Associations Between Pain Perceptions and Movement-evoked Pain.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between pain cognitions and movement-evoked pain in people with musculoskeletal pain complaints.

Detailed Description
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This study will investigate the associations between pain cognitions and movement-evoked pain in people with musculoskeletal pain complaints. This study will be carried out as a cross-sectional study. Participants will be recruited by means of flyers and social media. Pain cognitions will be assessed using questionnaires (The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), The llness perception questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R), The Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ), The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), The 36-item short form health survey (SF-36)), whilst movement-evoked pain will be assessed using a lifting task. Participants will need to rate the experienced pain immediately after completing the task. To estimate the extent to which pain cognitions explain movement-evoked pain, correlational analyses will first be conducted between all variables to determine what variables will be included in the hierarchical regression analysis.

Official Title
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Associations Between Pain Perceptions and Movement-evoked Pain: a Cross-sectional Study.

Conditions
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Musculoskeletal Pain

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18 years or older, presence of musculoskeletal pain for more than three months, medically stable (no serious health conditions, no pending surgery or invasive medical procedure, no contraindication to physical activity). Exclusion Criteria: Presence of co-existing pain conditions of other origins with chronic musculoskeletal pain not being the primary condition (i.e. predominant subject of symptom complaints) severe underlying comorbidity (like diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular problems, etc.) pregnant or given birth in the preceding year.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Movement-evoked pain | Pain that is experienced in response to a physical task. Participants will perform a lifting task. Participants will be asked to lift a series of 19-canisters that will be arranged in a standardized pattern on a waist-high table. Participants will provide a pain rating on a 11 points Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) with the endpoints no pain (0) and excruciating pain (10) | Assessed only once at baseline. | 
| Illness perceptions | The illness perception questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R) will be used to measure patients' illness perceptions. In the first domain, called illness identity, the perceived symptoms and their possible relation to the illness are evaluated. In this study, participants will indicate whether or not they believe that a specific symptom is related to pain (yes or no). The second domain, the beliefs domain, covers 7 dimensions: the acute/chronic timeline, the cyclical character of the illness, the consequences, controllability, curability, emotional representations and illness coherence. The third domain lists 18 possible causes to which individuals attribute their condition, the degree to which individuals perceive themselves as responsible for the illness, as well as the responsibility individuals take for curing themselves. For each item in the second and third domain, patients rate their level of agreement on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree | Assessed only once at baseline | 
| Pain catastrophizing | The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is a questionnaire to objectify catastrophic thinking about pain. It consists of 13 items describing different thoughts and feelings that individuals may have when experiencing pain. Items are scored on a 5-point scale. A general score and scores on 3 subscales (i.e., helplessness (6 items), magnification (3 items), and rumination (4items)) will be obtained; higher scores indicate more severe catastrophic thoughts about pain | Assessed only once at baseline | 
| Attention to pain | The Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) will be used to investigate patients' attention to pain. It is a 16-item measure of attention to pain that assesses awareness, consciousness, vigilance, and observation of pain. Scores range from 0 to 80 and high scores correspond to hypervigilance for pain. | Assessed only once at baseline | 
| Fear of injury due to movement | The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a 17-item questionnaire that will be used to measure the fear of (re) injury due to movement. Scores range from 17 to 68, with scores ≤ 37 suggesting low fear of movement and scores > 37 indicating high fear of movement. | Assessed only once at baseline | 
| Quality of life, an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. | The 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) is a multidimensional generic questionnaire assessing quality of life, which consists of 8 dimensions: physical functioning (10 items), role constraint caused by physical health problems (4 items), bodily pain (2 items), general health (5 items), vitality (4 items), social functioning (2 items), role constraint caused by emotional problems (3 items) and mental health (5 items). Higher scores reflecting a better health condition | Assessed only once at baseline |