The Effect of Propolis Mouthwash Compared to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Oral and Cardiovascular Health

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The oral microbiome has recently emerged as a key contributor in nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and vascular control by increasing nitrite bioavailability. Antibacterial mouthwash containing chlorhexidine has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the nitrate-reducing activity of oral bacteria, and increasing blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Recent research has also shown that chlorhexidine mouthwash lowered salivary pH and increased salivary lactate and glucose. This was also associated with changes on the activity and diversity of oral bacteria that are susceptible to increase the risk of periodontal disease. On the other hand, mouthwash containing propolis has similar antimicrobial effects than chlorhexidine, but adding some positive outcomes such as increased salivary antioxidant capacity. This may suggest that propolis mouthwash modulates the activity/diversity of oral bacteria. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of propolis mouthwash on the nitrate-reducing activity of oral bacteria and vascular function compared to chlorhexidine in healthy humans.

Detailed Description
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Methods: Participants: Adult healthy and non-smoker individuals will be recruited. The study will be approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the University of Plymouth. Main protocol: Participants will visit the laboratory on two different occasions. At the first visit, basic anthropometrical measurements will be taken before to collect a blood (6 mL) and saliva (3 mL) samples under fasting conditions. Then, the nitrate reducing capacity of oral bacteria will be measured using a 10 mL of a free-nitrite water solution containing sodium nitrate. Participants will rinse their mouth for 5 min. Then, the mouth rinse will be collected into a sterile tube to analyse the absolute concentration of nitrite. Following this, blood pressure will be taken in triplicate on the left arm using an electronic sphygmomanometer. Then, microvascular function will be measured on the left forearm (extensor digitorum) using a hyperaemia reactive test. At the end of this visit and following a double-blind and non-cross over design participants will be allocated in one group: 1) chlorhexidine mouthwash or 2) propolis mouthwash. Participants will be given 14 tubes of 10 mL of mouthwash to rinse their mouth twice a day for a week before to return to the laboratory a week later and to undertake the same measurements.

Official Title
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The Effect of Propolis Mouthwash Compared to Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Oral and Cardiovascular Health

Conditions
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Blood Pressure, Periodontal Diseases

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Propolis


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy individuals between 18 and 50 years old Exclusion Criteria: Smoking To have hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, cancer or other physiological and mental disorders Existing interventions affecting the oral bacteria: mouthwash, tongue scrapes To have taken antibiotics within the last month. In females, to have irregular menstrual periods, less than or greater than 28 days over the last 3 months

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Sham Comparator: Chlorhexidine<br>Chlorhexidine mouthwash will be provided to participants for a week to rinse the mouth twice a day. | Other: Propolis<br>* Investigating the impact of propolis mouthwash on oral and cardiovascular health<br>|
| Experimental: Propolis<br>Propolis mouthwash will be provided to participants for a week to rinse the mouth twice a day. | Other: Propolis<br>* Investigating the impact of propolis mouthwash on oral and cardiovascular health<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Enhanced activity of oral bacteria | The nitrate-reducing nitrate activity of oral bacterial will be measured before and after each treatment | 1 week | 
| Enhanced cardiovascular function | Blood pressure and microvascular response to a hyperaemia reactive test will be measured before and after each treatment | 1 week |