The Effects of Various Cooking Oils on Health Related Biomarkers in Healthy Subjects

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Fats and oils play important roles in maintaining human nutrition and health through providing energy, essential fatty acids, and acting as modulators of many biological processes (signal transduction, immunity and inflammation). Due to differences in the fatty acid composition and content of antioxidants of individual cooking oils, the degree of oxidative and thermolytic reactions may vary oil by oil. It is lack of human feeding study to investigate the molecular mechanisms on how and which deep-fried oil exerts its adverse effects. The investigators are also lack of biomarkers for monitoring deep-fried oil exposure. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare how human body responds differently to several popular uncooked and deep-fried oils with varied fatty acid compositions with respect of oxylipin profile, inflammatory markers, non-targeted metabolomics, and transcriptomics. The investigators will recruit 20 volunteers, provided them once a week the milk shakes prepared from 60g of olive oil, soybean oil, palm oil, camellia oil, tallow (butter), and deep-fried oils of the last 4, respectively; in comparison with a no-fat milk shake control. The experiments lasted for 10 weeks.。Each time; serum, plasma, whole blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, after 2 hours, and after 4 hours. The investigators anticipate to find biomarker(s) for deep-frying, and contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms on how deep-fried oils exert adverse effects toward health through integrative omics or so-called system biology approaches.

Conditions
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Colorectal Neoplasms

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Fat-free milkshake
* Other: Olive oil
* Other: Soybean oil
* Other: Fried soybean oil
* Other: Palm oil
* Other: Fried palm oil
* Other: Camellia oil
* Other: Fried camellia oil
* Other: Tallow
* Other: Fried tallow


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Non-smoking, non-drinker, usual dietary intake BMI : 18.5 27 kg/m2 Exclusion Criteria: Over the past two weeks have suffered from acute illness. None of the subjects was taking any supplemental vitamins, antioxidants or medication at that time. Taking steroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as Aspirin or Panadol in the past one week. Cancer or other severe diseases was diagnosed.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: fat-free milkshake<br> | Other: Fat-free milkshake<br>* participants drinks a fat-free milk shakes<br>|
| Active Comparator: Olive oil<br> | Other: Olive oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of olive oil<br>|
| Experimental: soybean oil<br> | Other: Soybean oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of soybean oil<br>|
| Experimental: fried soybean oil<br> | Other: Fried soybean oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of fried soybean oil<br>|
| Experimental: palm oil<br> | Other: Palm oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of palm oil<br>|
| Experimental: fried palm oil<br> | Other: Fried palm oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of fried palm oil<br>|
| Experimental: camellia oil<br> | Other: Camellia oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of camellia oil<br>|
| Experimental: fried camellia oil<br> | Other: Fried camellia oil<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of fried camellia oil<br>|
| Experimental: tallow<br> | Other: Tallow<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of tallow<br>|
| Experimental: fried tallow<br> | Other: Fried tallow<br>* participants drinks the milk shakes prepared from 60g of fried tallow<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The changs of metabolomics profile between before and after oil consumption | This is a metabolomics study. We measured retention time (min), mass and abundance of serum metabolites with LC-QTOF at 3 time points. Then, we compared the abundance of metabolites between different oil consumption time ( before and after ) and assessed the health effects of cooking oils. | baseline to 2 hours and 4 hours after oil consumption |