Acute Effect of Plyometric Exercises on Musculotendinous Properties

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Preventive and rehabilitation programs include plyometric exercises to promote agility, power, and muscle activation pattern during jumping. These exercises also are known to cause a high mechanical load that increases the risk of a musculoskeletal injury. The knowledge regarding the musculoskeletal damage result from this configuration of exercise can help to elaborate safer and effective training and rehabilitation programs. In this study, the investigators will conduct a clinical trial to determine the acute effect of plyometric exercises on damage caused on different portions of quadriceps and biceps femoral's muscles and tendons of quadriceps, and biceps femoral, and its effects on mechanical properties.

Detailed Description
-----------------
This is a single-arm clinical trial aiming to determine the acute effect of one session of plyometric exercises on quadriceps and biceps femoral musculotendinous properties in healthy individuals. The sample size was determined using G*Power software considering the application of ANOVA: Repeated measures, between factors, 90% power, alpha 0.05. Data from muscle echo intensity of the rectus femoral by Muddle et al. (2019) were considered for this calculation, with an effect size 0.44. A total of 30 individuals was required for this study. The outcomes will include the muscle and tendon quality, and mechanical properties of the tendon. The assessments will be performed at three different moments: before exercise, immediately after, and 48 hours after exercise. The data analysis will be performed per protocol. Generalized estimating equations will be used to identify the effects of time followed by Bonferroni posthoc. When effects are found, effect sizes will be estimated. Missing data will be estimated by statistical analysis.

Official Title
-----------------
Acute Effect of Plyometric Exercises on Musculotendinous Properties of Quadriceps and Biceps Femoral

Conditions
-----------------
Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Plyometric exercises


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Who practice physical activity (except jump training); No previous lower extremity muscle injury at least 6 months before the recruitment; No previous lower extremity ligament or tendon injury or surgery; No auditory, vestibular, visual or musculoskeletal injuries or disease that limit the execution of the exercise and assessment protocols; No hypertension, cardiovascular, or respiratory disease. Exclusion Criteria: Body mass index greater than 30 kg/m².

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Single-arm design where all participants receive treatment.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Plyometric exercise<br> | Other: Plyometric exercises<br>* Plyometric exercises will be composed of vertical jumps, box jumps, half squat jumps, high straight jumps, bounding jumps, drop jumps and 10-m sprint.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from baseline of echo intensity of quadriceps and biceps femoral muscles | Muscle echo intensity will be assessed for transversal and longitudinal ultrasonography images. | Baseline, immediately after exercise and up to 48 hours exercise | 
| Change from baseline stiffness of patellar tendon | Patellar tendon stiffness during 5 seconds rampa contraction protocol. Patellar tendon stiffness will be estimate from force/deformation relationship of tendon. | Baseline, immediately after exercise and up to 48 hours exercise | 
| Change from baseline young modulus of patellar tendon | Patellar tendon young modulus during rampa contraction protocol. Young modulus will be estimate from force/deformation relationship of tendon normalized to transverse section area of tendon. | Baseline, immediately after exercise and up to 48 hours exercise | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from baseline echo intensity of quadriceps and biceps femoral tendons | Tendons echo intensity will be assessed for transversal and longitudinal ultrasonography images. | Baseline, immediately after exercise and up to 48 hours exercise | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Adult, Lower extermity, Plyometric exercise, Muscle properties