Changing Susceptible Body Constitution for COVID-19 Prevention by Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong Residents

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Chinese medicine has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of epidemic diseases. Through the long-term struggle with the epidemic, Investigators have accumulated and explored a lot of prevention and control experience. According to recent reports, Chinese medicine plays an important role in the treatment of COVID-19. For example. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to further develop the prevention of COVID-19 by Chinese medicine. According to the 《Diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19》published by National Health Committee and the experience of professional TCM physician, although the disease is generally susceptible, individuals with the body constitution of deficiency of Qi and Yang and deficiency of Qi and Yin are more prefer to suffer from COVID-19. Therefore, Invigorating Qi and Yang, invigorating qi and Yin can be regarded as the primary strategy of preventing COVID-19. Therefore, Invigorating Qi and Yang, invigorating qi and Yin can be regarded as the primary strategy of preventing COVID-19 in Chinese medicine. After a series of questionnaire surveys and blood sample collection, investigators can estimate subjects with body constitution is more likely to infect COVID-19.

Detailed Description
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In December 2019, COVID-19 has been outbreaks in a series regions of China and abroad. Its pathogen was initially identified as a new coronavirus with single strand positive RNA. COVID-19 is considered to be a coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which can affect the lower respiratory tract and manifest as pneumonia. On January 31, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced that COVID-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern Although most provinces in China have inhibited the spread of COVID-19 after taking protective measures, the number of patients worldwide is still on the rise. According to WHO and recent reports, On 1st Sept, 2020, the total number of clinically confirmed cases in the world is 25327098, and the current total number in China is 90402. China has incorporated COVID-19 into the class B infectious diseases in the law on the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Notably, it adopted the prevention and control of class A infectious diseases. It is worth noting that residents of Hong Kong have also been seriously infected with COVID-19. According to the latest report released by the Department of Health in Hong Kong, the total number of patients with COVID-19 had risen to 4823 on Sept 1st, 2020. Therefore, it is very urgent to find effective control methods. According to the theory of Chinese medicine, COVID-19 belongs to the category of epidemic toxin. TCM has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of epidemic diseases. Through the long-term struggle with the epidemic, investigators have accumulated a lot of experience for the pathogenesis, transmission, prevention and control of the epidemic. In mainland China, TCM plays an important role in the treatment of COVID-19. The recent retrospective analysis of 52 cases by Zhang Boli's research group showed that 34 cases in the treatment group of integrated TCM and Western medicine were superior to 18 cases in the simple western medicine group in terms of various bio-indexes, including clinical symptoms disappearance, the time of body temperature recovery, the average length of stay in hospital, the score of TCM Syndrome Scale, the rate of CT image improvement, the rate of clinical cure, and the conversion from common type to severe type. According to a case study of 799 people in Hunan Provincial Administration of traditional Chinese medicine, the average length of stay in hospital of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment is 2 days shorter than that of Western medicine treatment alone, and the number of patients with obvious improvement of symptoms accounts for 64% of the total number of observation. For the modern measures of epidemic prevention, it includes three approaches: cutting off pathogens, controlling transmission routes, and reducing susceptible populations. However, so far, the preventive measures of Chinese medicine for COVID-19 has not been included in the medical system of Hong Kong, although it is widely authorized and promoted in mainland China. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to further develop the prevention of COVID-19 by Chinese medicine for reducing susceptible populations. The National Health Committee and the State Administration of TCM organized relevant experts to establish COVID-19 standardized diagnosis and treatment program. The updated diagnosis and treatment program describes the relationship between the dialectical classification of Chinese medicine and the stage of Western medicine. The pathogenesis of TCM can be summarized as dampness, heat, toxin, blood stasis, deficiency. According to the statement of Tong Xiaolin, COVID-19 belongs to cold dampness epidemic, which is caused by cold dampness epidemic virus. The disease is mainly caused by the deficiency of either yin or Yang. According to a report on the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 published by Lancet, the median susceptible population of COVID-19 is 49 years old (interquartile range is 41-58 years old), which means the majority of patients are middle-aged and elderly. The body constitution of this kind of patients is mainly divided into  Deficiency of Qi and Yang  and Deficiency of Qi and Yin. However, so far, the prevention of treatment of COVID-19 with TCM has not been included in the medical system of Hong Kong, although TCM therapy is widely authorized and promoted in mainland China. Therefore, It may be beneficial to provide TCM preventive measures to COVID-19 in Hong Kong. By using Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by TCM theory issued by Professor Wang Qi, a honorary Professor of School of Chinese medicine, the University of Hong Kong, investigators can identify the subjects with Deficiency of Qi and Yang  or Deficiency of Qi and Yin. According to the above-mentioned pathogenesis characteristics of COVID-19 in the prevention stage, Invigorating Qi and Yang, invigorating Qi and Yin may be conducted by TCM treatment. The changes of body constitution will be measured by questionnaires before and after TCM intervention, including Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by TCM theory, Questionnaire of TCM symptom, and Fatigue scale. In order to scientifically evaluate the preventive effect of TCM on COVID-19, it is very important to reveal the changes of COVID-19 related biochemical indexes before and after the intervention of TCM. According to the discussion on 《Diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19》issued by the National Health Commission, the following changes in biochemical indicators are closely related to the occurrence of COVID-19. Firstly, the decrease of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and bone marrow cells (including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes) in blood routine examination; the increase of troponin and ESR. Secondly, the reduction of macrophages-related immune cells, such as monocyte. Thirdly, the increased index of liver function and cardiac function, including AST, ALT, and LDH. Fourthly, inflammation related factors, including IL-6 and C-reactive protein. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship model of TCM syndrome and molecular biological profiles can further provide a novel preventive mode for COVID-19.

Official Title
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Based on the Theory of Body Constitution of Chinese Medicine and Combination of Prescription and Syndrome to Improve COVID-19 Susceptible Body Constitution of Residents in Hong Kong

Conditions
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COVID19, Herbal Medicine

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Yu-Ping-Feng formula
* Drug: Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula
* Drug: Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula
* Drug: Placebo for Deficiency of Qi and Yang
* Drug: Placebo for Deficiency of Qi and Yin


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age 18 or above, regardless of gender; For COVID-19 susceptible individuals, according to the criteria of Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by TCM theory, subjects with deficiency of Qi with either Yin or Yang will meet the inclusion criteria; No previous allergy to traditional Chinese medicine; Be able to understand Chinese questionnaire; Willing to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Syndrome types are not related to deficiency of Qi and Yang and deficiency of Qi and Yin; Suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients; Fever, body temperature > 37°C with cough and other respiratory symptoms; Those who have visited the epidemic area and have not completed isolation for 14 days after returning to Hong Kong

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: According to the assessment of Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by TCM theory, participants with the body constitution of deficiency of Qi and Yin or deficiency of Qi and Yin will be included into this study.
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Deficiency of Qi and Yang (QYang-group)<br>Participants will receive Yu-Ping-Feng and Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula (Chinese Medicine Formula) | Drug: Yu-Ping-Feng formula<br>* Yu-Ping-Feng formula produced by PuraPharm International (H.K) Ltd is a registered Chinese medicine formula by Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong (registration number: HKC-08255). The intake dosage is 5g twice daily.<br>Drug: Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula<br>* Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula produced by PuraPharm International (H.K) Ltd is a registered Chinese medicine formula by Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong (registration number: HKC-08252). The intake dosage is 5g twice daily.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo control of invigorating Qi and Yang (PQYang-group)<br>The placebo is made of 5% Yu-Ping-Feng and Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula (Chinese Medicine Formula) | Drug: Placebo for Deficiency of Qi and Yang<br>* Placebo for the group of deficiency of Qi and Yang is composed of 5% Yu-Ping-Feng formula+Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun formula<br>|
| Experimental: Deficiency of Qi and Yin (QYin-group)<br>Participants will receive Yu-Ping-Feng and Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula (Chinese Medicine Formula) | Drug: Yu-Ping-Feng formula<br>* Yu-Ping-Feng formula produced by PuraPharm International (H.K) Ltd is a registered Chinese medicine formula by Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong (registration number: HKC-08255). The intake dosage is 5g twice daily.<br>Drug: Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula<br>* Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula produced by PuraPharm International (H.K) Ltd is a registered Chinese medicine formula by Chinese Medicine Council of Hong Kong (registration number: HKC-08273). The intake dosage is 5g twice daily.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo control of invigorating Qi and Yin (PQYin-group)<br>The placebo is made of 5% Yu-Ping-Feng and Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula (Chinese Medicine Formula) | Drug: Placebo for Deficiency of Qi and Yin<br>* Placebo for the group of deficiency of Qi and Yin is composed of 5% Yu-Ping-Feng formula+Liu-Wei-Di-Huang formula<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Potential COVID-19 susceptible body constitutions will be measured by the scale of Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory | At the beginning of the clinical trial, the classification of body constitution will be determined by scale of Self-test for classification and judgment of body constitution by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, in which 8 kinds of body constitutions are involved, including the potential COVID-19 susceptible body constitution deficiency of Qi with either Yang and Yin. There are 9 types of body constitution and 7 choices for each body constitution. The minimun and maximum score for each body constitution is 7 and 35, respectively. The total score of this scale is 315. Higer score in a specific item stands for the stonger correlation with a specific body constitution. | 1 month | 
| Changes of TCM-based syndromes will be measured by the Questionnaire of TCM symptom | The scale of Questionnaire of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) symptom will be used to measure the changes of TCM specific symtom before and after the treatment, such as the changes of Irritable motion and  insomnia. The scale of Questionnaire of TCM symptom consists of 20 items and each item has 4 choices. The minimun and maximum score for each body is 1 and 4, respectively. The total score of this scale is 80. Higer score in a specific item represents the stonger correlation with a specific TCM symptom | 1 month | 
| Potential changes of fatigue status will be measured by Fatigue Scale | The fatigue scale is a 13-item scale of fatigue status. Items are scored on a 0 to 4 response scale with anchors ranging from Not at all to Very much so. To score the fatigue, all items are summed to create a single fatigue score ranging from 0 to 52. Higer score stands for a stonger correlation with fatigue. | 1 month | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Complete Blood Count will be measured by Automated Cell Counter | According to the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition) published by National Health Commission of China, the investigators will measure the potential COVID19-fluctuated Complete Blood Count (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), before and after the treatment. | 1 month | 
| Liver function biomarkers in blood will be measured by Automatic Blood Biochemistry Analyzer | In terms of the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition), the investigators will further test the potential COVID19-fluctuated liver biomarkers by Automatic Blood Biochemistry Analyzer, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), before and after the treatment. | 1 month | 
| Heart function biomarkers in blood will be measured by Automatic Blood Biochemistry | According to the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition), the investigators will further test the potential COVID19-fluctuated heart biomarkers by Automatic Blood Biochemistry Analyzer, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin I,before and after the treatment. | 1 month | 
| Inflammatory biomarker in blood will be measured by Automatic Blood Biochemistry | In accordance with the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition), the investigators will measure the inflammatory biomarker IL-6 by Automatic Blood Biochemistry, which is widely involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammations. | 1 month | 
| The changes of quantification of blood CD4 and CD8 populations will be measured by flow cytometric analyzer | For futher analyzing the potential COVID19-fluctuated immuno-markers, the investigators will measure the population of CD4, CD8, and CD4/CD8 ratio in the blood by flow cytometric analyzers. The biomarkers of CD4 and CD8 will be used to stain the blood cells followed by the detection of its populations. | 1 month | 
| Kidney function biomarker, blood urea (dL/L), will be measured by Automatic Blood Biochemistry | According to the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition), the investigators will further test the potential COVID19-fluctuated kidney biomarkers by Automatic Blood Biochemistry Analyzer, including blood urea before and after the treatment. | 1 month | 
| Kidney function biomarker, creatinine in blood (μmol/L), will be measured by Automatic Blood Biochemistry | According to the Diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia (7th Edition), the investigators will further test the potential COVID19-fluctuated kidney biomarkers by Automatic Blood Biochemistry Analyzer, including blood creatinine before and after the treatment. | 1 month | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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COVID19 Prevention, Chinese Medicine