Dinner Time 2: Effect of Delayed Eating or Sleeping on Metabolism

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study examines the acute impact of eating an early versus late dinner. Early and late will be customized to individuals based on the individuals' own circadian rhythms. Healthy adults will have the adults' circadian rhythm assessed by measuring the adults' dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Based on the timing of DLMO, participants will be randomized to eating dinner before DLMO or after DLMO. The investigators will also compare the effects of delaying sleep relative to dinner time. Participants will eat meals in the laboratory and have serial plasma samples collected to examine profiles of free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and oxidation of dietary fat.

Detailed Description
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Obesity is a worldwide health problem. Recent studies suggest that the timing of meals may be critically important for weight control and cardiovascular health. Consuming calories later in the day is associated with greater risks of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Interventional diet studies also show more effective weight loss with early, rather than later eating. The investigators conducted a randomized crossover study comparing the metabolic effect of a routine dinner (RD,18:00) with that of an isocaloric late dinner (LD, 22:00) in 20 healthy volunteers. The investigators recently published results of this study, which the investigators now refer to as Dinner Time 1. Relative to RD, LD increased post-dinner glucose peak by  18% and lowered palmitate oxidation by  10%. However, it is still unclear whether LD-induced impaired metabolic dysfunction is caused by eating at the wrong time relative to the body's central circadian clock, or it is caused by eating too close to bedtime, when sleep reduces metabolic demands. To address this question, the investigators are now enlarging the scope of the present study, which the investigators now refer to as Dinner Time 2. In Dinner Time 2, the investigators will examine the impacts of early dinner, late dinner, and the impact of delaying sleep after late dinner. The investigators will compare (1) the impact of early dinner time with later dinner time relative to DLMO with a routine sleep time; and (2) the impact of routine bedtime with late bedtime with a fixed late dinner time. The investigators will examine the nocturnal and next-morning metabolic profile in a 3-arm randomized crossover study of healthy volunteers: Arm 1: Early Dinner (dinner at DLMO-3, sleep at DLMO+2) Arm 2: Late Dinner (dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+2) Arm 3: Late Dinner/Late Sleep (dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+6) The investigators will use serial blood sampling to assess the metabolic response to meals, and use an ingested stable isotope [(2H31)palmitate] tracer to calculate the oxidation of dietary lipid eaten at the different times.

Official Title
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Dinner Time 2: Effect of Delayed Eating or Sleeping on Metabolism

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Early dinner
* Behavioral: Late Dinner
* Behavioral: Late Dinner + Late Sleep


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion: Healthy male and female adult volunteers, age 18-30 BMI 18-30 kg/m2 Accustomed to a bedtime before 1:00 A.M. or having mid-sleep on free days (MSF) earlier than 5 A.M. from the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) (to exclude extreme late chronotypes) Exclusions: Sleep disorder including insomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorder, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder Gastroesophageal reflux disease that affects ability to tolerate a dinner close to bed time. Chronic use of sedative hypnotics, anxiolytics, opiates Use of medications that can affect circadian rhythm (beta blockers, melatonin) Active smoking (may interfere with metabolism and Clinical Research Unit (CRU) activities) Diabetes (type 1 or 2) HbA1c point of care >= 6.5% Kidney disease Any known history of an inherited metabolic disorder Pregnant or lactating female (pregnancy test will be required) Professional or collegiate athlete Travel across >1 time zone within a 3-month period before and during the protocol DLMO > 24:00 will be excluded from the metabolic study visits

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Early Dinner first<br>Participants will be served dinner and a stable isotope of palmitate to measure fat oxidation, at an early dinner time (DLMO-3h) followed by a sleep study (DLMO+2h). This arm will cross-over to the other 2 arms in random order. | Behavioral: Early dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO-3, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner + Late Sleep<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+6<br>|
| Experimental: Late Dinner first<br>Participants will be served dinner and a stable isotope of palmitate to measure fat oxidation, at a late dinner time (DLMO+1h) followed by a sleep study (DLMO+2h). This arm will cross-over to the other 2 arms in random order. | Behavioral: Early dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO-3, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner + Late Sleep<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+6<br>|
| Experimental: Late Dinner + Late Sleep first<br>Participants will be served dinner and a stable isotope of palmitate to measure fat oxidation, at a late dinner time (DLMO+1h) followed by delayed bedtime (DLMO+6h). This arm will cross-over to the other 2 arms in random order. | Behavioral: Early dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO-3, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+2<br>Behavioral: Late Dinner + Late Sleep<br>* Dinner at DLMO+1, sleep at DLMO+6<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Free Fatty Acids (FFA, mmol/L) | Serial blood samples taken during visit, 25 samples taken over 25 hours (One every hour) per visit. | Baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks | 
| Change in Glucose (mg/dl) | Serial blood samples taken during visit, 25 samples taken over 25 hours (One every hour) per visit. | Baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks | 
| Change in Insulin (mcU/ml) | Serial blood samples taken during visit, 25 samples taken over 25 hours (One every hour) per visit. | Baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks | 
| Change in Triglycerides (mg/dl) | Serial blood samples taken during visit, 25 samples taken over 25 hours (One every hour) per visit. | Baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks | 
| Change in Oxidation of palmitate (percent of isotope enrichment) | Serial blood samples taken during visit (14 samples per visit). | Baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks | 
| Change in melatonin [Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO)] | Serial saliva samples taken during visit, 14 samples taken over 7 hours (one sample every 30 minutes) to access change in melatonin levels (pg/ml) over 7 hours. | At 2 weeks prior to baseline (samples drawn every 30 minutes, up to 7 hours) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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healthy volunteers, fat oxidation, sleep, circadian, glucose