Growth Parameters & Body Mass Index in Children With Chronic Diseases

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Deviations from the normal pattern of growth may be the first clues to pathology as in many chronic diseases evaluated clinically by anthropometric measurements & body mass index. Growth impairment in children with chronic diseases is associated with disruption of the growth hormone (GH) and predominantly results from undernutrition, chronic inflammation and prolonged corticosteroid treatment. Undernutrition leads to major adaptations in the endocrine system towards conserving energy, diverting substrates away from growth and reproduction, and providing alternative sources of energy for critical body homeostasis. chronic inflammatory processes exacerbate undernutrition through proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1&6 and tumor necrosis factor. These growth-regulating mechanisms are disturbed further by corticosteroids used in some chronic conditions for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Growth impairment occurs with many chronic conditions e g: Congenital heart dieases (CHD), chronic pulmonary diseases such as bronchial asthma, Gastrointestinal diseases sch as inflammatory bowel disease ,Chronic liver diseases , Chronic renal diseases, Chronic hemolytic anemia and chronic Central nervous system diseases.

Official Title
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Growth Parameters & Body Mass Index in Children With Chronic Diseases

Conditions
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Chronic Medical Diseases

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age: under 12 years old. Both sex . Patients with chronic medical diseases. Exclusion Criteria: Age: over 12years old. Patients with acute diseases. Pediatric with malignancy. chronic patients with surgical sequelae.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Maximum Age: 12 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| chronic cardiac patients<br>patients with chronic cardiac diseases affecting their groth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic renal patients<br>patients with chronic renal diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic respiratory diseases<br>patients with chronic respiratory diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic metabolic diseases<br>patients with chronic metabolic diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic neurological diseases<br>patients with chronic neurological diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic haematological diseases<br>patients with chronic haematological diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|
| chronic gastro-intestinal diseases<br>patients with chronic gastro-intestinal diseases affecting their growth parameters & body mass index | Diagnostic Test: Growth parameters & body mass index<br>* measuring the anthropometric measurements including: Weight, height/ length, head circumference, mid arm circumference& skin fold thickness and measuring body mass index.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Weight | For children less than two years of age, use a calibrated beam or a digital infant scale. Ensure the infant is not wearing any clothes and remove the diaper before measuring the weight. The weight should be measured to the nearest 0.01 kg or 0.5 ounces. For children older than 24 months, a balanced floor scale or electronic floor scale can be used. | one year | 
| Height | For children who can stand, a stadiometer should be used. The child should stand up straight, with buttocks, shoulder blades, and heels together touching the back of the stadiometer. The feet should face outward at a 60-degree angle. If the patient has genu valgum, separate the feet enough to avoid overlapping the knees while maintaining contact between the knees. Arms should be loosely hanging at the sides with palms facing the thighs. The horizontal bar of the stadiometer should be lowered until the hair is compressed to the crown of the head. Remove any objects on the head and hair that may obstruct the bar from compressing the hair to the crown of the head. The measurement should be read to the nearest 0.1 cm or 1/8 of an inch. Repeat the measurement twice to obtain two readings within 0.2cm or 0.25 inches. The average of the two closest measurements should be recorded. | one year | 
| Length | For infants and toddlers who cannot stand, the recumbent length should be measured. Align the infant's head against the top of the headboard of the infantometer. An assistant must straighten the infant's body and legs, ensuring the feet are parallel to the footboard. Repeat the measurement twice to obtain two readings within 0.2 cm or 0.25 inches. The average of the two closest measurements should be recorded. | one year | 
| Head circumference | For infants and toddlers less than two years of age, measure the largest circumference of the head using a non-stretchable measuring tape around the most prominent part of the head to the middle of the forehead. The tape measure should be pulled snug around the head to compress the hair and underlying soft tissue. Repeat the measurement twice to obtain two readings within 0.2 cm or 0.25 inches. The average of the two closest measurements should be recorded. | one year | 
| Mid arm circumference | The patient stands upright with the arm hanging freely at the side. The patient should not flex the arm muscles. Measuring tape should be placed snugly around the mid-point of the arm without compressing the skin. | one year | 
| Skin fold thickness | Common sites for skinfold measurements include the biceps, triceps, iliac crest, thigh, calf, subscapular, abdomen, and chest. The exact technique can vary, but we will discuss one method using the triceps as an example. For the triceps skinfold, grab the skin 2 cm above the midpoint of the right upper arm with the thumb and index finger to create a skinfold. Then, place the calipers at the midpoint to obtain the measurement. Similarly, at other sites, the skinfold measurement is obtained by grabbing the skin 2 cm away from the measuring site. Despite standard measuring techniques, skinfold testing has high variability and has limited use thus far in the clinical setting. | one year |