The Effect of Portable AR on Tooth Brushing Skill for Elementary School Students

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study An augmented reality (AR) simulation toothbrushing machine was developed to train proper brushing technique for children. The investigators aimed to evaluate the effects of AR brushing machine on knowledge of dental clearing skill, self-efficacy and dental plaque control in elementary schoolchildren in Taiwan.

Detailed Description
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A quasi-experimental design was conducted; ten intervention schools (AR group) and ten comparison schools were selected from elementary schools. Overall, grade 3-6 students in the AR group (n = 290) and the traditional group (n = 311), respectively. Students in the AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals. Students in the CG received traditional classroom-based teaching. Baseline and follow-ups information was collected using dental plaque examinations and questionnaires. The generalized estimating equations(GEE) were used to evaluate the outcomes between two groups over time.

Official Title
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The Effect of Portable AR on Tooth Brushing Skill for Elementary School Students

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: AR-toothbrush machine
* Behavioral: Teach proper brushing skills


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Primary school students 3 to 6 grades Exclusion Criteria: Schoolchildren with disability certification. Schoolchildren with congenital severe oral diseases (eg. cleft lip and palate ) Disability to operate the AR system

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 9 Years
Maximum Age: 12 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: AR group<br>Student in AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals. | Device: AR-toothbrush machine<br>* Student in AR group received a two-time repeated AR-based training for 30 minutes at two-week intervals. The AR-based training system (PVIX Oral, EPED) digitized the steps of the toothbrushing technique applying optical tracking technology to enable the participants to obtain immediate scoring after the completion of practice. The scoring depends on the level of removing simulated dental plaque. The AR system was equipped with an optical tracking unit, a 3D training head model, and a wireless toothbrush. The toothbrushing practice time for the upper and lower jaw is 3 minutes, respectively. A tooth-brushing song played while the students implemented.<br>|
| Experimental: traditional group<br>Students in the traditional group received a two-time repeated 10-minute lesson regarding proper toothbrushing skills in the classroom at two-week intervals. | Behavioral: Teach proper brushing skills<br>* Students in the traditional group received a two-time repeated 10-minute lesson regarding proper toothbrushing skills in the classroom at two-week intervals. The students were taught by a well-trained dental hygienist using teaching aids (such as dental models, and toothbrushes).<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Plaque Control Record (PCR) | Each tooth is divided into six surfaces, and the PCR record is calculated ( range 0-100% ) | Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention | 
| Plaque Control Record (PCR) | Each tooth is divided into six surfaces, and the PCR record is calculated ( range 0-100% ) | Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention | 
| Self-efficacy | 2 questions , e.g: I feel confident.Response 1 = strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Normal 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree | Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention | 
| Self-efficacy | 2 questions , e.g: I feel confident.Response 1 = strongly disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Normal 4 = agree 5 = strongly agree | Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention | 
| Skill of Toothbrushing | 5 questions , e.g: The toothbrush is pressed against the gums at a 45-degree angle.Response multiple choice | Change from Baseline at 2-week after intervention | 
| Skill of Toothbrushing | 5 questions , e.g: The toothbrush is pressed against the gums at a 45-degree angle.Response multiple choice | Change from Baseline at 4-week after intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Augmented reality, dental plaque, schoolchildren