The Acute, Synergistic Effects of Protein and Calcium on Appetite and Energy Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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High-protein meals have previously been shown to acutely reduce appetite and energy intake. More recently, meals higher in calcium have also been shown to increase feelings of fullness, circulating insulin and intestinal peptide concentrations and reduce appetite sensations. This study aims to assess whether calcium and protein act synergistically to acutely influence appetite and energy intake.

Official Title
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The Acute, Synergistic Effects of Protein and Calcium on Appetite and Energy Intake

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Protein
* Dietary Supplement: Calcium
* Dietary Supplement: Porridge-based breakfast.


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male or Female BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 Age: 18-40 years Exclusion Criteria: Smokers Food allergies Metabolic disorders (ie. type 2 diabetes)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Sham Comparator: CONTROL<br>Control breakfast low in protein and calcium. Porridge-based breakfast. | Dietary Supplement: Porridge-based breakfast.<br>* Oats and water.<br>|
| Active Comparator: PROTEIN<br>High-protein breakfast. | Dietary Supplement: Protein<br>* Milk-Protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Porridge-based breakfast.<br>* Oats and water.<br>|
| Active Comparator: CALCIUM<br>High-calcium breakfast. | Dietary Supplement: Calcium<br>* Soluble calcium powder.<br>Dietary Supplement: Porridge-based breakfast.<br>* Oats and water.<br>|
| Experimental: PRO-CAL<br>High-protein and calcium breakfast. | Dietary Supplement: Protein<br>* Milk-Protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Calcium<br>* Soluble calcium powder.<br>Dietary Supplement: Porridge-based breakfast.<br>* Oats and water.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Energy Intake | Energy intake will be assessed by ad libitum consumption of a homogenous pasta meal, 1 h after the test-meal. | 60 min post test-meal | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective appetite sensations | Subjective appetite sensations (hunger, satisfaction, prospective consumption and fullness) will be assessed by visual analogue scales at baseline, and every 15 min following test-meal consumption. | 1 hr | 
| Insulin concentrations | Plasma insulin concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following test-meal consumption. | 1 hr | 
| GLP-1 (7-36) concentrations | Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) concentrations will be determined at baseline and every 15 min following consumption of the test meal. | 1 hr | 
| GIP concentration | Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) concentrations will be determined at baseline and evert 15 min following test-meal consumption. | 1 hr |