NettOpp: The Development and Evaluation of an App-based Selective Intervention for Adolescents Exposed to Cyberbullying

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of the project is to develop and evaluate an app-based intervention for adolescents who have been exposed to cyberbullying. The overarching goal is to offer a low-threshold intervention, called NettOpp, that is easy accessible and free to use for every junior high school student who has experienced cyberbullying in Norway.

Detailed Description
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The main aim of the intervention is to increase coping strategies for adolescents who have been exposed to cyberbullying. More specifically the aims are to increase 1) knowledge about cyberbullying, 2) help-seeking behavior, 3) coping strategies with cyberbullying, 4) to reduce mental health problems, and 5) cyberbullying, and 6) to increase self-esteem and the 7) sleeping quality of the adolescents. To evaluate the mobile application three studies will be conducted: A lab test, a pilot study, and a larger effectiveness study with a follow-up examination after 3 months. The lab test will be conducted to examine the quality of the prototype of the app in order to find out if adjustments have to be made. Thereafter, a pilot study will be conducted with adolescents that were exposed to cyberbullying in the past six months. The pilot study will use a pre-post design.The effectiveness study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial with an intervention group and a waiting-list control group.

Official Title
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NettOpp: The Development and Evaluation of an App-based Selective Intervention for Adolescents Exposed to Cyberbullying

Conditions
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Cyberbullying

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: NettOpp


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Adolescents whose guardians have given consent and who agree to take part in the study Exclusion Criteria: severe developmental or cognitive challenges

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 11 Years
Maximum Age: 16 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Intervention and control group
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Intervention group receiving NettOpp<br>The effectiveness study will be conducted as a randomized controlled trial with an intervention group and a waiting-list control group. Data will be collected at baseline (T1, pre intervention) and after about 2 weeks of intervention (T2, post intervention). A follow-up evaluation (T3) will be conducted after about 3 months to examine if the effects were stable over time. | Device: NettOpp<br>* NettOpp is a mobile application for adolescents aged 11-16 years who have been exposed to cyberbullying or cyberaggression.<br>|
| No Intervention: Control group<br>The control group will receive the intervention after study completion. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) | Adolescents: SDQ (Goodman, 1997): A 25 item self-report assessing mental health and psychosocial functioning in 11-17 years old adolescents on a three point scale. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| CATS (Child and Adolescent Trauma Screening) | Adolescents: CATS (Sachser et al., 2017): A 20 item self-report assessing posttraumatic stress-symptoms for 7-17 year old adolescents on a four point scale. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| WHO-5 (WHO-Five Well-being Index) | Adolescents: WHO-5 (WHO, 1998): A five item self-report questionnaire assessing well-being on a six point scale. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Help-seeking behavior | Adolescents: three self-report items measuring if they sought help, who they sought help from, and if they received the help they needed. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| Cyberbullying | Adolescents: Cyberbullying (Olweus, 1993): One self-report item measuring the frequency of cyberbullying exposure. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| Self-liking and Competence Scale | Adolescents: Self-liking and Competence Scale (Silvera, Neilands, & Perry, 2001; Tafarodi & Swann, 2001): A 20 item self-report assessing self-liking and self-competence. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| Sleeping quality | Adolescents: Sleeping quality will be measured with six questions with different response categories from the Bergen Child Study (Hysing, Harvey, Stormark, Pallesen, & Sivertsen, 2018). | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 
| CCQ (Cyberbullying Coping Questionnaire) | Adolescents: CCQ (Jacobs, Völlink, Dehue, & Lechner, 2015): A 17 item self-report assessing how often the adolescents use the different cyberbullying coping strategies. | From baseline to 2 weeks after intervention, and after 3 months as follow-up. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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cyberbullying, cyberaggression, mobile application