Time Difference Between Onsets of Lateral And Medial Hamstring Muscles During Gait in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Early activation of lateral hamstrings (LH) in respect of medial hamstrings (MH) may cause abnormal knee abduction and external rotation moments in individuals. This situation may increase the risk of ligament injury and may be the reason for susceptibility of patellofemoral pain (PFP). The aim of this study is to compare the time delays in electromyographic studies between medial and lateral hamstrings in patients with PFP and asymptomatic subjects.

Detailed Description
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Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a very common complaint in younger population with still unclear and controversial etiology. It was suggested that a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause PFP. The strain of the retropatellar subcondral bone caused by excessive lateral patellar tracking is known to be the one among intrinsic factors (Thomee R.1999). Imbalance of the dynamics between knee extensor muscles, Vastus Medialis (VM) and Vastus Lateralis (VL), has also received a great research interest during last 10 years. However, uneven timing between onsets of counterpart knee flexor muscles, Lateral and Medial hamstring, were just considered as a possible etiological factor of the PFP (Patil S.2011), yet this hypothesis remains to be proven. The investigators aimed to investigate whether there is a relative time delays of the LH (biceps femoris, BF) and MH (semitendinosus, ST) during the walking at the self-selected speed in patients with patellofemoral pain. Even though dynamic EMG investigations are challenging because of cross-talks between muscles, hence difficult to determine clearly onset times, the investigators think that any information acquired during walking would be highly important because patellofemoral pain is mainly exaggerated by dynamic activities. 15 patients who were diagnosed with PFP (age 28.73±7.44, height 169.73±7.09, weight 67.47±14.31) and 15 asymptomatic subjects (age 30.47±6.22, height 167.87±7.81, weight 67.87±13.48) were recruited in the study. The inclusion criteria for PFP subjects was presence of the anterior and retropatellar pain for minimum 2 months scaled as 3 in accordance with Numeric Analog Scale during at least two of the following activities: stair descending, ascending, squatting, prolonged sitting, jumping, sitting on the knees. Surface EMG was recorded from Medial Hamstring and Lateral Hamstring muscles at 1000 Hz sampling rate during walking at participants' normal walking speed. EMG data obtained from 5 gait trials were evaluated. The EMG traces were full wave rectified and low pass filtered at 50 Hz. Delay in timing before heel strikes between MH and LH was calculated. Statistical significance between differences in time delays was analysed using paired sample t-test.

Official Title
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Is There a Time Difference Between Onsets of Lateral and Medial Hamstring Muscles During Gait in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Comparing to Healthy Subjects?

Conditions
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Patellofemoral Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: kujala patellofemoral pain scale
* Diagnostic Test: Surface EMG
* Other: Q angle measurement


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criterias: Pain originating specifically from the patellofemoral articulation (vague or localized); At least 3/10 pain intensity accordingly to the Numeric Analog Scale (NAS) with at least 2 of the following functional activities commonly associated with PFP stair ascent or descent, squatting, kneeling, or prolonged sitting; Reports of pain greater than 2 months in duration. Being between 18-40 years of age Exclusion Criterias: Previous history of knee surgery, History of patellar instability, Neurologic involvement that would influence gait

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Screening
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Participants which were included in the study were divided into 2 groups as patient group who included the patients diagnosed with Patellofemoral pain and asymptomatic group which was considered as control group.
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Patellofemoral pain group<br>Diagnosis of PFP was established based on symptoms, physical examination performed by an orthopedic surgeon. Patients were also screened through physical examination to rule out ligamentous or meniscal injuries, patellar tendinitis and knee joint effusion by an orthopedic surgeon. All patients also underwent a radiologic examination consisting of AP, lateral and tangential radiograms. Surface EMG, Kujala patellofemoral pain scale, Q angle measurement were administered to the PFP group. | Other: kujala patellofemoral pain scale<br>* Kujala patellofemoral pain scale was used to evaluate knee functions of the PFP subjects.<br>Diagnostic Test: Surface EMG<br>* The surface EMG electrodes (silver/silver chloride, pre-gelled, Ambu Blue Sensor, Denmark) (Konrad P.) with an interelectrode distance of 20 mm between centers were used to record an EMG signal during walking. Portable 8 channel (TELEEMG, BTS, Milan, Italy) with built in x10 amplifications, 10-450 Hz bandpass and sampling rate of 1000 Hz were used for recording. The location and orientation of the electrodes for each MH (ST) and LH (BF) were identified according to SENIAM (Surface ElectromyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) criteria.<br>Other: Q angle measurement<br>* Q angle measurement was applied to both patellofemoral pain and control group subjects in standing position.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Control Group<br>Control group had similar demographic characteristics with PFP group, and neither one of the controls had any knee pathology or current knee pain or effusion that would effect the gait. Surface EMG, Q angle measurement were administered to the control group. | Diagnostic Test: Surface EMG<br>* The surface EMG electrodes (silver/silver chloride, pre-gelled, Ambu Blue Sensor, Denmark) (Konrad P.) with an interelectrode distance of 20 mm between centers were used to record an EMG signal during walking. Portable 8 channel (TELEEMG, BTS, Milan, Italy) with built in x10 amplifications, 10-450 Hz bandpass and sampling rate of 1000 Hz were used for recording. The location and orientation of the electrodes for each MH (ST) and LH (BF) were identified according to SENIAM (Surface ElectromyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) criteria.<br>Other: Q angle measurement<br>* Q angle measurement was applied to both patellofemoral pain and control group subjects in standing position.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time difference between the onsets of the medial and lateral hamstring muscles | The surface EMG electrodes (silver/silver chloride, pre-gelled, Ambu Blue Sensor, Denmark) (Konrad P.) with an interelectrode distance of 20 mm between centers were used to record an EMG signal during walking. Portable 8 channel (TELEEMG, BTS, Milan, Italy) with built in x10 amplifications, 10-450 Hz bandpass and sampling rate of 1000 Hz were used for recording. The location and orientation of the electrodes for each MH (ST) and LH (BF) were identified according to SENIAM (Surface ElectromyoGraphy for the Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) criteria | Preparing participants that include skin preparation and electrodes placement, and recording EMG data took average one hour for each participant | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| kujala patellofemoral pain scale | Kujala patellofemoral pain scale (Kujala 1993) is composed of 13 items that evaluate subjective symptoms and functional limitations. Minimum score is 0 points and maximum score is 100 points; higher values represent a worse outcome. Kujala patellofemoral pain scale is reported to be responsive, valid and demonstrates high test-retest reliability (Crosley K.2014). Turkish version of the Kujala patellofemoral pain score was used in our study (Kuru T. 2010). | At the begining of the study each participant was asked to complete the scale. It took average 10 minutes. Performed once. | 
| Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) | The NRS is an 11-point scale consisting of integers from 0 through 10; 0 representing ''No pain'' and 10 representing ''Worst imaginable pain.'' Participants select the single number that best represents their pain intensity. | Performed 1 day once. | 
| Q angle | Q angle measurement in standing | Performed 1 day once. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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onset , hamstring muscles, patellofemoral pain