Tissue-nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase in Phosphate and Pyrophosphate Homeostasis.

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Vascular calcification is a common finding in chronic kidney disease and increases arterial stiffness leading to augmented cardiovascular morbidity. The calcification process is thoroughly regulated by pro and anticalcifying agents. The investigators hypothesize that imbalance in these compounds could depend on alkaline phosphatase activity. Therefore, the investigators will measure ALP activity, calcifications score, arterial stiffness and perform a bio-collection in monogenic rare diseases characterized by various levels of anticalcifying agents and in diverse CKD stages characterized by various levels of procalcifying compounds.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) describes the gradual loss of kidney function from stage 1 (normal renal function) to stage 5 requiring maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation (KT). Vascular calcification in CKD is a common finding and increases arterial stiffness leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity. The calcification process is the same for bones and arteries and is thoroughly regulated by pro and anticalcifying agents. Actually, inorganic phosphates (Pi) accelerate the calcification process and their levels are found increased in advanced CKD stage. In contrast, inorganic pyrophosphates (PPi) are potent anti-calcifying compounds resulting from the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP, but their role in CKD remains elusive. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatases (TNAP) convert PPi into Pi in calcification sites leading to hydroxyapatite deposition. The metabolism of PPi depends on diverse compounds, which are included in our bio-collection (Favre, Int J Mol Sci, 2017). The activity of plasma Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) reflects the tissue production of TNAP. ALP activity is correlated to cardiovascular events in CKD patients. Preliminary results from our group show a stable plasma level of the PPi/Pi ratio independently from the glomerular filtration rate. The investigators hypothesize that PPi/Pi imbalance could depend on ALP activity and could be a key determinant of vascular calcifications and arterial stiffness. Therefore, the investigators will measure ALP activity, calcifications score, arterial stiffness and perform a bio-collection in monogenic rare diseases and in various CKD stages including hyperphosphatemic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Stage 1 and 2 CKD patients will be considered as a reference group because Pi levels and PPi levels are usually normal and calcification level is low. These patients will be compared to CKD patients with various Pi levels : low Pi levels in KT recipients 6 weeks after graft and high Pi levels in patients on maintenance dialysis. These patients (CKD 1 and 2) will be compared to patients with various PPi levels: patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) with low PPi levels and vascular calcifications and patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP) with high PPi levels and bone decalcification. PXE and HPP are rare monogenic disorder resulting from mutation in ABCC6 and the gene encoding TNAP respectively.

Official Title
-----------------
Arterial Calcifications: Role of Tissue-nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase in Phosphate and Pyrophosphate Homeostasis. PIPAL Study.

Conditions
-----------------
Chronic Kidney Disease

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Blood samples
* Other: Urinary samples


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: patient with Chronic kidney disease (stage 1 or 2, 6 weeks after graft or patients on maintenance dialysis) or patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum or patient with hypophosphatasia informed consent signed Exclusion Criteria: cancer pregnancy

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Chronic Kidney Disease<br>Blood and urinary samples on the following patients: 10 Stage 1 and 2 CKD patients 10 patients 6 weeks after graft 10 patients on maintenance dialysis. | Other: Blood samples<br>* Blood samples on an empty stomach<br>Other: Urinary samples<br>* first urinary in the morning<br>|
| Other: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)<br>Blood and urinary samples on the following patients: 10 patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) with low PPi levels and vascular calcifications and patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP) with high PPi levels and bone decalcification. | Other: Blood samples<br>* Blood samples on an empty stomach<br>Other: Urinary samples<br>* first urinary in the morning<br>|
| Other: Hypophosphatasia (HPP)<br>Blood and urinary samples on the following patients: 4 patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP) with high PPi levels and bone decalcification. | Other: Blood samples<br>* Blood samples on an empty stomach<br>Other: Urinary samples<br>* first urinary in the morning<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ALP activity (alkaline phosphatase activity) | ALP activity will be plotted against the PPi/Pi ratio in CKD patients with various Pi levels; a regression curve will be used to measure the correlation between these two factors | at time = day 0 (inclusion) |