The Effect of Poorly Designed School Furniture on Children's Head and Scapulae Postures

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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investigate the compatibility of school furniture design

Official Title
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The Effect of Poorly Designed School Furniture on Children's Head and Scapulae Postures: A Cross Sectional Design

Conditions
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Ergonomics

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: had normal body mass index (ranged from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/ m2), The school furniture workstations used by all subjects were all of wooden flat desks and benches. Exclusion Criteria: suffering from respiratory or heart problems

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 7 Years
Maximum Age: 9 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| weight | measured in kilograms | up to 24 weeks | 
| height | measured in centimetres | up to 24 weeks | 
| Body mass index (BMI) | It was calculated as the ratio of the subject's height (in meter) and weight (in kilogram) i.e. BMI= Weight/ Height2 | up to 24 weeks | 
| anthropometric measurement for child | The anthropometric measurement for child were measured in mm by Auto CAD analysis for recorded photographs from sitting position.it include:1) elbow seat height: Measured with the elbow flexed at 90°, as the vertical distance from the bottom of the tip of the elbow to the student's seated surface, 2) shoulder height: Measured as the vertical distance from the top of the shoulder at the acromion process to the student's sitting surface,3) upper limb length: Difference between the elbow height and shoulder height. | up to 24 weeks | 
| anthropometric measurement for school furniture | The furniture dimensions were measured in mm by Auto CAD analysis for recorded photographs from sitting position.it include: 1) seat height: Measured as a distance from the floor to the highest point on the front of the seat, 2) seat depth: Measured from the back of the sitting surface of the seat to its front,3) backrest height: The vertical distance from the desk seat to the top edge of backrest, 4)desk- seat height: The vertical distance from the seat to the top of the front edge of the desk and 5) under surface of desk height: The vertical distance from the floor to the bottom of the front edge of the shelf under the writing surface.. | up to 24 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Correlation between educational furniture dimensions and the user body dimensions | the percentage of compatibility for the ergonomics design of school furniture were tested by using the following equations: Equation (1): Seat height to popliteal height (N +2) cos 30°≤ SH < (N + 2) cos 5° Where SH is seat height and N is popliteal height). Equation (2): Seat depth to the popliteal-buttock length 80%M≤ SD < 95%M Where SD is seat depth and M is popliteal-buttock length. Equation (3): Backrest height:60% H≤ BH < 80% H Where BH is backrest height and H is shoulder height (scapula height). the previous equations represent the correlation between arthopemeteric measurements for the child (the user) and anthropometric measurement for school furniture.The percentage of matching and dis-matching school furniture calculated. | through study completion, an average of 1 year. | 
| Head postures (angles) | Auto CAD program (version 2013) used to determine head postures (angles). 1) Head flexion angle: Line of canthus to tragus with respect to vertical (measured from vertical above intersect). 2) Neck flexion angle : Line of tragus to C7 with respect to vertical (measured from vertical above intersect) | through study completion, an average of 1 year. | 
| scapular postures (displacement and elevation). | Auto CAD program (version 2013) used to determine scapular postures (displacement and elevation in mm). 1) Scapula displacement: Horizontal distance between markers at C7 and the anterior border of the acromion (measured in mm), 2)Scapula elevation: Vertical distance between markers at C7 and the anterior border of the acromion. | through study completion, an average of 1 year. |