Aerobic and Tai Chi Exercise Among the Smoker University Students

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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It has also been observed that exercise reduces weight gain up to two years after quitting. Weight gain is often mentioned as a reason not to quit smoking, or as a reason to start smoking again. In addition, exercise has many other general benefits for smokers who have quit. However, the focus of the current research is the evaluate the effect of Aerobic& Tai Chi exercise on cardiopulmonary endurance levels among the smoker students within the University of Lahore. On the basis of comparison between two techniques, the study further concludes the findings by highlighting the strength of each technique.

Detailed Description
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Currently, in Latin America and in the world, there is a strong focus on treatment and prevention in the population of all ages, with an emphasis on identifying and reducing modifiable risk factors that increases the possibility of chronic disease development among smokers. Due to limited knowledge, people have develop the conception that Tai-Chi is not effective as much as high intensity exercises such as hiking, jumping ropes, biking and other aerobic exercises. Since last three decades the controversy related to effectiveness of Tai-chi exercises was persistent and to avoid the confusion a research was conducted on 25 Tai-chi students age range between 20-60years. The students were enrolled in the course of 7 years and was learning Yang style of Tai chi. The researchers have selected blood pressure, pulse and heart rate to assess the effectiveness of Tai-chi techniques and the data was recorded before and after the training of Tai-chi techniques. Through the findings of the study, they have observed that with light or easy frequency, the heart rate out of the maximum heart rate, the cardiovascular stimulus reached between 60 to 80% of the criteria introduced by the American Heart Association (AHA). Accordingly, if these exercises performed at high performance, there was a minimum stimulation of the heart and observed at less than 60% of the maximum heart rate. Therefore, people who suffer from high blood pressure, or those who recovered from heart attacks or heart surgeries, high performance is a better option. According to specialists, a person can easily reach the standards set by the AHA by practicing Tai Chi three times a day. When Tai Chi movements are performed quickly, they have the same beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system as aerobic exercise without creating the tension or stress. The physical stimulation can the be achieved by practicing the slow movements while using weights on the ankles, arms or body. Tai Chi is a very safe way of doing exercises and offers the same benefits as aerobic exercises, with no subsequent consequences. Researchers state that high intensity exercise cannot be considered a complete physical activity. Although their influence on cardiovascular and muscular disorders is very high, but they do not necessary benefit other part of the body. On the other hand, Tai Chi has a significant impact on the overall body system and has the ability to rehabilitate any kind of body functioning disorder as compared to aerobic exercises. Along with that, age limitation, muscle strength and other environmental factors are the major concerns that influence the ability of performing Aerobic exercises with the full capacity. However, this is not the case with Tai-Chi exercises, in fact clinicians advise older people to perform the Tai chi technique to reduce the effect of cardiac disorders and improve body immune system. On the other hand, traditional and advanced medical treatment, physical activity and exercise in the form of aerobic exercises are well-organized therapies for Heart failure risks. Although, researchers have presented controversial arguments related to the effectiveness of aerobic exercises with respect to rehabilitation, and continuous practice of such technique has shown quite positive and admirable effects to improve cardiac function, and reduced symptoms related to HF. In people with normal cardiac function, the practice of aerobic exercise results in a better cardiovascular function and better oxygen consumption as well as a lower heart rate at rest and a greater double product. The improvement in oxygen consumption is the result of an increase in cardiac performance and a greater extraction of oxygen in the muscles that are working. The best cardiac performance results from an increase in ventricular filling and beat volume. Most importantly, Taichi not only supposes a multitude of advantages in the systems and parts of the body that habitually can improve with other exercises, but also it affects the circulation of the blood and the arterial tension because it activates intestinal functioning of the nervous system. Each of the movements of Tai Chi seeks to channel and release all energy to achieve a state of maximum peace of mind. In order to achieve the desired effects, concentration is extensively important along with breathing and movements.

Official Title
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Comparison of Aerobic & Tai Chi Exercise on Cardiopulmonary Endurance Levels Among the Smoker University Students

Conditions
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Smoking, Cigarette

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Tai chi
* Other: Aerobic Training


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: University students of smokers (Mild to moderate) (nicotine level) Exclusion Criteria: Person with psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders, malignancies. Diagnosed Cardiac disease. Age less than 18 years and more than 27 years. Musculoskeletal disease that he was unable to perform aerobic exercises, Neuromuscular diseases that he was unable to maintain balance, Pulmonary issues like asthmatic students will be excluded

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 27 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Tai chi<br>(Yang 24 postures) Moderate intensity HRR (40%-60%) | Other: Tai chi<br>* Session: • 3 times a week for 30-45 min. Duration: • For 6 weeks Warm-up: • 10-15 mints Cool-down: • 10-15 mints or stretching's Exercises time: • 20-30 mints<br>|
| Active Comparator: Aerobic Training<br>Elliptical Moderate intensity HRR (40%-60%) | Other: Aerobic Training<br>* Session: • 3 times a week for 30-45 min. Duration: • For 6 weeks Warm-up: • 10-15 mints Cool-down: • 10-15 mints or stretching's Exercises time: • 20-30 mints<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Shuttle run test (VO2 max) | Changes from the Baseline. This test is used to measure cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular fitness and maximum oxygen uptake VO2 max. VO2 max= 3.46*(L+SN/ (L*0.4325+7.0048)) + 12.2) Rating from Excellent to Poor cardiopulmonary endurance. | 6 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nicotine (cotinine drug test kit) urine strip tests: | Changes from the Baseline. The actual level of impregnation can be found more accurately by assessing the concentration of cotinine in the urine according to 3 detection levels (low / medium / high). Low concentration 1-3 cigarettes per day, Medium 3 to 10 cigarettes per day and High concentration 10 cigarettes per day | 6 weeks | 
| Digital Spirometer peak expiratory flow PEF, FEV1 - Forced Expiratory Volume and Forced vital Capacity FVC | Changes from the Baseline. The digital spirometer is used in clinical setting to analyze peak expiratory flow PEF in Liter/second. FEV1 - Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second in liter and Forced vital Capacity in Liter | 6 weeks | 
| Glover Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) | Changes from the baseline The Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavior Questionnaire (GN-SBQ) is a self-report measure of behavioral dependence based on behaviors that may surround smoking or thoughts about smoking. Scores fall within a range of 0-33, with scores of 0 indicating mild behavioral dependence, and scores of 33 indicating very strong behavioral dependence | 6 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Aerobic Exercise, Smoking, Tai Chi Exercise, University Student