Kettlebell Swings and Paraspinal Muscle Function

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this randomized control trial is to determine the extent of muscle fatigue in the lumbar erector spinae musculature secondary to a high-intensity interval kettlebell swing protocol utilizing TMG previously published by Jay et. al in 2011.

Detailed Description
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Background: Kettlebell swings are commonly utilized to target the lumbar erector spinae and lower body musculature. This exercise exhibits distinct loading properties that requires cyclical contraction of the trunk extensors and posterior chain, potentially explaining its novel influence on muscle contractility. Tensiomyography (TMG) is a reliable, noninvasive, passive technique that may be used to examine muscular fatigue produced by kettlebell swings. Purpose: The purpose of this randomized control trial is to determine the extent of muscle fatigue in the lumbar erector spinae musculature secondary to a high-intensity interval kettlebell swing protocol utilizing TMG previously published by Jay et. al in 2011. Subjects: Forty-one adults between the ages of 18 and 45 were recruited. Inclusion criteria included subjects with no recent history of low back pain and clearance by the physical activity readiness questionnaire. Methods: Participants were randomly allocated to either a kettlebell swing group (KBS; n=21) or a control group (CON; n=20) who only performed the unloaded warm up. Participants were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 24-hours post-intervention for bilateral erector spinae fatigue, measured by five TMG parameters (Dm, Tc, Tr, Td, Ts).

Official Title
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The Immediate Effects of a Standardized Kettlebell Swing Protocol on Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Function

Conditions
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Exercise Training

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Kettlebell swing


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Ages of 18 and 45 years of age. Clear PAR-Q Exclusion Criteria: history of low back pain pre-existing injuries If YES was the response to any of the seven questions in the PAR-Q, the participant was deemed to be unable to exercise safely.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized Control Trial
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Rest<br>Subjects in the control group were instructed to complete the general warm up followed by a 10-minute rest period. | |
| Experimental: Exercise<br>The intervention group completed two-handed Russian KBSs using an interval training protocol outlined by Jay et al.10 involving 30 seconds of work followed by 30 seconds of rest for 10 total intervals. Prior to completing the intervention, participants completed a general warmup consisting of 10 non-weighted squats, 10 non-weighted dead-lifts, and 10 dowel rod shoulder flexion repetitions. Participants were instructed to perform all warm-up activities at an intensity of 70% of maximal effort using a Rate of Perceived Exertion scale(RPE). | Other: Kettlebell swing<br>* The intervention group completed two-handed Russian KBSs using an interval training protocol outlined by Jay et al.10 involving 30 seconds of work followed by 30 seconds of rest for 10 total intervals. Prior to completing the intervention, participants completed a general warmup consisting of 10 non-weighted squats, 10 non-weighted dead-lifts, and 10 dowel rod shoulder flexion repetitions. Participants were instructed to perform all warm-up activities at an intensity of 70% of maximal effort using a Rate of Perceived Exertion scale(RPE).<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tensiomyography | Research has progressed to support the test-retest and inter-rater reliability using TMG for measurement of muscle contraction. TMG demonstrates good to excellent relative reliability(0.80-0.99) and inter-rater ICC between 0.77-0.97 Across all five TMG parameters.4-7 | Baseline, immediate after exercise, 24 hours after exercise |