A Randomized Field Trial of Smartphone-based Feedback to Encourage Safe Driving

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The study team are proposing to conduct a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of focused feedback vs standard feedback and self-chosen vs assigned goals on driving behaviors targeted by behavior-based insurance apps: hard braking, fast acceleration, handheld phone use, and speeding. The interventions arms will receive feedback on their driving behaviors, tips for safe driving, and a UBI-like financial incentive. The Penn research team will use Qualtrics Panels, CloudResearch, or Facebook to screen for eligible and interested individuals, with a goal of having 1,300 participants (325 per trial arm) enrolled with the Way to Drive app installed. The power analysis assumed an attrition rate of 20% over the course of the study.

Official Title
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A Randomized Field Trial of Smartphone-based Feedback Designed to Encourage Safe Driving: Comparing Focused and Self-chosen Goals to Standard UBI Messaging

Conditions
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Distracted Driving, Injury Prevention, Behavioral Economics

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Driving Tips
* Behavioral: Standard Feedback
* Behavioral: Assigned Focus Area Feedback
* Behavioral: Study Dashboard (Standard)
* Behavioral: Study Dashboard (focused)
* Behavioral: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive
* Behavioral: Sef-Chosen Focus Area Feedback


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 years of age or older Have an Apple or Android smartphone (iPhone iOS 12 or later or Android OS 7 or later) Have a valid driver's license Drives a minimum number of days per week (number TBD) English reading ability Provide valid email address, cell number, name, and date of birth Exclusion Criteria: -

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: At the end of the 6-week baseline period, participants who have the app installed and collecting data, and who meet a minimum number of driver trips with trips scores, will be randomized into one of 4 arms via Way to Health: Arm 1, Control: Way to Drive app only monitors trips in the background Arm 2, Standard feedback + UBI-like Financial Incentive: Receive weekly feedback on all four behaviors and overall driver safety; safety tips on all four behaviors; up to $100 based on their overall driver safety at end of intervention. Arm 3, Assigned Goal + UBI-like Financial Incentive: Receive weekly feedback on behavior that presents greatest opportunity for improvement; safety tips on this behavior; up to $100 based on their overall driver safety at end of intervention. Arm 4, Self-Chosen Goal + UBI-like Financial Incentive: Receive weekly feedback on behavior of their own choosing; safety tips on this behavior; up to $100 based on their overall driver safety at end of intervention.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Control<br>Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background throughout the intervention period for overall driving score, handheld phone use, speeding, hard braking, and fast acceleration. They will not receive feedback, driving tips or UBI-like behavioral incentives. Participants will also receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed for having the app functioning. | |
| Active Comparator: Standard Feedback + UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive, Standard Feedback, Study Dashboard, Driving Tips, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive | Behavioral: Driving Tips<br>* Each week participants will receive a safe driving tip for one of the four behaviors via text message.<br>Behavioral: Standard Feedback<br>* Each week participants will receive a text message showing their overall driving score (out of 100) and subscores for distraction, hard braking, fast acceleration, and speeding (all running averages). The scoreboard will indicate whether their scores have gone up, down, or stayed the same. The message will include a link to a dashboard.<br>Behavioral: Study Dashboard (Standard)<br>* By clicking the link in the feedback text, they will be able to view a weekly dashboard that provides detailed information about their baseline, best, last, and average scores for each of the four behaviors, plus descriptions of the four behaviors.<br>Behavioral: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>* At the end of the 12-week intervention period, their overall driving score will be translated into a $0-$100 reward amount. For example, a participant with an overall driving score of 84 at the end of the intervention period would receive $84 in compensation.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Assigned Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Assigned Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, a Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive | Behavioral: Driving Tips<br>* Each week participants will receive a safe driving tip for one of the four behaviors via text message.<br>Behavioral: Assigned Focus Area Feedback<br>* Each week feedback will focus the participant's attention on the driving behavior with the greatest opportunity for improvement based on their baseline driving behavior. Participants will be assigned a goal for the week of a score 5 points better than their baseline for that area. If they meet the goal, they will be given a new goal 5 points higher; if they fall short, they will be asked to try for the same goal again. If they improve sufficiently-or if their improvement stalls out-they will be assigned a new behavior to focus on.<br>Behavioral: Study Dashboard (focused)<br>* Same as standard study dashboard, except participants will see at the top of the dashboard how well they are doing relative to their weekly goals.<br>Behavioral: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>* At the end of the 12-week intervention period, their overall driving score will be translated into a $0-$100 reward amount. For example, a participant with an overall driving score of 84 at the end of the intervention period would receive $84 in compensation.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Self-Chosen Goal with UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>Participants will have the Way to Drive app monitoring in the background, and will receive payment or non-adherence messages as needed, but will also receive Self-Chosen Focus Area Feedback, Driving Tips, Study Dashboard, and UBI-like Behavioral Incentive. | Behavioral: Driving Tips<br>* Each week participants will receive a safe driving tip for one of the four behaviors via text message.<br>Behavioral: Study Dashboard (Standard)<br>* By clicking the link in the feedback text, they will be able to view a weekly dashboard that provides detailed information about their baseline, best, last, and average scores for each of the four behaviors, plus descriptions of the four behaviors.<br>Behavioral: UBI-like Behavioral Incentive<br>* At the end of the 12-week intervention period, their overall driving score will be translated into a $0-$100 reward amount. For example, a participant with an overall driving score of 84 at the end of the intervention period would receive $84 in compensation.<br>Behavioral: Sef-Chosen Focus Area Feedback<br>* Participants will be asked to select which driving behavior they want to focus on improving, and to set a goal for the week that is above their baseline score. If they meet the goal, they will be asked to set a new, higher goal; if they fall short, they will be asked to try for the same goal again. If they improve sufficiently-or if their improvement stalls out-they will be asked if they want to focus on a new behavior.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Overall Driving Score | This is the mean of the four behavior scores for the intervention period (and, in a follow-up analysis of effect sustainability, the post-intervention period). Scores can range from 0 -100, 100 being the safest driving score. | 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Distraction score | A proprietary CMT score based on participant phone use-especially handheld phone use-while driving on a scale of 0-100, 100 being no phone use while driving (safest). | 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention. | 
| Speeding score | A proprietary CMT score based on the amount of time the participant drove over the speed limit on a scale from 0 -100, 100 being no incidences of driving over the speed limit. | 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention. | 
| Braking score | A proprietary CMT score based on the frequency of a participant's hard brakes on a scale of 0-100, 100 meaning no hard brakes. | 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention. | 
| Acceleration Score | A proprietary CMT score based on the frequency of a participant's fast accelerations on a scale of 0-100. 100, being no fast accelerations. | 12 weeks of the intervention period + separate analysis of 6 week post intervention. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Distracted Driving, Behavioral Incentives