Optimal Method of Pain Management in Patients With Multiple Rib Fractures

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Rib fractures are a common injury of trauma patients and can cause significant pain which, if inadequately treated, can lead to impaired breathing, lung collapse, and respiratory failure. Hence, it is crucial to manage pain associated with rib fractures. Currently, epidurals are used to treat the pain, but placement can be risky as rib fractures are often associated with other injuries and complications. An alternative pain management option is the ON-Q® Pain Relief System. It is an FDA-approved device that automatically and continuously delivers medication to the region of the thoracic intercostal nerves. One study by Truitt et al (2010)demonstrated that the ON-Q® system effectively reduced pain and increased lung volumes after one hour, in patients with three or more rib fractures. However, that study sample was small and did not have a comparison group. In this study, we will compare two groups: 1) ON-Q system and 2) epidural analgesia. We hypothesize that trauma patients with three or more rib fractures, who receive pain management through the ON-Q® Pain Relief System achieve discharge criteria earlier and thus have a shorter hospital length of stay (LOS) when compared with epidural analgesia.

Official Title
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Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Compared to Thoracic Paravertebral Pump Infusion for Pain Management in Patients With Three or More Rib Fractures

Conditions
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3 or More Rib Fractures

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: ON-Q® Pain Relief System
* Procedure: Thoracic epidural catheter


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion criteria: Age ≥ 18 years; Three or more rib fractures; Pain Severe pain (i.e. causing deleterious affect on respiratory mechanics, respiratory rate, or oxygen saturations), OR Mild to moderate pain (i.e. minimally affecting respiratory mechanics, respiratory rate, or oxygen saturations) that does not respond to oral or intravenous analgesics within 4 hours; Patient has capacity to provide informed consent, as determined by: Clinical assessment by study staff MD who will explain the study to potential subjects and then ask them to summarize the purpose, procedures, risks and alternatives back to the MD; GCS 15; Clinical assessment by independent MD who will explain the study to potential subjects and then ask them to summarize the purpose, procedures, risks and alternatives back to the MD. Exclusion criteria: Lack capacity to provide informed consent; Intubation at time of enrollment; Contraindications to procedure (e.g. known allergy to local anesthetics). Presence of infection at site of catheter placement; Current use of anticoagulant medication; Known allergy to silver; Inability to obtain informed consent; Body weight > 300 lbs; Pregnancy; Significant co-morbid medical illness that might alter the metabolism of the anesthetic agents and result in unexpected toxicity (hepatic, renal or cardiopulmonary disease). All women of child-bearing age will receive a urine pregnancy test prior to the start of the interventional portion of the study. A positive test result excludes the patient from inclusion in the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Paravertebral catheter (ON-Q® Pain Relief System)<br> | Procedure: ON-Q® Pain Relief System<br>* Identify insertion site lateral to paraspinous muscles and posteromedial to the rib fractures. Then, incise skin and soft tissue down to the level of the rib. Advance tunneler perpendicular to chest wall until it contacts the rib, then, advance superiorly at 45° angle in the extrathoracic space. Remove tunneler and advance catheter in space created. Attach catheter to pump filled with 0.2% ropivacaine at infusion rate of 2-12ml/hr.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Thoracic epidural catheter<br> | Procedure: Thoracic epidural catheter<br>* Introduce needle into the interspinous space of the vertebral column and advance into the epidural space. Advance the epidural catheter about 3-5 cm into the epidural space and remove the needle.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hospital length of stay/time to achieve discharge criteria | The study will compare the time to achieve discharge criteria between the two groups. Readiness for discharge is defined by the following criteria: Visual Analog Score (VAS) for pain below 4 (of a maximum 10); Ability to perform incentive spirometry with sustained maximal inspiration for three seconds; Hemodynamic stability (heart rate <100 beats/min, respiratory rate <20 breaths/min, and systolic blood pressure >90mmHg at 3 consecutive time points that are 10 minutes apart) and oxygen saturation greater than 95% on room air; Absence of neurological deficits; and Monitored for at least 1 hour after ON Q® catheter placement to ensure no immediate complications from placement or local anesthestic toxicity. | Patient will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, 1 week | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pain score reduction | Decrease in pain as measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pre-placement and 60 min post-placement of intervention. Pain score will be followed for the duration of the intervention. | Patient will be followed for duration of hospital stay and through daily phone calls upon discharge | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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ON-Q, epidural, analgesia