Identification of Individual Histological and Blood Markers in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Upper Aerodigestive Tract Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Response to Immunotherapies

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (CEVADS) is the 6th most common cancer worldwide. Despite current therapies (radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy), cancers of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract (UAT) have a poor prognosis, with a 10-year survival rate of no more than 20%. For recurrent or metastatic CEVADS, the therapeutic arsenal, based for many years on chemotherapy and anti-EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) agents, has been enriched by a new therapeutic class: PD-1 inhibitors. For CEVADS, PD-1 inhibitors have been approved for second-line treatment of nivolumab for over a year, and are now used in first-line treatment of pembrolizumab. The results of this therapeutic class in CEVADS are not as spectacular as for melanoma or bronchial cancer. Indeed, only 20% of patients have a favorable response, compared with half who experience disease progression. This low proportion of responders can be explained by tumor heterogeneity within CEVADS and poor patient selection. The only marker used to select patients is PD-L1 expression detected by ImmunoHistochemistry (IHC). However, it seems that this marker, described as imperfect, is still little explored in ENT. It needs to be compared with the expression of other cell lines in the tumor microenvironment, which could play an important role in resistance to PD-1 inhibitors. IHC identifies all macrophages using the CD68 marker, while the CD163 marker is specific to M2 macrophages. Other targets in the microenvironment are also being investigated, with the discovery of a Tertiary Lymphocyte Structure (TLS) in melanoma treated with immunotherapy. It therefore seems necessary to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of tumor progression under immunotherapy in order to develop strategies to optimize response to treatment. This would enable better selection of patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy, and open up prospects for therapeutic combinations. The hypothesis is that macrophages, but also other cells and factors in the CEVADS microenvironment, play a decisive role in resistance to PD-1 inhibitors. The aim is therefore to continue these macrophage analyses, extend them to other cells in the microenvironment and link them to other prognostic factors under investigation. A prospective study will analyze tumor tissue during treatment with PD-1 inhibitors, in order to correlate all the factors studied with response or resistance to immunotherapies. In addition, the oral microbiota, in the lineage of the intestinal microbiota, has been shown to be highly stable over time and to play a role in the oncogenesis of certain cancers, notably CEVADS. Like the intestinal microbiota, it could also represent a prognostic factor in the response to immunotherapies. Of all the bacteria in this oral microbiota, one has been shown to play a major role: Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). However, little is known about the mechanism of action of intratumoral F. nucleatum on the development of CEVADS. In particular, it is thought to play a role in local cancer immunity, via macrophages, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and TLRs. Finally, it appears that specific antimicrobial T-cell responses may cross-react with tumor antigens, hence the importance of also analyzing the metabolome of commensal bacteria.The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the presence of this bacterium in saliva, as well as the specific immune response to F. nucleatum in patients with CEVADS during immunotherapy treatment.

Official Title
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Identification of Individual Histological and Blood Markers in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Upper Aerodigestive Tract Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Response to Immunotherapies

Conditions
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Tumor Biopsy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients aged ≥ 18 years Patients with histologically confirmed CEVADS involving the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx Pre-treated patients with a first recurrence (locoregional or metastatic) who are candidates for immunotherapy Patient affiliated to a health insurance plan French-speaking patient Patient with free, informed and written consent Exclusion Criteria: Patients with a contraindication to immunotherapy (transplant patients) Pregnant or breast-feeding patients Patient under guardianship or curatorship Patient under court protection Patient deprived of liberty

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: procedure/surgery: Tumor biopsy<br>Following the start of immunotherapy, an ENT surgeon will perform a cervico-facial tumor biopsy between D30 and D180. | Procedure: Tumor Biopsy<br>* Following the start of immunotherapy, an ENT surgeon will perform a cervico-facial tumor biopsy between D30 and D180. This will only be carried out if the tumour tissue is externalized and therefore accessible, and if the biopsy can be performed under local anaesthetic without any constraints for the patient (pain, risk of bleeding). It consists of a superficial sampling of the externalized tumour lesion under local anaesthetic (xylocaine spray 5%, or xylocaine injectable 1%). Biopsy of cervico-facial lesions under local anaesthetic is a commonly performed procedure. The main risk of this procedure is bleeding, which is very rare. The biopsy will not be performed if the surgeon considers that the risk of bleeding is too great. Given the externalized nature of the lesion, biopsy does not entail any risk of tumour dissemination (possible for deep biopsies). Four 10-mL blood samples from two heparinized tubes Four 5-mL unstimulated saliva samples: non-invasive examination.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Histological markers linked to the clinical benefit of immunotherapies | This outcome corresponds to the number of patients presenting a clinical benefit: objective response or stable disease according to RECIST v1.1 dimensional criteria, and the number of patients presenting tumor progression as the best response to immunotherapy. | Month 6 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Histological markers linked to survival | This outcome corresponds to the time elapsed between initiation of immunotherapy and death, all causes combined. | Month 6 | 
| Expression of histological markers with PD-L1 expression | This outcome corresponds to the quantitative or semi-quantitative evolution of each marker including incidence of macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers) and blood (including Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, circulating macrophages and lymphocytes), compared with the quantitative evolution of PD-L1 expression. | Month 6 | 
| Presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the oral microbiota | This outcome corresponds to the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the oral microbiota by microbial DNA detection. | Month 6 | 
| Presence of an IgG or IgA anti-Fusobacterium nucleatum humoral response | This outcome corresponds to the presence of an anti-F. nuc IgG or IgA humoral response in patients' serum before and after immunotherapy treatment. | Month 6 |