Skeletal Muscle Diacylglycerol and Sphingolipids - Impact of Localization and Species on Insulin Resistance in Humans

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The rationale for the proposed research is that elucidating changes in localized diacylglycerol (DAG) and sphingolipid species that predict insulin sensitivity will reveal specific localized lipids to target in therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. To attain the overall objective, the investigators propose three specific aims: 1. Identify the influence of sarcolemmal DAG and sphingolipids on cell signaling and insulin sensitivity before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. Strong preliminary data shape the hypothesis that sarcolemmal 1,2-disaturated DAG and C18:0 ceramide species will decrease after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions, leading to less Protein kinase C (PKC) and Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation, and enhanced insulin signaling. Skeletal muscle DAG and sphingolipid isomers, species, localization, and de novo synthesis will be measured before and after diet-induced weight loss or exercise training interventions in obese men and women. Insulin sensitivity will be measured using insulin clamps, and muscle lipids using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). 2. Determine the impact of mitochondrial/ER (endoplasmic reticulum) DAG and sphingolipids on mitochondrial function and ER stress in vivo, before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. The investigators hypothesize, again based on preliminary data, that mitochondrial/ER sphingolipids will decrease, yet DAG will increase after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions, and each will associate with increased insulin sensitivity. Changes in sphingolipids will relate to increased mitochondrial function, less ER stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acyl-carnitine formation, while changes in DAG will relate to increased mitochondrial content and dynamics. 3. Identify the effect of exogenous DAG and sphingolipids on mitochondrial function in vitro, before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. The working hypothesis is that DAG and sphingolipids will reduce mitochondrial respiration and increase ROS and acyl-carnitine content, but will be attenuated after endurance exercise training. The proposed research is innovative because it represents a substantive departure from the status quo by addressing cellular compartmentalization of bioactive lipids. The investigators contribution will be significant by identifying key species and locations of DAG and sphingolipids promoting insulin resistance, as well as mechanisms explaining accumulation that could be modified by insulin sensitizing therapeutic interventions.

Detailed Description
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Accumulation of bioactive lipids such as diacylglycerol (DAG) and sphingolipids are one mechanism proposed to promote muscle insulin resistance. Recent data indicate these lipids are located in membranes, but the distribution and signaling of DAG and sphingolipids in specific cellular organelles which regulate insulin sensitivity is not known. There is a critical need to address these gaps in knowledge to design appropriate interventions to prevent and treat lipid-induced insulin resistance. The overall objective of this project is to determine the impact of changes in subcellular DAG and sphingolipid species, signaling, and metabolic function before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. The investigators central hypothesis is that DAG and sphingolipids in muscle promote insulin resistance via mechanisms that are unique to location, type of lipid, and species. The rationale for the proposed research is that elucidating changes in localized DAG and sphingolipid species that predict insulin sensitivity will reveal specific localized lipids to target in therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. To attain the overall objective, the investigators propose three specific aims: 1. Identify the influence of sarcolemmal DAG and sphingolipids on cell signaling and insulin sensitivity before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. Strong preliminary data shape the hypothesis that sarcolemmal 1,2-disaturated DAG and C18:0 ceramide species will decrease after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions, leading to less Protein kinase C (PKC) and Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation, and enhanced insulin signaling. Skeletal muscle DAG and sphingolipid isomers, species, localization, and de novo synthesis will be measured before and after diet-induced weight loss or exercise training interventions in obese men and women. Insulin sensitivity will be measured using insulin clamps, and muscle lipids using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). 2. Determine the impact of mitochondrial/ER (endoplasmic reticulum) DAG and sphingolipids on mitochondrial function and ER stress in vivo, before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. The investigators hypothesize, again based on preliminary data, that mitochondrial/ER sphingolipids will decrease, yet DAG will increase after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions, and each will associate with increased insulin sensitivity. Changes in sphingolipids will relate to increased mitochondrial function, less ER stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acyl-carnitine formation, while changes in DAG will relate to increased mitochondrial content and dynamics. 3. Identify the effect of exogenous DAG and sphingolipids on mitochondrial function in vitro, before and after insulin sensitizing lifestyle interventions. The working hypothesis is that DAG and sphingolipids will reduce mitochondrial respiration and increase ROS and acyl-carnitine content, but will be attenuated after endurance exercise training. The proposed research is innovative because it represents a substantive departure from the status quo by addressing cellular compartmentalization of bioactive lipids. The investigators contribution will be significant by identifying key species and locations of DAG and sphingolipids promoting insulin resistance, as well as mechanisms explaining accumulation that could be modified by insulin sensitizing therapeutic interventions.

Official Title
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Skeletal Muscle Diacylglycerol and Sphingolipids - Impact of Localization and Species on Insulin Resistance in Humans

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Pre-diabetes, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Lifestyle


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: BMI: 30-40 kg/m2 Planned physical activity: <2 hrs/week Glucose tolerance: Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) defined as: HbA1c of <5.7%, pre-diabetes as HbA1c of 5.7-6.4%, and type 2 diabetes as HbA1c of ≥6.5% pre-diabetes, and Type 2 diabetes Oral contraceptive use: Yes or No as long as there is no change during the study Thyroid status: TSH between 0.5-5.0 mU/L Exclusion Criteria: Currently taking Thiazolidinediones Insulin Pregnant Smoker (tobacco and any form of marijuana use) Fasting triglycerides >400mg/dl

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Weight loss only<br> | Behavioral: Lifestyle<br>* Lifestyle changes to lose weight or become more fit<br>|
| Experimental: Exercise Only<br> | Behavioral: Lifestyle<br>* Lifestyle changes to lose weight or become more fit<br>|
| No Intervention: Delayed Intervention Control<br> | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Percent Change in Insulin Sensitivity Compared to Baseline Measurement. | Hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp measured as glucose infusion rate in mg/kg/min. | Baseline and 12 weeks | 
| Percent Change in Localized Muscle Lipids Compared to Baseline | We measured changes in sarcolemmal, mitochondrial, nuclear and cytosolic lipids measured in pmol/ug protein after compared to before the interventions | Baseline and 12 weeks | 
| Percent Change in Body Weight Compared to Baseline Measurement | This is the percent change in body weight for each group after the 12 week intervention. | Baseline, 3 Months |