Prevalence and Associated Factors of Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a surgical complication defined as any nausea, and vomiting with in the first 24-48 hours after surgery in inpatients. Nausea is an unpleasant feeling or desire to vomit without expulsive muscular movement, while vomiting is a forceful expulsion or reflux of the gastric contents through the mouth. Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the most common complication associated anesthesia and surgery. It is considered the most common cause of morbidity, and it has significant effects on patient satisfaction. In spite of recent development of anesthesia and surgical techniques, the incidence of PONV remains high. This common anesthetic and surgical side effect has been reported to increase patient dissatisfaction and can be just as distressing to patients as postoperative pain is.

Detailed Description
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Postoperative nausea and vomiting is caused by multiple factors; patient related, anesthesia and surgery related risk factors have been identified. Patient related factors include female gender post-puberty, nonsmoking status, history of PONV or motion sickness, and childhood after infancy and younger adulthood. Use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide, large-dose neostigmine, or intraoperative or postoperative opioids are factors related to anesthesia, while the type of procedures like gynecologic, ophthalmological, ontological, thyroid surgery laparoscopic, abdominal surgery and duration of the procedure are some of surgery related risk factors. The incidence of PONV for over multiple individual studies conducted around the world, has been estimated to be 25% to 30% and up to 80% in high risk groups. The incidence of PONV is estimated to range from 20%-36%. Post-operative nausea and vomiting imposes multiple impacts on patients. The main one being a decrease satisfaction, but more importantly it leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, aspiration of gastric secretions, esophageal rupture, bleeding, increased morbidity, and delayed discharge from hospital. The study aimed to assess the incidence and associated factors of post-operative nausea and vomiting, which is believed to be a main contributing factor to dissatisfaction and delayed recovery seen in our country. The study was done from February to April 2022 in patients undergoing elective surgery at Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, Ethiopia.

Official Title
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting Among Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery in DCSH, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, 2022

Conditions
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Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: elective surgery


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: All adult patients, who underwent elective surgery under anesthesia in the study period. Exclusion Criteria: Patients who didn't gain their consciousness postoperatively, patients who underwent emergency surgery, patients who were re-operated on during the study period, surgical patients medical illness that predispose them to nausea and vomiting, and patients discharged before 24 hours postoperatively

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| PONV and Non PONV<br>PONV- patients who developed nausea and vomiting postoperatively Non PONV- patients who did not develop nausea and vomiting postoperatively | Procedure: elective surgery<br>* All elective surgical procedures performed under the study period will be included.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| post-operative nausea and vomiting | Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is defined as any nausea, retching, or vomiting occurring during the first 24-48 h after surgery. | 24 hours |