Effect of Auditory Distractions on Pediatric Postoperative Pain

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different auditorial methods of attention distraction on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. Three group pre and post-test randomized clinical trial.The data were collected using the Socio-demographic Data Form for Child and Parent, Visual Analogue Scale, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. The investigators found that listening to classical music, Turkish music and audiobook methods played an effective role in decreasing postoperative pain and anxiety state in children in the three groups in the study. As a result, investigators showed that different auditorial attention distraction methods had a decreasing effect on postoperative pain and anxiety in children.

Official Title
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Professor (Head of the Departmant of Nursing)

Conditions
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Pain, Postoperative

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: music and audiobook listening


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: patients aged between 7-14 years old, staying in a single room, those for whom a surgical procedure for inguinal or abdominal region had been planned, in the first hour of postoperative period, free of any problem that prevents expression of the post-operative pain, free of hearing problems, having undergone same analgesia protocol; were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: -

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 7 Years
Maximum Age: 14 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: classical music<br> | Behavioral: music and audiobook listening<br> <br> |
| Experimental: Turkish music<br> | Behavioral: music and audiobook listening<br> <br> |
| Experimental: audiobook<br> | Behavioral: music and audiobook listening<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Visual Analogue Scale | Visual Analog Scale (VAS): It is a straight line with a length of 10 cm. On the '0 line', there is no pain and on the '10 line', it is unbearable pain. The child is asked to mark the place indicating the severity of his/her pain. | one hour after the patients were taken to the patient's room after the surgery | 
| Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale | This was developed by Donna Lee Wong and Connie Morain Baker. This scale is used to determine the level of pain in children over three years of age. The severity of pain is determined by the child with choosing the face that describes the child's pain level on the scale starting with the smiling face and ending with the crying face. | one hour after the patients were taken to the patient's room after the surgery | 
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children | This was developed by Spielberger (1973). It is a three-point Likert-type scale. The validity and reliability of the scale were performed by Özusta (1993).The scale consists of two parts as; 'state anxiety scale' and 'trait anxiety scale'. It consists of 40 items in total, 20 items in each part. The STAI-C was adapted from an adult scale and is also known as the How I Feel Questionnaire. ıt comprises separate self-report scales for measuring two distinct anxiety concepts: state anxiety (S-Anxiety) and trait anxiety (T- Anxiety). The 20- item scale asseses a number of symptoms of anxiety such as I get a funny feeling in my stomach and I am checking one of three alternatives that describes him or her best or indicates frequency of occurrence ( 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often ). | one hour after the patients were taken to the patient's room after the surgery | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Visual Analogue Scale | Visual Analog Scale (VAS): It is a straight line with a length of 10 cm. On the '0 line', there is no pain and on the '10 line', it is unbearable pain. The child is asked to mark the place indicating the severity of his/her pain. | Immediately after the listening was over | 
| Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale | This was developed by Donna Lee Wong and Connie Morain Baker. This scale is used to determine the level of pain in children over three years of age. The severity of pain is determined by the child with choosing the face that describes the child's pain level on the scale starting with the smiling face and ending with the crying face. | Immediately after the listening was over | 
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children | This was developed by Spielberger (1973). It is a three-point Likert-type scale. The validity and reliability of the scale were performed by Özusta (1993).The scale consists of two parts as; 'state anxiety scale' and 'trait anxiety scale'. It consists of 40 items in total, 20 items in each part. The STAI-C was adapted from an adult scale and is also known as the How I Feel Questionnaire. ıt comprises separate self-report scales for measuring two distinct anxiety concepts: state anxiety (S-Anxiety) and trait anxiety (T- Anxiety). The 20- item scale asseses a number of symptoms of anxiety such as I get a funny feeling in my stomach and I am checking one of three alternatives that describes him or her best or indicates frequency of occurrence ( 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often ). | Immediately after the listening was over |