The Influence of Energy Density and Information on Meal Intake in Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how energy density and cognitive framing of satiation using food information can influence consumption at a meal. This study also aims to investigate the influence of energy density and food information on sensory specific satiety (the decline in the subjective pleasantness of a food as it is eaten).

Official Title
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Lunch Meal Study for Men and Women

Conditions
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Feeding Behavior

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Lower Energy Density
* Other: Higher Energy Density
* Other: Lower Satiation
* Other: Higher Satiation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Ability to attend all test meals Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19 Regularly eat 3 meals/day Being willing to avoid alcohol the day before and during test days Have a body mass index greater than 18.0 kg/meters squared Being willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions Exclusion Criteria: Being a smoker Being an athlete in training Being pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening Have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months Dislike or inability to eat the test foods Currently dieting to gain or lose weight Have a health condition that affects appetite Have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year Being a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 55 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Lower Satiation<br>Test meal with lower energy density and lower satiation information | Other: Lower Energy Density<br>* Test meal with lower energy density<br>Other: Lower Satiation<br>* Information on lower satiation<br>|
| Experimental: Lower Energy Density & Higher Satiation<br>Test meal with lower energy density and higher satiation information | Other: Lower Energy Density<br>* Test meal with lower energy density<br>Other: Higher Satiation<br>* Information on higher satiation<br>|
| Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Lower Satiation<br>Test meal with higher energy density and lower satiation information | Other: Higher Energy Density<br>* Test meal with higher energy density<br>Other: Lower Satiation<br>* Information on lower satiation<br>|
| Experimental: Higher Energy Density & Higher Satiation<br>Test meal with higher energy density and higher satiation information | Other: Higher Energy Density<br>* Test meal with higher energy density<br>Other: Higher Satiation<br>* Information on higher satiation<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in food intake by weight | Weight of food consumed measured in grams (g) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in energy intake | Energy content of food consumed measured in kilocalories (kcal) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in palatability rating of food samples | Difference between post-meal and pre-meal palatability of the food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in prospective consumption rating of food samples | Difference between post-meal and pre-meal prospective consumption of food samples measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) to assess Sensory-Specific Satiety | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in hunger rating | Difference between post-meal and pre-meal hunger measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in fullness rating | Difference between post-meal and pre-meal fullness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in test meal prospective consumption rating | Difference in prospective consumption measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in test meal fillingness rating | Difference in fillingness measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in test meal palatability rating | Difference in palatability of the test meal measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed | Difference in estimation of proportion of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 | 
| Change in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed | Difference in estimation of energy content of test meal consumed measured by Visual Analogue Scales (ranging from 0 mm to 100 mm) | Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 |