Vitamin D Status in Lower Extremity Joint Replacement Surgery Patients

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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In the United States,  1 million elective hip or knee replacement surgeries are performed annually. With estimated surgical site infection (SSI) rates as high as 2.5%, this represents  25,000 patients at risk of potentially avoidable morbidity following lower extremity joint replacement surgery. Although SSIs only account for 20% of all HAIs, they are a major risk factor for prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Furthermore, UTIs have also been identified as an independent risk factor for infections of implanted hardware. In general, the majority of PJIs become apparent within 3 months of hardware implantation, but deep infections may not be evident for up to one year after surgery. Hardware infections result in delayed healing, repeated surgical interventions, and long-term antibiotic therapy. PJIs are associated with an average increase in hospital LOS by 14 days, additional expenditures of up to $50,000 per infected joint, and a doubling of the mortality rate compared to uninfected lower extremity joint replacements. Recent work from our group suggests that vitamin D insufficiency may be a risk factor for perioperative HAIs. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency is approximately 40% in elective joint replacement surgery patients, and perioperative 25(OH)D levels drop 30-40% in the setting of surgical stress, remaining 20% below baseline up to 3 months after surgery. To date, perioperative vitamin D optimization strategies have not been reported. Therefore, our goal is to study the effect of a single (pre-operative) versus a divided (pre-operative and on post-operative day 1) dose of cholecalciferol on perioperative vitamin D status in patients scheduled for elective hip or knee joint replacement surgery.

Official Title
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Bolus vs. Divided Cholecalciferol Dosing to Optimize Perioperative Vitamin D Status for Joint Replacement Surgery

Conditions
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Hypovitaminosis D

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Cholecalciferol
* Dietary Supplement: Placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male or female Age ≥18 years English or Spanish speaking Scheduled for preoperative clinic assessment Scheduled to have elective hip or knee joint replacement surgery Not taking more than 1000 IU of either cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol daily Exclusion Criteria: Unable to provide consent Inability to comply with study protocol History of anemia (hematocrit <25%) History of renal stones or hypercalcemia Conditions that can cause hypercalcemia (e.g. metastatic cancer, sarcoidosis, myeloma) Medications that affect vitamin D metabolism (e.g. anti-epileptics, tuberculosis medication) Already enrolled or planning to enroll in a research study that would conflict with full participation in the current study or confound the observation or interpretation of the study findings

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 100 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Cholecalciferol Bolus Dose<br>70 patients will receive a bolus pre-operative oral dose of 150,000 IU cholecalciferol 3-7 days before surgery | Dietary Supplement: Cholecalciferol<br> <br> |
| Active Comparator: Cholecalciferol Divided Dose<br>70 patients will receive an oral 100,000 IU cholecalciferol dose 3-7 days before surgery and an additional oral 50,000 IU cholecalciferol dose on post-operative day 1 | Dietary Supplement: Cholecalciferol<br> <br> |
| Placebo Comparator: Sugar Pill<br>35 patients will receive a placebo pill orally 3-7 days before surgery | Dietary Supplement: Placebo<br> <br> |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in vitamin D status 5 days following supplementation with cholecalciferol | Subjects will receive 150,000 IU or 100,000 IU cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) 3-7 days before surgery during their pre-operative assessment. Vitamin D status on the day of pre-operative assessment will be compared to vitamin D status on the day of surgery. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure serum: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 2) Parathyroid hormone; 3) Vitamin D binding protein; 4) LL-37; 5) Albumin; and 6) Calcium levels. | Patients will be followed between the initial preoperative evaluation day and an average duration of 5 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in pre-surgical vitamin D status 1 day after surgery | Subjects will receive either pre-operative supplementation with 150,000 IU or pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol plus 50,000 IU cholecalciferol on post-operative day 1 (vs. placebo). Vitamin D status will be compared between the day of surgery and post-operative day 1. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 2) Parathyroid hormone; 3) Vitamin D binding protein; 4) LL37; 5) Albumin; and 6) Calcium levels. | Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and an average duration of 1 day after surgery | 
| Change in pre-surgical vitamin D status 2 weeks after surgery | Subjects will receive either pre-operative supplementation with 150,000 IU or pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol plus 50,000 IU cholecalciferol on post-operative day 1 (vs. placebo). Vitamin D status will be compared between the day of surgery and post-operative day 10-18. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 2) Parathyroid hormone; 3) Vitamin D binding protein; 4) LL37; 5) Albumin; and 6) Calcium levels. | Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and an average duration of 14 days after surgery | 
| Change in pre-surgical vitamin D status 3 months after surgery | Subjects will receive either pre-operative supplementation with 150,000 IU or pre-operative supplementation with 100,000 IU cholecalciferol plus 50,000 IU cholecalciferol on post-operative day 1 (vs. placebo). Vitamin D status will be compared between the day of surgery and post-operative day 80-100. To assess vitamin D status, we will measure: 1) 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 2) Parathyroid hormone; 3) Vitamin D binding protein; 4) LL37; 5) Albumin; and 6) Calcium levels. | Patients will be followed between the day of surgery and an average of 90 days after surgery | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Vitamin D, Perioperative immune regulation, LL-37, Hospital-acquired infection, Surgical site infections