Groceries for Black Residents of Boston to Stop Hypertension Among Adults Without Treated Hypertension

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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GoFresh is a randomized trial, testing the effects of a home-delivered DASH-patterned grocery intervention on blood pressure in Black adults, residing in Boston area urban food deserts.

Detailed Description
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Hypertension affects over half of Black adults in the United States - more than any other group - and diet is a principal determinant of disparities in hypertension among Black adults. While the DASH diet is a proven strategy for lowering blood pressure in Black adults, diet disparities are increasing in urban food deserts due to poor access and the high costs of healthy foods. This clinical trial will randomize 150 Black adults residing in Boston area urban food deserts to either: 12 weeks of dietitian-assisted, DASH grocery delivery via an online, virtual grocery store at an amount sufficient to replace all Calorie needs of each participant, allowing for some sharing with family members or Self-directed shopping with a monthly stipend over a 3-month period After the 12-week intervention phase, participants will undergo a 9-month observation phase. At 3-months after the intervention is complete the investigators will repeat in-person study assessments and perform qualitative interviews in a subset of the population to determine barriers and facilitators to intermediate-term maintenance of the intervention. At 9-months after the intervention, participants will participate in a phone visit designed to assess longer-term maintenance of the intervention.

Official Title
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Effects of DASH Groceries on Blood Pressure in Black Residents of Urban Food Deserts Without Treated Hypertension

Conditions
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Elevated Blood Pressure, Hypertension

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Dietitian-Assisted DASH groceries
* Behavioral: Self-directed shopping


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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INCLUSION: Self-reported/self-identified as Black or African American Resting systolic blood pressure of 120 to <150 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg Residence in communities identified as Boston area food deserts: Brighton, Chelsea, Dorchester, East Boston, Everett, Hyde Park, Jamaica Plain, Malden, Mattapan, Revere, Roslindale, Roxbury, or Winthrop Able to receive home-delivered groceries or pick them up at a convenient location and willing to eat only the groceries provided over a 12-week period Have access to refrigeration, cooking appliances, and Wi-Fi/cellular service Have access to mobile device or computer to be able to conduct grocery orders via video conference or by phone Willing and able to complete required measurement procedures EXCLUSION: Laboratory Exclusions: Serum potassium ≥5.0 mmol/L or <3.5 mmol/L Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min per 1.73 m^2 by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation Hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% Medication Exclusions: Any use of medications that lower blood pressure or medications intended for hypertension treatment (including antihypertensives taken for non-hypertension purposes) within the last 6 months Unstable doses (i.e. a change in the 2 months prior to screening or randomization) of the following: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors Stimulants Inhaled or oral medications for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Hormone replacement therapy or thyroid hormone Weight-increasing psychotropic agents, including antipsychotic agents, lithium, and mirtazapine Use of any of the following medications: Potassium supplement, except if part of a multivitamin Warfarin (Coumadin) Chronic oral corticosteroid (intermittent use is okay) Weight loss medications (including GLP-1 receptor agonists) Unwillingness to keep same dose of vitamin, mineral, and botanical supplements Any medication not compatible with participation as determined by the investigators Physical Exclusions: Systolic blood pressure ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg Body weight >420 pounds Arm circumference >50cm Weight loss or gain of >5.0% of body weight during prior 2 months Medical History Exclusions: Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes defined as a hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5% or diabetes treatment Active cardiovascular disease or any event in the prior 6 months, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or congestive heart failure (CHF) exacerbation requiring hospital admission Cancer diagnosis or treatment in the last 2 years (non-melanoma skin cancer or localized breast or prostate or bladder cancer not requiring systemic therapy is acceptable) Active inflammatory bowel disease, bowel resection, malabsorptive syndrome, pancreatitis (episode within past year), or history of bariatric surgery Pregnancy or lactation or planned pregnancy Any emergency department (ED) visit for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the last 6 months Any other serious illness or condition not compatible with participation as determined by the investigators Lifestyle and Other Exclusions: Significant food allergies, preferences, intolerances, or dietary requirements that would interfere with diet adherence Consumption of more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week or consumption of more than 6 drinks on one or more occasion per week Active substance use disorder that would interfere with participation Extreme food insecurity Participation in or planning to start weight loss program Current participation in another clinical trial that could interfere with the study protocol Anticipated change in residence prior to the end of the study Families with more than 6 adults at dinner time (children are considered to be half an adult) Investigator discretion

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 100 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Individual level, parallel, randomized trial
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Dietitian-Assisted DASH groceries<br>Participants will order groceries sufficient to meet their caloric needs each week for 12 weeks with the assistance of a dietitian/nutrition interventionist. Groceries will be delivered to participants' homes or picked up at a convenient location. The dietitian/nutrition interventionist will provide brief educational content at the time of food delivery. Orders will be placed via phone or through virtual counseling sessions. During the remainder of the study (months 4-12), participants will be asked to apply what they learned without the provision of groceries. | Behavioral: Dietitian-Assisted DASH groceries<br>* The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), is a healthy dietary pattern that lowers blood pressure without reducing weight. The DASH diet emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products; includes whole grains, poultry, fish, and nuts; and is reduced in red meat, sweets, and sugar-containing beverages. Intervention Phase: This intervention is a weekly, 12-week DASH dietary intervention. A dietitian will assist participants in ordering groceries in a pattern consistent with the DASH diet to be delivered to their homes. The quantity of groceries will be based on participant Calorie needs and family size. Observation Phase: For months 4-12 of the study, participants will be asked to continue following a DASH grocery shopping pattern without the provision of weekly groceries.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Self-directed shopping (referent assignment)<br>Participants will receive a monthly stipend over a 3 month period and some basic information about healthy eating. The stipend is not restricted to foods. During the remainder of the study (months 4-12), participants will be asked to continue their typical shopping without the provision of the monthly stipend. | Behavioral: Self-directed shopping<br>* Intervention Phase: Participants will receive some basic information on healthy eating and a monthly stipend at 4, 8, and 12-weeks of the intervention. Observation Phase: For months 4-12 of the study, participants will be asked to follow their typical shopping pattern without the provision of a monthly stipend.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Seated, office-based, systolic blood pressure (intervention phase) | In-person, measured with an automated oscillometric device that will perform 3 measurements. | Measured 3 months after randomization | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Seated, office-based, systolic blood pressure (observation phase) | In-person, measured with an automated oscillometric device that will perform 3 measurements. | Measured 6 months after randomization | 
| Seated, office-based, diastolic blood pressure (intervention & observation phases) | In-person, measured with an automated oscillometric device that will perform 3 measurements. | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: wake-time systolic and diastolic blood pressure (intervention & observation phases) | Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with a mobile blood pressure device that will measure blood pressure over a 24-hour period. | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (intervention & observation phases) | In-person, measurement based on height and weight. Height is measured via a stadiometer and weight is measured via calibrated scale. | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| 24-hour urine potassium (intervention & observation phases) | Collected at home after a clinic void over a 24-hour period | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| 24-hour urine sodium (intervention & observation phases) | Collected at home after a clinic void over a 24-hour period | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Hemoglobin A1c (intervention & observation phases) | In-person blood collection; measure of glycemia over the preceding 3 months | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Lipids (intervention & observation phases) | Measured in fasted serum specimens collected during phlebotomy. Includes total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, derived low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Serum potassium (intervention & observation phases) | Measured in blood as part of a basic metabolic panel | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Serum creatinine (intervention & observation phases) | Measured in blood as part of a basic metabolic panel | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 
| Daily intake of fat, fruits, and vegetables (intervention & observation phases) | Assessed via questionnaire in-person and via phone call; assessed via a validated food screener (Block et al; PMID: 10788730). | Measured 3, 6, and 12 months after randomization | 
| 24-hour dietary recall (intervention & observation phases) | Assessed via questionnaire in-person using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall (ASA24) | Measured 3 and 6 months after randomization | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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hypertension, blood pressure, nutrition, diet, DASH, sodium, trial, dietitian, cholesterol