Metabolic Cost of Sandbag Training

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study aims at investigating the metabolic cost of several fundamental exercises with sandbag. Sandbag training has become a popular training modality that is efficiently used to improve cardiovascular status and physical performance. Despite its widespread use and popularity the metabolic cost of exercises using sandbag remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the metabolic cost of various fundamental exercise with sandbag will be determined to aid the planning of exercise training programs.

Detailed Description
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Ten healthy young adults will be assigned to this study. Participants will initially undergo a baseline assessment of their anthropometrics, body composition (by DXA), resting metabolic rate (RMR), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), muscular strength [maximal strength (1RM) and muscular endurance] and functional capacity. After baseline screening, participants will execute in different days (one exercise per day) one set of each of the following 8 exercise: (1) lateral bag drag, (2) dead bag, (3) shoulder to shoulder thruster, (4) sumo DL with pull, (5) front lunge, (6) single leg RDL, (7) reverse lunge with rotation and (8) clean, in two different conditions: (i) 30 sec and (ii) 45 sec exercise duration, in a random order. Prior to each exercise resting heart rate, blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption and rate of perceived exertion will be recorded. Heart rate and oxygen consumption (through portable gas analyzer) will be continuously monitored during the exercise and after the end of it, until the oxygen consumption reach the pre-exercise values (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption). Blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion will be reassessed post-exercise.

Official Title
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Metabolic Cost of Sandbag Training

Conditions
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Exercise Energy Expenditure

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Sandbag exercise


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Aged between 18 and 35 years Physically active individuals Free of chronic diseases Free of musculoskeletal injuries Nonsmokers Exclusion Criteria: Chronic disease Musculoskeletal injury Consumption of alcohol, caffeine and any type of ergogenic supplement during the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Screening
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 30-SEC<br>Participants will execute each exercise for 30 seconds | Other: Sandbag exercise<br>* Both arms include an exercise intervention consisted of 8 different exercises with sandbag: (1) lateral bag drag, (2) dead bag, (3) shoulder to shoulder thruster, (4) sumo DL with pull, (5) front lunge, (6) single leg RDL, (7) reverse lunge with rotation and (8) clean<br>|
| Experimental: 45-SEC<br>Participants will execute each exercise for 45 seconds | Other: Sandbag exercise<br>* Both arms include an exercise intervention consisted of 8 different exercises with sandbag: (1) lateral bag drag, (2) dead bag, (3) shoulder to shoulder thruster, (4) sumo DL with pull, (5) front lunge, (6) single leg RDL, (7) reverse lunge with rotation and (8) clean<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in exercise energy expenditure | Total energy expenditure (kcals) during the exercise will be assessed by summing the kcals of the oxidative system, the glycolytic system and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. | At pre-exercise, during and up to 15 minutes after the exercise (a single set lasting 30 or 45 seconds) | 
| Change in aerobic energy expenditure | The contribution of oxidative system in exercise energy expenditure will be assessed by the change in oxygen consumption during the exercise using a portable gas analyzer | At pre-exercise and during the exercise (a single set lasting 30 or 45 seconds) | 
| Change in anaerobic energy expenditure | The glycolytic contribution to exercise energy expenditure will be assessed by the change in blood lactate concentration after the exercise | At pre-exercise and post-exercise (a single set lasting 30 or 45 seconds) | 
| Change in recovery energy expenditure | The contribution of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in exercise energy expenditure will be assessed by the change in oxygen consumption after the exercise using a portable gas analyzer | At pre-exercise and up to 15 minutes after the exercise (a single set lasting 30 or 45 seconds) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in blood lactate concentration | Blood lactate concentration will be assessed using a portable automatic analyzer | At pre-exercise and 4 minutes after the exercise session | 
| Change in heart rate | Heart rate will be assessed using a wearable heart rate monitor | At pre-exercise, during and up to 15 minutes after the exercise session. | 
| Change in rate of perceived exertion | Perceived exertion will be assessed using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (0-10), with ''0'' indicating ''No Exertion'' and ''10'' indicating ''Maximal Exertion''. | At pre-exercise and post-exercise session. | 
| Change in respiratory exchange ratio | Respiratory exchange ratio will be assessed using a portable gas analyzer. | At pre-exercise, during and up to 15 minutes after the exercise session. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Anaerobic energy expenditure, Functional training, Sandbag training, Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, Aerobic energy expenditure