Continuous Versus Intermittent Bolus Feeding in Very Preterm Infants - Effect on Respiratory Morbidity

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) of Prematurity is a common yet challenging co-morbidity affecting extremely premature newborns. Multifactorial influences leading to this co-morbidity is known and targeted in various research studies. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common among the same cohort of patients. The investigators hypothesize that recurrent milk reflux into the airways of the premature babies worsen the inflammation of premature lungs and is a major contributor of CLD. The investigators hypothesize that Continuous feeding (CF) minimises GER and micro-aspiration, thereby reducing the incidence and severity of CLD in high-risk infants. Our aim is to compare the effect of intermittent bolus versus continuous intra-gastric feeding on the incidence and severity of CLD in very low birth weight infants ≤ 1250 grams.

Detailed Description
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The pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is complex and multifactorial. As a result of premature birth, developmental arrest during a critical period of fetal lung development compounded by mechanical, oxidative and other injuries sustained during neonatal respiratory care forms the basis of pathogenesis. BPD affects up to 50% of infants with birth weight less than 1000 g. Between 2000 and 2009, despite advancement of neonatal care, annual BPD rates reported by Vermont Oxford Network among very low birth weight infants varied from 26.2% to 30.4% without any decline. Severely affected infants often require prolonged ventilation, high oxygen use, alternative airway and several potent medications over the first few months to years of their lives. High mortality rates, neurodevelopmental delay, respiratory morbidity and growth failure are associated with BPD. Treatment of severe BPD with or without pulmonary hypertension is challenging. Prolonging the pregnancy in the face of premature labour, treating perinatal infections, augmenting pulmonary maturity with corticosteroids, judicious oxygen use, lung protective ventilation and optimizing nutrition to promote growth are important and well established measures to prevent or modify the progress of the chronic lung disease. It is common to find infants with BPD also having significant symptoms of reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a well-known co-morbidity among preterms and ex-preterms on chronic ventilation, many of whom go on to require surgical fundoplication to stop the reflux thus preventing further lung damage. Some have reported dramatic respiratory improvement after resolution of GER. In the early days of a preterm baby with respiratory distress, GER is common and silent. Among infants, diagnosis of pathologic GER from a benign one is difficult. Many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) would investigate for GER only when faced with moderate to severe BPD to achieve better respiratory symptom control. However GER has not been studied well as a factor precipitating the development of BPD among VLBW neonates. This is the focus of the study. Aspiration of gastric contents into the lung is a widespread phenomenon in mechanically ventilated preterm infants. In animal models of gastric aspiration, gastric particulates altered the pulmonary mechanics, increased pulmonary inflammatory cells, released pro-inflammatory mediators, and inactivated surfactant. Development of bacterial pneumonia is a well-recognized complication following aspiration of gastric contents. The investigators hypothesize that repeated aspirations would aggravate and accelerate an inflammatory response in the lung finally leading on to BPD. In addition oxygen mediated damage and mechanical ventilation potentiate lung injury due to aspiration. Logically, if GER and aspiration could be minimized, it could decrease the incidence and severity of BPD. Certain positioning of the baby, small volume of feed increment, keeping a close watch on feed tolerance are practical ways of improving feeding tolerance and reducing GER. The intermittent bolus intra-gastric feeding method is commonly used to feed premature babies. Other alternatives are continuous intra-gastric (feed volume is slowly infused in the stomach over couple of hours through the nasogastric tube) and continuous transpyloric feeding (feeding tube passes beyond the stomach to the duodenum and feed volume is slowly infused over hours). Transpyloric continuous feeding as compared to intermittent gastric bolus feeding, has been found to significantly reduce ventilatory support requirements in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, possibly via its effect of minimising GER. In this study, none of the babies who received transpyloric feeding developed significant BPD and in addition babies with significant BPD improved after switching to transpyloric method. Transpyloric feeding tubes however are challenging to insert, and intestinal perforation is an uncommon but significant adverse effect. This feeding method is also not physiological as it bypasses the stomach. It remains to be seen if continuous gastric feeds, which is easily administered and safer, would yield some of the advantages of continuous transpyloric feeds over intermittent gastric feeding. A Cochrane review in 2011 of continuous intra-gastric versus intermittent bolus intra-gastric feeding for premature infants found conflicting results, and was unable to make recommendations regarding the benefits and risks of these feeding methods. Clinical outcomes of interest from these trials were related to growth, feeding tolerance and gastrointestinal complications. The Cochrane review importantly found no significant difference in somatic growth and incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) between either feeding methods. Another Cochrane review in 2014 did not identify any randomised trial that evaluated the effects of continuous versus intermittent bolus intragastric tube feeding on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants and opined that well-designed and adequately powered trials are needed in this field. There were no studies comparing the effect of the above feeding methods on respiratory outcomes either. Trial objectives Aim: To compare the effect of intermittent bolus versus continuous intra-gastric feeding on the incidence and severity of BPD in very low birth weight infants (≤ 1250 grams). Hypothesis: Continuous feeding (CF) minimises silent GER and micro-aspiration, thereby reducing the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in high-risk infants when compared to intermittent bolus feeding (BF). Statistical considerations Sample size calculation: based on 2015 data from the Singapore National Very-Low-Birth-Weight (VLBW) Infant Network for infants ≤ 1250 grams, mortality rate was 12.9% and BPD rate (defined as any oxygen supplementation or any respiratory support at 36 weeks post-conceptional age) was 29.4%. Thus the composite primary outcome rate was 42.3%. For a primary outcome rate reduction from 45% to 22.5%, with a type 1 error rate of 5% and a power of 80%, a sample size of 68 infants in each arm is required, giving a total sample size of 136 infants.

Official Title
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Continuous Versus Intermittent Bolus Feeding in Very Preterm Infants - Effects on Respiratory Morbidity: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial

Conditions
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Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Method of feeding; continuous feeding OR bolus feeding


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Infants with a birth weight <1250g and a gestational age of between 24+0 - 33+6 weeks Exclusion Criteria: Major congenital malformation Chromosomal abnormality 10-minute Apgar score of =3 Not expected to survive beyond 72 hours of age Bilateral grade 4 intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) Did not consent / Consent not available

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 1 Day
Maximum Age: 3 Days

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomised-controlled trial with 2 parallel groups (1:1 ratio). Control group: intermittent bolus intra-gastric tube feeding (BF), Intervention group: continuous intra-gastric tube feeding (CF). Not blinded. Stratified randomization along following birth weight groups: </=750 g 751 - 1000 g 1001 -1250 g Method of randomisation: Computer generated randomization codes stored in sealed opaque envelopes. Intervention started by 72 hours of life (more than trophic feed volume achieved) and continued until an infant reaches a weight of 1.6 kg and is determined by the attending Neonatologist to be ready to commence oral feeding by breast or bottle, or when an infant attains a post-conceptional age of 36 weeks, whichever is earlier. Continuous fed is delivered through a nasogastric tube by a syringe pump over 3hrs with 1 hour of break - 6 cycles a day. Feed volume, type of feed, feed increment regulated by the clinical team. Intention to treat analysis.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Continuous feeding (CF)<br>Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a continuous fashion using syringe pump. Each feed cycle is of 4 hours (3 hrs continuous feeding and 1 hour rest). 6 feed cycles in a day. Feed volume increment per day is as per departmental protocol and same as comparator arm. | Other: Method of feeding; continuous feeding OR bolus feeding<br>* CF: Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a continuous fashion using syringe pump. Each feed cycle is of 4 hours (3 hrs continuous feeding and 1 hour rest). 6 feed cycles in a day. BF: Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a gravity dependent bolus feeding every 2-3 hours. Each feed would take approximately 10 minutes.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Bolus feeding (BF)<br>Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a gravity dependent bolus feeding every 2-3 hours. Each feed would take approximately 10 minutes. Feed volume increment per day is as per departmental protocol and same as experimental arm. | Other: Method of feeding; continuous feeding OR bolus feeding<br>* CF: Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a continuous fashion using syringe pump. Each feed cycle is of 4 hours (3 hrs continuous feeding and 1 hour rest). 6 feed cycles in a day. BF: Infants fed through a naso or orogastric tube in a gravity dependent bolus feeding every 2-3 hours. Each feed would take approximately 10 minutes.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Incidence of BPD | BPD as defined by 2001 NICHD criteria | occurring before 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 
| Incidence of Death | Death occurring before 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | occurring before 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Invasive Ventilatory requirements | Days on invasive ventilation | 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 
| Any Ventilatory requirements | Days on any ventilatory (invasive or non invasive) support | 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 
| Supplemental Oxygen support | Days on supplemental oxygen | 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 
| Feed tolerance | Time (days) from randomization to achievement of full feeds (defined as 150ml/Kg/Day) | 36 weeks post menstrual age or 28 days of life | 
| Weight outcomes | Z-scores for weight (grams) | birth, 36 weeks and 40 weeks post menstrual age | 
| Length outcomes | Z-scores for length (cm) | birth, 36 weeks and 40 weeks post menstrual age | 
| Head Growth outcomes | Z-scores for head circumference (cm) | birth, 36 weeks and 40 weeks post menstrual age | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Prematurity, Randomised control trial (RCT), BPD, CLD, continuous feeding