Microbiome and Sarcopenia in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) occurs in 65-90% of patients with liver cirrhosis. Severity of malnutrition correlates with progression of liver disease and leads to sarcopenia in 30-70% of cirrhotic patients. Malnutrition and sarcopenia are associated with an increased risk of complications and mortality. In cirrhosis the gut microbiome is altered leading to increased gut permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation. Since the microbiome is involved in nutrient uptake and metabolism, it is hypothesized that microbiome alterations contribute to sarcopenia. A prospective controlled cohort study to investigate the interrelation of microbiome changes and sarcopenia in cirrhosis will be conducted. Furthermore the effect of nutritional interventions on the microbiome in cirrhosis will be studied. From this study information on how the gut microbiome composition and sarcopenia are associated in cirrhosis and if modulation of the gut microbiome by nutritional interventions is feasible will be collected.

Detailed Description
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Scientific background Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) occurs in 65-90% of patients with chronic liver disease. PEM is caused by various factors including poor dietary intake, loss of appetite, decreased hepatic protein synthesis, malabsorption and hypermetabolism. It is associated with an increased risk of complications including ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome and mortality. There is a direct relation between the progression of the liver disease and the severity of malnutrition. Malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis patients PEM leads to sarcopenia as a common, but frequently overlooked, complication. Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in muscle mass two standard deviations below the healthy young adult mean. Sarcopenia is associated with aging, chronic diseases and malignancy. To determine the severity of muscle wasting, computed tomography scan (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are an objective and reproducible technique. Sarcopenia negatively impacts on survival, correlates with the risk of infections, increases surgical risk and leads to a poor quality of life. Besides PEM also inflammation is of importance in the development of sarcopenia. Diversity in the microbiome in patients with liver cirrhosis and association with sarcopenia. The gut microbiome of liver cirrhosis patients is altered compared to healthy individuals. Dysbiosis leads to an increased gut permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation. This contributes to fibrogenesis and may also be related to hepatocarcinogenesis. Hence, new treatment approaches in cirrhosis focus on changing the microbial landscape. Modulation the gut microbiome may also be a strategy to reverse sarcopenia by reducing systematic inflammation. Hypothesis and aims There is an association between gut microbiome composition, gut permeability and the existence of sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients. Primary hypothesis: Diversity of the gut microbiome is reduced in liver cirrhosis patients with sarcopenia compared to those without sarcopenia or healthy controls. Secondary hypotheses: There is an association between gut microbiome composition, biomarker of gut permeability and bacterial translocation with the presence of sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Oral nutrition supplements (ONS) can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, gut permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation. Sarcopenia can be diagnosed from patients portraits. Aims: to investigate: the composition of the gut microbiome biomarkers of gut permeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation the incidence and severity of sarcopenia the impact of oral nutrition supplements (ONS) on the gut microbiome whether artificial intelligence can be used to diagnose sarcopenia from face portraits.

Official Title
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Microbiome and Sarcopenia in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Prospective Controlled Cohort Study

Conditions
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Sarcopenia, Liver Cirrhosis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Fresubin energy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Hospitalized patients for any reason with clinical/radiological/histological diagnosis of cirrhosis Age >18y Informed consent CT/MRI scan within +/-14 days of the baseline study visit Exclusion Criteria: Hepatic encephalopathy > grade 2 and or other cognitive disorder not allowing informed consent advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Any other condition or circumstance, which, in the opinion of the investigator, would affect the patient's ability to participate in the protocol

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 100 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Cirrhosis + sarcopenia<br>Patients with cirrhosis will receive 200ml of an oral nutritional supplement daily for 7 days. | Dietary Supplement: Fresubin energy<br>* dietary protein energy supplement<br>|
| No Intervention: Control<br>Patients with sarcopenia and no evidence of cirrhosis and healthy controls | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Alpha diversity | 16s rDNA sequencing of the stool microbiome | day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Zonulin | ELISA | day 1 | 
| diamino-oxidase | ELISA | day 1, day 7 | 
| Calprotectin | ELISA | day 1 | 
| Gut permeability | marker panel | change between day 1 and day 7 | 
| taxonomic composition of the microbiome | 16s rDNA sequencing of the stool microbiome | day 1 | 
| taxonomic composition of the microbiome | 16s rDNA sequencing of the stool microbiome | change between day 1 and day 7 | 
| lipopolysaccharide | HEK blue cell assay | day 1 | 
| sCD14 | ELISA | day 1 | 
| lipopolysaccharide binding protein | ELISA | day 1 | 
| bacterial DNA | HEK blue cell assay | day 1 | 
| bacterial translocation | marker panel | change between day 1 and day 7 | 
| cytokine panel | Bead array | day 1 | 
| carboxylated proteins | ELISA | day 1 | 
| advanced oxidation end products | ELISA | day 1 | 
| inflammation | marker panel | change between day 1 and day 7 | 
| myostatin | ELISA | day 1 | 
| fibroblast growth factor 21 | ELISA | day 1 | 
| insulin like growth factor 1 | ELISA | day 1 | 
| Irisin | ELISA | day 1 | 
| nutritional status | Questionnaire | day 1 | 
| Sarcopenia | MR/CT scan | day 1 | 
| face portrait | face portraits selfies will be obtained and AI algorithms will be used to diagnose sarcopenia from selfies | day 1 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Liver cirrhosis, Sarcopenia, Microbiome