Tranexamic Acid With Microneedling in Melasma

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Topical tranexamic, a hydrophilic molecule, can't pass the lipid barriers of the stratum corneum and it's also not retained in adequate amount in the epidermis to enter the melanocytes, so there's a difficulty in the effective delivery of tranexamic acid into the melanocytes . Hyaluronic acid was proved to improve the effective delivery of tranexamic acid through loosening corneocyte packing and helping TXA entering the melanocytes and minimizing its epidermal diffusion .

Detailed Description
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Melasma is a common acquired pigmentary disorder characterized by irregular symmetric medium- to dark-brown macules and patches affecting the photoexposed areas of the face causing cosmetic disfigurement and low quality of life of the patient. Melsama affects mostly women of reproductive age with Fitzpatrick skin type IV-VI . The exact pathogenesis of melasma isn't well-known, however the major etiological factors include genetic influences, chronic sun exposure, pregnancy, contraceptives, drugs and hormone therapy. Although the exact pathogenesis of melasma is not fully clarified, the pathophysiology of melasma is believed to involve excess production of melanin or an increase in the activity of melanocytes in the skin . Melasma is often refractory to treatment with common relapses, so it needs a treatment modality that can be used for long time with minimal side effects. Topical depigmenting agents have good results but also may lead to many side effects. Microneedling is a minimally invasive technique used for skin rejuvenation and treatment of many diseases, such as dyspigmentation. Gentle microneedling enhances upper dermal changes and increases the epidermal turnover that leads to decreasing melanin production and its deposition in melanocytes and also increasing the epidermal melanin cleareance which improve melasma. Microneedling enhances transdermal drug delivery across the skin barrier through creating microchannels into the skin without causing actual epidermal damage. Microneedling with topical tranexamic acid (TXA) was proved to be safe, effective and comparatively painless without any detectable side effects. Tranexamic acid, a hemostatic drug, is used to treat melasma by inhibiting the plasminogen activating system . The intracellular release of arachidonic acid, a precursor to prostaglandins E2, and the level of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone increase as the result of plasmin activity. These two substances can activate melanogenesis. Therefore, the anti-plasmin activity of TA is thought as the main mechanism of hypopigmentory effect of this agent . Tranexamic acid also inhibits angiogenesis of dermal blood vessels through suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor . Topical tranexamic, a hydrophilic molecule, can't pass the lipid barriers of the stratum corneum and it's also not retained in adequate amount in the epidermis to enter the melanocytes, so there's a difficulty in the effective delivery of tranexamic acid into the melanocytes . Hyaluronic acid (HA) was proved to improve the effective delivery of tranexamic acid through loosening corneocyte packing and helping TXA entering the melanocytes and minimizing its epidermal diffusion . Hyaluronic acid also can actively adhere to melanocytes using cell suface HA receptors (such as cd44), so promotes the targeted delivery to melanocytes .

Official Title
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The Boosting Effect of Hyaluronic Acid on Tranexamic Acid Microneedles in Melasma Patients: A Split- Face Study

Conditions
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Melasma

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Hyaluronic acid combined with tranexamic acid microneedling
* Drug: tranexamic acid microneedling


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients aged > 18 years. Both sexes. All types of melasma (epidermal, dermal and mixed). Nearly bilateral symmetrical melasma Exclusion Criteria: Pregnancy and lactation Patients who are taking contraceptive pills at the time of the study or during the past 12 months. Patients with bleeding disorders with hypercoagulable state or the concomitant use of anticoagulants. Patient with history of thrombosis like DVT, coronary artery disease, stroke. Patient using any treatment for melasma during the past 1 month before the study. Active skin infection. Infection and immunosuppression Patient with keloidal tendency

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: right side of the face<br>microneedling with tranexamic acid alone on the right side of the face | Drug: tranexamic acid microneedling<br>* On the left side of face, 0.5 ml of HA 3.5% will be used 1st followed by microneedling then 1 ml of TXA will be applied<br>|
| Active Comparator: Left side of the face<br>microneedling with tranexamic acid combined with hyaluronic acid on the left side | Drug: Hyaluronic acid combined with tranexamic acid microneedling<br>* 1 ml of TXA, available as a 500 mg/5 ml ampoule, will be applied on the right side of the face after microneedeling and left to dry<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Modified Melasma Area Severity Index (mMASI) score | Hemi-mMASI for each half of the face is calculated according to the following formula: Hemi-mMASI = 0.15 (A) (D) F + 0.3 (A) (D) M + 0.05 (A) (D) C | through study completion, an average of 9 months | 
| Physician global evaluation | The improvement of patients is evaluated regarding the improvement in mMASI ( ) and graded as follow: Poor (improvement < 25%) Fair (improvement 26%-50%) Good (improvement 51%-75%) Excellent (improvement >75%) | through study completion, an average of 9 months | 
| A five-point Likert scale for patient's satisfaction | Level of patient satisfaction is scored on five points: Not at all satisfied Not really satisfied Undecided Somewhat satisfied Very much satisfied | through study completion, an average of 9 months | 
| Pain assessment | Pain during the session will be assessed and graded as mild, moderate and severe | through study completion, an average of 9 months | 
| Dermoscopic evaluation | Dermoscopy will be performed for each patient at baseline, during and after each follow-up visit to evaluate the improvement of: Color (light brown, brown, dark brown) Pigmentation (pseudo network and arcuate lesions) Vascularity (present or absent telangiectasia) | through study completion, an average of 9 months |