High-intensity Interval Exercise and Chocolate Milk on Blood Glucose and Cognition

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine the separate and combined effects of high-intensity interval exercise and chocolate milk on glycemic response, cognitive function, subjective appetite, and salivary cortisol among children aged 9-13 year old children.

Detailed Description
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Twenty children 9-13 years of age will be recruited for this study. On four separate mornings, after a 10 hour overnight fast, each child will consume a standardized breakfast (including orange juice, a strawberry breakfast bar and a pear fruit cup) at home. Using a 2x2 factorial design, 2 hours after breakfast consumption, each participant will arrive in the lab (T=-20 min) and participate in high-intensity interval exercise or sit quietly for 20 min, followed by a treatment drink of chocolate milk or water (control) consumption in 10 min. During high-intensity interval exercise treatment, children will exercise on a cycle ergometer with a 3-min warm-up, 7 repeated bouts of 60-sec exercise at 90% of peak power output and 60-second recovery, and a 3-min cool down. Blood glucose will be measured via finger-prick at baseline (-20 min), 10, 30, 60, and 90 min. Cognitive functions will be measured using a battery of cognitive tests which assess verbal declarative memory, working memory, and executive functioning, and will be measured at baseline, 10. 30. 60, and 90 min. Subjective appetite and emotions will be measured using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, 10, 30, 60, and 90 min. Salivary cortisol will be assessed from saliva samples collected using the passive drool method, and will be collected at baseline, 10 and 30 min.

Official Title
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The Effects of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Chocolate Milk on Glycemic Control and Cognitive Function in Children.

Conditions
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Glycemic Response, Cognitive Function

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Exercise and Chocolate Milk
* Other: Exercise and Water
* Other: Sitting and Chocolate Milk
* Other: Sitting and Water


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: be between 9 and 13 years of age be healthy, and have been born at term not be taking any medications not have allergies to dairy or gluten. Exclusion Criteria: Food sensitivities, allergies, or dietary restrictions Health, learning, emotional, or behavioural problems Receiving any medications Non-habitual breakfast eater (<5 days/week)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 9 Years
Maximum Age: 13 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Exercise and Chocolate Milk<br>Children will exercise on a cycle ergometer with a 3-min warm-up, 7 repeated bouts of 60-sec exercise at 90% of peak power output and 60-second recovery, and a 3-min cool down. Children will then drink 240mL of chocolate milk | Other: Exercise and Chocolate Milk<br>* High intensity interval exercise Chocolate Milk<br>|
| Experimental: Exercise and Water<br>Children will exercise on a cycle ergometer with a 3-min warm-up, 7 repeated bouts of 60-sec exercise at 90% of peak power output and 60-second recovery, and a 3-min cool down. Children will then drink 240mL of water | Other: Exercise and Water<br>* High intensity interval exercise Water<br>|
| Experimental: Sitting and Chocolate Milk<br>Children will quietly sit for 20 minutes Children will then drink 240mL of chocolate milk | Other: Sitting and Chocolate Milk<br>* Sitting Chocolate Milk<br>|
| Experimental: Sitting and Water<br>Children will quietly sit for 20 minutes Children will then drink 240mL of water | Other: Sitting and Water<br>* Sitting Water<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from baseline Glycemic Response | Blood samples will be collected via finger-prick method to assess glycemic response (blood glucose, mmol/L) | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline verbal declarative memory | Cognitive function test of verbal declarative memory | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline working memory | The n-back test consists of 2 levels, 1-back and 2-back, where letters are presented on the screen one at a time. During the 1-back level, participants need to determine if the presented letter is the same as the one letter presented 1 before it or not (by selected 'match' or 'no match' on the side of the screen) and during 2-back need to do determine if it is the same letter as the one presented 2 letters prior. | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline executive functioning | The Stroop test consists of one word appearing on the screen written in either blue, red, yellow or green. There are 24 congruent trials where the presented word is the name of the colour it is written it (i.e. 'red' appearing in the colour red), 24 incongruent trials where the word written is a colour word different from the one it is written in (i.e. 'red' appearing in the colour green), and 10 neutral trials where non-colour words appear (i.e. 'tape' appearing in yellow). The participant is asked to tap the corresponding colour that the word is written in as quickly as possible. | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from baseline salivary cortisol response | Saliva samples will be collected via passive drool method to assess salivary cortisol response (ug/dL) | baseline (-20 min), and 10 and 30 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change form baseline Subjective Appetite | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess appetite | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline aggression | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess aggression | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline anger | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess anger | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline excitement | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess excitement | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline disappointment | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess disappointment | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline happiness | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess happiness | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline upset | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess upset | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change form baseline frustration | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess frustration | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline alertness | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess alertness | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline sadness | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess sadness | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline tension | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess tension | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline exhaustion | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess exhaustion | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 
| Change from baseline sleepiness | 100-mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess sleepiness | baseline (-20 min), and 10, 30, 60, and 90 min post-drink consumption | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Child, Exercise, Chocolate milk, Blood glucose, Cognition, Appetite, Emotions, Cortisol