Correlation Between the Occurrence of School Bullying, Victimization, and the Occurrence of Deleterious Oral Habits.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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To determine the correlation between the occurrence of bullying, victimization, and deleterious oral habit in a group of Egyptian school children.

Detailed Description
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Bullying is a major educational and public health problem among school-aged children that has a short and long negative effect on their physiological and psychosocial health. Bullying among school children is widely spreading and has different forms including physical as hitting, kicking, or verbal as an insult social as spreading rumors or the social exclusion or psychological as stalking or cyberbullying as online hacking. Bullying affects children greatly in different manners as lack of self-esteem, lack of concentration, depression, anxiety, and expressing feeling of loneliness. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the frequency of bullying was estimated to be 8- 30 % and may reach 50% in many studies and In Egypt, the prevalence of bullying according to UNICEF was 77.8% among adolescent rural school students in other words 1 in 3 students experience bullying regularly, a recent study in Egypt showed the prevalence of bullying and victimization was high (67.5%) among studied group. Deleterious oral habits are one of the public health problems that are commonly seen among children, it is defined as repeated orofacial muscular activities without a functional benefit Deleterious oral habits depend mainly on frequency, onset, and duration of habit which causes malocclusion such as open bite, deep bite, crossbite, and overjet that affects children's quality of life and cause psychological and esthetic problem, recent study In Alexandria, Egypt found that most seen oral habits in age 6 to 12 years are nail-biting 41.07% then tongue thrust 29.4% then mouth breathing with 15.9% and the least thumb sucking with 15.1%. Children exposed to emotional stress and anxiety as bullying or need for comfort is considered as a main contributing factor to having an oral habit as children use oral habit as a source of safety and as a mechanism to release tension, pain, and anger through it. It is seen in children as bruxism, pacifier sucking, thumb sucking, mouth breathing, tongue thrusting, lip sucking, and biting and nail-biting. Children at age of 8 years start to interact more with each other and become more observed so dental appearance becomes a site for bullying. the relationship between oral habit and bullying should be investigated because this type of abuse is a huge problem with serious psychosocial problems, Where the prevalence of children/adolescents being bullied ranges from 5.7% to 20.6%, bullied students are more likely to experience serious academic, social, psychological, and oral health problems there for more research into bullying is required to develop effective bullying prevention programs.

Official Title
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Correlation Between Occurrence of Bullying, Victimization and Deleterious Oral Habits Among School Children in Cairo Governorate, Egypt: Cross-Sectional Study

Conditions
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Bruxism, Nail Biting, Bullying of Child, Bullying

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: bullied children


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Children between 8 to 10 years Children who attended schools Egyptian children Exclusion Criteria: Children who were taking antidepressants and anticonvulsant drugs Children with cognitive/neurological disorders Children with any syndromes such as ectodermal dysplasia or Down syndrome Children with a history of an obvious alternative cause for malocclusion (e.g., trauma) Participants' caregivers refuse to give consent

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 8 Years
Maximum Age: 10 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Other: bullied children|A questionnaire will be answered by parent to measure the primary outcome of the study, which is Presence, duration, and frequency of Oral habits (Bruxism, Nail biting) in addition to a questionnaire answered by child to measure the secondary outcome which is Prevalence of Bullying and victimization.|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Presence, duration, and frequency of Oral habits (Bruxism, Nail biting) | Measure presence, duration, and frequency of Oral habits (Bruxism, Nail biting) through a questionnaire answered by parent including 3 questions with answeres yes and no or a. Did not notice in the past couple of months b. Only once or twice c. 2 or 3 times a month d. About once a week e. Several times a week | baseline | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prevalence of Bullying and victimization | Measure Prevalence of Bullying and victimization through a questionnaire answered by the child | baseline |