Prospective, Observational Real-world Treatments of AEDH in Large-scale Surgical Cases

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This is a multicenter, prospective, and observational real-world study aimed at investigating the current situation of surgical treatments and prognosis for acute epidural hematoma in China, and analyzing the optimization of therapy.

Detailed Description
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The incidence of Acute Epidural Hematoma (AEDH) among traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients has been reported to be in the range of 2.7 to 4%. The mortality in patients in all age groups and GCS scores undergoing surgery for evacuation of EDH is approximately 10%. Most people with EDH are generally expected to have a good clinical outcome with the prompt and correct treatment. However, AEDH still represents a potentially life-threatening condition when a local mass effect exists due to rapidly elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) resulted from the rapid build-up of blood. Brain hernia and cerebral infarction might occur and lead to a terrible clinical outcome. In addition, there is a set of patients who experience clinical deterioration after an initial hematoma-evacuation craniotomy because of secondary brain injuries, including massive cerebral infarction (MCI), additional decompressive craniectomy is recommended as soon as possible. Although DC can reduce the morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients with a sTBI, the removal of the bone flap is not necessary for the majority of patients with AEDH, because of the relatively low incidence of MCI secondary to AEDH. Recommendations indicated an epidural hematoma greater than 30 ml should be surgically evacuated regardless of the patient's GCS score. Although craniotomy provides a complete evacuation to remove the clot of the hematoma, there are insufficient data to support a specific surgical treatment method. The choice of operative technique is influenced by the surgeon's expertise, training, and evaluation of a particular situation. Therefore, there is a clinical rationale for investigating the current status of surgical treatments and prognosis for AEDH, thereby providing a reliable reference for the optimization of therapy.

Official Title
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A Real World, Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study to Compare Effectiveness of Surgical Treatments in Patients With Acute Epidural Hematoma

Conditions
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Craniotomy, Epidural Hematoma, Decompressive Craniectomy

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Clear medical history of traumatic brain injury; within 12 hours after injury; Supratentorial unilateral acute epidural hematoma on first head CT scan examination; The admitting neurosurgeon considers that the epidural hematoma needs to be evacuated with surgical treatment; With informed consent to surgery and trial participation. Exclusion Criteria: Previous intracranial surgery prior to trauma; Patients with a score of 3 on the GCS, with bilateral fixed and dilated pupils, bleeding diathesis or defective coagulation, or an injury that was deemed to be unsurvivable; CT demonstrates associated other intracranial hematomas e.g. subdural, intracerebral hemorrhage, or large size infarction, which are the main causes of operation; Patients who had injury of the oculomotor nerve; Severe pre-existing disability or severe co-morbidity which would lead to a poor outcome even if the patient is supposed to a good recovery from the TBI; Pregnant female.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| GOSE (extended Glasgow Outcome Scale) scores | The primary outcome is indicated by the long-term functional outcomes, including overall mortality and the score on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E), Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale is the unabbreviated scale title. The minimum value of scale is score 1, and maximum value is scored 8, higher scores mean a better outcome and lower scores mean worse outcome. Specific scored as follows: death; persistent vegetative state; lower severe disability; upper severe disability; (stratum 3 and 4 were considered as severe disability, with permanent requirement for help with daily living); lower moderate disability; upper moderate disability; (stratum 5 and 6 were considered as mild disability, without a need for assistance in everyday life, that might, however, require special equipment for employment); lower good recovery; upper good recovery (stratum 7 and 8 were considered as good recovery). | at 6 months post-injury | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| incidence of post-operative cerebral infarction | The incidence of traumatic AEDH post-operative cerebral infarction within 6 months post-injury, which is primarily diagnosed by independent radiologists with CT or MRI examination. | within 6 months post-injury | 
| incidence of additional craniocerebral surgery | The incidence of additional craniocerebral surgery within 6 months post-injury, related to clinical deterioration after initial surgical treatment of AEDH. | within 6 months post-injury | 
| length of stay in ICU and hospital | The duration of hospitalization after initial surgery within 6 months post-injury, including ICU and hospital stays. | within 6 months post-injury | 
| detailed economic evaluation | Total medical expense related to treatment of AEDH, including the costs of operations, hospitalization and rehabilitation within 6 months post-injury. | within 6 months post-injury | 
| incidence of serious adverse events | Serious adverse events (SAE) is defined as an untoward occurrence that: results in death is life-threatening requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalization results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity is otherwise considered medically significant by the investigator. | within 6 months post-injury | 
| quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) | Unabbreviated scale title is 5-level EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument for describing and valuing health. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems and extreme problems. The patient is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions. This decision results in a 1-digit number that expresses the level selected for that dimension. The digits for the five dimensions can be combined into a 5-digit number that describes the patient's health state. | at 6 months post-injury | 
| MMSE (mini-mental state examination) scores | MMSE (mini-mental state examination) scores at 6 months post-injury. | at 6 months post-injury |