The Role of Emotional Arousal in Food Preference and Taste

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to examine the role of stress in food craving and food consumption in obesity. Using experimentally validated guided imagery procedure, the investigators propose to examine the stress response using subjective, physiological and neurobiological measurements.

Detailed Description
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One hundred and fifty men and women will participate in three laboratory sessions to assess stress responses to personal stress imagery, food cue imagery, and to neutral-relaxing imagery. Subjects will be distributed into 3 groups stratified by BMI category. Subject recruitment, eligibility determination, baseline assessments and script development will be conducted at the Yale Stress Center. Subjects will complete a variety of diagnostic, cognitive and psychological assessments, a comprehensive physical examination and blood work and will be involved in development of imagery scripts from personal stress, food cue and neutral-relaxing situations. Subjects will then be scheduled for three laboratory sessions at the Yale Stress Center. Subjects will also participate in an imagery and relaxation training session followed by three laboratory sessions. The three laboratory sessions will be conducted within a brief interval of days, when subjects will be exposed to a personal stress, a food cue and a neutral-relaxing imagery condition, one condition per day. The order of imagery conditions will be randomly assigned and counterbalanced across subjects in order to balance any influences due to order of imagery conditions.

Official Title
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The Purpose of This Study is to Investigate the Role of Stress in Food Craving and Food Consumption by Examining Stress Response Using Subjective, Physiological and Neurobiological Measurements

Conditions
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Obesity, Food Craving, Food Consumption

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Stress Imagery
* Behavioral: Food Cue Imagery
* Behavioral: Neutral-Relaxing


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Between ages 18-45 years Able to read and write Normal/lean BMI group: BMI 18.5-24.9 as calculated based on height and weight. Overweight BMI group: BMI 25.0 - 29.9 as calculated based on height and weight Obese BMI group: BMI 30-35 as calculated based on height and weight. Do not meet criteria for any current Axis I DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses and provide negative urine toxicology screens during initial appointments and at admission for laboratory sessions. Exclusion Criteria: Meet current criteria for dependence on any psychoactive substance, including nicotine and caffeine Current use of any psychoactive drugs, including anxiolytics, antidepressants, naltrexone or antabuse Any psychotic disorder or current psychiatric symptoms requiring specific attention, including need for psychiatric medications for current major depression and anxiety disorders Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, liver, thyroid pathology; subjects on medications for any medical condition will be excluded Women on oral contraceptives, peri and post menopausal women, and those with hysterectomies Pregnant and lactating women will be excluded.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Normal Weight<br>BMI18.5-24.9 (normal range) | Behavioral: Stress Imagery<br>* The stress imagery script will be based on subjects' description of a recent personal stressful event that they had experienced as most stressful. Most stressful is determined by having the subjects rate the perceived stress experienced by them on a 10-point Likert scale where 1=not at all stressful and 10=the most stress they felt recently in their life. Only situations rated as 8 or above on this scale are accepted as appropriate for script development. Examples of acceptable stressful situations include breakup with significant other, a verbal argument with a significant other or family member or unemployment-related stress, such as being fired or laid off from work.<br>Behavioral: Food Cue Imagery<br>* A food cue script will be developed from the subjects' experience of eating their most favorite foods. Examples include ordering pizza, cooking a favorite meal, or going out to a restaurant.<br>Behavioral: Neutral-Relaxing<br>* A neutral-relaxing script will be developed from the subjects' commonly experienced neutral-relaxing situations, such as a trip to the beach or park.<br>|
| Experimental: Overweight<br>body mass index between 25.0 - 29.9 (overweight range) | Behavioral: Stress Imagery<br>* The stress imagery script will be based on subjects' description of a recent personal stressful event that they had experienced as most stressful. Most stressful is determined by having the subjects rate the perceived stress experienced by them on a 10-point Likert scale where 1=not at all stressful and 10=the most stress they felt recently in their life. Only situations rated as 8 or above on this scale are accepted as appropriate for script development. Examples of acceptable stressful situations include breakup with significant other, a verbal argument with a significant other or family member or unemployment-related stress, such as being fired or laid off from work.<br>Behavioral: Food Cue Imagery<br>* A food cue script will be developed from the subjects' experience of eating their most favorite foods. Examples include ordering pizza, cooking a favorite meal, or going out to a restaurant.<br>Behavioral: Neutral-Relaxing<br>* A neutral-relaxing script will be developed from the subjects' commonly experienced neutral-relaxing situations, such as a trip to the beach or park.<br>|
| Experimental: Obese<br>body mass index between 30 and 35 (obese range) | Behavioral: Stress Imagery<br>* The stress imagery script will be based on subjects' description of a recent personal stressful event that they had experienced as most stressful. Most stressful is determined by having the subjects rate the perceived stress experienced by them on a 10-point Likert scale where 1=not at all stressful and 10=the most stress they felt recently in their life. Only situations rated as 8 or above on this scale are accepted as appropriate for script development. Examples of acceptable stressful situations include breakup with significant other, a verbal argument with a significant other or family member or unemployment-related stress, such as being fired or laid off from work.<br>Behavioral: Food Cue Imagery<br>* A food cue script will be developed from the subjects' experience of eating their most favorite foods. Examples include ordering pizza, cooking a favorite meal, or going out to a restaurant.<br>Behavioral: Neutral-Relaxing<br>* A neutral-relaxing script will be developed from the subjects' commonly experienced neutral-relaxing situations, such as a trip to the beach or park.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | Baseline | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | Immediately After Image | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory at plus 5 minutes. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | 5 minutes | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory at plus 15 minutes. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | 15 minutes | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory at plus 30 minutes. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | 30 minutes | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory at plus 45 minutes. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | 45 minutes | 
| Food Craving based on the Food Craving Inventory | An abbreviated assessment base don the Food Craving Inventory at plus 60 minutes. The Food Craving Inventory is a self-report questionnaire of specific food cravings. The questionnaire consists of 25 items measuring the frequency of cravings for specific foods and consists of 4 factors or subscales measuring cravings for High Fats, Carbohydrates/Starches, Sweets, and Fast Food Fats and also generates a total score. The brief version of the inventory uses 2 items from each of the 4 subscales. | 60 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| food snack intake | Food snacks are offered after each imagery condition and weighed for snack consumption.After each imagery period, subjects are presented with 3 bowls of highly palatable (chocolate pudding; potato chips, mini chocolate chip cookies) and 3 bowls of healthy food snacks (baby carrots; grapes), each portioned to  500 calories (3000 calories per lab session). | 30 minutes | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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stress, food cues, obesity