Exogenous Ketone Supplementation and Exercise Performance

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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20 healthy recreationally active men and woman aged 18-35 will participate in the study. There will be three treatments involved: Caffeinated ketone supplements, non-caffeinated ketone supplement and water-placebo. Participants will complete the protocol three times and the treatment order will be systematically rotated to avoid any order effect. The three main trials will be separated by at least 1 week. After providing the corresponding treatment, participants will be given 30 minutes and after, they will perform a standardized 10-minute warm-up, followed by the 20 km time trial and a 30-second all-out Wingate test.

Detailed Description
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Some researchers support that a state of ketosis, reached through the use of ketogenic diet, has the potential to improve athletic. To attain such state, individuals must restrict carbohydrate intake to a maximum of 50g/ day or 10% while keeping protein intake moderate. One of the biggest challenges to achieve and maintain ketosis is complying with the diet due to its restrictive nature. Consequently, manufacturers have developed supplements that can induce a state of ketosis acutely ( 1 hour). Unfortunately, there is very little evidence supporting the use of these supplements to enhance athletic performance. Hyperketonemia (blood ketone concentration > 0.2 Mm) seems to elevate the rate of utilization of ketone bodies. These changes in substrate utilization may allow athletes to preserve, something that would be advantageous for exercise performance. Ketone salts have been shown to elevate the concentration of ketones in blood and as such they may allow the body benefit from the apparent sparing of carbohydrates. Manufacturers now provide ketones salts combined with other ingredients such as caffeine. However it is unknown whether or not the addition of these ingredients has any positive or negative effect on athletic performance. Caffeine alone has been shown to improve athletic performance in several studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a caffeine free ketone salt supplement vs a caffeinated ketone salt supplement and their effects on a 20km time trial and a 30 second all-out Wingate test.

Official Title
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The Effect of Exogenous Ketone Supplementation on 20 km Time Trial and Wingate Performance in Recreationally Active Individuals

Conditions
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Ketonemia, Ketosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: 20 km time trial
* Behavioral: Wingate test
* Dietary Supplement: Ketone/Caffeine
* Dietary Supplement: Ketone
* Dietary Supplement: Water Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy male and female recreationally active individuals aged 15-35 years non regular caffeine users. Exclusion Criteria: Smoker Taking part in other research Sedentary For women, if they are pregnant or become pregnant during the study Injury limiting exercise ability. Have symptoms or take medication for respiratory disease Have symptoms or take medication for cardiovascular disease Have symptoms or take mediation for neuromuscular disease Use heart rate or blood pressure medications Use any medications with side effects of dizziness, lack of motor control, or slowed reaction time

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: This will be a double blind repeated measures cross over study. There will be three treatments involved: Caffeinated ketone supplements, non-caffeinated ketone supplement and water-placebo. Participants will complete the protocol three times and the treatment order will be systematically rotated to avoid any order effect. Design of the study is composed of two performance tests 30 minutes following supplementation. All participants will arrive in a fed state to the laboratory. the corresponding treatment will be provided and 30 minutes later, they will perform a 20 km time trial. 10 minutes after the time trial, participants will perform a 30 second all-out Wingate test.
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Water Placebo<br>Placebo flavored drink similar to treatments but with no energy will be ingested before completing a 20km Time trial and a 30 second all-out Wingate test | Behavioral: 20 km time trial<br>* 20 km time trial cycling test will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on time<br>Behavioral: Wingate test<br>* 30 second all-out effort on a bike will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on peak power output<br>Dietary Supplement: Water Placebo<br>* Dietary supplement containing only water<br>|
| Experimental: Experimental 1<br>Ketone salts supplement mixed in water will be ingested before completing a 20km Time trial and a 30 second all-out Wingate test | Behavioral: 20 km time trial<br>* 20 km time trial cycling test will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on time<br>Behavioral: Wingate test<br>* 30 second all-out effort on a bike will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on peak power output<br>Dietary Supplement: Ketone<br>* Dietary supplement containing only ketone salts<br>|
| Experimental: Experimental 2<br>Ketone salts/caffeine supplement mixed in water will be ingested before completing a 20km Time trial and a 30 second all-out Wingate test | Behavioral: 20 km time trial<br>* 20 km time trial cycling test will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on time<br>Behavioral: Wingate test<br>* 30 second all-out effort on a bike will be conducted to measure the effect of different drinks on peak power output<br>Dietary Supplement: Ketone/Caffeine<br>* Dietary supplement containing ketone salts and caffeine<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 20 km time trial | participants will ride for 20 km on a stationary bike and time to complete distance will be measured. | 40 minutes | 
| Wingate test | participants will perform a ver short all-out effort on a stationary bike. peak power output and fatigue index will be measured. | 30 seconds | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood Ketone | blood ketones will be measured using ketone meter | 1 hour | 
| Blood Lactate | blood lactate will be measured using lactate meter | 1 hour | 
| Rates of perceived exertion (RPE) | RPE will be measured using Borg's scale (1= low - 10= high). | 1 hour |