Effect of Radius on Alpha Motor Neuron Excitability

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study hypothesize that radius subjecting to mechanical loading may affect excitability of alpha motor neuron innervating muscle, based on its bone mineral density. If this hypothesis is valid, it can be firstly suggested that the relationship between bone mineral density and muscle strength is bidirectional. A total of 80 voluntaries are planned to include in this study. After forearm vibration is applied, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) will be measured in all cases. Alpha motor neuron excitability (H/M ratio, recruitment), background muscle activity will be evaluated by electromyography at pre-treatment, post-treatment and, during treatment in cases. Forearm vibration will be applied by forearm vibration device (FAV). FAV with mechanical loading will apply forearm. Cases will sit on armchair. Two intervals of FAV will be applied at a frequency of 45 Hz. Each interval will consist of 60 second of FAV followed by rest. The right radius BMD and BMC will be evaluated by bone densitometer (GE-LUNAR DPX PRO). Motor unite potentials at rest, Hoffman reflex, F response, M response will be measured by electromyography at right flexor carpi radialis. Medtronic Keypoint Portable 2 channel electromyography and Neurotrac ETS device will be used.

Detailed Description
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It is usually reported that there is a parallelism between changes in the bone structure and function and the muscle structure and function. Sarcopenia is frequently observed in osteoporotic patients. Bone formation increases or bone resorption decreases with exercise. To date, the effect of bone on the muscle activity is not investigated. One of the most important functions of bone bear mechanical loads include body weight. Bone must be strong enough to resist the mechanical loading. Mechanisms need to protect bone when bone is subject to excessive mechanical loading. These mechanisms may mainly focus on strengthening the bone and/or changing vectorial properties of mechanical loading applied bone. The vectorial properties of mechanical loading applied bone may be controlled by muscle contractions. Bone contains wide mechanoreceptor net constructed by osteocytes. So,distribution of the mechanical loading on bone cross-sectional area is possible to perceive. It may be also possible that inappropriate distribution of mechanical loading on bone crosssectional area is optimized by muscle contractions. To get this regulation, there should be a mechanism that muscle activity is controlled by central nervous system based on mechanical loading distribution on bone cross-sectional area. We previously showed that bone can regulate muscle activity, based on its bone mineral density. According to this study result, it can be suggested there may exist a mechanism that bone sensing mechanical stimuli can send the signals to central nervous system and neuronally regulate muscle activity (bone myo-regulation reflex). (It is also well known that load-induced adaptive bone formation is neuronally regulated. Taken together, a general mechanism, bone reflex, may be defined that bone subjected to loading can neuronally regulate bone formation and muscle activity) This study hypothesize that radius subjecting to mechanical loading may affect excitability of alpha motor neuron innervating muscle, based on its bone mineral density.

Official Title
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Effect of Radius Subjecting to Mechanical Loading on Alpha Motor Neuron Excitability

Conditions
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Osteoporosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Forearm vibration


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: females with postmenopausal osteoporosis (forearm BMD: T score <-2.0) females without postmenopausal osteoporosis (forearm BMD: T score >-1.0) healthy young adult females (forearm BMD normal) healthy young adult males (forearm BMD normal) cases with right handed patients in all groups Exclusion Criteria: secondary osteoporosis neuropathy (central or peripheral) myopathy systemic diseases (arthritis, endocrine-metabolic diseases, bone diseases) professional sportswoman/sportsman subjects doing regular sports activities tendinopathy amputee, endoprosthesis, metal implants

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Healthy postmenopausal women<br>Forearm vibration will be applied in women without postmenopausal osteoporosis | Procedure: Forearm vibration<br>* Mechanical loading with forearm vibration will be applied right radius in all groups.<br>* Other names: Cyclic mechanical loading;|
| Experimental: Osteoporotic postmenopausal women<br>Forearm vibration will be applied in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis | Procedure: Forearm vibration<br>* Mechanical loading with forearm vibration will be applied right radius in all groups.<br>* Other names: Cyclic mechanical loading;|
| Experimental: Healthy young adult women<br>Forearm vibration will be applied in healthy young adult women | Procedure: Forearm vibration<br>* Mechanical loading with forearm vibration will be applied right radius in all groups.<br>* Other names: Cyclic mechanical loading;|
| Experimental: Healthy young adult men<br>Forearm vibration will be applied in healthy young adult men | Procedure: Forearm vibration<br>* Mechanical loading with forearm vibration will be applied right radius in all groups.<br>* Other names: Cyclic mechanical loading;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Changing alpha motor neuron excitability |  | 1-2 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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bone, motor neuron excitability, forearm vibration, Mechanical Loading