Reduction Or Elimination Of Radiation During Implantation of Cardiac Devices Using Ultrasound

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Specialized equipment is required to put pacemakers in the heart. This requires use of radiation to see the wires or leads being implanted in the heart. Repeated radiation use can result in permanent injury to the patient and to the doctor. The investigators aim to investigate if they can use ultrasound to guide and help in the implantation of leads into the heart. Ultrasound is a safe method and requires only a small handheld probe and a small screen to see different structures in the heart. If ultrasounds proves successful as a tool to reduce radiation then this would be very useful technical breakthrough. It would help develop smaller centres where pacemakers can be implanted without purchasing xray equipment and expensive setups.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Radiation quantity used in medicine is expanding year on year with increasing clinical uses for medical illnesses and to visualize instruments being used during procedures such as cardiac devices including pacemakers. The effects of radiation are not only on the patients for their procedure but also a cumulative effect of radiation on the operators. The stochastic effects of radiation have been well reported in the literature. Advancing technologies such as 3-dimensional(3D) mapping systems have allowed for leads to be identified using a 3D matrix and safely deployed to the myocardium. However, there are significant costs associated with the use of 3D mapping systems resulting in this approach not being widely adopted. Ultrasound use during implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) has been utilized in the past to gain vascular access via the axillary vein with good safety results. Experimental studies to visualize leads in the heart and venous systems using 3D ultrasound showed optimism but has not translated to clinical use due to lack of technology to improve the spatial and temporal resolution. The technology in imaging resolution has improved over the last 5 years and likely can be used to visualize a pacing lead in the heart. Techniques such as intravascular cardiac ultrasound have been used to assist in implanting lead via coronary sinus in individuals who can have contrast allergies. Therefore, transthoracic echocardiogram and ultrasound should be now of sufficient quality to allow for successful pacemaker insertion. To date, there has not been a feasibility study to evaluate complete ultrasound and echocardiography-assisted pacemaker insertion. In this study, the investigators aim to utilize ultrasound and echocardiography to gain vascular access and to direct the pacing lead into the right ventricle to allow for safe pacemaker implantation. If this is successful, then this will allow for a larger study to be conducted for single chamber devices including implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Moreover, the investigators will be able to analyze the cost-effectiveness of this new technique compared to the conventional technique of pacemaker implantation.

Official Title
-----------------
Reduction Or Elimination Of Radiation During Implantation of Cardiac Devices Using Ultrasound (RADICAl USe)

Conditions
-----------------
Bradycardia, Brady-tachy Syndrome

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Device: Ultrasound / Echocardiography


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Age >18 years old. Suitable to have either a single chamber pacemaker or single chamber cardioverter-defibrillator. Exclusion Criteria: BMI >30. Pregnancy. Implantation of dual-chamber and CRT devices. Claustrophobia. Tender chest wall or history of trauma to the chest wall. Higher signal interference using ultrasound due to the presence of other medical devices or tools used in previous surgical procedures such as sternal wires, mechanical valves, breast implants. History of radiation to the chest wall for oncology treatments. Active malignancy

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Reduced fluoroscopy arm<br>Patients exposed to 20 seconds or less of fluoroscopy to implant a single chamber device with aid of ultrasound / echocardiography. | Device: Ultrasound / Echocardiography<br>* Ultrasound will be used to guide vascular access and to place a lead into the right ventricle.<br>* Other names: Echocardiography by using St Jude - Zonaire ultrasound and P4-1c transducer.;|
| Active Comparator: Conventional arm<br>Patients exposed to more than 20 seconds of fluoroscopy to implant a single chamber device with/without the aid of ultrasound / echocardiography. | Device: Ultrasound / Echocardiography<br>* Ultrasound will be used to guide vascular access and to place a lead into the right ventricle.<br>* Other names: Echocardiography by using St Jude - Zonaire ultrasound and P4-1c transducer.;|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Success of implanting a single chamber lead with use of ultrasound | Binary outcome - successful or not. | 0 day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Duration of radiation will be measured in seconds | Comparison between the treatment and control group | during procedure | 
| Total radiation dose will be collected in centiGray and milliGray units. | Comparison between the treatment and control group | during procedure |