Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Cardioneuroablation to Permanent Pacing in Patients With an Implanted Pacemaker for Symptomatic Bradycardia.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Background Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrioventricular block (AVB) are significant diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The primary method of their treatment is cardiac pacemaker implantation (PM). Although PM remains the main therapeutic approach for most patients with SND/AVB, long-term PM therapy can be associated with various limitations, complications, and the need for device and electrode replacement. There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of an alternative approach to functional bradycardia associated with excessive vagal activation - cardioneuroablation (CNA). The method leads to the alleviation or complete resolution of bradycardia symptoms, as well as reflex syncope, providing an opportunity to discontinue PM therapy. Primary aims 1. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of CNA as a therapy allowing for discontinuation of PM therapy in patients with SND or AVB. Secondary aims Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of CNA as a therapy allowing for the optimization of PM therapy in patients with SND and AVB. Development of a diagnostic algorithm allowing for the identification of patients with SND and/or AVB suitable for CNA and discontinuation of PM and TLE therapy. In addition, blood samples will be collected for future analysis and biobanking. Methodology Inclusion criteria Patients up to 50 years old who underwent pacemaker implantation due to sinus node and/or atrioventricular node dysfunction Positive response to atropine test Age between 18-65 years Signed informed consent to participate in the study Exclusion criteria Own heart rate <30/min Fainting after pacemaker therapy initiation Persistent and sustained atrial fibrillation History of myocarditis History of cardiac surgery History of ablation procedures Congenital heart defects Congenital atrioventricular block Neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases Indications for expanding the pacemaker system to ICD/CRT-D Pregnancy Renal insufficiency with GFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2 Randomization, study scheme Qualified patients will be randomly assigned (1:1:1) to group 1 undergoing first-stage invasive electrophysiology study (EPS), extracardiac vagus nerve stimulation (ECVS) and CNA with continued PM therapy and implantable loop recorder (ILR) implantation, to group 2 undergoing first-stage EPS and ECVS with continued PM therapy, ILR implantation, and no CNA, and to group 3 where patients will undergo observation only for the entire study period. The follow-up time will be 18 months. Groups 1 and 2 will be blinded. Two months after the first invasive procedure, the secondary endpoint-stimulation rate in all groups will be assessed. In addition, a non-invasive evaluation of the efficacy of CNA and the incidence of syncope (MAS) and collapse (paraMAS) will take place in group 1, as well as an evaluation of the pacing percentage. After another month during the second hospitalization, the following will be performed: EPS and ECVS, and repeat CNA if ECVS does not show full parasympathetic cardiac denervation. In group 2, after 2 months, non-invasive tests will also be performed to assess and presence of MAS, paraMAS symptoms, and to assess pacing rates. After another month, during the second hospitalization, the following will be performed: EPS, ECVS and CNA. Group 1 and 2 patients with an effective CNA confirmed on ECVS will have their pacemaker set to VVI/AAI 30/min. Group 3 patients will then be evaluated for pacing rates and MAS, paraMAS symptoms. At the third visit, one month after the second invasive procedure in group 1 and 2 patients, the pacing percentage will be assessed. Patients with zero pacing percentage PM will be put on ODO/OVO/OAO-pacing off mode. Patients with a pacing percentage greater than zero PM will be set to their optimal mode. A pacing percentage of <0.1% will be treated as 0%, which will be confirmed in the ILR control. For the next 12 months, patients will be observed. During this period, at the next 4 visits repeated every 3 months, groups 1 and 2 will undergo a non-invasive assessment of CNA efficacy and bradycardia symptoms, while group 3 will be evaluated for MAS, paraMAS and pacing percentage assessment. At the 7th visit, the qualification of patients in groups 1 and 2 for discontinuation of continued pacing treatment will take place, with possible qualification for TLE. Justification Early and late results of a new strategy which is CNA, indicate the possibility of developing an new approach that allows patients with functional bradycardia to decide whether to discontinue or optimize PM therapy. However, standardized approaches based on noninvasive and invasive techniques have not yet been validated and evaluated in a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial with long-term remote follow-up, including ILR.

Detailed Description
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Visit 1- Screening, recruitment, randomization. ECG, PM check, NIEPS change the stimulation mode to DDD 50/min, AV 220ms/ VVI 50/min/ AAI 50/min atropine test laboratory tests: complete blood count, creatinine, AST, ALT, TSH, fT3, fT4, NT-proBNP, beta-HCG, K analysis of inclusion and exclusion criteria Hospitalization 1-1 month from randomization Group 1- EPS, ECVS, CNA, ILR implantation Group 2- EPS, ECVS, ILR implantation Group 3- observation Visit 2-3 months after randomization Group 1 and 2: History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms and the consequences of the procedures performed. PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation. Change settings and check PM - to assess the efficiency of own rhythm, patients will then have their pacemaker reprogrammed in DDD 50/min mode with AV 220ms or VVI 50/min. or AAI 50/min. ECG NIEPS 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring ILR control Group 3 observation: History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms. PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation. Hospitalization 2-4 months from randomization Group 1 - EPS, ECVS, redo CNA if required Group 2 - EPS, ECVS, CNA In patients with confirmed effective CNA groups 1 and 2, the PM will be reprogrammed into the mode. AAI/VVI 30/min For patients of Groups 1 and 2 in whom the CNA proved to be ineffective, the PM will be programmed in the optimal mode for them. Visit 3-6 months after randomization Group 1 and 2: History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms and the consequences of the procedures performed. PM control with the evaluation of the percentage of stimulation. Changing settings and checking PM- to assess the efficiency of your own rhythm ECG NIEPS 24 hour Holter ECG monitoring ILR control Patients from groups 1 and 2, whose percentage of stimulation in PM control will be 0%, will have their PM reprogrammed to ODO/OVO/OAO - pacing off. Group 3 observation: History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms. PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation. Visits 4, 5, 6 - consecutively 9, 12, 15 months after randomization Groups 1 and 2: Anamnesis for possible symptoms of bradycardia and undesirable effects of the procedure. PM control ECG NIEPS 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring ILR control Patients in Groups 1 and 2 who experience symptoms of bradycardia correlated with bradycardia recorded in the ILR will resume pacing in the optimal mode for them. During these visits, patients in Group 3 and Groups 1 and 2 who had their pacing restored/optimized will be interviewed for possible MAS and paraMAS symptoms, perform a physical examination, and check the PM with assessment of pacing percentage and pacing mode optimization. Visit 7 - ending the study - 18 months from randomization. Group 1 and 2: Anamnesis for possible symptoms of bradycardia and undesirable effects of the procedure. PM control ECG NIEPS Atropine test 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring ILR control Patients from groups 1 and 2 without symptoms of bradycardia and without asymptomatic bradycardia <40/min recorded in the ILR, after assessment by the EP-HEART TEAM (a council of two cardiologist specialists), will be qualified for the end of permanent pacing therapy. Those patients with a low risk of TLE will be qualified for TLE. During this visit, Group 3 and Group 1 and 2 patients with previously pacing restored/optimized will be interviewed for possible MAS and paraMAS symptoms, perform a physical examination and PM check with assessment of pacing percentage and pacing mode optimisation. The ILR will be left in place until the battery runs out or will be removed sooner at the patient's request.

Official Title
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A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Research Study comparinG the Efficacy and Safety of cardioneuroablaTion vs Permanent Pacing in Patients With an implantabLE PACEmaker for Symptomatic Bradycardia.

Conditions
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Bradycardia, Syncope

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Invasive electrophysiological study
* Diagnostic Test: Extracardiac vagal stimulation
* Procedure: Cardioneuroablation
* Procedure: Redo cardioneuroablation
* Procedure: Implantation of the implantable loop recorder
* Diagnostic Test: Pacemaker check
* Diagnostic Test: Implantable loop recorder check
* Diagnostic Test: Holter ECG
* Diagnostic Test: Anamnesis


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients who underwent pacemaker implantation before 50 years old due to sinus node and/or atrioventricular node dysfunction Positive response to atropine test Age between 18-65 years Signed informed consent to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: Own heart rate <30/min Fainting after pacemaker therapy initiation Persistent and sustained atrial fibrillation History of myocarditis History of cardiac surgery History of ablation procedures Congenital heart defects Congenital atrioventricular block Neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases Indications for expanding the pacemaker system to ICD/CRT-D Pregnancy Renal insufficiency with GFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Group 1<br>Group 1 will undergo EPS, ECVS, CNA with continuation of PM therapy and ILR implantation. Two months later pacing rate, will be assessed. In addition, there will be a non-invasive assessment of the effectiveness of CNA. After another month, EPS and ECVS will be performed and a re-CNA if the ECVS does not show full parasympathetic denervation of the heart. For patients with ECVS-confirmed successful CNA, the pacemaker will be set to VVI or AAI 30/min. One month after the second invasive procedure, the pacing rate will be assessed. Patients with zero percentage of PM stimulation will be set to ODO/OVO/OAO-stimulation off mode. Patients will be monitored for the next 12 months. During the next 4 visits repeated every 3 months, patients in this group will undergo non-invasive assessment of the effectiveness of CNA and symptoms of bradycardia. At the 7th visit, patients in this group will be qualified to discontinue of the cardiac pacing treatment, with possible qualification for TLE. | Diagnostic Test: Invasive electrophysiological study<br>* Invasive electrophysiological study consists in inserting two electrodes into the heart through femoral vein puncture into the right atrium and right ventricle. Then the following measurements are taken: SNRT- sinus rhythm recovery time, cSNRT- corrected sinus rhythm recovery time, Wenckebach point, AH and HV time and HRV-rhythm variability after SNRT measurement. The examination will be performed under general anesthesia.<br>* Other names: EPS;Diagnostic Test: Extracardiac vagal stimulation<br>* Extracardiac vagal stimulation consists in leading the electrode through the puncture of the femoral vein, successively to both internal jugular veins and stimulating the vagus nerve at the level of its cranial orifice and lower at the level of the angle of the mandible. Stimulation is performed using the Extra-Cardiac Autonomic NeuroStimulatorPachon. Induction of a sinus pause or AV block during vagal stimulation is considered a positive test result. Absence of sinus pause and AV block during vagal stimulation indicates parasympathetic denervation of the heart. The examination is performed under general anesthesia.<br>* Other names: ECVS;Procedure: Cardioneuroablation<br>* CNA consists in complete parasympathetic denervation of the heart or in its deep neuromodulation by destroying the postganglionic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve, located in the epicardium in the vicinity of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and in the area of the interatrial septum. It consists in inserting the electrode into the left atrium through puncture of the femoral vein, and then the interatrial septum, and performing ablation in the vicinity of the pulmonary vein orifices and on the interatrial septum at the level of the mitral annulus. Then the electrode is withdrawn into the right atrium and subsequent applications are made in the area of the coronary sinus opening and the roof of the right atrium and the upper part of the interatrial septum. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. In group 1, CNA will be performed 1 month after randomization. In group 2, CNA will be performed 4 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: CNA;Procedure: Redo cardioneuroablation<br>* It consists in re-performing the CNA if full parasympathetic parasympathetic denervation of the heart is not confirmed by ECVS.<br>* Other names: redo CNA;Procedure: Implantation of the implantable loop recorder<br>* Implantation of the implantable loop recorder consists in subcutaneous implantation of the ECG loop recorder in the sternum area.<br>* Other names: ILR implantation;Diagnostic Test: Pacemaker check<br>* It consists in evaluating the reliability of the PM system. And the assessment of pacing percentage and recorded arrhythmias. After successful cardioneuroablation in groups 1 and 2, 4 months after randomization, the PM will be programmed to the VVI 30/min mode and after 6 months to the OAO/OVO mode. In group 3 patients and in the case of unsuccessful cardioneuroablation, the pacemaker will be set to the optimal mode for the patient. During the PM control, a non-invasive electrophysiological study (NIEPS) is also performed, in which the SNRT, cSNRT, Wenckebach point and HRV after SNRT measurement are assessed. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: PM check;Diagnostic Test: Implantable loop recorder check<br>* Assessment of arrhythmias recorded in the ILR. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: ILR check;Diagnostic Test: Holter ECG<br>* 24 hour ECG recording. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>Diagnostic Test: Anamnesis<br>* Medical history assessing symptoms of bradycardia, MAS, paraMAS and complications of performed procedures. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>|
| Experimental: Group 2<br>Group 2 will undergo EPS and ECVS with continuation of PM therapy, ILR implantation, without CNA. Two months later pacing rate, will be assessed. After another month, EPS, ECVS and CNA will be made. For patients with ECVS-confirmed successful CNA, the pacemaker will be set to VVI or AAI 30/min. One month after the second invasive procedure, patients in this group will have their pacing rate assessed. Patients with zero percentage of PM stimulation will be set to ODO/OVO/OAO-stimulation off mode. Patients will be monitored for the next 12 months. During next 4 visits repeated every 3 months, patients in this group will undergo a non-invasive assessment of the effectiveness of CNA and symptoms of bradycardia. At the 7th visit, the qualification for discontinuation of cardiac pacing treatment will take place, with possible qualification for TLE. | Diagnostic Test: Invasive electrophysiological study<br>* Invasive electrophysiological study consists in inserting two electrodes into the heart through femoral vein puncture into the right atrium and right ventricle. Then the following measurements are taken: SNRT- sinus rhythm recovery time, cSNRT- corrected sinus rhythm recovery time, Wenckebach point, AH and HV time and HRV-rhythm variability after SNRT measurement. The examination will be performed under general anesthesia.<br>* Other names: EPS;Diagnostic Test: Extracardiac vagal stimulation<br>* Extracardiac vagal stimulation consists in leading the electrode through the puncture of the femoral vein, successively to both internal jugular veins and stimulating the vagus nerve at the level of its cranial orifice and lower at the level of the angle of the mandible. Stimulation is performed using the Extra-Cardiac Autonomic NeuroStimulatorPachon. Induction of a sinus pause or AV block during vagal stimulation is considered a positive test result. Absence of sinus pause and AV block during vagal stimulation indicates parasympathetic denervation of the heart. The examination is performed under general anesthesia.<br>* Other names: ECVS;Procedure: Cardioneuroablation<br>* CNA consists in complete parasympathetic denervation of the heart or in its deep neuromodulation by destroying the postganglionic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve, located in the epicardium in the vicinity of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and in the area of the interatrial septum. It consists in inserting the electrode into the left atrium through puncture of the femoral vein, and then the interatrial septum, and performing ablation in the vicinity of the pulmonary vein orifices and on the interatrial septum at the level of the mitral annulus. Then the electrode is withdrawn into the right atrium and subsequent applications are made in the area of the coronary sinus opening and the roof of the right atrium and the upper part of the interatrial septum. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. In group 1, CNA will be performed 1 month after randomization. In group 2, CNA will be performed 4 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: CNA;Procedure: Implantation of the implantable loop recorder<br>* Implantation of the implantable loop recorder consists in subcutaneous implantation of the ECG loop recorder in the sternum area.<br>* Other names: ILR implantation;Diagnostic Test: Pacemaker check<br>* It consists in evaluating the reliability of the PM system. And the assessment of pacing percentage and recorded arrhythmias. After successful cardioneuroablation in groups 1 and 2, 4 months after randomization, the PM will be programmed to the VVI 30/min mode and after 6 months to the OAO/OVO mode. In group 3 patients and in the case of unsuccessful cardioneuroablation, the pacemaker will be set to the optimal mode for the patient. During the PM control, a non-invasive electrophysiological study (NIEPS) is also performed, in which the SNRT, cSNRT, Wenckebach point and HRV after SNRT measurement are assessed. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: PM check;Diagnostic Test: Implantable loop recorder check<br>* Assessment of arrhythmias recorded in the ILR. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: ILR check;Diagnostic Test: Holter ECG<br>* 24 hour ECG recording. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>Diagnostic Test: Anamnesis<br>* Medical history assessing symptoms of bradycardia, MAS, paraMAS and complications of performed procedures. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Group 3<br>Group 3 patients will only be observed for the duration of the study. The observation period will be 18 months. At subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15 months after randomization, they will be assessed for the presence of MAS, paraMAS and assessment of the percentage of stimulation. | Diagnostic Test: Pacemaker check<br>* It consists in evaluating the reliability of the PM system. And the assessment of pacing percentage and recorded arrhythmias. After successful cardioneuroablation in groups 1 and 2, 4 months after randomization, the PM will be programmed to the VVI 30/min mode and after 6 months to the OAO/OVO mode. In group 3 patients and in the case of unsuccessful cardioneuroablation, the pacemaker will be set to the optimal mode for the patient. During the PM control, a non-invasive electrophysiological study (NIEPS) is also performed, in which the SNRT, cSNRT, Wenckebach point and HRV after SNRT measurement are assessed. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>* Other names: PM check;Diagnostic Test: Anamnesis<br>* Medical history assessing symptoms of bradycardia, MAS, paraMAS and complications of performed procedures. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Primary efficacy endpoints- Composite endpoint | Composite endpoint including: occurrence of non-traumatic loss of consciousness occurrence of symptoms of presyncope state determination in the loop recorder recording of events of asymptomatic bradycardia requiring permanent cardiac pacing, understood as: type II degree atrioventricular block and/or atrioventricular block of 2:1 or higher order and/or sinus bradycardia <40/min during the patient's wakefulness sinus pause >3 seconds during the patient's wakefulness | 18 months | 
| Primary safety endpoints- Composite endpoint | Composite endpoint including: death from any cause peri-procedural damage to cardiac or vascular structures requiring surgical intervention not resulting in death ischemic stroke not terminated by death symptomatic damage to the pulmonary veins symptomatic injury to the phrenic nerve de-electrode device-related infective endocarditis device lodge infection electrode dysfunction requiring electrode replacement BARC grade 2, 3 bleeding during postoperative anticoagulant therapy | 18 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Occurrence of non-traumatic loss of consciousness | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Occurrence of syncope in the course of documented bradyarrhythmia | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Occurrence of symptoms of pre-fainting state | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Occurrence of presyncope in the course of documented bradyarrhythmia | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Determination in the loop recorder recording of events of asymptomatic bradycardia requiring permanent pacing of the heart, understood as: atrioventricular block type II and/or atrioventricular block of 2:1 or higher order and/or sinus bradycardia <40/min during the patient's wakefulness sinus pause >3 seconds during the patient's wakefulness | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Disabling permanent cardiac pacing at visit 3 | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Demonstration of a statistically significant lower pacing rate in the group of patients undergoing CNA vs patients who continued PM therapy without CAN | 18 months | 
| Secondary efficacy endpoint | Qualification for removal of PM and TLE system | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Death from any cause | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Peri-procedural damage to cardiac or vascular structures requiring surgical intervention not resulting in death | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Ischemic stroke not terminated by death | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Symptomatic pulmonary venous injury | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Symptomatic phrenic nerve injury | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Asymptomatic phrenic nerve injury | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Electrodermal infective endocarditis | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | PM implantation site infection | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Electrode dysfunction | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Occurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Development of symptoms of heart failure | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Symptoms of inadequate sinus tachycardia | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | Hospitalization for any reason | 18 months | 
| Secondary safety endpoint | BARC grade 2, 3 bleeding during postoperative anticoagulant therapy | 18 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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cardioneuroablarion, functional bradycardia, pacemaker treatment discontinuation