Reflective Tasks With Healthcare Workers During COVID-19

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The healthcare workforce is amongst the most stressed in the United Kingdom (UK). The Coronavirus (COVID-19) health pandemic has increased depression, anxiety, insomnia and distress in this population. Gratitude interventions have been shown to improve wellbeing, alongside reducing risk factors associated with the aforementioned mental health conditions. This online Randomised Control Trial of 219 healthcare staff, will investigate the effects of a gratitude intervention on wellbeing (gratitude, positive affect, happiness) and psychological distress (depression and negative affect). Means of pre- and post-outcome measures of two groups (gratitude journal and control) will be assessed for differences utilising t-tests.

Detailed Description
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The healthcare workforce is amongst the most stressed in the UK, with 40.3% of staff feeling unwell as a result of work-related stress in the past year. This is steadily increasing each year, rising 3.5% from 36.8% since 2016. Chronic stress can cause psychological health problems, including low mood, anxiety and insomnia. Unfortunately, only 29.3% of staff across the NHS felt their trust took positive action on health and wellbeing, which may contribute to and prolong this continued rise in work-related stress. With the COVID-19 health pandemic adding additional pressure to the NHS, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at further risk of mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and substance misuse, as evident from historical health pandemics. Furthermore, preliminary data from China during the COVID-19 health pandemic indicated frontline HCWs experienced depression (50.4%), anxiety (44.6%), insomnia (34%) and distress (71.5%). A systematic review identified risk factors for increased psychological distress of HCWs during a health pandemic: being female, a nurse and experiencing stigmatised attitudes from the general public, as well as being quarantined. Perceived control and social support were associated with lower distress. Recommendations were made, to encourage a sense of autonomy (with information and resources), increase social support and to initiate public health campaigns with accurate facts, to reduce stigma and distress. Positive Psychology Interventions (PPIs) are one approach for promoting autonomy and reducing distress, by increasing positive emotions, behaviours, and/or thoughts, thereby increasing the wellbeing of an individual. Positive psychology focuses on optimism, positive attitude and gratitude, to encourage creativity, improve happiness and reduce mental barriers to productivity, as opposed to focusing on 'problems'. PPIs include gratitude journals, using affirmations, strength focussing exercises and mindful meditations. PPIs in workplaces have improved performance, job wellbeing, engagement and other areas, whilst reducing negative performance and negative job wellbeing. PPIs have focused on gratitude as a target for improving wellbeing, due to the inverse relationship found between gratitude and burnout. Burnout is a state of emotional and physical exhaustion, cynicism and detachment from work, caused by prolonged stress. Gratitude is a positive, social emotion, similar to appreciation, which can either be state (of being) or trait (dispositional). State gratitude is experienced when undeserved acts of kindness or generosity are given freely by another person. Whereas trait gratitude is viewed as a characteristic of a person, that varies in intensity and frequency throughout their daily life. Gratitude interventions have found improvements (with a small to medium effect size) in quality of relationships, wellbeing and optimism, alongside job satisfaction . Furthermore, a reduction in anxiety, depression and negative affect is also evident. Gratitude interventions utilise both expression and self-reflection as their methodological properties. Expression includes giving small tokens of appreciation or paying gratitude visits. Self-reflection includes writing personal gratitude lists or journals. Gratitude lists were as effective as clinical therapies when working with excessive worry. Whereas, sharing a gratitude letter was not as effective at improving gratitude, furthermore expression of gratitude immediately induced feelings of embarrassment and discomfort. However, increases in elevation were noted here, namely improved job performance, connectedness, empowerment and autonomy. The reduced effectiveness of this expressive gratitude intervention, may be due to barriers in engagement with the intervention, including the expected awkwardness of the situation and the 'gratitude expresser's' mood. Effectiveness of gratitude interventions in improving gratitude is likely to be affected by both traits of participants and specificities of the intervention, such as length. Research found trait gratitude moderated the effectiveness of the gratitude intervention in increasing gratitude. This supports the resistance hypothesis, suggesting that those who are predisposed to experience gratitude will not benefit from a gratitude intervention. Irrespective of gratitude moderation, wellbeing significantly improved. The duration of the intervention may also have an impact on effectiveness. Research found higher life satisfaction, more gratitude and an improved positive affect in HCWs, after writing a gratitude diary bi-weekly over 4-weeks. Whereas a shorter 5-day intervention in the workplace, using a similar journaling methodology, was not effective at improving gratitude. This may be explained by research, which found a cumulative improvement in gratitude and happiness over 8-weeks of grateful letter writing, indicating gratitude interventions are required to be of a reasonable length in order to be effective. HCWs are suffering from psychological distress as a result of the COVID-19 health pandemic. It is vital interventions are offered to support their wellbeing. Gratitude interventions are effective at improving wellbeing and reducing psychological distress, namely the risk factors associated with psychological distress in HCWs at present. Self-reflective gratitude interventions, over a period of weeks are effective at improving gratitude with HCWs, without inducing embarrassment, discomfort or barriers to engagement. However, it is not clear if there are differences in effectiveness dependent upon the methodological properties of the intervention. This study will aim to investigate the effects of a gratitude intervention with HCWs, with a view to increasing state gratitude and psychological wellbeing (subjective happiness and positive affect), whilst reducing psychological distress (negative affect and depression). Objectives To investigate if gratitude interventions are effective at increasing state gratitude in HCWs To investigate if gratitude interventions are effective at reducing psychological distress and improving wellbeing in HCWs To investigate if high baseline trait gratitude is a moderator of changes in state gratitude, psychological distress and wellbeing after a gratitude intervention Hypotheses A gratitude intervention will increase state gratitude in HCWs A gratitude intervention will improve wellbeing (positive affect and subjective happiness) and reduce psychological distress (depression and negative affect) in HCWs High levels of trait gratitude will moderate the outcomes

Official Title
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Studying the Effect of Written Reflective Tasks With Healthcare Staff Working During the COVID-19 Health Pandemic

Conditions
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Wellbeing, Psychological Distress, Emotional Distress, Depression, Happiness, Affect

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Gratitude


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Staff working in a healthcare environment during the COVID-19 health pandemic, in clinical or non-clinical roles Basic understanding of the English language Exclusion Criteria: Those engaged in other research projects Those without access to an electronic device to complete measures on Those without access to an email address Those receiving any other form of psychological intervention People who cannot commit to engage in a 4-week intervention study

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Interventional Model Description: T-tests compare the mean differences between groups split across the two IVs (intervention & time), due to the between factors and within factors levels of the two IVs. Descriptive Statistics & t-tests will be used to compare and assess cumulative gratitude week-by-week
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Gratitude Journal<br>Participants will be given instructions and asked to write a gratitude journal about their week, focusing upon what they are grateful for. Over the course of the 4-week intervention they will be asked to do this weekly (a total of four times). | Behavioral: Gratitude<br>* A positive psychology intervention using expressions of gratitude<br>* Other names: positive psychology intervention;|
| Placebo Comparator: Weekly Diary<br>Participants will be given instructions and asked to write a diary about their week, focusing upon both the good and the bad they have experienced that week. Over the course of the 4-week intervention they will be asked to do this weekly (a total of four times). | Behavioral: Gratitude<br>* A positive psychology intervention using expressions of gratitude<br>* Other names: positive psychology intervention;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in Depression Level | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). This 9-item questionnaire, uses a 4-point likert scale to measure depression level. Minimum score = 0; maximum score = 27. Higher scores indicate higher levels of depression. Positive change scores indicates a worse outcome. | Pre- to post-intervention (28 days) | 
| Change in Subjective Happiness Level | Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). This 4-item questionnaire, uses a 7-point likert scale to measure happiness level. Minimum score = 7; maximum score = 28. Higher scores indicate higher subjective happiness levels. Positive change scores indicates a better outcome. | Pre- to post-intervention (28 days) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in State Gratitude | Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC). This 3-item measures of state gratitude uses a 5-point likert scale. Minimum score = 3; maximum score = 15. Higher scores indicate higher levels of state gratitude. A positive change score indicates a better outcome. | Pre- to post-intervention (28 days) | 
| State Gratitude Score | Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC). This 3-item measures of state gratitude uses a 5-point likert scale. Minimum score = 3; maximum score = 15. Higher scores indicate higher levels of state gratitude. A positive change score indicates a better outcome. | Weekly (Day 1, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28) | 
| Change in Trait Gratitude | The gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6). This 6-item measure of trait gratitude uses a 7-point likert scale. Minimum score = 6; maximum score = 42. Higher scores indicate higher levels of Trait gratitude. A positive change score indicates a better outcome. | Pre- to post-intervention (28 days) | 
| Trait Gratitude score | The gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6). This 6-item measure of trait gratitude uses a 7-point likert scale. Minimum score = 6; maximum score = 42. Higher scores indicate higher levels of Trait gratitude. | Pre-intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Gratitude