Effect of Pursed-Lip Breathing on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Hypertensive urgency (HT urgency) is an alarm sign of uncontrolled hypertension. It can be aggravated by nonadherent to medication and psychosocial stress. Mindfulness is beneficial for reducing stress, while deep and slow breathing is effective for blood pressure (BP) lowering. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of pursed-lip breathing with number counting (PLB with NC) that promotes mindfulness and a deep/slow breathing pattern on BP and heart rate (HR) in the HT urgency patients.

Detailed Description
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This was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Patients aged between 18-80 years old, diagnosed with HT urgency, who presented at the emergency room of Srinagarind hospital (a 1000-bed, tertiary-care level university hospital), Khon Kaen University between September 1st, 2019 to June 30th, 2020, were enrolled. Those with cardiac arrhythmias, acute HF, acute coronary syndromes, acute stroke, acute respiratory failure, alteration of consciousness, and pregnant women were excluded. This study was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethical Review Board in Human Research (HE611586). All patients gave their written informed consent before the enrollment.HT urgency was defined as SBP >180 mmHg and/or DBP >110 mmHg without any signs or symptoms of target organ damages.

Official Title
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Effect of Pursed-Lip Breathing Combined With Number Counting on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Hypertensive Urgency Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
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Hypertensive Urgency

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Non-pharmacologic treatment; Pursed-Lip Breathing Combined with Number Counting


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18-80 years old patients who diagnosed with HT urgency, who presented at the emergency room Exclusion Criteria: Patients with cardiac arrhythmias, Acute heart failure Acute coronary syndromes Acute stroke Acute respiratory failure Alteration of consciousness Pregnant women

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: This was a single-blinded randomized controlled trial.
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Purse lip breathing with number counting arm<br>1) Position: The patient lies down in a semi-supine position, the bed is adjusted by 45-60 degrees, 2) Pursed-lip breathing and number counting one and two during inspiration, and 3) Number counting, one, two, three, and four during exhalation for the first 15 minutes (min) of each hour, total study time was 3 hours or until the patient was discharged from the ER. | Other: Non-pharmacologic treatment; Pursed-Lip Breathing Combined with Number Counting<br>* Pursed-lip breathing and number counting one and two during inspiration, and then number counting, one, two, three, and four during exhalation. The nurse advised the patient to continue pursed-lip breathing with number counting for the first 15 minutes (min) of each hour to prevent the patient from being exhausted, total study time was 3 hours, or until the patient was discharged from the ER, or was withdrawn from the study.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control arm<br>The patients who were allocated to the control group received usual nursing care i.e. bed rest in a supine position in a quiet area. Patients were advised to limit their activity. The frequency of the vital signs monitoring and pharmacologic treatment were the same as the intervention group. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change of systolic blood pressure | The change of systolic blood pressure level was assessed. | pre-intervention and 3 hours after the intervention | 
| Change of diastolic blood pressure | The change of diastolic blood pressure level was assessed. | pre-intervention and 3 hours after the intervention | 
| Change of heart rate | The change of heart rate was assessed. | pre-intervention and 3 hours after the intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Hypertensive crisis, Uncontrolled hypertension, Mindfulness, Slow breathing, Emergency room