Cervical Pessary to Prevent Preterm Singleton Birth in High Risk Population

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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DESIGN: Observational prospective study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: All women are 18 years old of age or older with high risk for preterm birth, based on clinical history, and between 18.0 weeks and 23.6 weeks of pregnancy. SAMPLE SIZE: 214 asymptomatic high risk pregnant women. METHODOLOGY: Patient selection, obtaining of informed consent, randomization for cervical placement of pessary. Current follow-up until delivery. Pessary is removed at 37 week or before in some specific situations. MAIN OUTCOME: sPTB <370 weeks of gestation. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Pregnancy outcomes and a neonatal composite morbidity. EXPECTED RESULTS: Cervical pessary reduces sPB below 37 weeks in high risk of preterm birth population.

Detailed Description
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Spontaneous preterm birth (sPB) is still a leading cause of neonatal and infant death and responsible of neonatal morbidity as cerebral palsy. In spite of improvements of neonatal care, rates of preterm birth have not changed in the recent 10 years. Clinical risk factors for preterm birth include: 1) Demographic characteristics such a low socioeconomic status, poor antenatal care, malnutrition or extremes in maternal age; 2) Behavioral factors including smoking, illicit drug abuse, alcohol consumption or heavy physical work; 3) Obstetric history including uterine malformation, previous preterm labor or preterm rupture of membranes (PROM), previous cervical surgery, late miscarriage >16-17 weeks; 4) Aspects of the current pregnancy as multiple pregnancy, genital tract bleeding or infection, Preterm Rupture of Membranes (PROM), short cervix and others. In nulliparous women with no previous pregnancies or fetal losses >16 weeks, screening based on clinical history (maternal racial origin, age, height, smoking status and method of conception) could detect about 20% of sPB. In women with previous pregnancies at or beyond 16 weeks the detection rate is doubled by incorporating obstetric history. The risks for women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth with a normal cervix in pregnancy are not negligible. It has been suggested that there is a continuum risk dependent on absolute cervical length while other authors showed that absolute length of cervix above 25mm had little impact on the risk of preterm birth before 35 weeks. A posterior study has not identified any clinical or obstetric risk factors in high-risk women with cervical length greater than 25mm that could help to identify those who will subsequently have a spontaneous preterm birth. The risk of preterm birth is inversely related to cervical length (CL) as measured by ultrasound. Current options for the management of short cervix in singleton pregnancies are: vaginal progesterone, with proved benefit; cervical cerclage in high risk and short cervix, and cervical pessary. Cervical pessary is a silicone ring with a smaller diameter to be fitted around the cervix and a larger diameter to fix the device to the pelvic floor. It modifies the direction of the cervix to the posterior vaginal wall. Three randomized trials involving women with singleton low risk pregnancies and short cervix provided controversial results regarding the effect of cervical pessary on the rate of sPB before 34 weeks; in one trial, involving 380 women, the rate of this outcome was significantly lower with a pessary than with no pessary (6% vs 27%); in another trial, involving 108 women, there was no significant effect (9.4% vs 5.5%, respectively) and in the largest trial, involving 935 women, no benefits were found (12.9% vs 11.3%, respectively). Nowadays high-risk population with normal cervix is managed by cervical length surveillance and physical activity restriction, as progesterone has not a proved benefit in women at risk because of previous history but normal cervix. Cervical pessary has not been tested specifically in high risk population. In PECEP study a total number of 42 patients (11% of each group) had at least one previous preterm birth. Authors did not report differences in the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks in this subgroup. In Nicolaides study, 154 patients had previous birth before 37 weeks: 70 were treated with pessary and 84 with expectant management. The reported risk of birth before 34 weeks was 10.1% and 19.5%, respectively. In spite of the increased risk in expectant group, these differences were not significant (OR 0.47 (0.18-1.21) p= 0.12). In both trials, women included has short cervix. Even that group of women with previous preterm birth were included in the previous trials, pessary has not been proved in a specific group of population with previous history of preterm birth or uterine-cervical factors. Therefore, there is a lack of information in this topic.

Official Title
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Cervical Pessary to Prevent Preterm Singleton Birth in High Risk Population

Conditions
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Preterm Birth

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Cervical pessary


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Singleton pregnancy. Age > 18 years old. Gestational age between 18.0 -23.6 weeks of gestation. Asymptomatic singleton pregnancies, with at least one of the following: Previous spontaneous preterm delivery or PPROM (23 - 34.6 weeks). Previous spontaneous second trimester miscarriage (16.0-22.6 weeks). Previous surgery on uterine cervix. Uterine malformation. Able to sign informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: Congenital, chromosomal abnormalities or stillbirth in current pregnancy before randomization. Women with an obstetrical history of iatrogenic preterm birth indicated for maternal or fetal conditions. Symptomatic high-risk women or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) in the current pregnancy. Pregnant women with an indication of prophylactic cervical cerclage due to her own obstetrical history. Pregnant women with an indication to perform a cervical cerclage, prior to study inclusion. Cerclage in situ. Active vaginal bleeding.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Pessary Group<br>A pessary certified is inserted through the vagina with the woman in recumbent position and is placed around the cervix. Correct placement of the pessary is assessed by ultrasound. Patients on the pessary group are specially awarded about adverse symptoms and the need of immediate report in case of pain, bleeding and symptomatic contractions. The pessary is not removed when symptoms of infection occur after pessary insertion, but appropriate treatment is given. The pessary is removed at 37 weeks of pregnancy. Indications for pessary removal before 37 weeks are: active vaginal bleeding, premature labor not responding to tocolysis or severe patient discomfort. | Device: Cervical pessary<br>* Cervical pessary is a silicone ring with a smaller diameter to be fitted around the cervix and a larger diameter to fix the device to the pelvic floor. It modifies the direction of the cervix to the posterior vaginal wall.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>Current management for the follow-up of these women in the PBPC. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spontaneous preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation | Delivery < 37.0 weeks of gestation (Yes/No) | 3 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Preterm birth 34 weeks | Birth before 34 weeks of gestation (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Preterm birth 28 weeks | Birth before 28 weeks of gestation (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| PPROM before 34 weeks | Preterm premature rupture of membranes before 34 weeks (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Threatened preterm labor | Number of admissions for threatened preterm labor <34weeks of gestation | 5 months | 
| Cervical trauma | Serious cervical or vaginal trauma (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Pessary tolerance | Intolerance to pessary (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Infection | Vaginal infection (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Progesterone co-treatment | Need for progesterone co-treatment (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Choriomanionitis | Clinical chorioamnionitis (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Maternal mortality or morbidity | Maternal mortality or severe morbidity (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal birthweight | Birth weight in grams | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes APGAR | 5 min APGAR score < 7 (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes umbilical artery pH | Umbilical artery pH at delivery <7.1 (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes NICU | Need for NICU admission (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes for respiratory support | Need for respiratory support (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes SDR | Respiratory distress syndrome (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes IVH | Intraventricular haemorrhage (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes NEC | Necrotizing enterocolitis (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes. Death | Neonatal death (Yes/No) | 5 months | 
| Neonatal outcomes. Sepsis | Neonatal sepsis (Yes/No) | 5 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Preterm Birth, Cervical Pessary, Obstetrical history, Cervical length