Thiazolidinedione (TZD) on the Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Objectives: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizers that decrease plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones can cause fluid retention and peripheral edema in diabetic patients, and the systematic fluid retention can be manifested as diabetic macular edema (DME). The overall goal of this study is to examine the effects of thiazolidinediones on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Study design: This is a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, controlled design to assess the effects thiozolidinediones on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The investigators will recruit 300 type 2 diabetic patients without significant retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Inclusion criteria are type 2 diabetes, age between 30-80 years old, with microabluminuria, no significant retinopathy, on submaximal dose of sulphonylureas and metformin treatment, and A1C between 7-9%. Exclusion criteria are on insulin treatment, significant retinopathy and significant nephropathy. Patients with cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, pregnancy, in acute intercurrent illness, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, received PCI or CABG. All subjects will receive EKG and CXR before randomization. These subjects will be randomized equally to 3 groups: acarbose, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. The investigators will follow up for 6 months to investigate the short-term effects and 5 years to evaluate the long-term outcomes. The primary study end point of short-term study will be the macular thickness changes measured by optical coherence tomography, the changes in the level of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, circulating metabolic parameters and adipocytokines during thiozolidinediones treatment. Secondary end point will be fasting blood glucose, A1C levels, development of clinically significant macular edema, serum creatinine change in patients with no history of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy at baseline. The primary study end point of long-term study will be the development of clinically significant macular edema and the time from the base-line visit to the first detection of overt nephropathy. Secondary end points include the development of greater than moderate NPDR, the time to the first event of the time from the base-line visit to a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death.

Detailed Description
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The effects of thiazolidinedione on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy: Overall Goal and Specific Aims The overall goal of this study is to examine the effects of thiazolidinediones on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The specific aims are: To investigate the short-term effects of thiazolidinediones on the macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography and the long-term effects of thiazolidinediones on the clinically significant macular edema and diabetic retinopathy documented by color photography and fluoroscein angiography. Short-term effects of thiazolidinediones on the change of urine albumin excretion and serum cardiovascular risk profiles and long-term effects of thiazolidinediones on the estimated GFR change and progression to overt diabetic nephropathy. Objectives Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are insulin sensitizers that decrease plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones can cause fluid retention and peripheral edema in diabetic patients, and the systematic fluid retention can be manifested as diabetic macular edema (DME). The overall goal of this study is to examine the effects of thiazolidinediones on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Study design This is a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, controlled design to assess the effects thiozolidinediones on the diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. The investigators will recruit 300 type 2 diabetic patients without significant retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Inclusion criteria are type 2 diabetes, age between 30-80 years old, with microabluminuria, no significant retinopathy, on submaximal dose of sulphonylureas and metformin treatment, and A1C between 7-9%. Exclusion criteria are on insulin treatment, significant retinopathy and significant nephropathy. Patients with cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, pregnancy, in acute intercurrent illness, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, received PCI or CABG. All subjects will receive EKG and CXR before randomization. These subjects will be randomized equally to 3 groups: acarbose, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. The investigators will follow up for 6 months to investigate the short-term effects and 5 years to evaluate the long-term outcomes. The primary study end point of short-term study will be the macular thickness changes measured by optical coherence tomography, the changes in the level of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, circulating metabolic parameters and adipocytokines during thiozolidinediones treatment. Secondary end point will be fasting blood glucose, A1C levels, development of clinically significant macular edema, serum creatinine change in patients with no history of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy at baseline. The primary study end point of long-term study will be the development of clinically significant macular edema and the time from the base-line visit to the first detection of overt nephropathy. Secondary end points include the development of greater than moderate NPDR, the time to the first event of the time from the base-line visit to a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death. The investigators also monitor the long-term safety issue, such as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, any cardiovascular event, and fracture. Expected Results TZDs can decrease plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, but the major side effects are able to cause fluid retention. This prospective study will be able to test whether thiozolidinediones causes macular edema and to evaluate whether thiozolidinediones delays onset of diabetic retinopathy. The investigators also will be able to find the changes in the level of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, circulating metabolic parameters and adipocytokines between the treatment of TZDs and Acrbose. The investigators can compare the time from the base-line visit to the first detection of overt nephropathy, the time to the first event of the composite end point of the time from the base-line visit to a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration, end-stage renal disease, or death.

Official Title
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The Effects of Thiazolidinedione on the Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy

Conditions
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Diabetes

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Actos (Pioglitazone)
* Drug: Acarbose


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Type 2 diabetes Age between 30-80 years old No significant nephropathy No significant retinopathy On submaximal dose of sulphonylureas and metformin treatment A1C between 7-9% Exclusion Criteria: On insulin treatment Significant retinopathy (greater than moderate non-proliferative retinopathy) Significant nephropathy (overt proteinuria or serum Cr >1.50 mg/dL) Malignancy Pregnancy Acute intercurrent illness Congestive heart failure (CHF, according to New York heart Association, NYHA functional class III to IV) Myocardial infarction, received PCI or CABG or liver cirrhosis

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Actos<br>Actos 30 mg for 6 months | Drug: Actos (Pioglitazone)<br>* Actos 30 mg for 6 months<br>* Other names: Pioglitazone;|
| Active Comparator: Acarbose<br>Acarbose 50mg tid for 6 months | Drug: Acarbose<br>* Acarbose 50 mg tid for 6 months<br>* Other names: Glucobay;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diabetic retinopathy | The macular thickness changes | 6 months | 
| Diabetic nephropathy | The changes in the level of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 6 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Development of greater than moderate NPDR, clinically significant macular edema | 3 years | 
| Diabetic nephropathy | The change of urine albumin excretion, estimated GFR change, progression to overt diabetic nephropathy. | 3 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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thiazolidinediones, diabetes, retinopathy, nephropathy