Healthfulness of Food From Grocery Stores Versus Eating Out Among People Receiving Food Benefits (SNAP)

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The objective of this cross-sectional study was to characterize the dietary intake of SNAP participants and nonparticipants by food source, including grocery stores, sit-down restaurants, and fast food.

Detailed Description
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The study used 4,237 low-income adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003-2006 and 2011-2014). De-identified data was collected from demographic questionnaires and 24 hour dietary recalls. We assessed intake of calories, solid fats, added sugars, and servings of non-starchy vegetables, whole fruits, and whole grains, by food source in SNAP participants and income-eligible nonparticipants. Associations between SNAP participation and dietary intake were analyzed using multivariate linear regression controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics.

Official Title
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Dietary Quality by At-home and Away-from-home Food Sources in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Conditions
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Diet Habit

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Adults ages 20 - 64 At or below 200% of the federal poverty level Completed at least one 24-hour dietary recall Exclusion Criteria: Younger than 20 years old or 65 years and older Income above 200% the federal poverty level No participation in dietary recall

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 64 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| 2003-2004<br>Adults 20-64 at or below 130% of the federal poverty level who completed one 24-hour dietary recall | |
| 2005-2006<br>Adults 20-64 at or below 130% of the federal poverty level who completed one 24-hour dietary recall | |
| 2011-2012<br>Adults 20-64 at or below 130% of the federal poverty level who completed one 24-hour dietary recall | |
| 2013-2014<br>Adults 20-64 at or below 130% of the federal poverty level who completed one 24-hour dietary recall | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Caloric intake | Number of calories consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 | 
| Solid fat | Number of grams of solid fat and percent of intake from solid fat consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 | 
| Added sugar | Number of grams of added sugar and percent of intake from added sugar consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 | 
| Non-starchy vegetables | Cup-equivalent servings of non-starchy vegetables consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 | 
| Whole fruit | Cup-equivalent servings of whole fruits consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 | 
| Whole grains | Ounce-equivalents of whole grains consumed by SNAP participants compared to nonparticipants in 2003-2006 and 2011-2014 by source of food (including grocery stores, fast food restaurants, sit-down restaurants and other sources). SNAP participants will be compared to income-eligible nonparticipants at income levels up to 200% of the federal poverty level. | 2003-2014 |