The Effect of a Propionate Colon Release Form on ad Libitum Eating and Appetite Perception

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The present study aims to investigate the effect of a standardized liquid breakfast containing a food grade propionate colon release form on ad libitum eating and appetite perception in healthy overweight humans using a double-blinded, randomized, cross-over study design

Detailed Description
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To determine, in healthy overweight subjects, the acute effect of a standardized liquid breakfast containing a propionate colon release form compared with placebo on appetite and GI comfort, food intake, serum glucose and insulin, plasma ghrelin, total GLP-1 and serum PYY concentrations, and plasma propionate concentrations

Official Title
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The Effect of a Standardized Liquid Breakfast Containing a Propionate Colon Release Form on ad Libitum Eating and Appetite Perception in Healthy Overweight Humans: A Double-blinded, Randomized, Cross-over Study.

Conditions
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Overweight

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Ca-propionate 1 g
* Dietary Supplement: Ca-propionate 3 g
* Dietary Supplement: Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male or non-pregnant, non-lactating females, 18-60 years of age Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 and <30 kg/m² at screening. Unrestrained eater (Score of ≤11 on the Eating Habits Questionnaire) Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity pattern, and body weight throughout the trial. Subject is willing to abstain from strenuous exercise, and consume alcoholic drinks 24 hours before study days and during study days. Willing to refrain from dietary supplement that are known to affect appetite (e.g. some herbal supplements), from prebiotic and probiotic supplements and large amounts of dietary fiber (inulin, metamucil, oat bran, etc) throughout the trial. On test days, subject agrees not to take any dietary supplements until dismissal from the GI labs. Failure to comply will result in a rescheduled test visit. Absence of health conditions that would prevent fulfillment of study requirements as judged by the Investigator on the basis of medical history. Understanding the study procedures and willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the study investigator. Subject regularly has at least one bowel movement per day Exclusion Criteria: Smokers Haemoglobin measurements of <120g/L for females and <130g/L for males (as per WHO criteria for anaemia). Fasting serum glucose (above or equal to 7.0mmol/L). AST, ALT, GGT and ALP >1.8 times upper limit of normal; creatinine >1.2 times upper limit of normal; fasting triglycerides >4.0 mmol/L; and electrolytes outside the normal range. Known history of AIDS, hepatitis, a history or presence of clinically important endocrine (including Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus), cardiovascular (including, but not limited to, atherosclerotic disease, history of myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, stroke), pulmonary, biliary or GI disorders. Use of medications/dietary supplements known to influence carbohydrate metabolism, gastrointestinal function or appetite, including, but not limited to adrenergic blockers, diuretics, thiazolidinediones, metformin and systemic corticosteroids within 4 weeks of the screening visit, or with any condition which might: 1) make participation dangerous to the subject or to others, or 2) affect the results as judged by the Investigator. History of propionic acidemia. Major trauma or surgical event within 3 months of screening. Unwillingness or inability to comply with the experimental procedures and to follow GI Labs safety guidelines. Known intolerance, sensitivity or allergy to any ingredients in the study products. Extreme dietary habits, as judged by the Investigator (i.e. Atkins diet, very high protein diets, etc). Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg as defined by the average blood pressure measured at screening. Change in body weight of >3.5kg within 4 weeks of the screening visit. Presence of any signs or symptoms of an active infection within 5 d prior to any test visit. If an infection occurs during the study period, test visits should be rescheduled until all signs and symptoms have resolved and any treatment (i.e. antibiotic therapy) has been completed at least 4 weeks prior to each test visit. History of cancer in the prior two years, except for non-melanoma skin cancer. Recent history (within 12 months of screening) or strong potential for alcohol or substance abuse. Alcohol abuse is defined as > 14 drinks per week (1 drink=12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, or 1.5 oz distilled spirits). Exposure to any non-registered drug product within 30 d prior to screening. Subject has donated more than 300 mL of blood during the three months prior to screening. Any history of an eating disorder (eg. anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating) diagnosed by a health professional

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Propionate (1 g)<br>Participants will receive 1 g of Ca-propionate in a colon-release form. Volunteers will receive the product on visits 2, 3 and 4. Each of the visits will be separated by > 5 days. Visit 5, the end of study visit, will occur within 5 days of visit 4. | Dietary Supplement: Ca-propionate 1 g<br>* 1 g of Ca-propionate will be mixed in 203 mL of a standardized liquid breakfast<br>|
| Experimental: Propionate (3 g)<br>Participants will receive 3 g of Ca-propionate in a colon-release form. Volunteers will receive the product on visits 2, 3 and 4. Each of the visits will be separated by > 5 days. Visit 5, the end of study visit, will occur within 5 days of visit 4. | Dietary Supplement: Ca-propionate 3 g<br>* 3 g of Ca-propionate will be mixed in 203 mL of a standardized liquid breakfast<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Participants will receive 2.6 g of cellulose in a colon-release form. Volunteers will receive the product on visits 2, 3 and 4. Each of the visits will be separated by > 5 days. Visit 5, the end of study visit, will occur within 5 days of visit 4. | Dietary Supplement: Placebo<br>* 2.6 g of cellulose will be mixed in 203 mL of a standardized liquid breakfast<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ad-libitum energy intake | Ad-libitum energy intake will be assessed by giving subjects a choice of an excess of individual pizza slices | t=210 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective ratings of appetite and GI comfort | Subjective measurements of motivation to eat and GI physical comfort will be assessed using validated questionnaires, i.e. Visual Analog Scales (VAS). Each of the questions on the VAS is a 100 mm line anchored at each end with opposing statements. Participants mark a vertical line on the line at a point that they felt reflect their feelings at the moment the test was taken. Scores will be assessed by measuring the distance between the intersection of the vertical line with the line and the left end of the line. VAS include a set of questions, such as feelings of fullness, feelings of hunger, prospective food consumption. | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| 24 h food intake | Completion of a food diary | Food intake is recorded from the time of the start of the ad-libitum food test until 24 hours later | 
| Serum glucose | Serum glucose analysis will be done using either the Vitros 350 Chemistry System or an YSI model 2300/2700 STAT analyser | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| Plasma insulin | Plasma insulin will be measured using an insulin ELISA Immunoassay kit | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| Plasma ghrelin | Immunoassay kits will be used to measure plasma ghrelin | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| Plasma total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Immunoassay kits will be used for measure plasma total GLP-1 | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| Plasma peptide YY (PYY) | Immunoassay kits will be used for measure plasma PYY | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours | 
| Plasma propionate | Plasma propionate will be measured using HPLC MS/MS | Every 30 minutes during an interval of 6 hours |