Chronic Versus Acute Dosing of Sodium Citrate for Swimming 200m

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Ingestion of sodium citrate (Na-Cit), an alkalizing agent, increases extracellular pH via liver oxidation by decreasing [H+] and increasing bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-). Studies have confirmed that increasing extracellular pH promotes the efflux of La- and H+ from active muscles. This is due to an increase in activity of the pH sensitive monocarboxylate transporter as the gradient of intracellular versus extracellular H+ increases. Therefore, artificially inducing alkalosis prior to anaerobic exercise may reduce intracellular acidosis and increase the time to fatigue - defined as a decrease in force production with an increased perception of effort. The investigators will test the null hypothesis that sodium citrate ingestion (chronic and acute) will not have an effect on exercise performance compared to placebo.

Detailed Description
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Anaerobic glycolysis quickly provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for muscular contraction during high intensity, short duration exercise. The fast rate of glycolysis during anaerobic exercise results in pyruvate formation exceeding pyruvate oxidation resulting in a build up of lactic acid. Lactic acid dissociates quickly to lactate (La-) and hydrogen ion (H+) which causes a decrease in muscle and blood pH. The increase in H+ causes impaired release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium ion binding which inhibits the coupling of actin and myosin. Ingestion of sodium citrate (Na-Cit), an alkalizing agent, increases extracellular pH via liver oxidation by decreasing [H+] and increasing bicarbonate concentration (HCO3-). Studies have confirmed that increasing extracellular pH promotes the efflux of La- and H+ from active muscles. This is due to an increase in activity of the pH sensitive monocarboxylate transporter as the gradient of intracellular versus extracellular H+ increases. Therefore, artificially inducing alkalosis prior to anaerobic exercise may reduce intracellular acidosis and increase the time to fatigue - defined as a decrease in force production with an increased perception of effort. Furthermore, Cit- enters the cell through the Plasma Membrane Citrate Transporter and in the cell Cit- is involved in a number of processes: i) intermediary in the Krebs Cycle, ii) transports acetyl-Co-enzyme A (CoA)from the mitochondria to the cytosol for fatty-acid synthesis, iii) negative allosteric effector of phosphofructokinase, iv) anionic effect on membrane potential can cause a reduction in the contraction threshold. Researchers have studied sodium bicarbonate and Na-Cit as potential alkalizing agents. Na-Cit has been studied in few sports over a broad array of doses, times, and distances with inconclusive results. McNaughton et al. researched the optimal doses and durations for Na-Cit to be potentially beneficial to performance. They concluded that 0.3-0.5g/kg, 90-120 minutes prior to maximal effort are the optimal conditions for potential ergogenic effect. The only reported side effect was gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort in a 3 of the 8 subjects. However, it seems Na-Cit is handled better than the more commonly employed sodium bicarbonate. The investigators will test the null hypothesis that sodium citrate ingestion (chronic and acute) will not have an effect on exercise performance compared to placebo.

Official Title
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Chronic vs. Acute Ingestion of Sodium Citrate: a Randomised Placebo Controlled Cross-over Trial for Swimming a 200 Metres in Well-trained Swimmers Age 13-17

Conditions
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Alkalosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age 13-17 Male Regional, provincial and national level swimmers Exclusion Criteria: Females Level of swimming below regional level standards Caffeine before trials Chronic health concerns Health problems before or during the course of the trial

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 13 Years
Maximum Age: 17 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Flavoured water placebo for acute dosing<br>500 milliliters flavoured water (placebo for the acute dosing intervention of sodium citrate) | Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate<br>* Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)<br>* Other names: CAS: 6132-04-3;|
| Experimental: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate Acute<br>dose: 0.5 g/kg of body mass dissolved in 500 milliliters of flavoured water | Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate<br>* Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)<br>* Other names: CAS: 6132-04-3;|
| Placebo Comparator: Flavoured water placebo chronic dosing<br>500 milliliters flavoured water (placebo for the chronic dosing intervention of sodium citrate) | Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate<br>* Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)<br>* Other names: CAS: 6132-04-3;|
| Experimental: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate Chronic<br>3 days of 0.1g/kg of body mass of sodium citrate and 4th day at 0.3 g/kg of body mass of sodium citrate in 500 milliliters of flavoured water | Other: Sodium Citrate Dihydrate<br>* Dose sodium citrate dihydrate through 2 dosing protocols (Acute and Chronic)<br>* Other names: CAS: 6132-04-3;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time | time to complete 200 metre swimming performances in seconds Participants chose type of swim stroke to swim a maximal effort 200 metre performance | once each 200m performance | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lactate | lactate measured at 3min post trial | 3 min post performance | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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performance, speed, exertion