Factors Associated With Infant Circadian Rhythm, Growth, and Temperament

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this observational study is to learn about the role of modifiable factors affecting infant circadian rhythm so that recommendations can be made for better health outcomes for the mother and infant. The main questions it aims to answer are: What is the association of prenatal and postnatal maternal circadian clock with infant's circadian clock at 3 months? What is the association of birth outcomes, maternal factors, and environmental factors with infant circadian clock at 3 months? What is the role of infant circadian clock on infant growth and temperament at 6 months of age? Participants will complete a set of questionnaires and provide saliva samples during third trimester of pregnancy and at 3 months after birth of infant.

Detailed Description
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Circadian rhythm is the body's internal clock that synchronizes the body's physiological functions according to the 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. An individual establishes a circadian rhythm 3 months after birth, which is a progressive phase that involves regulating hormones such as cortisol and melatonin. According to previous studies, the synchronization of circadian rhythm between mother-infant pairs have been found to be beneficial in the growth and development of the child by regulating a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. However, circadian disruption may cause excessive maternal cortisol which can be transferred to the fetus through the placenta during pregnancy and cause growth retardation. Growth faltering during infancy is associated with increased risks of morbidity from infections and chronic diseases in later life. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between maternal circadian rhythm with synchronization of infant circadian rhythm as it may be one of the potential factors which affects the growth and development of the child. On the other hand, infant temperament is affected by the maternal and infant circadian rhythm and may also be a predictor to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. A systematic review reported that high cortisol levels during third trimester of pregnancy is associated with higher emotional reactivity and more difficult temperament infants. Other than the biological factors determining infant temperament, maternal psychological wellbeing during and after pregnancy is also an important element. It has been found that elevated maternal stress was associated with negative infant temperament, resulting in decreased sleep quality of the infant. Negative infant temperament may be a predictor to disordered eating behaviors and growth development. As infant temperament is an important factor in determining growth and development, the risk factors to negative temperament should be studied. This study aims to determine the role of prenatal and postnatal factors with the infant circadian rhythm and its relationship with infant growth and temperament at 6 months. This study also includes the validation of the Chrononutrition Profile Questionnaire (CPQ) among pregnant women. Through the validation of CPQ, future research about chrononutrition behaviors and eating misalignment can be conducted to replace food record. The design of this study is a prospective observational cohort study. Data will be collected during 3rd trimester of pregnancy, whereas follow-up data on birth outcomes will be collected at birth. At 3 months after birth, data on maternal and infant circadian rhythm will be assessed, then data on growth and development will be collected at 6 months after birth. Data collection is elicited through a properly designed and validated questionnaire namely Chrononutrition Profile Questionnaire (CPQ), Harvard Light Exposure Assessment (H-LEA), sun exposure habits, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS). Meanwhile, anthropometric data such as gestational weight gain and birth outcomes are gathered from clinic record. In addition, data on infant sleep, feeding, behavior, and light exposure will be collected using Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), infant feeding log, Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ), Infant Behavior Questionnaire- Revised (IBQ-R), and infant light exposure log sheet. Cortisol levels will be determined using salivary cortisol method where maternal and infant saliva samples are collected at 3 time points: upon awakening, noon (10:00 to 12:00), and evening (19:30 to 21:00). Understanding the potential factors affecting infant circadian rhythm offers new insights in understanding modern lifestyle factors and its association with fetal programming, infant growth, and development.

Official Title
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Prenatal and Postnatal Factors Associated With Infant Circadian Rhythm, Growth, and Temperament

Conditions
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Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Jet Lag Type

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: MOMENT


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy pregnant women with no comorbidities before or during pregnancy Malaysian aged 18-39 years old Literate in English and Malay language Single pregnancy Exclusion Criteria: Physically disabled Smoke cigarette and drinks alcohol during pregnancy On steroid medication Infants with any deformities or congenital diagnosis.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 19 Years
Maximum Age: 39 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| MOMENT cohort<br>The cohort will be recruited at third trimester of pregnancy and required to fill up questionnaires and complete saliva collection. We will then follow up with the cohort at 3 months after birth to collect follow up data of the mother and infant. Lastly, we will collect growth outcomes of the infant at 6 months. | Behavioral: MOMENT<br>* Prenatal and postnatal factors including maternal, environment, and infant circadian rhythm were studied to determine its effect on infant growth and temperament.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Infant growth in height | Infant growth is determined by measuring the height (in centimeters) and height for age | Birth to 6 months | 
| Infant growth in weight | Infant growth is determined by measuring the weight (in kiligrams) and weight for age | Birth to 6 months | 
| Infant growth in head circumference | Infant growth is determined by measuring the head circumference (in centimeters) | Birth to 6 months | 
| Infant temperament | Infant temperament is determined by completing the Infant Behavior Questionnaire- Revised version (IBQ-R) | 6 months after birth | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Infant circadian rhythm | Infant circadian rhythm is determined by charting the cortisol rhythms that were tested using saliva samples | 3 months after birth | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Circadian rhythm, Chrononutrition, Pregnancy, Infant, Eating misalignment, Light exposure