Be-Prox. An Effectiveness Study of Bullying Intervention in Norwegian Kindergartens.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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With an overall aim to ensure a safe and sound kindergarten environment for all Norwegian children in accordance with the Kindergarten Act §§41-43, the objectives of the current project are: To evaluate the effectiveness of Be-Prox Norway to prevent and handle negative behavior and bullying among peers in Norwegian kindergartens. To examine implementation factors that promote and inhibit the effectiveness of Be-Prox Norway in Norwegian kindergartens. To describe the cost-effectiveness of the Be-Prox Norway intervention in Norwegian kindergartens. To generate knowledge on how the Be-Prox Norway intervention can be aligned and implemented in Norwegian kindergartens.

Detailed Description
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January 1st, 2021, new additions to the Kindergarten Act came into force in Norway introducing the right for all children to a safe and sound kindergarten environment. According to this act, Norwegian kindergartens shall systematically work to preventing bullying and social exclusion, including adopting a zero-tolerance for violations such as exclusion, bullying, violence, discrimination, and harassment. While relatively little is known about bullying at this age, a growing body of research suggests that bullying occurs also between kindergarten peers and that experiencing bullying at early age is associated with negative consequences. Currently there are few evidence-based interventions directly targeting bullying among kindergarten peers. Be-Prox, developed for Swiss kindergartens to prevent, uncover and handle negative behavior and bullying in kindergartens have been translated and adjusted to a Norwegian context in a previous pilot study. The current project is a close collaboration between two Norwegian municipalities, regional centres for child and youth mental health and welfare, and research and educational institutions. The project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Be-Prox Norway in a cluster randomized controlled trial, including process and implementation evaluation and cost-effectiveness analyses. Hence the project complies with the current call through introducing research on tools, systems and models that promote evidence-based practices in Norwegian kindergartens in general, and to prevent negative acts and bullying between kindergarten peers in particular. If proven effective, Be-Prox Norway can be offered to kindergartens nationwide as evidence-based practice to prevent, uncover and handle negative behavior and bullying among Norwegian kindergarten peers.

Official Title
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Be-Prox. An Effectiveness Study of Bullying Intervention in Norwegian Kindergartens.

Conditions
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Bullying of Child

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Be-Prox


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Children born 2018-2020 in kindergartens enrolled to the Be-Prox project and with parental consent to participate. Personnel i Norwegian kindergartens enrolled in the Be-Prox project and who consent to participate. Parents of children in kindergartens enrolled to the Be-prox project Exclusion Criteria: children born 2021-2023 children with no parental consent to participate

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 3 Years
Maximum Age: 6 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Cluster-randomized controlled trial
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Be-Prox intervention<br>Training in the 6 Be-Prox module | Behavioral: Be-Prox<br>* Be-Prox is an intervention developed to prevent, uncover and handle negative behavior in kindergartens.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control<br>Standard care | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in number of children exposing other children to negative behavior | Using a scale on physical, verbal, relational and object-related negative acts, For the primary outcome, the scales will be used as a sum-score where exposing others is defined as exposing others to one of the negative acts more than once a week. | Pre- to post-intervention, 9 months | 
| Change in number of children exposed by other children to negative behavior | Using a scale on physical, verbal, relational and object-related negative acts, For the primary outcome, the scales will be used as a sum-score being exposed is defined as being exposing by others to one of the negative acts more than once a week. | Pre- to post-intervention, 9 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in number of children exposing other children to negative behavior 1 and 2 years after the intervention | Using a scale on physical, verbal, relational and object-related negative acts, For the primary outcome, the scales will be used as a sum-score where exposing others is defined as exposing others to one of the negative acts more than once a week. | 1 and 2 year post intervention | 
| Change in number of children exposed by other children to negative behavior 1 and 2 years after the intervention | Using a scale on physical, verbal, relational and object-related negative acts, For the primary outcome, the scales will be used as a sum-score being exposed is defined as being exposing by others to one of the negative acts more than once a week. | 1 and 2 year post intervention | 
| Change in child prosocial bystander behavior | 12 item questionnaire, Alsaker 2004 | Pre- to post-intervention, 9 months and 1 and 2 years post intervention | 
| Change in Authoritative climate | 10 item scale, adjusted from Ertesvåg, 2011 | Pre- to post-intervention, 12 months and then 1 and 2 years following | 
| Change in personnel self-efficacy beliefs | 5 item scale, adjusted from Fischer, 2019 | Pre- to post-intervention, 12 months and then 1 and 2 years following | 
| Change in personnel understanding of bullying among children in kindergartens | 8 items questionnaire | Pre- to post-intervention, 12 months and then 1 and 2 years following | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Early Childhood and Educational Care, Norway, Bullying intervention, Randomized controlled trial