Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Intensive glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with clear health benefits (1). However, despite development of insulin analogs, pump/multi-dose treatment and continuous glucose monitoring, maintaining near-normal glycemia remains an elusive goal for most patients, in large part owing to the risk of hypoglycemia. T1DM patients are susceptible to hypoglycemia due to defective counterregulatory responses (CR) characterized by: 1) deficient glucagon release during impending/early hypoglycemia; 2) additional hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) and exercise-associated autonomic failure (EAAF) that blunt the sympathoadrenal responses to hypoglycemia following repeated episodes of hypoglycemia or exercise as well as degrading other CR; and 3) hypoglycemia unawareness (HU), lowering the threshold for symptoms that trigger behavioral responses (e.g. eating). Thus, the risk of hypoglycemia in T1DM impedes ideal insulin treatment and leads to defaulting to suboptimal glycemic control (2). There are two approaches that could resolve this important clinical problem: 1) perfection of glucose sensing and insulin and glucagon delivery approaches (bioengineered or cell-based) that mimic normal islet function and precisely regulate glucose continuously, or 2) a drug to enhance or normalize the pattern of CR to hypoglycemia. Despite much research and important advances in the field, neither islet transplantation nor biosensor devices have emerged as viable long-term solutions for the majority of patients (3, 4). Over the past several years, our lab has explored the approach of enhancing CR by examining mechanisms responsible for HAAF/EAAF and searching for potential pharmacological methods to modulate the CR to hypoglycemia (5-11). Our work has led to a paradigm shift in the field of hypoglycemia, exemplified by the novel hypothesis and published experimental data supporting a role for opioid signaling that resulted in the initiation of exploratory clinical trials by other research groups.

Detailed Description
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In the prior project period of R01 DK079974, we elucidated the central role played by the opioid signaling system as a mechanism for the development of HAAF/EAAF. We have demonstrated previously that opioid receptor blockade by acute infusion of naloxone during antecedent hypoglycemia can prevent experimentally induced HAAF in nondiabetic and T1DM subjects (JCEM 94:3372-80, 2009; JCEM 96:3424-31, 2011). We have also shown that opioid receptor blockade also abolishes EAAF, and that both effects are regulated by the stress response (hypoglycemia and exercise, respectively). Furthermore, recently we have shown that activation of μ-opioid receptors with IV infusion of morphine reproduces some of the key biochemical and clinical features of HAAF in nondiabetic humans.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the opioid system plays a central role in hypoglycemia counterregulation and in HAAF.

Official Title
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Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Failure

Conditions
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Diabetes Mellitus, Hypoglycemia, Autonomic Failure

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: naloxone
* Dietary Supplement: fructose
* Behavioral: exercise
* Drug: Morphine sulfate
* Drug: Epinephrine


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Non-diabetic individuals Exclusion Criteria: Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Seizures Bleeding disorders

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 21 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Healthy<br>Healthy individuals will receive drug (naloxone, morphine sulfate, epinephrine) and placebo comparator. | Drug: naloxone<br>* Administering naloxone on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Narcan;Dietary Supplement: fructose<br>* Administering fructose on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Insulin;Behavioral: exercise<br>* Administering exercise on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>Drug: Morphine sulfate<br>* Administering morphine on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Morphine;Drug: Epinephrine<br>* Administering epinephrine on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Adrenalin;|
| Experimental: Type 1 Diabetes<br>T1D individuals will receive drug (naloxone, morphine sulfate, epinephrine) and placebo comparator. | Drug: naloxone<br>* Administering naloxone on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Narcan;Dietary Supplement: fructose<br>* Administering fructose on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Insulin;Behavioral: exercise<br>* Administering exercise on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>Drug: Morphine sulfate<br>* Administering morphine on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Morphine;Drug: Epinephrine<br>* Administering epinephrine on Day 1, and quantifying the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia on Day 2.<br>* Other names: Adrenalin;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia compared to controls | Measurements of counterregulatory hormones will be measured throughout the study | Measured every 15 minutes at timepoints 0, 15, 30, 45...120 through study completion | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Symptom scores | Symptoms of hypoglycemia will be taken during the study | Measured every 15 minutes at timepoints 0, 15, 30, 45...120 through study completion | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, HAAF, Counterregulation