The Effect of Protein and Calcium on Weight Change and Blood Lipid Profile

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The primary aim is to examine the effect of a high protein intake (from soy or whey protein) on weightmaintenance after weight loss in a group of predisposed (severe) obese persons. Furthermore, to examine short-term and long-term effect of a high protein intake on appetite regulation and diet induced thermogenese (DIT). Finally to examine the effect of calcium on weightmaintence, bloodlipid profilen, appetite regulation and DIT. The study is a parallel RCT with a weight loss (WL) period (8 weeks on very low calorie diet) and a weightmaintence (WM) period (24 weeks daily intake of supplement). 200 overweight/obese subjects will be enrolled into the study and randomized to placebo (maltodextrin), soy protein, whey protein or calcium enriched whey protein supplement. At baseline (week 0), after the WL period (week 8) and after WM period (week 24) body weight and composition will be measured and blood samples will be collected. Meal test will be performed at week 0 and 24 (examining both appetite regulation and DIT). Urine and feces will be collected three times during the study. Subjects will receive dietary counseling (in groups) regularly during the study and body weight will be measured at each visit.

Official Title
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The Effect of Protein and Calcium on Weight Change and Blood Lipid Profile

Conditions
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Prevention of Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Whey protein
* Dietary Supplement: Whey protein enriched with calcium
* Dietary Supplement: Soy protein
* Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Both men and women can be included All ethnic groups can be included Age: 18≤age≤60 BMI: 28≤BMI≤40 Exclusion Criteria: smoking use of cholesterol-lowering medications or other medications considered to be of importance for participation in the trial use of special diets (eg. Atkins, vegetarian) within 2 months before the start of the project. elite athletes or if subjecct is planning to become elite athlete (e.g. Planning major changes in physical activity during the experiment). blood donation within the last 3 months before the commencement of the trial weight change> 3 kg within 2 months before the start of the project sagital height of 32 cm pregnant or nursing women or women planning to become pregnant within the next 12 months. surgically treated obesity participation in other clinical trials within the last 3 months if consuming medicine daily, consumption of prescription medicine needs to have been stable through at least the last 3 months and is expected to remain so throughout the whole study. However, a subject cannot be included if the treatment includes medicine that is a systemic treatment that is considered to be of importance for participation in the project. alcohol or drug use (based on clinical judgment) subjects who are unable to give an informed consent. chronic systemic infectious or inflammatory disorders chronic endocrine disorders inadequate nutrient uptake, or chronic gastrointestinal or liver diseases (apart from irritable bowel disorder) cardiovascular disease, recognized heart failure or brain disease cancer within the past 10 years subject who is judged unable to participate in an LCD (low calorie diet) in an 8 week period known allergy to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) subjects who are in a general physical and/or mental condition,where the researcher assesses that the subject does not conform with the general aim of the study. subjects with a hemoglobin value below 7 mol / L. Those with a hemoglobin value below 8 mol / L (measured at screening) cannot volunteer for the meal test during hood measurements, but may be included in the main study. When starting on a weight maintenance period: • persons during weight loss period, loss of <8% of their initial body weight

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Whey protein supplement<br>Whey protein | Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* 45g protein/d; Dosage 3x15g protein daily<br>|
| Active Comparator: Whey protein enriched with calcium supplement<br>Whey protein enriched with calcium | Dietary Supplement: Whey protein enriched with calcium<br>* 45g protein/d + 1000mg calcium/d; dosage: 15g protein + 333mg calcium x 3 daily<br>|
| Active Comparator: Soy protein supplement<br>Soy protein | Dietary Supplement: Soy protein<br>* 45g soy protein/d; dosage 15g soy protein x 3 daily<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Control supplement<br>Maltodextrin | Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* 48g carbohydrate/d; dosage: 16g carbohydrate x 3 daily<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Difference in body weight and composition during the weight maintenance period |  | 24 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Difference in fasting blood lipid profile during the weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in fasting insulin, glucose, C-peptide, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), ionized calcium, parathyroideahormone (PTH), and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angpt14) during the weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in resting blood pressure and pulse during the weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in intestinal flora during the weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Nutrigenomics (NMR) analysis. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in energy intake (EI) and macronutrient intake from the diet during the weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in acute- and long-term effet on diet induced thermogenesis and substrate oxidation. |  | 24 weeks. | 
| Difference in acute- and long-term effect on postprandial appetite regulation (measured via VAS, appetite regulating hormones and energy intake) |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in acute- and long-term effect on postprandial response in insulin, glucose, C-peptide, and glucagon. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Difference in appetite regulating hormones (ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK)) during weight maintenance period. |  | 24 weeks | 
| Change in body weight and composition during the weight loss period |  | 8 weeks | 
| Change in blood lipid profile during the weight loss period |  | 8 weeks | 
| Change in fasting insulin, glucose ect. during the weight loss period |  | 8 weeks | 
| Change in intestinal flora during the weight loss period. |  | 8 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Obesity, Protein intake, Calcium intake, Weight loss, Weight maintenance, Blood lipid profile, Diet induced thermogenesis