PEP Flute-selfcare in COVID-19

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Most research on the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease relate to screening measures, development of vaccines and optimising treatment of hospitalised patients. It is likely that this pandemic will be ongoing for several years until a high level of immunity is reached in the population or a vaccine has been developed. Thus, there is a need of measures to help the SARS-CoV-2 infected individual at home to overcome the course of disease with less symptoms and strain. A Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) flute is feasible for home use and it is possible that regular use of PEP flute may prevent the progression of respiratory symptoms in non-hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 disease. The primary objective of the study is to examine the effect of PEP flute use among SARS-CoV-2 infected, non-hospitalized patients on self-reported change in COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score during 30 days of follow-up. The secondary objectives are to compare the development in hospitalization rates and use of antibiotics in the intervention group and the control group during the follow-up period.

Detailed Description
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It is hypothesized that the PEP flute has positive effects on SARS-CoV-2 infected individual's self-reported respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea, coughing and perceived mucus clearance through beneficial effects on lung function and airway clearance. Furthermore, the investigators expect a lower rate of hospitalization and use of antibiotics in the intervention group as compared to the control group. Finally, potential subgroup effects by gender, age, comorbidity and BMI at study entry will be explored for all outcomes. Based upon a sample size estimation the investigators assess that inclusion of 200 participants in each intervention arm will be an adequate number. Based on the present testing strategy and COVID-19 incidence, current expectations are that two months should be enough to recruit 400 patients. The investigators will allow for recruitment to the end of December 2020, but will terminate enrolment at n = 400. Link to detailed protocol paper will be added once published.

Official Title
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PEP Flute-selfcare to Prevent Respiratory Deterioration and Hospitalization Among COVID-19 Patients: a Randomized Trial

Conditions
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COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: PEP flute


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Positive SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection e.g. fever, cough and shortness of breath. Access to use a smartphone Can reply to a questionnaire (sent on email, text messages or via telephone interview) in Danish Given informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Age < 18 years. Any condition or impairment that, in the opinion of the investigator, makes a potential participant unsuitable for participation or which obstruct participation, such as psychiatric disorders. Hospitalised patients or citizens living in nursing homes

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: This study is designed as a randomised, controlled, open-label trial with two parallel groups and a primary endpoint of CAT-score after 30 days of intervention. Randomization lists will be computer-generated using an appropriate statistical software and based upon permuted random blocks. The allocation ratio will be 1:1 stratified for the following baseline conditions: Sex Age (≥60 and <60 years)
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Treatment group<br>The participants will be handed three airway resistances equivalent to a resistance of 10-20 cm H2O alongside one PEP flute. Two videos will guide the participants in use of the PEP flute; one with instructions of the rationale and how to use the flute, including how to choose the suitable resistance and one video, which gives instructions of hygienic maintenance. Participants in the intervention group will be advised to continue use of their PEP flute in the active intervention period of 30 days or at least if they still have respiratory symptoms. They will receive daily text-messages to prompt their reporting and to use the PEP flute according to instructions. | Device: PEP flute<br>* Participants are advised to use a PEP flute at least three times daily at an appropriate resistance. Ideally, each session consists of 15 breaths (for approximately 1 minute) repeated twice at an upright position.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>The participants in the control group will receive daily text-messages to prompt their reporting of CAT-scores. To avoid attrition of the trial due to early recovery of symptoms, the project manager will call the participants by phone at day 15 to ask them about their present condition (i.e. CAT-score) and address potential concerns of continued participation of the trial. Otherwise, they will only receive usual care. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Self-reported CAT-score (COPD Assessment Test) | CAT-scores will be measured using a telephone administered questionnaire. The CAT-score is validated to evaluate symptoms in COPD patients. Eight items covers symptoms of cough, sputum, chest pain, dyspnoea, activities of daily living at home, feeling safe at home despite symptoms (modified for the present study from feeling safe at leaving home despite symptoms), sleep quality and vigour. The eight items sum up to a range of 0-40 with higher scores indicating more respiratory impairment. Although validated for COPD-use, the CAT-scale is considered useful in the present study because several of the items (dyspnoea, cough, fatigue, sputum and pleuritic chest pain) previously have been used as outcome variables in pneumonia studies. The outcome assessment can be taken within + 1 week for the scheduled visit. | Day 30. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hospital admissions | Will be obtained from the Danish National Patient Registry, from which also data of comorbidity will be retrieved. | Up to day 30, 90 and 180. | 
| Use of antibiotics | Will be obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry. | Up to day 30, 90 and 180. | 
| Self-reported CAT-score (COPD Assessment Test) | CAT-scores will be measured using a telephone or email-administered questionnaire. The outcome assessment can be taken within + 1 week for the scheduled visit. | Day 90, Day 180. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory symptoms, Positive expiratory pressure, Positive expiratory pressure flute, Airway clearance techniques