Apneic Oxygenation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of apneic oxygenation on the time to desaturation in pediatric patients treated in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The investigators hypothesize pediatric patients will have an increase in time to desaturation with apneic oxygenation when compared to standard practice in the PICU.

Detailed Description
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Oxygen (O2) desaturation is one of the risks of intubation, especially in critically ill children with comorbidities, increased O2 consumption and decreased O2 delivery. Desaturation places patients at greater risk for dysrhythmia, hemodynamic instability, hypoxic brain injury, and death. As shown in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, once oxyhemoglobin (PaO2) saturations drop to   90%, there is an increased risk for precipitous desaturation. Although many may believe there would be no gas exchange during apnea, alveoli continue to take up oxygen even without diaphragmatic movements or lung expansion. As such, the administration of oxygen during intubation (when a patient is apneic) has not been a standard practice until recently. Recent studies in adults have shown an increase in the time to desaturation when they are given concurrent oxygen administration during an intubation attempt. This use of oxygen during intubation is referred to as apneic oxygenation. As a result of this work, apneic oxygenation has become standard practice in many emergency departments, even with pediatric patients. Yet, in pediatric hospital units, including intensive care, this is not the standard practice and no pediatric studies have been published on this subject to date. In the study unit apneic oxygenation is not standard during intubation. The investigators would like to evaluate its use as it has shown benefits in prior research published on adults. Most patients in the PICU are already on a source of oxygen administration prior to intubation, this source of oxygen is usually removed during the intubation attempt, when the patient is apneic and not breathing on his/her own. Continuing oxygen administration during the apneic period, would be a minimal to no risk intervention and has only shown a benefit during the apneic period. For this protocol: Once a decision is made for intubation, the subject will be randomized into one of two groups: Control (standard practice) Apneic oxygenation. Randomization: Subjects will be stratified by age (0 - 2 years and >2 - 17), randomized in blocks of 10 until the final sample size is achieved. For all subjects, the study protocol will determine only the provision of supplemental oxygen during intubation. Decisions regarding the intubation approach, pre-oxygenation, patient positioning, medications used, ventilation strategy, and choice of equipment will be made by the clinical team. Because of the nature of the study intervention, clinicians and study personnel will be aware of study group assignments after randomization.

Official Title
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Apneic Oxygenation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Conditions
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Intubation Complication

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Apneic Oxygenation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Treated in the PICU at ACH-PR Age 0 through17 years Indication for emergent intubation Premedication with a paralytic agent resulting in apnea Exclusion Criteria: No paralytic agent used Elective intubations Presence of cyanotic heart disease Inability to safely place nasal cannula on patient Nasal intubation Patients already enrolled in the study (prior intubation) Inability to randomize due to urgency of intubation Females who are known to be pregnant

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 0 Days
Maximum Age: 17 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Control Group<br>Standard care | |
| Experimental: Apneic Oxygenation Group<br>During apneic period of intubation attempt, patient will be placed on nasal cannula If 0-2 years: 3L/min NC of 100% FiO2 If > or = to 2 through17 years: 5L/min NC of 100% FiO2 | Procedure: Apneic Oxygenation<br>* Supplemental oxygen will be provided via nasal cannula during intubation attempt<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time to desaturation | To evaluate the effect of apneic oxygenation in time to desaturation (>/= 5% points from baseline O2 saturation) from the onset of apnea during intubation attempts in the PICU | Only during intubation | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Number of Intubation Attempts | To compare the number of intubation attempts prior to successful intubation between children treated with apneic oxygenation compared to standard care | Only during intubation |