Effects of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques on BDNF Levels

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of non invasive brain stimulation - NIBS - techniques (Electroconvulsivotherapy - ECT, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation - tDCS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation - rTMS) on serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with depression and schizophrenia. Four blood samples will be collected in each participants, one before the NIBS sessions, and 3 after the completion of NIBS protocols: one immediately after the end of the NIBS sessions, a second one week after and a last one month after. Two blood samples separated by one month will also be collected in a a group of healthy volunteers.

Detailed Description
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The hypothesis is that NIBS will modulate BDNF levels and that the modification in serum BDNF levels will be correlated with clinical improvements in the sample of patients.

Official Title
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Effects of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques on BDNF Levels

Conditions
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Depression, Schizophrenia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: non invasive brain stimulation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: in the depression group: DSM IV criteria of MDD; HDRS17> 22; stage 2 of resistance; received rTMS or ECT in the schizophrenia group DSM IV criteria of schizophrenia; pharmaco-resistance of symptoms (either negative symptoms or auditory verbal hallucination); received rTMS or tDCS in the healthy volunteers group : to not have axis I of DSM IV diagnosis; no siblings with axis I DSM IV diagnosis Exclusion Criteria: less than 18 years old pregnancy received benzodiazepine In the depression and schizophrenia group: bipolar disorder other axis I of DSM IV diagnosis (excluding for Tobacco use disorder)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Depression Electroconvulsive therapy<br>40 patients with major depression receiving a mean of 12 sessions of Electroconvulsive therapy | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Active Comparator: Depression active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation<br>40 patients with major depression receiving a mean 4 weeks of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Sham Comparator: Depression sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation<br>40 patients with major depression receiving a mean 4 weeks of sham 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Active Comparator: Schizophrenia active transcranial magnetic stimulati<br>40 patients with schizophrenia and predominant negative symptoms receiving 20 sessions of intermittent theta burst simulation (iTBS) applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Sham Comparator: Schizophrenia sham transcranial magnetic stimulation<br>patients with schizophrenia and predominant negative symptoms receiving 20 sessions of sham intermittent theta burst simulation (iTBS) applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Active Comparator: Schizophrenia active transcranial Direct Current Stimulation<br>40 patients with schizophrenia and auditory verbal hallucinations receiving 10 sessions of transcranial Direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied with the anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC- and the cathode over the left temporoparietal junction | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| Sham Comparator: Schizophrenia sham transcranial Direct Current Stimulation<br>40 patients with schizophrenia and auditory verbal hallucinations receiving 10 sessions of sham transcranial Direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied with the anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - DLPFC- and the cathode over the left temporoparietal junction | Device: non invasive brain stimulation<br>* non invasive brain stimulation<br>* Other names: ECT;|
| No Intervention: Healthy volunteers<br>80 healthy volunteers receiving no stimulation | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| serum BDNF levels |  | from baseline to one month |