Hand-assisted Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy Periumbilical Versus Pfannenstiel Incision

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Despite efforts to optimize the transplantation of deceased donor kidneys, the number of available kidneys continues to fall short of the demand. Living donor kidneys have been used to overcome this shortage. Graft and patient survival is significantly higher following living donor kidney transplantation compared with deceased donor kidney transplantation. Open donor nephrectomy was the universal technique prior to the advent of laparoscopic techniques. Laparoscopic approaches have definite advantages over open surgery in terms of blood loss, postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, duration of hospital stay, and convalescence. There is some controversy regarding longer warm ischemia time, longer operative time, and increased bleeding with laparoscopic nephrectomy compared with hand-assisted laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy (HALDN). HALDN attempted to reduce warm ischemia time by using the hand port to extract the kidney instantly after dividing the blood vessels. This technique also offers tactile feedback, better manual control of bleeding, a relatively shorter learning curve, less kidney traction, faster kidney removal, and shorter warm ischemic periods. HALDN is often performed using periumbilical and Pfannenstiel incisions for hand-assisted port placement. Pfannenstiel incisions improve wound complications such as incisional hernia, cosmetic issues, and wound dehiscence. However, duration of surgery, postoperative pain score, and length of hospital stay are significantly lower in donors with periumbilical incisions.To the best of our knowledge, these two types of incision have not been compared in a randomized controlled trial in patients undergoing HALDN. Our objective is to compare the results of Pfannenstiel incision (intervention group) with periumbilical incision (control group). The return to normal physical activity will be evaluated in a clinical randomized trial using an expertise-based design.

Detailed Description
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Despite all efforts to optimize the transplantation of deceased donor kidneys, the number of available kidneys continues to fall short of demand. Living donor kidneys have been used to overcome this organ shortage. Graft and patient survival is significantly higher following living donor kidney transplantation compared with deceased donor kidney Transplantation. The major disadvantage of using living donors is that a healthy individual must undergo a major surgical procedure to provide the organ for transplantation. The donor does not medically benefit from the procedure, but there is a medical impact on both donor and recipient. Therefore, a nephrectomy technique associated with the lowest donor risk and the best organ quality should be used during Transplantation. Open donor nephrectomy was the universal technique before the advent of laparoscopic techniques. Laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy was introduced in 1995 and commercial ports were developed shortly after. In 1998, Wolf et al. described the hand-assisted laparoscopic living donor nephrectomy (HALDN) technique and since then it has become widely adopted. Laparoscopic methods have definite advantages over open surgery in terms of blood loss, postoperative pain, analgesic requirements, duration of hospital stay, and convalescence. There is some controversy regarding the possibility of relatively longer warm ischemia time, longer operative time, and increased bleeding with laparoscopic nephrectomy. HALDN reduces warm ischemia time by extracting the kidney using the hand port as soon as the blood vessels are divided. This technique is associated with tactile feedback, better manual control of bleeding, relatively shorter learning curve, less kidney traction, faster kidney removal, and shorter warm ischemic periods. At present, there is no strong evidence to support the use of one laparoscopic approach in preference to the other. However, evidence suggests that HALDN is the most cost-effective method of donor surgery and achieves equivalent clinical benefits of pure laparoscopic approaches with less operative time. HALDN is usually performed using a periumbilical or Pfannenstiel incision for hand-assisted port placement and kidney extraction. A periumbilical incision is made at the midline. In contrast, a Pfannenstiel incision is made as a slightly curved horizontal line just above the pubic symphysis. Pfannenstiel incisions improve wound complications, such as incisional hernia, cosmetic results, and wound dehiscence. However, the duration of surgery, postoperative pain score, and length of hospital stay were significantly lower in donors with periumbilical incision. The inserted hand plays a vital role in the procedure, including retraction and dissection, therefore the hand port midline incision is placed close to the periumbilical area. Dissecting the upper pole of the kidney through a Pfannenstiel incision may be difficult in morbidly obese and large donors. Patients with Pfannenstiel incisions return to normal physical activity quicker than those with periumbilical incisions. However, to the best of our knowledge, these two different incision types in patients undergoing HALDN have not been compared in a randomized controlled trial.Our objective is to compare the return of patients to physical activity following a HALDN procedure with Pfannenstiel incision (intervention group) or periumbilical incision (control group) in a clinical randomized trial using an expertise-based design.

Official Title
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Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy PERiumbilical Versus Pfannenstiel Incision and Return to Normal Physical ACTivity: A Randomized Clinical Trial: HAPERPACT Trial

Conditions
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Donor Nephrectomy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Periumbilical incision
* Procedure: Pfannenstiel incision


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age > 20 years No permanent pain therapy Kidneys with only a single artery and vein in the graft Informed consent for participation provided Exclusion Criteria: Infection or scar present precluding incision placement at one of the randomization sites Bleeding disorders Chronic use of immunosuppressive agents (e.g. steroids)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Expertise-based, single intuition, assessor-blinded, randomized clinical trial.
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Periumbilical incisions<br> | Procedure: Periumbilical incision<br>* A periumbilical incision is made at the abdominal midline for hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.<br>|
| Experimental: Pfannenstiel incision<br> | Procedure: Pfannenstiel incision<br>* Pfannenstiel incision is made as a slightly curved horizontal line just above the pubic symphysis for hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Days to return to normal physical activity | Patients will be asked to complete the Katz basic activities of daily living self-maintenance questionnaire each day for 4 weeks after the operation. This questionnaire assesses the ability to perform daily living activities (0 = no activity and 6 = normal activity). The normal physical activity is perceived as good. | Four weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Warm ischemia time | From the time of clamping of the first renal artery in situ to flushing of the kidney with chilled solution on the back table | One day | 
| Intraoperative complications | From skin incision to skin closure | One day | 
| Estimated blood loss | From skin incision to skin closure | One day | 
| Operating time | From skin incision to skin closure | One day | 
| Postoperative pain | Severity of pain via 11-point Visual Analogue Scale (0 = no pain and 10 = unbearable distress). | Seven days | 
| Rescue analgesic | Total amount of analgesics required. | Seven days | 
| Peak expiratory flow rate | Is defined as maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter. | Seven days | 
| Postoperative complications | According to the Clavien-Dindo classification | 60 days | 
| Length of hospital stay | From the day of the operation until the day of discharge | 60 days | 
| Time to return to work | From the day of discharge and return to work | 60 days | 
| Physical activity score | The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Short Form (IPAQ) will be used as an indicator of physical activity and fitness. IPAQ assesses total physical activity in the previous 7 days. Questions measure the frequency (days per week) and duration (minutes per session) of physical activity, as well as its intensity level (vigorous, moderate, walking, or sitting). Participants are categorized into one of three physical activity levels (low, moderate, high). Range is not applicable because it is a categorical variable. The high activity category is perceived as good. | 60 days | 
| Patient satisfaction | Patient satisfaction score via 5-point Likert scale (5 = representing strongly satisfied and 1 = representing strongly unsatisfied). | 60 days | 
| Cosmetic score | As defined by the Stony Brook scar scale (SBSES). The SBSES assessed five scar components: width, height, color, suture marks and overall appearance. Each component was assigned a score of 0 or 1 with a total sum range of 0 (worst) to 5 (best). | 60 days | 
| Incisional hernia | Defined as a fascia or muscle defect (bulging hernial sac and palpable fascia gap) at the site of the surgical incision examined by palpation and ultrasonography. | 60 days | 
| Mortality | Death due to any cause. | 60 days | 
| Recipient serum creatinine level | Serum creatinine level (mg/dL) | 30 days | 
| Glomerular filtration rate | GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) calculated with 175 × (Scr)-1.154 × (Age)-0.203 × (0.742 if female) Formula | 30 days | 
| Delayed graft function | Is defined as the need for one or more hemodialysis treatments following transplantation prior to the onset of graft function. | 30 days | 
| Primary non-function | A recipient whose graft never functions. | 30 days | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Physical Activity, Pfannenstiel incision, Periumbilical incision