Rickettsiae in Myanmar

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Rickettsial infections have been found to be the second most common cause of non-malarial febrile illness in Southeast Asia, just after dengue, and are largely neglected treatable causes of morbidity and mortality. The rickettsiae can be divided into three major groups: the scrub typhus group (STG), the typhus group (TG) and the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsial infections typically present with an acute fever and are difficult to diagnose due to the many different causes of undifferentiated fever in Southeast Asia. Rickettsial IgG seroprevalence, reflecting past infection, will give an estimate of the burden of rickettsial infections in the population. Background seroprevalence studies in countries around Myanmar have found high rates of rickettsial infections. Yet, in Myanmar there have been no prevalence studies on rickettsial infections since the Second World War. We plan to determine IgG levels to the three different groups of rickettsial infections in leftover blood samples in several clinics and hospitals in different regions of Myanmar.

Detailed Description
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Rickettsial infections have been found to be the second most common cause of non-malarial febrile illness in Southeast Asia, just after dengue, and are largely neglected treatable causes of morbidity and mortality. The rickettsiae can be divided into three major groups: the scrub typhus group (STG), the typhus group (TG) and the spotted fever group (SFG). Rickettsial infections typically present with an acute fever and are difficult to diagnose due to the many different causes of undifferentiated fever in Southeast Asia. Rickettsial IgG seroprevalence, reflecting past infection, will give an estimate of the burden of rickettsial infections in the population. The current best test for IgG serological diagnosis of previous rickettsial infections is the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA has several limitations in that it is difficult to standardize due to operator subjectivity, it needs appropriate local diagnostic cut- offs and requires improvement in terms of standardization and ease of use. An alternative serological test that is cheaper and is easier to use is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is more suited to screen for the burden of rickettsial diseases in low-resource countries. Background seroprevalence studies in countries around Myanmar have found high rates of rickettsial infections. Yet, in Myanmar there have been no prevalence studies on rickettsial infections since the Second World War. We plan to determine IgG levels to the three different groups of rickettsial infections in leftover blood samples in several clinics and hospitals in different regions of Myanmar. Participants with leftover blood samples after having undergone a blood draw for any clinical reason or a blood donation will be requested to participate in the study. The participant will be informed about the study and requested to provide informed consent when agreeing to participate. The leftover sample will be anonymized and frozen. The gender, age and location of clinic/hospital of the participant will be recorded. All samples will be tested for IgG antibodies using an in-house ELISA test in the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Bangkok, Thailand for scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam and TA716), murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi strain type Wilmington), and spotted fever rickettsioses (Rickettsia honei and Rickettsia conorii). If the sample tests positive for IgG antibodies, an IFA test will be performed as the gold standard reference test to confirm the finding. The anonymous samples will be discarded as soon as they are no longer needed for the study. The population investigated will be 700 patients attending seven different clinics and hospitals in different regions of Myanmar with each site including 100 patients. We will include patients at the following study sites: Himalaya general clinic, Puta-O, Kachin; Lily general clinic, Thanbyuzayat, Mon; Orchid general clinic, Hlaing Thar Yar, Yangon; Winka general clinic, Winka, Kayin; Monywa Hospital, Sagaing; Mandalay General Hospital and University of Medicine, Mandalay; Magway General Hospital, Magway This is a minimal risk study. The participants will not have to undergo any additional procedures, since we will be using leftover blood samples that have been collected for routine clinical tests to study the background levels of previous rickettsial infections. Participation in this study is voluntary. Subjects who decline to participate will have no impact on the care they receive at the hospital or clinic. There will be no incentives or compensation for study participation.

Official Title
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Background Seroprevalence of Rickettsial Infections in Myanmar

Conditions
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Rickettsiae Infections

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: MORU in-house ELISA test followed by IFA if positive


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male and female, all age groups, requiring a blood draw for a routine clinical purpose Exclusion Criteria: Leftover blood sample of less than 500μL
Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Diagnostic Test: MORU in-house ELISA test followed by IFA if positive|An in-house rickettsial IgG ELISA test will be used for this study to determine previous rickettsial infections by measuring IgG levels. All specimens will be tested for IgG antibodies using ELISA tests for scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam and TA716), murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi strain type Wilmington), and spotted fever rickettsiosis (Rickettsia honei and Rickettsia conorii). If the sample tests positive, it will be retested for the same antigens using the IFA test. The sample will be considered positive if both the ELISA and the IFA are positive.|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Positive ELISA confirmed by positive IFA | Proportion of patients with a positive IgG ELISA, subsequently confirmed with IFA, for scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi strains Karp, Kato, Gilliam and TA716), murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi strain type Wilmington), and spotted fever rickettsiosis (Rickettsia honei and Ricketsia conorii). | January, 2020 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Patient characteristics associated with rickettsial infections | Correlation of different patient characteristics with a positive ELISA and IFA test indicating a previous rickettsial infection. | January, 2020 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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rickettsiae, seroprevalence