Protein Source, Nutrition Messaging, and Food Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The objective of this study is to determine how the protein source and the physical form of food consumed at breakfast impact food intake. Research will be conducted by assessing feelings of hunger, food preference and blood glucose in healthy adults following the ingestion protein-based (animal versus plant) drinks similar calorie and protein content.

Official Title
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Evaluating How Breakfast Protein Source Affects Satiety, Glucose and Food Preference

Conditions
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Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Whey Protein Beverage
* Dietary Supplement: Pea Protein Beverage
* Behavioral: Snack Tray Choices


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy, no known health conditions Exclusion Criteria: Taking medication, excluding hormonal birth control Food allergies Food intolerances

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 50 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Educational Messaging<br>Whey protein beverage and pea protein beverages administered in a randomized order with a one- to two-week washout period between beverages. | Dietary Supplement: Whey Protein Beverage<br>* Beverage administered and postprandial appetite assessed for 2 hours followed by 1 hour monitoring of food intake from ad libitum snack tray.<br>Dietary Supplement: Pea Protein Beverage<br>* Beverage administered and postprandial appetite assessed for 2 hours followed by 1 hour monitoring of food intake from ad libitum snack tray.<br>Behavioral: Snack Tray Choices<br>* Items were selected from a snack tray filled with healthy and unhealthy snacks in order to determine if educational messaging influenced snack choices. Shack choices wre recorded on a check list by a third party observer.<br>|
| Active Comparator: No Messaging<br>Whey protein beverage and pea protein beverages administered in a randomized order with a one- to two-week washout period between beverages. | Dietary Supplement: Whey Protein Beverage<br>* Beverage administered and postprandial appetite assessed for 2 hours followed by 1 hour monitoring of food intake from ad libitum snack tray.<br>Dietary Supplement: Pea Protein Beverage<br>* Beverage administered and postprandial appetite assessed for 2 hours followed by 1 hour monitoring of food intake from ad libitum snack tray.<br>Behavioral: Snack Tray Choices<br>* Items were selected from a snack tray filled with healthy and unhealthy snacks in order to determine if educational messaging influenced snack choices. Shack choices wre recorded on a check list by a third party observer.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Appetite assessment | Appetite was assessed using visual analog scales | 2 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Snack intake using checklist | Snacks were provided after 2 hours and type and quantity of snacks consumed were monitored and recorded on a checklist by a member of the research team. At the end of the snacking period, uneaten portions of snacks were weighed and recorded. | 1 hour |