Effect of Mental and Physical Training on Blood Pressure

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Elevated blood pressure or prehypertension is highly associated with increased risk of developing hypertension, cardiovascular event, and type II diabetes. Many physically inactive young adults, particularly in Malaysia have blood pressure higher than normal range, therefore it is important to control the blood pressure within normal range as prophylactic measure. This experimental research will be carried out to study the effect of physical training (aerobic exercise) and mental training (mindfulness meditation) with diet as a control group on the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and resting heart rate among young adult with elevated blood pressure living a sedentary lifestyle. Participant will be divided into 2 experimental groups (mental and physical training) and 1 control group (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension -DASH diet plan) who need to complete the prescribed intervention for 6 weeks. Results will be analysed by repeated measures ANOVA followed by post-hic test.

Official Title
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Efficacy of Mental and Physical Training on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate Among Physically Inactive Young Adults With Elevated and High Blood Pressure

Conditions
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Elevated Blood Pressure

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Mental training
* Other: Physical training
* Other: Mental & physical training
* Other: DASH diet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male adults aged 18-25 years Normal BMI (18.5-24.9) Physically inactive SBP between 120-139 mmHg and/or DBP between 60-89 mmHg No hearing abnormalities Willing to participate Exclusion Criteria: Participants who have cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological disorders or any other medical condition that would restrict them to participate in the exercise Those who are taking antihypertensive medications or other medications that will affect their BP and heart rate Participants who are currently engaging in any form of relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation Individuals who are actively engaged in physical activities

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Mental Training<br>mindfulness meditation for 6-weeks. | Other: Mental training<br>* Mental training (guided mindfulness meditation by Jon Kabat-Zinn for 20 minutes, 3 times per week.<br>|
| Experimental: Physical Training<br>Continuous moderate-intensity training for 6-weeks. | Other: Physical training<br>* Physical training (continuous moderate-intensity training at 40-60% of participants' heart rate reserve for 20 minutes excluding warm-up/cool-down, 3 times per week.<br>|
| Experimental: Mental and Physical Training<br>Combination of mindfulness meditation and continuous moderate-intensity training for 6 weeks. | Other: Mental & physical training<br>* Mental and physical training (combination of mindfulness mediation for 20-minutes, 3 times per week and continuous moderate-intensity training for 20 minutes, 3 times per week.<br>|
| Active Comparator: DASH Diet Plan<br>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension for 6-weeks. | Other: DASH diet<br>* DASH diet ( (more vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy foods and moderate amounts of whole grains, fish, poultry and nuts; and less than 3 grams of sodium daily) for 6-weeks.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from Baseline Systolic Blood Pressure at 6 weeks. | Systolic blood pressure (SPB) will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. | 
| Change from Baseline Diastolic Blood Pressure at 6 weeks. | Diastolic blood pressure (DPB) will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. | 
| Change from Baseline Mean Arterial Pressure at 6 weeks. | Mean arterial pressure (MAP) will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. | 
| Change from Baseline Resting Heart Rate at 6 weeks. | Resting heart rate (RHR) will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. | 
| Change from Baseline Pulse Pressure at 6 weeks. | Pulse pressure will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change from Baseline Body Mass Index at 6 weeks. | Body mass index (BMI) will be measured at baseline (before intervention begin), after 3 weeks of intervention, and post 6-weeks of intervention. | At baseline over a period of 6 weeks. |