Comparison of Carotenoid Bioavailability From Fresh Papaya, Tomato and Carrot

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this study is to determine if papaya fruits are an exceptionally good food source for carotenoids in humans, particularly when compared more common carotenoid sources like carrots and tomatoes. This objective will be accomplished by quantitation of the immediate post-prandial plasma concentrations of parent carotenoids and vitamin A metabolites from subjects who consumed a meal containing fresh papaya, tomato, and carrot.

Detailed Description
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The main purpose of this study is comparing bioavailability of papaya carotenoids versus carrot and tomato carotenoids. Previously, vitamin A deposition in rat livers was studied, showing that carotenoid bioavailability from papaya is higher than from spinach, parsley and carrots. Detailed knowledge about human carotenoid absorption and conversion from papaya fruit compared to other food sources is still lacking.

Official Title
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Evaluation of the Effect of the Consumption of Papaya, Tomato, and Carrot on the Bioavailability of Carotenoids

Conditions
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Focus of Study: Carotenoid Absorption

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Papaya
* Other: Carrot
* Other: Tomato


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: healthy individuals Exclusion Criteria: lactating, pregnant, or planned to be pregnant smokers/those who use tobacco products metabolic or malabsorption disorders had a history of cancer history of liver insufficiency or other gastro-intestinal diseases allergy to papaya, carrots or tomatoes obesity

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Papaya-Carrot-Tomato<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Papaya 2. Carrot 3. Tomato. | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|
| Experimental: Papaya-Tomato-Carrot<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Papaya 2. Tomato 3. Carrot | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|
| Experimental: Tomato-Papaya-Carrot<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Tomato 2. Papaya 3. Carrot | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|
| Experimental: Tomato-Carrot-Papaya<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Tomato 2. Carrot 3. Papaya | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|
| Experimental: Carrot-Papaya-Tomato<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Carrot 2. Papaya 3. Tomato | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|
| Experimental: Carrot-Tomato-Papaya<br>Test meals were consumed in the following order: 1. Carrot 2. Tomato 3. Papaya | Other: Papaya<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 400-506 g papaya (1.6 mg beta-carotene, 2.1 mg beta-cryptoxanthin, 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Carrot<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 25-35 g carrot (= 1.6 mg beta-carotene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>Other: Tomato<br>* Post-prandial study feeding 256-396 g tomato (= 13 mg lycopene), 150 g yogurt (10% fat), and 45 g of fat free bread.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pharmacokinetics of Carotenoid Absorption From Papaya, Carrot and Tomato | The primary goal of this research is to investigate whether papaya can deliver increased quantities of carotenoids when compared to carrot and tomato. An area under the curve for concentration of carotenoids (from triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma) over time will be determined to quantify absorption, after subjects consume a meal containing papaya, carrot or tomato. | 8 post-prandial blood samples over 9.5 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Papaya, Carrot, Tomato, Carotenoids, Lycopene, Beta-carotene, Beta-cryptoxanthin