The Interaction Between Conditioned Pain Modulation and Expectation in Understanding the Placebo Effect of Pain Reduction

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The interaction between conditioned pain modulation and expectation in understanding the placebo effect of pain reduction

Detailed Description
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Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) has recently been coined for the psychophysical protocols that assess the functioning of descending pain inhibitory pathways in humans. There is a growing body of evidence points to the important role of spinal serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in mediation of pain inhibition via CPM. On the other hand, there is also evidence on synergistic modulatory effect of the opioidergic control on CPM, however this issue is under debates. It seems therefore, that pre-treatment CPM assessment may be relevant for prediction of analgesic drug interaction and additive effects. Placebo effects are inherent to every treatment and significantly contribute to clinical outcomes even in the presence of strong verum analgesic effects. From a psychological point of view, a series of recent studies supported the nature of the placebo effect as a learning phenomenon wherein verbally-induced expectations, cued and contextual conditioning or social learning are considered as the core mechanisms to produce a benefit. Placebo analgesic effects can be elicited by verbal instructions that generate anticipation for a benefit, thus creating expectations of analgesia. The effect of placebo is, primarily mediated by mu-receptors associated opioidergic neurotransmission. Alike brain structures activated by placebo manipulations, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, PAG and RVM are the most important brain structures involved in initiating of opioid-mediated anti-nociception. An interesting question that emerges is the extent of overlap between the serotono-noradrenergic analgesia represented by CPM, and opioidergic analgesia represented by expectation-based placebo manipulation, for pain reduction. It seems that the final pathway for the two systems is the descending analgesia tract(s). It is unclear, though, if such final common pathway dictates a limited analgesic effect, i.e., it can only be activated to a certain extent, regardless of which system activates it, and therefore additive effects of expectation and CPM are limited to a certain ceiling. Alternatively, different tracts of descending pain inhibition are activated by each system, and the analgesic effect is additive. Cognitive cortical brain potentials (especially, a P300 waveform) evoked in response to a combination of rare and frequent innocuous sensory stimuli represent a neurophysiological tool for assessment attention. As this test bases on uncertainty and the expectation of upcoming stimuli, the recording of P300 may be relevant for evaluation cognitive processes associated with expectation-related placebo analgesia. The main aim of this study is to explore the interaction between serotono-noradrenergic and opioidergic systems of analgesia in healthy subjects. More specifically, the investigator will study whether these two systems work in an additive or a complementary way, and whether the neurophysiological assessment of individual expectation capabilities can predict the placebo magnitude.

Official Title
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The Interaction Between Conditioned Pain Modulation and Expectation in Understanding the Placebo Effect of Pain Reduction

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: placebo manipulation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: healthy subjects Exclusion Criteria: attention deficit. pain disorders.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: CPM was tested before and after the placebo manipulation (body cream application on forearm); based on the expectation of the cream analgesic response (high or low), two types of placebo manipulations were performed for each participant.
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: High-expectation placebo manipulation<br>application of nonactive body cream on forearm for 10 minutes | Behavioral: placebo manipulation<br>* application of nonactive body cream on forearm<br>|
| Other: Low-expectation placebo manipulation<br>application of nonactive body cream on forearm for 10 minutes | Behavioral: placebo manipulation<br>* application of nonactive body cream on forearm<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in pain perception | pain units on a scale of 0-100. 0 no pain. 100 = the maximum pain | up to 2 weeks | 
| Change in conditioned pain modulation (CPM) | change in pain units on a scale of 0-100. 0 no pain. 100 = the maximum pain | up to 2 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Conditional pain modulation, pain, placebo