The Effect of Three Methods Used in Reducing Pain During Dressing Change

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This randomized controlled study aims to determine the effect of listening to music (LM), ball squeezing (BS), and performing mathematical operations (MO) in reducing the pain experienced during the first dressing in children aged 8-18 with appendectomy.

Detailed Description
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The sample of the study consisted of 120 children (LM:30, BS:30, MO:30, control:30). A minute before dressing and during dressing, the children in the LM group listened to music, the children in the SB group squeezed the ball, the children in the MO group performed mathematical operations.According to the child, parent, and nurse assessment, it was determined that the mean pain score of the children in the LM and MO groups was lower than that of the BS group and control groups (p< .05).

Official Title
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The Effect of Listening to Music, Performing Mathematics Operations and Ball Squeezing in Reducing Pain During Dressing Change in Children With Appendectomy

Conditions
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Healthy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: mathematical operations
* Behavioral: ball squeezing
* Behavioral: listening to music
* Other: kontrol grubu


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Consisted of the child and parent's consent to participate in the study, The child and parent's speaking Turkish at the level of native speaker, The child's being 8-18 years old and undergoing appendectomy, Being the body temperature of the child in the normal level (36.5-37.2⁰C), The child's not having intense nausea and vomiting, The child's not having any physical, intellectual or neurological disability that would affect his/her participation. Exclusion Criteria: Having a mental or neurological disability Children with hearing and vision impairment

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 8 Years
Maximum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Pre-Dressing<br>Information about the children and their parents who agreed to participate in the study was recorded on the 'Information Form' 5 minutes before the dressing procedure by the researcher. | Behavioral: mathematical operations<br>* Prepared by the researchers, the form involved mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The difficulty level of the mathematical operations in the form was determined by age groups of children. Accordingly, mathematical operations were divided into 3 groups primary school, secondary school and high school levels.<br>Behavioral: ball squeezing<br>* For the children in the BS group, a softball that could fit in the palm and be easily squeezed by the child was used.<br>Behavioral: listening to music<br>* Children were allowed to listen to music with headphones during dressing changes.<br>Other: kontrol grubu<br>* No application was made during dressing change in children. Routine dressing change of the clinic was applied.<br>|
| Experimental: During Dressing<br>The first dressing of all children included in the study after appendectomy was performed by the doctor in the clinic. No distraction method was applied to the children in the control group during dressing. The children in the LM group were dressed while listening to music. The children in the BS group continued to squeeze the ball during the dressing. The children in the MO group were asked to perform mathematical operations given by the nurse. While the dressing was in progress, the pulse and oxygen saturation levels were recorded in the information form by the nurse. At the last stage of dressing, the children were asked to mark the level of pain they experienced during dressing on the VAS, immediately after the sticking plaster was placed on the surgical area. Parents and nurses assessed the pain level of the child during dressing through the VAS. | Behavioral: mathematical operations<br>* Prepared by the researchers, the form involved mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The difficulty level of the mathematical operations in the form was determined by age groups of children. Accordingly, mathematical operations were divided into 3 groups primary school, secondary school and high school levels.<br>Behavioral: ball squeezing<br>* For the children in the BS group, a softball that could fit in the palm and be easily squeezed by the child was used.<br>Behavioral: listening to music<br>* Children were allowed to listen to music with headphones during dressing changes.<br>Other: kontrol grubu<br>* No application was made during dressing change in children. Routine dressing change of the clinic was applied.<br>|
| Experimental: Post-Dressing<br>When the dressing was over, the application of distraction methods was terminated. After the dressing, the child's pulse and oxygen saturation levels were recorded in the information form by the nurse. | Behavioral: mathematical operations<br>* Prepared by the researchers, the form involved mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The difficulty level of the mathematical operations in the form was determined by age groups of children. Accordingly, mathematical operations were divided into 3 groups primary school, secondary school and high school levels.<br>Behavioral: ball squeezing<br>* For the children in the BS group, a softball that could fit in the palm and be easily squeezed by the child was used.<br>Behavioral: listening to music<br>* Children were allowed to listen to music with headphones during dressing changes.<br>Other: kontrol grubu<br>* No application was made during dressing change in children. Routine dressing change of the clinic was applied.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Comparison of Pain Scores pre-dressing | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used for determine pain level in this research. Scale got 0 to 10 points (0 (Good) to 10 (Bad)). | 60 seconds | 
| Comparison of Pain Scores During Dressing | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used for determine pain level in this research. Scale got 0 to 10 points (0 (Good) to 10 (Bad)). | 60 seconds | 
| Comparison of Pain Scores post-Dressing | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used for determine pain level in this research. Scale got 0 to 10 points (0 (Good) to 10 (Bad)). | 60 seconds | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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pain, appendectomy, child, distraction, dressing