Are Mindfulness Programs in the Workplace Effective at Reducing Stress

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The objective of this study is to determine whether a mindfulness coaching program was efficacious at reducing work stress, improving psychological and physical health outcomes, and improving work outcomes. The target population is employed adults (18 years and older) working in the industries of media, consulting, and healthcare.

Official Title
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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness Coaching Program for Stress Management: A Randomized Control Trial

Conditions
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Mindfulness, Occupational Stress

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: LifeXT Program


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Employees who are eligible to take the company's health risk assessment and/or biometric screening Employees who are eligible for medical health benefits Exclusion Criteria: -

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Three experimental groups (1 from each of the 3 different implementation sites) will receive the intervention while 3 control groups will not. The control groups will be placed on a waitlist to receive the intervention once the study period is complete.
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Intervention Group<br>This group will receive the LifeXT program | Behavioral: LifeXT Program<br>* The intervention involves participation in and completion of the 4-month LIFEXT program, including: A baseline 15-20 minute health assessment administered online, a 50 minute introductory, one-on-one telephonic coaching session, four 50 minute one-on-one telephonic coaching sessions, optional coaching session follow-up activities (such as videos, practice exercises, and reading materials), and a post-intervention 15-20 minute health assessment administered online.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control Group<br>Wait-list control group that receives the LifeXT program after the conclusion of the study | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mindfulness | Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Mindfulness | Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 moths after baseline) | 
| Mindfulness | Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Stress | Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life, and how often have you felt that things were going your way. The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Stress | Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life, and how often have you felt that things were going your way. The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 moths after baseline) | 
| Stress | Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life, and how often have you felt that things were going your way. The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Energy | Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, During the past month, how often did you experience the following? in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Energy | Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, During the past month, how often did you experience the following? in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Energy | Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, During the past month, how often did you experience the following? in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Empathy | Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am and Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Empathy | Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am and Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Empathy | Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am and Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Emotional Health | Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month? The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Emotional Health | Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month? The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Emotional Health | Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month? The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire | Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your [parents/friends/relatives]. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire | Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your [parents/friends/relatives]. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire | Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your [parents/friends/relatives]. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire | Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire | Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire | Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Physical Health | Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.) The second question, How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month? was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Physical Health | Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.) The second question, How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month? was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Physical Health | Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.) The second question, How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month? was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Sleep Quality: PSQI | Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Sleep Quality: PSQI | Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Sleep Quality: PSQI | Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Productivity (or work impairment) | Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4 | Assessed at baseline | 
| Productivity (or work impairment) | Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4 | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Productivity (or work impairment) | Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4 | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Presenteeism | Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Presenteeism | Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Presenteeism | Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Employee Retention | Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress? | Assessed at baseline | 
| Employee Retention | Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress? | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Employee Retention | Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress? | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Teamwork (collective efficacy) | Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Teamwork (collective efficacy) | Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Teamwork (collective efficacy) | Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 
| Job Satisfaction: WOS | Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. | Assessed at baseline | 
| Job Satisfaction: WOS | Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. | Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline) | 
| Job Satisfaction: WOS | Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. | Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Resilience, Psychological, Energy Level, Empathy, Emotional Intelligence, Satisfaction with Relationships, Happiness, Sleep Quality, Physical Health, Presenteeism, Focus, Collective Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, Job Engagement