The Influence of Dietary Variety and Course Sequence on Fruit Intake in Preschool-Aged Children

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which manipulation of dietary variety and course sequence affects fruit intake and overall energy intake in preschool-aged children.

Detailed Description
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In the past two decades overweight and obesity rates in children (ages 2-19) have risen from 5% to 17%, with toddlers (ages 2-5) at 10%. Among children and adolescents the consumption of low-energy-dense foods, such as fruit and vegetables (F&Vs), remain below current recommendations. Therefore, strategies to increase low-energy-dense F&V intake and decrease high-energy-dense food intake aimed at young children are essential. Antecedents, or cues, can trigger eating. Therefore, manipulating food presentation can be utilized to produce certain behaviors. Dietary variety and course sequence are two examples of this relationship. It has been well established that high dietary variety leads to greater consumption patterns compared to low DV diets in adults. High DV has only been tested with problematic foods, and not with the goal of increasing F&V intake. Additionally, serving a first course meal can act as a preload to decrease intake of the second course entrée. Dietary variety and course sequence manipulations have been experimentally tested with caloric intake goals but never with the goal of increasing F&V intake. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which manipulation of dietary variety and course sequence affects fruit intake and overall energy intake in preschool-aged children.

Official Title
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The Influence of Dietary Variety and Course Sequence on Fruit Intake in Preschool-Aged Children

Conditions
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Caloric Intake

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Variety
* Behavioral: Non-Variety


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: All children that are ≥3 years of age enrolled in the ELC preschool with parental consent can participate. Eligible children must also like applesauce, peaches and cheese cubes, and be able to consume foods with a spoon. Exclusion Criteria: Children allergic to applesauce, peaches, or chocolate pudding or who are lactose-intolerant will not be included in the study. Did not attend all feeding sessions. Did not consume more than 5 grams from any of the foods on an occasion.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 3 Years
Maximum Age: 6 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: One-Course, Variety<br>Participants will receive a snack in one course with a variety of fruit. | Behavioral: Variety<br>* These conditions will have snack served with an increase of fruit variety.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Two-Course, Variety<br>Participants will receive a snack in two courses with a variety of fruit. | Behavioral: Variety<br>* These conditions will have snack served with an increase of fruit variety.<br>|
| Active Comparator: One-course, Non-Variety<br>Participants will receive a snack in one course with no variety of fruit. | Behavioral: Non-Variety<br>* These conditions will receive a snack without a variety of fruit.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Two-Course, Non-Variety<br>Participants will receive a snack in two courses with no variety of fruit. | Behavioral: Non-Variety<br>* These conditions will receive a snack without a variety of fruit.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total grams of snack consumed. | Total grams of snack consumed by participants over the 4-week study (with 1 snack per week) period will be determined by subtracting pre- and post-consumption weight of the snack provided. | 4 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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dietary variety, course sequence, preschool, child feeding