Temporomandibular Joint Problems and Core Stabilization

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between temporomandibular joint problems, head posture, tongue strength, and endurance with core stabilization.

Detailed Description
-----------------
This cross-sectional study was conducted on university students aged 18-31 between September 2022 and February 2023. In the evaluation of the students were used that the Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire for temporomandibular joint dysfunction, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Examination Form for maximum pain-free mouth opening, presence of sound in temporomandibular joint movements, and palpation parameters of temporomandibular joint and surrounding muscles, Craniovertebral Angle for forward head posture, and Iowa Oral Performance Instrument for tongue strength and endurance. In addition, the Trunk Flexor Endurance Test and Biering Sorenson Test were used for static endurance of the core muscles, and Sit-ups Test and Modified Push-ups Test were used for dynamic endurance of the core muscles.

Official Title
-----------------
Temporomandibular Joint Problems, Head Posture, Tongue Strength and Endurance and Core Stabilization With University Students

Conditions
-----------------
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Core Stability

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: TMJ dysfunction
* Other: Maximum pain-free mouth opening (MMO)
* Other: Forward head posture
* Other: Tongue strength and endurance
* Other: Static endurance evaluation of the trunk muscles
* Other: Dynamic endurance evaluation of the core muscles


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: University students aged 18 and 31 who agreed to participate in the study signed the Informed Consent Form were included. Exclusion Criteria: having a non-reducible disc problem, having surgery related to spine, abdomen and/or TMJ problem, history of trauma, cancer, presence of neurological problems, congenital anomaly, musculoskeletal problems, systemic disease, facial paralysis, receiving any treatment related to the spine and TMJ in less than six months.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 31 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Other: TMJ dysfunction|Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire (FAQ) was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the FAQ was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.|
|Other: Maximum pain-free mouth opening (MMO)|The maximum pain-free mouth opening was recorded using a 15 cm ruler|
|Other: Forward head posture|Forward head posture was evaluated by CVA using a goniometer. CVA was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane, the seventh cervical vertebra and the ear hole|
|Other: Tongue strength and endurance|Tongue strength and endurance were evaluated with IOPI (Medical LLC, Redmond, WA), which has been clinically validated and reliable|
|Other: Static endurance evaluation of the trunk muscles|The Trunk Flexors Endurance Test and the Biering Sorenson Test were used. These static tests are measurements targeting the local core muscles.|
|Other: Dynamic endurance evaluation of the core muscles|The Sit-ups and the Modified Push-ups Tests were used. These dynamic tests are measurements targeting the global core muscles.|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TMJ dysfunction | Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire (FAQ) was used for TMJ dysfunction. The FAQ has a multi-factor evaluation structure. The questionnaire consists of ten questions about pain in TMJ, head, and joints, with answer options of No, Sometimes and Yes. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD. | September 2022- February 2023 | 
| Maximum pain-free mouth opening (MMO) | The maximum pain-free mouth opening was recorded using a 15 cm ruler | September 2022- February 2023 | 
| Forward head posture | Forward head posture was evaluated by CVA using a goniometer. | September 2022- February 2023 | 
| Tongue strength and endurance | Tongue strength and endurance were evaluated with IOPI (Medical LLC, Redmond, WA), which has been clinically validated and reliable | September 2022- February 2023 | 
| Static endurance evaluation of the trunk muscles | The Trunk Flexors Endurance Test and the Biering Sorenson Test were used. These static tests are measurements targeting the local core muscles. The time the individuals maintained their position was recorded in seconds (sec) using a stopwatch. | September 2022- February 2023 | 
| Dynamic endurance evaluation of the core muscles: | The Sit-ups and the Modified Push-ups Tests were used. These dynamic tests are measurements targeting the global core muscles. The number of times the individuals could perform the movement for 30 sec was recorded. | September 2022- February 2023 | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
head posture, temporomandibular disorders, core stability, tongue strength