Comparison of Caudal Block and Sacral Erector Spinae Block for Postoperative Analgesia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Caudal block (CB) has been the method used for years to achieve adequate postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients, which is one of the main responsibilities of an anesthetist. CB, which has been proven to provide effective analgesia for many different indications, is the most commonly performed neuraxial block technique for postoperative pain control in urogenital surgeries. However, in the following years, truncal nerve blocks are recommended for postoperative analgesia by the literature both for more effective analgesia and for preventing complications of CB that may prevent early mobilization and prolong hospital discharge

Detailed Description
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Circumcision, which is widely performed in male children for cultural and religious reasons in our country, is one of the daily urological surgical procedures with painful postoperative period. However, in the following years, truncal nerve blocks are recommended for postoperative analgesia by the literature both for more effective analgesia and for preventing complications of CB that may prevent early mobilization and prolong hospital discharge. Based on this knowledge, in order to provide postoperative analgesia in urogenital surgeries in male children sacral ESP (SESP) block can be used as an alternative to CB due to its undesirable effects

Official Title
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Comparison of Caudal Block and Sacral Erector Spinae Block for Postoperative Analgesia in Circumcision in Pediatric Patients: A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Postoperative Pain, Children, Only

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Regional anesthesia intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 1-7 years of age ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-II group Scheduled for circumcision Able to communicate in Turkish Willing to participate to the study (parents and children) Exclusion Criteria: Less than 1 or more than 7 years of age A neurological deficit, bleeding diathesis, or a history of local anesthetic allergy; an infection or redness in the injection area, congenital lumbar anomaly, liver and/or kidney disorder, a psychiatric disorder, mental retardation, or communication problems detected during examination Unwilling to to participate to the study ((parents or children)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 1 Year
Maximum Age: 7 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Caudal block group<br>An echogenic block needle (22 Gauge 50 mm) was then advanced into the sacral canal through the sacrococcygeal membrane while a longitudinal position was used, continuing with the in-plane technique. After ensuring that there is no blood or cerebrospinal fluid with aspiration, 0.5 ml/kg 0.25% bupivacaine was administered while observing caudal epidural space dilation or turbulent flow with Doppler. | Procedure: Regional anesthesia intervention<br>* Ultrasound-guided caudal and sacral erector spinae blocks were administered<br>|
| Experimental: Sacral erector spinae block<br>Following antiseptic preparation of block site linear ultrasound probe was placed longitudinally to midline just above the sacrum. After the median sacral crests and erector spinae were identified, a 22G, 50 mm block needle was advanced from the cranial to the caudal direction until it touched the top of the 4th median sacral crest with the in-plane technique. After hydrodissection was achieved with 1 ml of saline, 0.5 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered after negative aspiration. | Procedure: Regional anesthesia intervention<br>* Ultrasound-guided caudal and sacral erector spinae blocks were administered<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Analgesic efficiency | The analgesic efficacy was evaluated based on postoperative pain scores via Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale. The lowest scale score is 0 points and the highest 10 points | Up to 24 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time of Postoperative analgesic requirement | It was assessed five times after the operation with Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale. The lowest scale score is 0 points and the highest 10 points. Significant pain behavior for the scale has been identified as 4 points or more. Following transfer from the recovery unit to the ward, the 30 minutes, 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th hour pain levels were evaluated by the ward nurse. Paracetamol was administered IV at a dose of 10 mg/kg if the scale score was 4 or higher | Up to 24 hours | 
| Rate of Postoperative complications | The presence of urinary retention, motor block, and ecchymosis or hematoma at the injection site was evaluated in the postoperative period by the anesthesiologist who was blind to the study groups | Up to 6 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Ultrasound, Pain, Sacral erector spinae block, Caudal block