A Simple Approach to Treat COVID-19 Patients at Home.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The newly recognised disease COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which by early December 2019 had spread from China to the rest of the world, especially Europe, the United States, Latin America, and India, with over 86 million confirmed cases and over 1.870.000 deaths (5th January, 2021). The clinical spectrum of SARSCoV- 2 infection is wide, encompassing asymptomatic infection, mild upper respiratory tract illness, and severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death. According to retrospective data from China regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, at the time of admission to hospital, the most common symptoms were cough (67.8%), fever (43%), and fatigue (38.1%), and less frequently myalgia/arthralgia (14.9%), a sore throat (13.9%) and headache (13.6), while nausea or vomiting (5.0%) and diarrhoea (3.8%) were uncommon. Similar clinical characteristics are also encountered in European and US COVID-19 patients. Given the rising global death toll associated with the pandemic, in the past few months we have witnessed a race to find drug/biological treatments to save the lives of hospitalized, severely ill patients, as well as to develop vaccines. To this end, randomized clinical trials are underway to test experimental drug candidates, or repurposed medicines. At this time, it is crucial to focus on primary care physicians and initial mild symptoms at home in COVID-19 patients. Recently recommendations have been produced to treat this illness at home based on the pathophysiologic and the pharmacologic rationale and the available clinical evidence of efficacy in COVID-19 patients, including results of published clinical trials, for each of the recommended class of drugs. These recommendations have taken advantage from the long term experience of an infection disease specialist and other clinicians of Bergamo Hospital, who used their know-how and sound judgment to treat COVID-19 patients at home. Because the common early mild symptoms of COVID-19 highlight a systemic inflammatory process, there is the recommendation of using anti-inflammatory agents to limit excessive host inflammatory responses to the viral infection, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. Moreover, COVID-19 is a particularly debilitating illness, and, apart from causing patients to be bedridden, there is evidence that in SARS-CoV-2 infection, dysregulation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system occur. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are exposed to the risk of thromboembolic events, independently of age, and anticoagulant prophylaxis is recommended, unless contraindicated. Comparative analysis of patient cohorts with long-enough follow-up in everyday clinical practice may offer a good alternative to randomized clinical trials to evaluate effectiveness of novel therapies. Thus, we will use this approach in an observational retrospective matched-cohort study to compare a cohort of COVID-19 patients treated at home by their family phisicians according to the proposed recommendations with another cohort of similar patients treated with other therapeutic regimens. Our working hypothesis is that following the recommendations the inflammatory processes and thus symptoms resolve faster than with other therapeutic approaches, while safe achieving similar rates of complete remission of the illness.

Official Title
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A Simple Approach to Treat COVID-19 Patients at Home: Does it Reduce Recovery Time? A Retrospective Observational Matched-cohort Study

Conditions
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COVID 19

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Recommended treatment schedule
* Drug: Control treatment schedule


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male and female adult (≥18 years old) Subjects with early mild symptoms of COVID-19, without waiting results of a nasopharyngeal swab, if any Informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Subjects who require immediate hospital admission because severe COVID-19 symptoms at onset according to family doctor opinion

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Recommended schedule cohort<br>COVID-19 patients who have applied the proposed treatment recommendation algorithm at the onset of or within few days from the beginning of symptoms. | Drug: Recommended treatment schedule<br>* Relatively selective Cox-2 inhibitors, Corticosteroids (Dexamethasone), Anticoagulants (LMW heparin), Gentle Oxygen therapy<br>|
| control cohort<br>COVID-19 patients enrolled in the ORIGIN study of the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, and treated at home by their family doctors with drug regimens other than those proposed in the recommendations | Drug: Control treatment schedule<br>* Treatment regimens different from the recommended one according to family phisicians personal practice.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time to complete remission | Complete remission is defined as complete recovery from major symptoms, ie no fever, SpO2 >94% and/or no dyspnea, no cough, no rhinitis, no pain (myalgia, arthralgia, chest pain, headache, sore throat), no vertigo, no nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea, no sicca syndrome or red eyes. | From beginning the proposed recommended treatments or other therapeutic regimens to resolution of major symptoms, assessed up to 20 days. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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COVID-19 treatment