Doxycycline to Protect Heart Muscle After Heart Attacks

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Current medical treatment allows more people to survive heart attacks than in the past. However, some of the survivors suffer heart disease and require hospitalization later on. The causes behind this heart disease (heart failure) after a heart attack are poorly understood. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) is a protein that cuts other proteins into pieces, and is activated in heart muscle when there is a heart attack. MMP-2 causes heart injury when the blood flow to the heart is restored after the attack. Blocking MMP-2 activity is a potential therapy to prevent heart injury under these circumstances. The only MMP-2 inhibiting drug currently approved for clinical use is doxycycline, specifically used to treat periodontitis (gum inflammation) and rosacea (a skin condition). At higher doses doxycycline also acts as an antibiotic for which it has been clinically used for decades. A previous clinical study found that taking doxycycline twice a day, for one week after a heart attack improved the health of the patients' hearts. The investigators have conducted a similar study in patients that had surgery to replace blocked coronary arteries (blood vessels that feed the heart muscle). These patients took a low dose of doxycycline once a day for 2 days before surgery, on the day of the surgery, and three days after surgery. The participants in this study showed no adverse effects of using doxycycline. The goal of this study is to see if doxycycline protects the hearts of patients that suffered a heart attack. All patients will receive standard clinical care for their condition, but in addition will take a doxycycline capsule twice a day, or a placebo capsule for 7 days, as soon as possible after being diagnosed with a heart attack. Three months later, the investigators will evaluate the patients by looking at their heart structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is a powerful tool that allows doctors to see inside the body without surgery or X-ray radiation. The hearts of those patients that received doxycycline are expected to be healthier than those who received placebo. The investigators plan to promote the use of doxycycline to protect the hearts of patients with heart attacks. If successful, doxycycline could help improve the quality of life of heart attack survivors.

Detailed Description
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Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are activated in myocardial ischemia, digesting key structural components in cardiac muscle in the setting of myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (Schulz, 2007, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47, 211-42). The antibiotic doxycycline is the only drug approved as an MMP inhibitor by Health Canada and the U.S. FDA for the treatment of periodontitis and rosacea at sub-antimicrobial doses. Doxycycline decreases intracellular proteolysis, improves cardiac function, and reduces infarct size in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury (Cheung et al, 2002, Circulation 101:1833-39; Villarreal et al, 2003, Circulation 208:1487-92). TIPTOP (Cerisano et al, 2014, Eur Heart J 35: 184-91) was a randomized open-label trial (110 patients) that studied the effect of 1-week doxycycline given post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with anterior STEMI. Patients who received doxycycline showed improved echocardiographic indices at 6 months relative to untreated controls: left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) -8 mL ± 14 mL (P=0.004), left ventricular end systolic volume index (LVESVi) -6 mL ± 12 mL (P=0.02), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) +5% ± 12% (P=0.04). They also showed decreased infarct sizes (-6%, P=0.05) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Rationale for study: The TIPTOP pilot study showed promise for doxycycline therapy to decrease adverse ventricular remodeling post-PCI in STEMI patients. Animal models suggest that MMP activation occurs early in reperfusion (within 5 minutes) following severe ischemia, and the TIPTOP pilot showed that early treatment may result in measurable clinical benefit. However, the TIPTOP pilot was an open label study and used a low resolution approach to measure clinical outcomes. This is a small-scale, single-centre Phase II trial with double blinding, and includes the use of magnetic resonance imaging to measure primary (LVESVi) and secondary outcomes (LVEF ad LVEDVi). The investigators anticipate beneficial effects of doxycycline, with patients showing lower levels of LVESVi and LVEDVi, increased LVEF by MRI, and reduced infarct sizes, compared to placebo at 3 months. The investigators also expect hospitalization and mortality rates due to cardiac events to be reduced in these patients. If successful, the overarching goal is to develop a multi-center randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial to examine the effect of early doxycycline therapy in the setting of STEMI.

Official Title
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition With Doxycycline to Prevent Adverse Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Study

Conditions
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ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Placebo
* Drug: Doxycycline Hyclate


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 18+ year old Diagnosis of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Primary STEMI Symptom onset of less than 12 hours Admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta Exclusion Criteria: Low risk inferior STEMI (total ST elevation plus depression <4mm) Cardiogenic shock Use of thrombolytics Prior history of myocardial infarction or heart failure Known hypersensitivity to tetracyclines Any concurrent medical condition expected to reduce life expectancy to <1 year Symptom onset to treatment (loading dose) time longer than 24 hours Poor renal function (eGFR<30 mL/min/1.73m2) or other contraindications to MRI (claustrophobia, pregnancy, PPM/ICD, sub-arachnoid clips, retained ocular foreign body)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo control<br>Two placebo capsules upon enrollment, followed by one placebo capsule p.o. every 12 hours for 7 days | Drug: Doxycycline Hyclate<br>* Patients will receive doxycycline hyclate in a loading dose of two 100 mg capsules (200 mg total) initially followed by one 100 mg capsule every 12 hours for 7 days.<br>* Other names: Doxycycline;|
| Experimental: Doxycycline hyclate<br>Two 100mg doxycycline capsules (200 mg) p.o. upon enrollment, followed by one 100 mg capsule p.o. every 12 hours for 7 days | Drug: Placebo<br>* Patients will receive placebo in a loading dose of two capsules initially followed by one capsule every 12 hours for 7 days.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) | Left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 months post intervention | 3 months post intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Composite endpoint of mortality and hospital admission due to re-infarction, heart failure, or stroke | Composite endpoint of mortality and hospital admission due to re-infarction, heart failure, or stroke at 3 months and 1 year. | 3 months and one year post intervention | 
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) | Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by cardiac MRI and echocardiography during hospital admission and at 3-month follow-up. | 3 months post intervention | 
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) | Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) by cardiac MRI and echocardiography during hospital admission and at 3-month follow-up. | 3 months post intervention | 
| Infarct size | Infarct size by cardiac MRI during hospital admission and at 3-month follow-up | 3 months post intervention |