The Impact of Food Reformulation on Energy Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Food prepared outside of the home tends to have a high energy content, and high levels of nutrients of concern (sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugar), especially when compared to home-cooked food. A number of studies suggest that when energy density of a food is manipulated it has a linear effect on energy intake, because consumers tend to eat a constant weight of food. However, recent observational research suggested that up to approximately 1.5-2kcal/g, individuals are relatively insensitive to changes in energy density, and there is no indication of compensation through altering meal size. However, upwards of approximately 1.5-2kcal/g, the authors proposed that individuals compensate for increases in energy density by selecting and consuming smaller meal sizes. The investigators aim to measure participant's consumption (in grams and kilocalories) of three meals at low, medium and high energy densities, and to measure later food intake to observe any evidence of later compensation in response to experimental condition

Detailed Description
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See attached protocol document.

Official Title
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The Impact of Food Reformulation on Energy Intake

Conditions
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Diet, Healthy, Eating Behavior, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Low energy density lunch
* Behavioral: Medium energy density lunch
* Behavioral: High energy density lunch


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Currently reside in the United Kingdom Over the age of 18 years Fluent English speaker Like the test foods Have a BMI between the ranges of 18.5 and 35. Exclusion Criteria: Pregnant/breastfeeding Partaking in a fast or other restrictive eating for religious reasons at time of participation Currently following a diet On medication that affects appetite Being a smoker Current or historic eating disorder Dietary restrictions/intolerances including: Any allergies Vegan/vegetarian Gluten-free Dairy-free Sugar-free

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Repeated measures
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Low energy density<br>The meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of  1.1kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert) | Behavioral: Low energy density lunch<br>* Particpants will be provided with a lunch low in energy density ( 1.1kcal/g)<br>|
| Experimental: Medium energy density<br>The meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of  1.7kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert) | Behavioral: Medium energy density lunch<br>* Participants will be provided with a lunch medium in energy density( 1.7kcal/g)<br>|
| Experimental: High energy density<br>The meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of  3kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert) | Behavioral: High energy density lunch<br>* Participants will be provided with a lunch high in energy density ( 3kcal/g)<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Acute intake | The investigators will observe differences in consumption (g/kcal) when participants are given a meal covertly manipulated to be low, medium or high in energy density. | 30 minutes after intervention administered | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Later intake | The investigators will measure later food intake, in order to observe any evidence of later compensation in response to experimental condition. | Up to 7 hours after intervention administered |