Multicenter Normal Reference Study of Carotid Artery Ultrafast Pulse Wave Velocity (UFPWV)

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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To establish the range of BS and ES (m/s) of normal carotid artery by using ultrafast pulse wave velocity (UFPWV), and to explore the influencing factors.

Detailed Description
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With the gradual aging of Chinese population and continuous development of economy and society, the incidence of cardiovascular disease and the number of patients have increased rapidly. The National Heart Center has reported that the number of patients with clinically diagnosed cardiovascular disease in China has reached 290 million in 2016 (240 million in 2014). Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in humans, accounting for nearly 60% of all deaths worldwide. The updated data from World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 have shown that atherosclerosis and hypertension are the major diseases of the cardiovascular system. Therefore, early detection of arteriosclerosis, timely treatment and early evaluation of therapeutic efficacy are of great significance for the overall control and reduction of the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is often used to evaluate early atherosclerosis, but IMT reflects the change of vascular wall structure. In the early stage of atherosclerosis, the changes of vascular elasticity and resistance occur earlier than those of arterial wall thickening. Therefore, accurate evaluation of vascular function plays an important role in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Basic and clinical studies and clinical data have shown that pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a reliable index for early evaluation of atherosclerosis. The blood is pumped from the left ventricle during systole, and travels along the arterial system to form pulse wave. Its propagation velocity between two fixed points is the PWV. Atherosclerosis leads to the increased PWV. The detection of PWV can accurately reflect the distensibility and stiffness of arterial wall, thereby early detecting atherosclerosis. There are three main methods for non-invasive pulse wave measurement: Photoelectric sensor is used to measure and record photoplethysmography signal. Pressure sensor is utilized to record pressure wave signals produced by arterial pulsation on the body surface. Ultrasonic Doppler sensor is applied to collect photoplethysmography signal. Photoelectric sensor acquisition system is difficult to distinguish the pulse waves between the large artery and the capillary arteriole, cannot detect the signal of the deep aorta, is easily affected by the electrical signals of perivascular tissue, and has not been widely used in the clinic. Pressure sensor can be used to collect pressure wave signals, such as brachial-ankle pulse wave. This method has relatively low cost, is often used in clinic, but cannot directly get the pulse wave form and the distance of blood vessel, has many influencing factors and low accuracy. Ultrasonic Doppler technique, such as Echo Tracking and QSA, can reveal deep vein pulse waveforms. However, limited by the traditional ultrasonic processing platform, signal acquisition and formula calculation are complex, and the repeatability is poor. Therefore, the clinical application value is limited. It is urgent to establish a new, simple and precise method for the detection of PWV.

Official Title
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The Multi-center Normal Reference Study of Carotid Artery Ultrafast Pulse Wave Velocity (UFPWV) in Chinese Han Adults (CAR-PWV Study）

Conditions
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Carotid Artery Diseases, Healthy Volunteers

Intervention / Treatment
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* Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Han nationality Age between 18 and 79 years old Normal body mass index (18-25 kg/m2) Normal blood pressure (139-90/89-60 mmHg) No history of cardiovascular disease or respiratory diseases Physical examination reveals no abnormalities in cardiovascular and respiratory systems Normal blood glucose, blood lipid and electrocardiogram (ECG) Echocardiography shows no structural heart disease and normal cardiac function Normal carotid ultrasound No history of cardiovascular drug use Exclusion Criteria: Heart valve regurgitation with clinical significance or moderate symptom and above Respiratory system disease: acute or chronic respiratory disease Endocrine diseases: thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and adrenal cortex dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome Anemia Pregnant or lactating women Abnormal liver function (more than twice the normal upper limit), abnormal renal function (creatinine > 2 mg/dl), total cholesterol > 190 mg/dl. If Pro-BNP is detected, Pro-BNP is abnormal or in high limit of normal value. Connective tissue disease Tumor Aortic and peripheral vascular diseases: aortic dilatation, aortic dissection, coarctation of the aorta, polyarteritis, atherosclerosis Daily drinking: liquor greater than 50 ml; red wine more than 100 ml; beer more than 300 ml Professional sportsman The poor quality of ultrasonic images cannot meet parameter measurement and analysis

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 79 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| 18-29 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 18-29 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|
| 30-39 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 30-39 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|
| 40-49 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 40-49 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|
| 50-59 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 50-59 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|
| 60-69 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 60-69 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|
| 70-79 year-old group<br>Based on the inclusion crtiteria, 200 healthy Han people at aged 70-79 and both sexes will be recruited in the analysis. Normal reference values of ultrafast pulse wave velocity will be obtained. | Radiation: Carotid ultrasound examination<br>* Carotid pulse wave velocity of all participants were measured by ultrafast ultrasound imaging technology using SuperSonic Imagine's Aixplorer ultrasound system.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Carotid pulse wave velocity at the beginning and end of systole | To establish the range of pulse wave velocity at the beginning of the systole (BS) and at the ending of the systole (ES) of normal carotid artery, and to identify the influencing factors for BS and ES in the carotid artery. | 1 day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) | IMT reflects the change of vascular wall structure, which is used to evaluate early atherosclerosis and . | 1 day | 
| Serum biochemical index | Serum laboratory testing for blood cholesterol level (total cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides), fasting blood-glucose will be examed. | 1 day |