Effectiveness of Recovery Protocols Combination in Soccer Players

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The main objective of this project is to compare the effectiveness of combining different recovery methods on perceptual and physical performance on soccer players.

Detailed Description
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A crossover study will be performed and players will be assigned to different recovery methods combinations after their participation in a football game. The investigators will take baseline measures before the game and post-competition measures 24 hours after the game (one hour before the recovery intervention). Moreover, another two measure moments will be used, 24 and 48 hours after the recovery intervention.

Official Title
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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Combination of Different Post-effort Recovery Methods on Quality and Recovery Time in Semi-professional Soccer Players

Conditions
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Soccer, Physical Stress, Fatigue

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Foam Roller (FR)
* Other: Stretching (STR)
* Other: Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: semi-professional soccer players 75 minutes game participation (minimum) 5 years of experience practicing soccer Exclusion Criteria: goalkeepers injured players

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 16 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Protocol I: Foam Roller (FR) + Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>Foam Roller (FR) Cold-Water Immersion (CWI) | Other: Foam Roller (FR)<br>* Foam Roller (FR): participants will follow the Foam Roller protocol using a polyvinylchloride pipe roller (10.3-cm diameter, 0.3-cm thickness surrounded by a 1,5-cm thickness neoprene foam). They will begin with the Foam Roller at the most proximal portion of the muscle and to roll as much body mass as tolerable back and forth along it as smoothly as possible at a cadence of 1 second superior and 1 second inferior as determined with the metronome. Foam Roller will be performed for 45 seconds followed by a 15-second rest for each muscle group (quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf) in each extremity and repeated once.<br>Other: Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>* Cold-Water Immersion (CWI): will be the last strategy used. Participants will immerse their lower body to the level of the hips for 10 minutes in cold water (10° C).<br>|
| Experimental: Protocol II: Stretching (STR) + Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>Stretching (STR) Cold-Water Immersion (CWI) | Other: Stretching (STR)<br>* Stretching (STR): participants will perform 8-min of static stretching, involving 3 bilateral repetitions of 30 seconds held stretches to the quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf muscles.<br>Other: Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>* Cold-Water Immersion (CWI): will be the last strategy used. Participants will immerse their lower body to the level of the hips for 10 minutes in cold water (10° C).<br>|
| Experimental: Protocol III: Foam Roller (FR) + Stretching (STR)<br>Foam Roller (FR) Stretching (STR) | Other: Foam Roller (FR)<br>* Foam Roller (FR): participants will follow the Foam Roller protocol using a polyvinylchloride pipe roller (10.3-cm diameter, 0.3-cm thickness surrounded by a 1,5-cm thickness neoprene foam). They will begin with the Foam Roller at the most proximal portion of the muscle and to roll as much body mass as tolerable back and forth along it as smoothly as possible at a cadence of 1 second superior and 1 second inferior as determined with the metronome. Foam Roller will be performed for 45 seconds followed by a 15-second rest for each muscle group (quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf) in each extremity and repeated once.<br>Other: Stretching (STR)<br>* Stretching (STR): participants will perform 8-min of static stretching, involving 3 bilateral repetitions of 30 seconds held stretches to the quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf muscles.<br>|
| Experimental: Protocol IV: Foam Roller (FR) + Stretching (STR) + Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>Foam Roller (FR) Stretching (STR) Cold-Water Immersion (CWI) | Other: Foam Roller (FR)<br>* Foam Roller (FR): participants will follow the Foam Roller protocol using a polyvinylchloride pipe roller (10.3-cm diameter, 0.3-cm thickness surrounded by a 1,5-cm thickness neoprene foam). They will begin with the Foam Roller at the most proximal portion of the muscle and to roll as much body mass as tolerable back and forth along it as smoothly as possible at a cadence of 1 second superior and 1 second inferior as determined with the metronome. Foam Roller will be performed for 45 seconds followed by a 15-second rest for each muscle group (quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf) in each extremity and repeated once.<br>Other: Stretching (STR)<br>* Stretching (STR): participants will perform 8-min of static stretching, involving 3 bilateral repetitions of 30 seconds held stretches to the quadriceps, adductors, hamstrings, abductors and calf muscles.<br>Other: Cold-Water Immersion (CWI)<br>* Cold-Water Immersion (CWI): will be the last strategy used. Participants will immerse their lower body to the level of the hips for 10 minutes in cold water (10° C).<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Neuromuscular or physical performance measures change: jump height | Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) will be performed to determine the maximum height in centimeters (cm). From standing position with the hands fixed on the hips, participants will be required to bend their knees to a freely chosen angle and perform a maximal vertical jump. Participants will be instructed to keep their body vertical throughout the jump, and to land with knees fully extended. Any jump that will be perceived to deviate from the required instructions will be repeated. Players will jump 3 times as high as possible and the best attempt will be used in subsequent analysis. A 15-s passive recovery phase will be provided between jumps. | Baseline, 1 hour before intervention, 24 hours after intervention, 48 hours after intervention | 
| Neuromuscular or physical performance measures change: jump flight and contact time | Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) will be performed to determine the jump flight and contact time in milliseconds (ms). From standing position with the hands fixed on the hips, participants will be required to bend their knees to a freely chosen angle and perform a maximal vertical jump. Participants will be instructed to keep their body vertical throughout the jump, and to land with knees fully extended. Any jump that will be perceived to deviate from the required instructions will be repeated. Players will jump 3 times as high as possible and the best attempt will be used in subsequent analysis. A 15-s passive recovery phase will be provided between jumps. | Baseline, 1 hour before intervention, 24 hours after intervention, 48 hours after intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective perceptual/well-being questionnaire measures change | The well-being questionnaire (McLean et al. 2010) will assess participants' fatigue, sleep quality, general muscle soreness, stress levels and mood on a five-point scale (scores of 1[worst outcome] to 5 [best outcome], 0.5 point increments). Overall well-being will then be determined by summing the five scores. | Baseline, 1 hour before intervention, 24 hours after intervention, 48 hours after intervention | 
| Total Quality Recovery perceived (TQRper) scale. Subjective perceptual questionnaire measures change | Players will be asked to rate their recovery using the subjective questionnaire Total Quality Recovery perceived (TQRper) scale (Kenttä & Hassmén, 1998) answering the question how recovered you feel? on a scale which ranges from 0 (very poorly recovered) to 10 (very well recovered) and it's used as a subjective measurement to assess the fatigue suffered by the players (Laurent et al., 2011). | Baseline, 1 hour before intervention, 24 hours after intervention, 48 hours after intervention | 
| Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Subjective perceptual questionnaire measures change | Players will be asked to rate their rate of perceived exertion using Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Borg's scale answering the question how exhausted do you feel? on a scale which ranges from 0 (extremely well-rested) to 10 (extremely exhausted) (Casamichana et al., 2013). | Baseline, 1 hour before intervention, 24 hours after intervention, 48 hours after intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Performance, Recovery, Fatigue, Soccer