Does The Surfactant Administration by Aerosolization Effective?

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The present study was designed to evaluate, in premature babies with RDS breathing spontaneously, the efficacy of combined treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and aerosolized surfactant. The first objective of investigators is to assess the safety of surfactant nebulization in this clinical situation, and to ﬁnd out whether treatment with aerosolized surfactant would reduce the need for mechanical ventilation. And other aim suggest that aerosolized dates compared with dates of INSURE (intubation-surfactant-extubation) and minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) method.

Detailed Description
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Does The Surfactant Administration by Aerosolization of Respiratory Distress Syndrome effective in Spontaneously Breathing Premature Infants ? Endotracheal bolus application of natural surfactant has been shown to be an effective treatment for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), especially in premature neonates with weeks of pregnancy > 27 week. However, patients are intubated nasotracheal or orotracheal for this form of treatment. This intubation carries potential risks of injuries to the dental lamina, the larynx, and the trachea, bronchopulmonary infections, and fluctuations in cerebral blood flow, intra- and periventricular haemorrhage (1). In addition, many babies with RDS who initially respond to surfactant therapy later develop chronic lung disease (CLD) (2). With this in mind, the investigators attempt to administer surfactant in a more gentle way, i.e. by nebulization. Administration by aerosol during spontaneous respiration is less traumatic and avoids intubation with the accompanying mechanical and infectious risks and pathophysiological effects. The present study was designed to evaluate, in premature babies with RDS breathing spontaneously, the efficacy of combined treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and aerosolized surfactant. The first objective of investigators is to assess the safety of surfactant nebulization in this clinical situation, and to ﬁnd out whether treatment with aerosolized surfactant would reduce the need for mechanical ventilation. And other aim suggest that aerosolized dates compared with dates of INSURE (intubation-surfactant-extubation) and minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) method. Seventy-five newborn babies from neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Scholl (Van, Turkey) will be randomized to treatment with nebulized surfactant (Curosurf®, Chiesi Pharmaceutics, Parma, Italy) or to two control groups receiving INSURE and MIST method. The study will be conducted with 75 infants, 25 in each group. Randomization will be central and performed using sealed envelopes kept at the neonatal ward of Yuzuncu Yil University Medical Centre Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all parents before randomization. Inclusion criteria are corrected gestational age >26 week or <34 week, age 2-36 h, clinically and radiologically diagnosed progressive RDS, FiO2 needed to maintain SaO2 85-95%; >0.4, and no evident lung or cardiovascular malformation. The surfactant aerosol will generate with a ultrasonic nebulizer (Aeroneb Pro; Aerogen, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) and administer via the nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) equipment into the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Surfactant will be diluted to 40 mg/ml with saline before nebulization. These modifications will be introduced to enhance the delivery of nebulized material to the lungs (3). In the control groups, the babies will be supported with the same type of NCPAP equipment, after given surfactant via endotracheal bolus application and MIST method. Parameters will be documented at three different times, namely before application of surfactant (200 mg/kg BW), and 2 h, 6 h after completion of nebulization or application of others. The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA). NCPAP pressure will be set at 5-6 cm H2O, and NIPPV will be set in a non-synchronised mode at 20-30 bpm, with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5-6 cm H2O and peak inspiratory pressure of 15-20 cm H2O. FiO2 will be titrated at 0.21-0.50 to maintain an oxygen saturation level of 90%-95%, as measured via pulse oximeter. Under non-invasive ventilation, the surfactant will be administered as a rescue therapy if the infant required ≥0.40 FiO2 to maintain the target saturation level of 90%-95%. Findings in chest radiograms before inclusion and head ultrasound images taken as soon as possible according to the clinical situation will be evaluated and graded according to criteria defined by Papile et al. (4) and Kero et al.(5) CLD will be defined as need for supplemental oxygen at 36 wk gestational age. Statistical evaluation Data will be analyzed using the 20 Windows Version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Program (Chicago, IL, USA). Data were compared using unpaired t-test and Chi-square test, and p-values below <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Ethical approval The study was approved by the regional ethics committee at the Yuzuncu Yil University Institute, Van, Turkey. The regional ethics committee No: 05.05.2015/09

Official Title
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Does The Surfactant Administration by Aerosolization of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Effective in Spontaneously Breathing Premature Infants ?

Conditions
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Surfactant Administration by Aerosolization

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: surfactant
* Device: nasal continuous positive airway pressure
* Device: non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation
* Device: Neopuff
* Device: neonatal ventilator


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Corrected gestational age >26 week or <34 week, Age 2-36 h Clinically and radiologically diagnosed progressive RDS, FiO2 needed to maintain SaO2 85-95%; >0.4 No evident lung or cardiovascular malformation. Exclusion Criteria: Corrected gestational age <26 week or >34 week, Age >36 h Premature babies with RDS but no breathing spontaneously Evident lung or cardiovascular malformation.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 26 Weeks
Maximum Age: 34 Weeks

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Nebulized surfactant<br>For randomisatio, each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV), and than premature babies with RDS breathing spontaneously will be administered surfactant by nebulizer. | Drug: surfactant<br>* the investigators attempt to administer surfactant in a more gentle way, i.e. by nebulization, by minimally invasive surfactant therapy, and endotracheal bolus application of natural surfactant<br>* Other names: Curosurf;Device: nasal continuous positive airway pressure<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NCPAP;Device: non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NIPPV;Device: Neopuff<br>* Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand<br>Device: neonatal ventilator<br>* GE Healthcare, Madison, USA<br>* Other names: Engström Carestation;|
| Active Comparator: Endotracheal bolus application<br>For randomisatio, each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The investigators will administer surfactant via fundamental method. | Drug: surfactant<br>* the investigators attempt to administer surfactant in a more gentle way, i.e. by nebulization, by minimally invasive surfactant therapy, and endotracheal bolus application of natural surfactant<br>* Other names: Curosurf;Device: nasal continuous positive airway pressure<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NCPAP;Device: non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NIPPV;Device: Neopuff<br>* Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand<br>Device: neonatal ventilator<br>* GE Healthcare, Madison, USA<br>* Other names: Engström Carestation;|
| Active Comparator: Minimally invasive surfactant therapy<br>For randomisatio, each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). After randomisation, the investigators will administer surfactant via minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) method which is recently very popular method | Drug: surfactant<br>* the investigators attempt to administer surfactant in a more gentle way, i.e. by nebulization, by minimally invasive surfactant therapy, and endotracheal bolus application of natural surfactant<br>* Other names: Curosurf;Device: nasal continuous positive airway pressure<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NCPAP;Device: non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation<br>* each infant will be randomly assigned to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA).<br>* Other names: NIPPV;Device: Neopuff<br>* Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand<br>Device: neonatal ventilator<br>* GE Healthcare, Madison, USA<br>* Other names: Engström Carestation;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The first objective of investigators is to assess the safety of surfactant nebulization in this clinical situation, and to ﬁnd out whether treatment with aerosolized surfactant would reduce the need for mechanical ventilation. | The infants will be stabilised on NCPAP (Neopuff; Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) in the delivery room and during transport to the NICU. NCPAP or NIPPV will be started within 30 min of birth immediately after randomisation. Both NCPAP and NIPPV will be delivered by a neonatal ventilator (Engström Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, USA) via short, binasal Cannula (RAM Cannula; Neotech, Valencia, CA). NCPAP pressure will be set at 5-6 cm H2O, and NIPPV will be set in a non-synchronised mode at 20-30 bpm, with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5-6 cm H2O and peak inspiratory pressure of 15-20 cm H2O. FiO2 will be titrated at 0.21-0.50 to maintain an oxygen saturation level of 90%-95%, as measured via pulse oximeter. Under non-invasive ventilation, the surfactant will be administered as a rescue therapy if the infant required ≥0.40 FiO2 to maintain the target saturation level of 90%-95%. | within the ﬁrst 72 hour of life | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) | Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) will be defined according to National Institutes of Health criteria. | up to 36 weeks of post gestational age | 
| Patent ductus arteriosus | Echocardiography will be performed routinely for patent ductus arteriosus at a postnatal age of 48-96 h. | In 5 days of life | 
| Intraventricular haemorrhage | We will assess for intraventricular haemorrhage higher than grade II using the Papile classification system | Within 1 month of life | 
| Necrotising enterocolitis | Necrotising enterocolitis with the modified Bell's classification system | Within 3 months of life | 
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) | Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) requiring laser treatment based on the criteria of the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. | Up to 3 months of life |