will rest in a seated position and a Teflon catheter will be inserted in a heated dorsal hand vein and placed in a hot-box (60°C) for arterialized blood sampling. A baseline blood sample (Serum + plasma = 20 mL) will be collected at t=0 min to determine the amino acid concentrations prior to the intervention. Then, subjects will ingest the assigned drink (20g native canola protein, 20g processed canola protein #1, 20g processed canola protein #2, or 20g whey protein). Subjects will be instructed to consume the drink within  5 min. Upon drink ingestion, the stopwatch will be started (t= 0 min), and arterialized blood samples (10mL) will be collected at t = 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min. During the entire experimental test day, the hand with the dorsal hand catheter will be pre-heated for 10 minutes prior to every blood draw in a hot box at 60°C to increase blood flow. This makes it easier to collect blood and minimizes nutrient exchange from blood into other tissues. Therefore, it allows the investigators to collect nutrient-rich (arterialized) blood from a vein. In total 10 times blood samples will be taken during the test day, the first sample that will be collected will be 20mL and subsequent samples will be 10mL, making a total of 110mL. Additionally, gastro-intestinal (GI) symptoms will be assessed at t = 0, 30, and 180 minutes and palatability at t = 15 min by questionnaires.

Official Title
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The Impact of Canola Protein Processing on Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses in Vivo in Young Females

Conditions
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Protein Metabolism Disorder

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: 20g whey protein drink ingestion
* Dietary Supplement: 20g native canola protein drink ingestion
* Dietary Supplement: 20g processed canola protein #1 drink ingestion
* Dietary Supplement: 20g processed canola protein #2 drink ingestion


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Female sex Aged between 18 and 35 y inclusive BMI between 18.5 and 30 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: Intolerant to milk lactose Allergic to milk protein / products Mustard allergy Vegan lifestyle Participating in a structured (progressive) exercise program Smoking regularly Diagnosed GI tract disorders or diseases Diagnosed musculoskeletal disorders Diagnosed metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes) Hypertension (blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg) Donated blood 2 months prior to test day Pregnant Using third generation oral contraceptives Use of any medications known to affect protein metabolism (i.e., corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories). Chronic use of gastric acid suppressing medication as this impairs protein digestion (i.e., proton pump inhibitors, H2-antagonists) People with Phenylketonuria

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over intervention trial
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Native canola protein<br>20g of canola protein | Dietary Supplement: 20g native canola protein drink ingestion<br>* Ingestion of a 300 mL drink containing 20g native canola protein<br>* Other names: Supplement;|
| Experimental: Processed canola protein #1<br>20g of processed canola #1 | Dietary Supplement: 20g processed canola protein #1 drink ingestion<br>* Ingestion of a 300 mL drink containing 20g processed canola protein #1<br>* Other names: Supplement;|
| Experimental: Processed canola protein #2<br>20g of processed canola #2 | Dietary Supplement: 20g processed canola protein #2 drink ingestion<br>* Ingestion of a 300 mL drink containing 20g processed canola protein #2<br>* Other names: Supplement;|
| Active Comparator: Whey protein<br>20g of whey protein | Dietary Supplement: 20g whey protein drink ingestion<br>* Ingestion of a 300 mL drink containing 20g whey protein<br>* Other names: Supplement;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total amino acid availability | The total amino acid availability is expressed as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Postprandial plasma total amino acid concentrations | The total plasma amino acid concentrations from the sum of the individual amino acids | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| Postprandial plasma individual amino acid concentrations | The plasma amino acid concentrations of the individual amino acids | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| Peak plasma amino acid concentrations | The maximal plasma amino acid concentrations | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| Time to peak plasma amino acid concentrations | The time to reach maximal plasma amino acid concentrations | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| iAUC essential amino acids concentrations | Essential amino acid availability expressed as incremental area under the curve (iAUC) | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| iAUC non-essential amino acid concentrations | non-essential amino acid availability expressed as incremental area under the curve (iAUC) | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 
| Plasma insulin concentrations | Postprandial plasma insulin concentrations | 0 - 5 hours after drink ingestion | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Dietary protein, Plant protein, Protein processing, Protein digestion