Whey Protein Support to Metabolic and Performance Adaptations in Response HIIT

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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High intensity interval training (HIIT) has recently emerged as a time efficient alternative to conventional endurance exercise, conferring similar or superior benefits in terms of metabolic and performance adaptations in both athletic and non-athletic populations. Some of these physiological adaptations include augmented mitochondrial biogenesis and improved substrate metabolism in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle. However, nutritional strategies to optimise the adaptations to HIIT have yet to be established. Recent evidence suggests that acute nutritional status can affect the molecular regulation of genes mediating substrate metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that completion of exercise in fasted conditions augments some of these exercise-induced adaptations compared with the fed state. Given the fact that the transient molecular adaptations to acute exercise mediate long-term physiological adaptations, an investigation into the effects of different nutritional interventions on metabolic and performance responses to HIIT is warranted. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of fasted vs. fed-state (Whey Protein) HIIT on metabolic and performance adaptations in the acute (single exercise session) and chronic (3 weeks, 9 exercise sessions) phases. The primary hypothesis is that different pre-exercise feeding conditions (e.g. fasted placebo vs. Whey protein fed) will result in divergent physiological adaptations in terms of skeletal muscle metabolism and performance, both in response to a single HIIT session and a chronic HIIT intervention.

Detailed Description
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High intensity interval training (HIIT) has recently emerged as a time efficient alternative to conventional endurance exercise, conferring similar or superior benefits in terms of metabolic and performance adaptations in both athletic and non-athletic populations. Some of these physiological adaptations include augmented mitochondrial biogenesis and improved substrate metabolism in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle. However, nutritional strategies to optimise the adaptations to HIIT have yet to be established. Recent evidence suggests that acute nutritional status can affect the molecular regulation of genes mediating substrate metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that completion of exercise in fasted conditions augments some of these exercise-induced adaptations compared with the fed state. Given the fact that the transient molecular adaptations to acute exercise mediate long-term physiological adaptations, an investigation into the effects of different nutritional interventions on metabolic and performance responses to HIIT is warranted. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of fasted vs. fed-state (Whey Protein) HIIT on metabolic and performance adaptations in the acute (single exercise session) and chronic (3 weeks, 9 exercise sessions) phases. The primary hypothesis is that different pre-exercise feeding conditions (e.g. fasted vs. Whey protein fed) will result in divergent physiological adaptations in terms of skeletal muscle metabolism and performance, both in response to a single HIIT session and a chronic HIIT intervention. A randomly assigned, parallel group, simple pre-post design has been adopted to answer this question. 3 groups of young (aged 18-35 y), healthy, recreationally active, aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1), protein sufficient (>0.8 g.kg.d-1), males will undertake 3 weeks (9 sessions) of HIIT under different nutrient conditions following >10h overnight fast: i) Fasted placebo (0.33g.kg-1 body mass artificially flavoured and textured placebo); ii) Fed Whey protein (0.33g.kg-1 body mass intact whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise); iii) Fed Whey protein hydrolysate (0.33g.kg-1 body mass hydrolysed whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise). Participants will undergo biological sampling (venous blood and muscle biopsy) and measures of performance pre and post the intervention.

Official Title
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Whey Protein Support to Metabolic and Performance Adaptations in Response to High Intensity Interval Training in Young Adult Men

Conditions
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Muscle, Skeletal, High-Intensity Interval Training, Exercise

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Nutrient support to HIIT
* Dietary Supplement: Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy (absence of clinical condition) Recreationally active Aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1) Protein sufficient (>0.8 g.kg.d-1) Males Able to provide informed consent No contraindications to high intensity exercise Exclusion Criteria: BMI >30 kg.m-2 Metabolic disease (mitochondrial, Type 2 Diabetes)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: A randomly assigned, parallel group, simple pre-post design has been adopted to answer this question. 3 groups of young (aged 18-35 y), healthy, recreationally active, aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1) males will undertake 3 weeks (9 sessions) of HIIT under different nutrient conditions following >10h overnight fast: i) Fasted placebo (0.33g.kg-1 body artificially flavoured and textured placebo); ii) Fed Whey protein (0.33g.kg-1 body mass intact whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise); iii) Fed Whey protein hydrolysate (0.33g.kg-1 body mass hydrolysed whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise). Participants will undergo biological sampling (venous blood and muscle biopsy) and measures of performance pre and post the intervention.
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Intervention (Nutrient support to HIIT): Participants consume 0.33g.kg-1 body mass of artificially flavoured and textured placebo 45 minutes prior to HIIT exercise | Dietary Supplement: Placebo<br>* 3 groups of young (aged 18-35 y), healthy, recreationally active, aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1) males will undertake 3 weeks (9 sessions) of HIIT under different nutrient conditions following >10h overnight fast: i) Fasted artificially flavoured and textured placebo 45 minutes prior to exercise; ii) Fed Whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise; iii) Fed Whey protein hydrolysate 45 minutes prior to exercise).<br>|
| Experimental: Whey Protein<br>Intervention (Nutrient support to HIIT): Participants consume 0.33g.kg-1 body mass intact whey protein 45 minutes prior to HIIT exercise | Dietary Supplement: Nutrient support to HIIT<br>* 3 groups of young (aged 18-35 y), healthy, recreationally active, aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1) males will undertake 3 weeks (9 sessions) of HIIT under different nutrient conditions following >10h overnight fast: i) Placebo: Fasted artificially flavoured and textured placebo 45 minutes prior to exercise; ii) Whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise; iii) Whey protein hydrolysate 45 minutes prior to exercise).<br>|
| Experimental: Whey Protein Hydrolysate<br>Intervention (Nutrient support to HIIT): Participants consume 0.33g.kg-1 body mass hydrolysed whey protein 45 minutes prior to HIIT exercise | Dietary Supplement: Nutrient support to HIIT<br>* 3 groups of young (aged 18-35 y), healthy, recreationally active, aerobically untrained (VO2max <50 ml.kg.min-1) males will undertake 3 weeks (9 sessions) of HIIT under different nutrient conditions following >10h overnight fast: i) Placebo: Fasted artificially flavoured and textured placebo 45 minutes prior to exercise; ii) Whey protein 45 minutes prior to exercise; iii) Whey protein hydrolysate 45 minutes prior to exercise).<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Organelle Biogenesis (Mitochondrial) Acute | Acute phase - change in Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor 1 alpha (PGC-1α) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in response to a single HIIT session. Measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). | Acute - 3 hours post exercise session 1 | 
| Exercise Performance | Mean power output (Watts) during 20 minute cycling performance test. Measured using cycle ergometer and associated software. | Chronic - 72 hours post exercise session 9 | 
| Anaerobic Exercise Performance | Anaerobic exercise performance peak power (Watts). Measured using 30 second Wingate test on a Monark 894E cycle ergometer. | Chronic - 72 hours post exercise session 9 | 
| Organelle Biogenesis (Mitochondrial) Chronic | Chronic Phase - change in Citrate Synthase Activity measured using commercially available assay kits. | Chronic - 48 hours post exercise session 9 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Organelle Biogenesis (Mitochondrial) | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (PDK4), Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) delta, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression. Measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). | Acute: 3 hours post HIIT session 1. | 
| Cycling Economy | Cycling economy (W.VO2 L.min-1) during multiple incremental stages (50 W, 100 W, 150 W, 200 W, 250 W) of a submaximal cycling test. | Chronic - 72 hours post exercise session 9 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Organelle Biogenesis, Adaptation, Physiological, Whey Proteins, Protein Hydrolysates