Cell Cycle Arrest Proteins for Early Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury After Lung Transplant

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Renal failure is a common complication of lung transplant (LUTX). Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this cohort is of utmost importance, since AKI after LUTX is associated with worsened short and long-term outcomes. To now, early biomarkers of renal failure based on the measurement of cell-cycle arrest proteins have never been tested in this population.

Detailed Description
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Bilateral lung transplantation (LUTX) is a surgical procedure offered to patients suffering from chronic respiratory failure. LUTX provides a survival benefit to selected patients but is associated with several short-term and long-term non-pulmonary complications. Acute kidney failure (AKI) is frequent and associated with short-term and long-term morbidity and increased mortality. Indeed, AKI occurs in up to two-thirds of transplanted patients, with 5-13% needing renal replacement therapy (RRT), and associated with mortality ranging from 13 to 50%. Several risk factors may favor postoperative AKI in patients undergoing LUTX: preoperative (e.g., the patients' preoperative renal function and comorbidities) , intraoperative (i.e., hypoxia, hypotension, massive blood components' transfusions, use of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation - ECMO) and postoperative (i.e., use of nephrotoxic agents as tacrolimus and antibiotics). In patients treated with LUTX, postoperative AKI increases ICU and hospital length of stay and is associated with worsened survival10. At the same time, postoperative AKI is associated with an increase in end-stage renal failure and consequent chronic renal failure11 with potential needs of chronic RRT. Finally, AKI may determine primary graft disfunction with direct and indirect mechanisms (i.e., inability to reach therapeutic targets of anti-rejection drugs). According to the most recent guidelines (i.e., the Kidney Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria), patients are classified as suppering postoperative AKI stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 are diagnosed whether serum creatinine increases 1.5-1.9 times, 2-2.9 times, and >3 times from the preoperative, respectively. However, these traditional indicators of kidney function have limitations related to early and accurate identification of AKI. Furthermore, sCr has limitations in the specific context of LUTX, both regarding baseline patients' clinical characteristics and surgical. On the one hand, patients enlisted for LUTX are usually undernourished, have reduced muscle mass, reduced protein and creatine intake, which severely limit the sensibility and sensitivity of sCr changes for AKI diagnosis. On the other hand, the need for massive fluid and blood products during LUTX resulting in fluid overload can mask the increase in sCr, delaying the diagnosis of AKI. In addition, early detection of AKI using sCr concentrations is limited by the fact that sCr concentrations increase when renal function has already deteriorated15. Thus, novel markers capable of early and effective diagnosis of AKI in this patient population are a major clinical interest and may allow to carry out risk-mitigating clinical approaches (e.g., volume optimization, avoid nephrotoxic agents). Cell Cycle arrest proteins have been suggested as early indicators of AKI. In particular, urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7) are biomarkers of the renal tubular cell cycle arrest at the early phase of AKI. The product of the urinary concentrations of TIMP-2 and IGFBP-7 (urinary [TIMP- 2] × [IGFBP-7]) is a promising biomarker for early prediction of AKI in various clinical settings such as out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, in critically ill patients, and following major surgery or emergency department admission . It is possible to envision the employment of the urinary [TIMP- 2] × [IGFBP-7] index as early indicators of renal failure in patients undergoing LUTX. Thus, with this prospective observational study, the aim of the study is to test the sensitivity and specificity of this index in detecting early AKI in patients undergone LUTX. Hypothesis/objectives of the study: In patients undergoing LUTX, the urinary biomarker [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP-7] measured on the first postoperative day after LUTX was evaluated as a reliable early predictive index of postoperative AKI compared to standard KIDGO criteria.

Official Title
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Cell Cycle Arrest Proteins for Early Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury After Lung Transplant: a Prospective Observational Study

Conditions
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Acute Kidney Injury

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Nephrocheck (AKI score)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Enlistment for bilateral LUTX Age > 18 years Signed informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Age < 18 years old Urgency enlistment Already undergone LUTX Preoperative use of RRT

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Diagnostic Test: Nephrocheck (AKI score)|Early biomarker of AKI|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| acute kidney injury | according to KIDGO guidelines | <7 days from lung transplant | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| acute kidney disease | according to KIDGO guidelines | < 90 days from lung transplant | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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acute kidney injury, biomarkers, lung transplant