Comparing Single vs Multiple Dose Radiation for Cancer Patients With Brain Metastasis and Receiving Immunotherapy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study is designed to see if we can lower the chance of side effects from radiation in patients with breast, kidney, non-small cell lung cancer or melanoma that has spread to the brain and who are also being treated with immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. This study will compare the usual care treatment of single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) given on one day versus fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS), which is a lower dose of radiation given over a few days to determine if FSRS is better or worse at reducing side effects than usual care treatment.

Detailed Description
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This study is an open-label, randomized, Phase III trial designed to ascertain whether fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) results in lower incidence of Grade 2 or higher adverse radiation effect (ARE) by 9 months compared to single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) in patients with large brain metastases who have received or will receive immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) targeted to the PD-1/PD-L1 axis within 30 days of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Participants will be randomized 1:1 to either SSRS or FSRS, using a minimization randomization strategy considering 4 prognostic factors of interest: radiosurgery platform (gamma knife vs. LINAC), timing of immunotherapy relative to radiation (ICI within 30 days prior to Day 1 of SRS or not), and surgical status (any resection cavity vs intact metastases only), and predominant tumor type (Melanoma vs. all others).

Official Title
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Hypofractionated Radiotherapy vs Single Fraction Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis Patients on Immunotherapy (HYPOGRYPHE)

Conditions
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NSCLC, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Breast Carcinoma, Melanoma, Brain Metastases, Adult, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Intervention / Treatment
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* Radiation: single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS)
* Radiation: fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: At least one intact brain metastasis or resection cavity ≥ 2 cm in diameter or ≥ 4 cc volume with no prior history of radiation therapy for brain metastasis. Both patients at initial diagnosis of brain metastases and patients known brain metastasis treated with systemic therapy alone are eligible Lesion volume will be approximated by measuring the lesion's three perpendicular diameters on contrast-enhanced, T1-weighted MRI and the product of those diameters will be divided by 2 to estimate the lesion volume (e.g., xyz/2). Alternatively, direct volumetric measurements via slice-by-slice contouring on a treatment planning software package can be used to calculate the total tumor volume. Any extent of non-CNS disease is allowed. There is no requirement for non-CNS disease to be controlled prior to study entry. Age ≥ 18 years at the time of enrollment. Total brain metastases (including resection cavities) ≤ 15 on diagnostic MRI; all lesions must be amenable to SSRS and FSRS as determined by the treating radiation oncologist. Treatment must take place at a facility credentialed by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) for SRS and that offers both SSRS and FSRS as treatment options. Total gross tumor volume must be ≤ 30 cc. Lesion volume will be approximated by measuring each lesion's three perpendicular diameters on contrast-enhanced T1 MRI and the product of those diameters will be divided by 2 (V = xyz/2). Direct volumetric measurements by contouring all lesions on all visible slices on treatment planning software is also acceptable. If there is a cavity, only gross residual disease within or adjacent to the cavity is counted toward the 30 cc total volume. Ability to tolerate MRI brain with gadolinium-based contrast. Pathologically confirmed melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, or breast cancer. Has received, is currently receiving, or is planned to receive immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (defined as agent targeted to PD-1/PD-L1 axis) within 30 days of SSRS/FSRS. Dual ICI therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 targeted agents are allowed, but patients treated with a single agent CTLA-4 targeted agent only are ineligible. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥ 50. Refer to Appendix A. Negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 14 days of randomization for women of child-bearing potential. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign written informed consent. Patients must be able to provide informed consent. Must be able to speak, read and understand English or Spanish Exclusion Criteria: Prior fractionated, whole, or partial brain radiation therapy. Prior courses of radiation therapy for brain metastases. Prior courses of SRS for benign tumors such as meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, schwannomas may be acceptable if the treatment is > 2cm away from the site of a metastatic lesion that would be treated on this study. The study PI or a designated co-PI must review this type of case to confirm eligibility prior to enrollment. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis established by lumbar puncture cytology, or MRI imaging. In the absence of a clinical indication, a lumbar puncture is not required to confirm eligibility. A brain metastasis that is 5 mm or less from the optic chiasm or optic nerves Inability to tolerate brain MRI or receive gadolinium-based contrast Planned or prior therapy with bevacizumab within 30 days as part of a systemic therapy regimen at study enrollment. Serious intercurrent illness or medical condition judged by the local investigator to compromise the patient's safety, preclude safe administration of the planned protocol treatment, or would not permit the patient to be managed according to the protocol guidelines.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Sequential Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Participants will be randomized 1:1 to either SSRS or FSRS, using minimization randomization strategy considering 4 prognostic factors of interest: radiosurgery platform (GK vs. LINAC), timing of immunotherapy relative to radiation (ICI within 30 days of Day 1 prior to SRS or not), surgical status (any resection cavity vs. intact metastases only), and predominant tumor type (Melanoma vs. all others). All baseline patient-reported outcomes and neurocognitive assessments will be collected prior to randomization to minimize bias.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: SSRS = single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery<br>SSRS is an advanced radiation technique that delivers high dose precision radiation in a single dose to discrete intracranial lesions. SSRS has recently become a standard-of-care treatment for patients with 1-4 brain metastases and is also commonly used for patients with up to 15 metastases, due to improved neurocognitive outcomes compared to whole brain radiotherapy. | Radiation: single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS)<br>* SSRS is an advanced radiation technique that delivers high dose precision radiation in a single dose to discrete intracranial lesions.<br>|
| Experimental: FSRS = fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery<br>FSRS is an advanced radiation technique that uses a lower dose precision radiation delivered over 3 to 5 treatments given daily or every other day to intracranial lesions. | Radiation: fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS)<br>* FSRS is an advanced radiation technique that uses a lower dose precision radiation delivered over 3 to 5 treatments given daily or every other day to intracranial lesions.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Occurrence of a Grade 2 or higher Adverse Radiation Effect (ARE) | To compare the proportion of participants experiencing Grade 2 or higher Adverse Radiation Effects (ARE) within 9 months following randomization to single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) vs fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) in patients with brain metastases ≥ 2 cm in diameter or ≥ 4cc in volume treated with concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. | 9 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compare time to composite end point | To compare the time to the composite endpoint of either local failure of a metastasis treated with SRS (as defined in Section 8.2) or first Grade 2 or higher ARE between SSRS and FSRS groups. | 9 months | 
| Compare time to local failure between SSRS and FSRS groups | To compare time to local failure between SSRS and FSRS groups. | 9 months | 
| Compare time to neurologic death between groups | To compare time to neurologic death between groups. | 9 months | 
| Compare patient-reported brain tumor specific symptom burden | To compare patient-reported brain tumor specific symptom burden using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Brain Tumor (MDASI-BT) between SRSS or FSRS groups at 9 months. | 9 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Gamma Knife, Linear Accelerator, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) therapy, Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS), Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery (FSRS), Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SSRS)