Surgical Management of Posterior Malleolar Fractures Using the Direct or Indirect Reduction Techniques

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Patients with a posterior malleolar fracture were recruited and assigned to the direct reduction (DR) group or the indirect reduction (IR) group. Following reduction and fixation of the fracture, the quality of fracture reduction was evaluated in radiograph and CT images. Functional outcome was evaluated at the last follow-up.

Detailed Description
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Patients with a posterior malleolus fracture were recruited meeting the inclusion criteria of unstable and displaced posterior malleolar fractures requiring surgical management. Patients with open fractures or pathological fractures were excluded. Preoperative anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and mortise view radiographs as well as computed tomography (CT) scans were routinely obtained to evaluate the characteristic of the fracture. Patients were then assigned to the direct reduction (DR) group or the indirect reduction (IR) group. Following reduction and fixation of the fracture using the direct reduction technique or the indirect reduction technique, the quality of fracture reduction was evaluated in radiograph and CT images. Functional outcome,including AOFAS score, ankle range of motion were evaluated at the last follow-up.

Official Title
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Surgical Management of Posterior Malleolar Fractures Using the Direct or Indirect Reduction Techniques

Conditions
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Posterior Malleolus Fractures

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: direct fracture reduction and fixation
* Procedure: indirect fracture reduction and fixation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: unstable ankle fracture requiring surgical intervention with posterior malleolar fracture Exclusion Criteria: open fractures pathological fractures

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: direct reduction<br>Intervention: The posterior and lateral malleoli were accessed via a posterolateral approach with the patients in prone position. The fibular fracture was exposed and reduced anatomically in the first place. The posterior malleolus was then exposed between the fiexor halluces longus and peroneus longus interval. The posterior malleolar fragment was then reduced with reference to the typical metaphyseal-diaphyseal spike of the posterior malleolus. One-third tubular plate, reconstruction plate, or distal radius plate were applied spanning the fracture in a buttress mode. Cannulated screws could also be used. | Procedure: direct fracture reduction and fixation<br>* In the DR group, the posterior malleolar fracture was reduced and fixed in a direct way via a posterolateral approach with the patients in prone position.<br>|
| Experimental: indirect reduction<br>Intervention: After open reduction and internal fixation of lateral and medial malleolar fractures, the posterior malleolus was then reduced through ligamentotaxis with the ankle in dorsiflexion. One or two 4.0 mm cannulated screws were used to fix the posterior malleolar in anterior-to-posterior direction. | Procedure: indirect fracture reduction and fixation<br>* In the IR group, the posterior malleolus was reduced through ligamentotaxis following open reduction and internal fixation of lateral and medial malleolar fractures. Percutaneous cannulated screws were used to fix the posterior malleolar in anterior-to-posterior direction.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score |  | 1 year | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ankle range of motion in degrees |  | 1 year | 
| residual displacement of the posterior malleolus in mm |  | 3 days postoperatively |