Minocycline, Acetylsalicylic Acid or Pramipexole vs Placebo in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Pramipexole, Minocycline and Aspirin compared to placebo, as add-on to anti-psychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Inflammatory processes have been implicated as a cause of schizophrenia (Fan, Goff et al. 2007), and the COX-2 inhibitor, Celecoxib, has been shown to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia (Muller, Krause et al. 2010). Aspirin, which is also a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID), irreversibly inhibits Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and modifies the enzymatic activity of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thus inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and reduces inflammatory reaction. In a study funded by the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) recently published, Laan at all (Laan, Grobbee et al. 2010) administered add-on 1000mg/d of Aspirin to patients with schizophrenia receiving anti-psychotics, and reported reductions in Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) total and PANSS positive scores without substantial side effects. Minocycline is a second-generation tetracycline that exerts anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects while having a distinct neuroprotective profile. Minocycline effects the glutaminergic system, through inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and blocking of nitric oxide (NO)- induced neurotoxicity (Du et al, 1998; Jiang et al., 2005), and thus has been suggested as a potential treatment for schizophrenia. One published study (Levkovitz, Mendlovich et al. 2010), and another, unpublished study by Bill Deakin found that add-on treatment of 200mg/d of Minocycline was beneficial for symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia, and a study by Miayoka et al (Miyaoka, Yasukawa et al. 2008) administered open-label 450 mg/day Minocycline, and found improvement on positive symptoms. Indirect pharmacological evidence suggests a relative excess of dopaminergic activity as being implicated in the pathogenesis of some of the symptoms of schizophrenia, and all effective antipsychotics effect dopamine D2 receptors. Pramipexole is a pre-synaptic dopamine auto-receptor agonist hypothesized to improve in symptoms in schizophrenia patients. In an open label study, Kasper at all (Kasper, Barnas et al. 1997) showed statistically significant improvement in PANSS scores in patients not stabilized on haloperidol. Other data indicate that add-on Pramipexole improves symptoms of depression and cognition, in patients with affective disorders (Goldberg, Frye et al. 1999; Sporn, Ghaemi et al. 2000; Goldberg, Burdick et al. 2004; Zarate, Payne et al. 2004), and Malhotra et al, unpublished data. All of these studies were relatively small, and were performed by investigators with an interest in the compound. The objective of this study is to replicate them in large trial by investigators with no specific interest in the compounds. This proposed study is a multi-arm study, in which patients will be randomized to one of the three study drugs: Pramipexole, Minocycline and Aspirin, or placebo as part of the same protocol. A design by which several active compounds are all compared to the same placebo arm has been utilized before for schizophrenia (Meltzer, Arvanitis et al. 2004). This design has several advantages: in addition to reduced costs and time it exposes fewer patients to placebo, and enables direct comparison between the compounds and not only to the placebo.

Official Title
-----------------
A Randomized Trial Administering Minocycline, Acetylsalicylic Acid or Pramipexole vs Placebo as add-on to Antipsychotics in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Conditions
-----------------
Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Drug: minocycline
* Drug: pramipexole
* Drug: acetylsalicylic acid
* Drug: placebo


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Male or female, 18-65 years of age, inclusive Females who are abstinent or practicing an established method of birth control (oral contraceptive tablets, hormonal implant device, hormone patch, injectable contraceptive, intrauterine device. Willing and able to provide informed consent, after the nature of the study has been fully explained Current DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as confirmed by modified Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID) and having had at least 2 prior schizophrenic episodes, or continually ill for at least 6 months. Symptoms: 4 (moderate) or above on Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI-S)and 4 (moderate)or above score on two of the following four Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) items: delusions, hallucinatory behaviors, conceptual disorganization or suspiciousness/ persecution, and/or a total PANSS negative symptoms score of 18. Must be on any antipsychotic drug, for at least 2 weeks prior to the baseline visit, at doses within the Patient Outcome Research Team (PORT) criteria, whenever possible. Patients receiving higher doses will have their records reviewed to insure that their dose is required and, if possible, will be stabilized on a lower dose prior to study entry. Inpatients or outpatients. Inpatients will be randomized 3 days or more after admission Exclusion Criteria: Unwilling or unable, in the opinion of the Investigator, to comply with study instructions Pregnant or breast-feeding Unstable medical disease (malignancy, poorly controlled diabetes, active ischemic cardiac disease, or cardiomyopathy, serious pulmonary disease, kidney disease, impaired liver functioning. History of hemorrhagic CVA or peptic ulcer disease. Patients treated with: any of the trial medications i.e. pramipexole/minocycline/ acetylsalicylic acid, NSAIDs, anti-coagulants, sucralfate, cimetidine, amantadine, mexiletine. Likely allergy or sensitivity to raloxifene/pramipexole/minocycline/acetylsalicylic acid. At significant risk of committing suicide, or in the opinion of the Investigator, currently is at imminent risk of suicide or harming others. Patients with a current DSM-IV substance or alcohol abuse. Patients with a history of and/or current recreational use of cannabinoids or alcohol, and/or patients who smoke cigarettes can be included. Concurrent delirium, mental retardation, drug-induced psychosis, or history of clinically significant brain trauma documented by CT or MRI.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: minocycline<br>minocycline | Drug: minocycline<br>* minocycline 100 mg/bid<br>|
| Active Comparator: pramipexole<br>pramipexole | Drug: pramipexole<br>* pramipexole 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/bid<br>|
| Active Comparator: acetylsalicylic acid<br>acetylsalicylic acid | Drug: acetylsalicylic acid<br>* acetylsalicylic acid 500mg/ bid<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Placebo | Drug: placebo<br>* placebo bid<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)total score | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)total score at 8 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at week 8 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)total score | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)total score at 16 weeks. | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at week 16 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale scoreat 2 weeks. | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)positive sub-scale score at week 2 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at 4 weeks. | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at week 4 . | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at 8 weeks. | Positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at week 8. | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at 16 weeks. | Positive and negative syndrome scale(PANSS) positive sub-scale score at week 16. | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at 2 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at week 2 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at 4 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at week 4 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at 8 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at week 8 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at 16 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative sub-scale score at week 16 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at week 2 | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at 2 weeks | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at 4 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at week 4 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at 8 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at week 8 | 
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | Change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at 16 weeks | Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) general psychopathology sub-scale score at week 16 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S)at 2 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale-Improvement (CGI-S) at week 2 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S)at 5 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity (CGI-S) at week 5 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S)at 8 weeks | linical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) at week 8 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S)at 12 weeks | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) at week 12 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S)at 16 weeks | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale-Severity(CGI-S) at week 16 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at 2 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) at week 2 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at 5 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) at week 5 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at 8 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at week 8 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at 12 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) at week 12 | 
| Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I) | Change from baseline in Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at 16 weeks | Clinical Global Impression Scale- Improvement (CGI-I)at week 16 | 
| Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) | Change from baseline in Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)at 8 weeks. | rief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)at week 8 | 
| Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) | Change from baseline in Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)at 16 weeks. | Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)at week 16 | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder