Clinical Outcomes Mandible: Buffered 1% vs. Non-Buffered 1% Lidocaine

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Assess the clinical impact of Buffered 1% lidocaine with epinephrine as compared to the Non-buffered 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in dental and oral surgical procedures.

Detailed Description
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Background: Based on the discovery of its topical and locally injected anesthetic effects at the end of the 19th century, cocaine was rapidly adopted as a means of blocking painful sensory impulses from the periphery during surgical procedures.(1) In the last decade local anesthetics have been administered more often, alone or in combination with IV or inhalation anesthetics for most surgical procedures. For clinical procedures in the head and neck the local anesthetic drugs have been combined with a vasoconstrictor, usually epinephrine, to prolong the anesthetic effect at the locally injected anatomic site. To achieve pulpal and periosteal anesthesia by nerve or field block for procedures in dentistry, lidocaine at a 2% concentration has been preferred by clinicians for its reliable outcomes. To prolong the shelf life of the vasopressor, the drug combination must be formulated with a low pH, approximately pH 3.5 for lidocaine with 1/100k epinephrine (Epi). With a better understanding of the pharmacology, new options for improving local anesthetic effectiveness including buffering the commercially supplied drugs to a neutral pH just prior to injection, continue to emerge.(2) When injected, the low pH causes the sting felt by patients on injection. Buffering to a neutral pH eliminates this discomfort and makes the maximum concentration of the non-ionized form of the anesthetic drug immediately available to the targeted nerve membrane.(3-7) Until recently, buffering local anesthetics containing Epi followed with bicarbonate just prior to injection was impractical for the quantities used in intraoral procedures. However, today we do have options to efficiently accomplish this buffering technique.(Anutra Medical, Research TrianglePark, NC). Buffering local anesthetics just prior to use produces positive outcomes including less sting on injection, faster onset of the drug, and possibly added drug potency, ie the same positive clinical effect at lower dosage. In pilot studies with healthy adults as their own controls investigators have shown that Buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100k Epi was as effective as Non-buffered 2% lidocaine with 1/100k Epi for pulpal anesthesia on a 1st molar or canine after nerve block in the mandible or field block in the maxilla-Phase one of this study.(8,9) These outcomes could be beneficial for performing multiple procedures in children whose lidocaine dosage is limited by body weight or others with chronic liver disease. Rationale: The recently reported results from the two clinical studies involving buffered lidocaine with Epi have led to clinicians questioning whether the Buffered 1% lidocaine with Epi might be as effective for achieving pulpal and periosteal anesthesia for dental procedures as Non-Buffered 1% lidocaine with Epi-Phase two of this study, outcomes not usually considered by most clinicians. This protocol addresses that question. Specific Aims: Compare clinical depths of pulpal anesthesia for maxillary(Phase one) and mandibular(Phase two) molar and canine teeth at 30min intervals Post-injection of lidocaine Assess pain levels during injection Assess time after injection to lower lip numb Hypotheses: No differences exist in anesthetic depth for pulpal anesthesia after intraoral injection mandibular nerve block between Buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100k epinephrine as compared to Non-buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100k epinephrine. Subjects will serve as their own controls in a cross-over AB/BA study design which is uniform within sequences, uniform within periods, and balanced

Official Title
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Pilot Study: Comparison of Buffered 1% vs. Non-Buffered 1% Lidocaine Used in Dental and Oral Surgical Procedures: Clinical Outcomes Mandible

Conditions
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Anesthesia, Local

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Lidocaine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age 18-30 years American Society Anesthesiologists I,II Exclusion Criteria: Allergy to lidocaine class of anesthetic drugs Local anesthetic drug use in past week Current symptoms in teeth or oral mucosa

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Buffered 1% lidocaine<br>In week One, Each subject would be injected intraorally with either anesthetic (Buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100,00 epinephrine) or (Non-buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100,00 epinephrine to block the Inferior alveolar, Lingual and Buccal nerves. At least a week later injections for the same nerves would involve the alternate anesthetic. Mandibular molar and canine tested for pulpal anesthesia. | Drug: Lidocaine<br>* Efficacy for mandibular molar and canine anesthesia<br>* Other names: xylocaine;|
| Active Comparator: Non-buffered 1% lidocaine<br>In week Two, Each subject would be injected intraorally with the alternate anesthetic (Buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100,00 epinephrine) or (Non-buffered 1% lidocaine with 1/100,00 epinephrine to block the Inferior alveolar, Lingual and Buccal nerves. At least a week later injections for the same nerves would involve the alternate anesthetic. Mandibular molar and canine tested for pulpal anesthesia. | Drug: Lidocaine<br>* Efficacy for mandibular molar and canine anesthesia<br>* Other names: xylocaine;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mean Time to Pulpal Response After Mandibular Molar Anesthesia | Subjects' mandibular molar teeth will be tested before anesthetic and every 30 minutes with cold and electric pulp test for presence of anesthesia as reported by subjects yes or no | Every 30 minutes up to 120 minutes Total | 
| Mean Time to Pulpal Response After Mandibular Canine Anesthesia | Subjects' mandibular molar teeth will be tested before anesthetic and every 30 minutes with cold and electric pulp test for presence of anesthesia as reported by subjects yes or no | 30 minute intervals up to 120 minutes | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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lidocaine, mandible