A Carbohydrate-restricted Diet to Reverse Fatty Liver in Adolescents With Obesity

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of a low carbohydrate diet vs a low fat diet on improvement in aminotransferases, hepatic fat infiltration, markers of inflammation, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Detailed Description
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NAFLD is the most common form of liver disease in children in the United States. Currently, there is no treatment for NAFLD. In adults, weight loss through caloric restriction is commonly recommended to improve fatty liver. Weight loss is particularly difficult for children to achieve and significant caloric restriction may not be a prudent recommendation in developing children and adolescents. Because of this difficulty with weight loss in children, many children go on to develop cirrhosis and eventually undergo liver transplant. Data on the effectiveness of diet to reverse fatty liver and prevent progression to cirrhosis in children is urgently needed. To date, no studies have been done examining how changes in diet composition without intentional caloric restriction influences NAFLD in children. Data from previous studies in adults support the hypothesis that consumption of lower-CHO, higher-fat food sources rich in high-quality proteins and essential fatty acids has beneficial effects on metabolic health in adults without restricting calories. This study aims to test the hypothesis that a low CHO higher- fat diet will induce rapid reversal of fatty liver while also depleting of total and abdominal adiposity, preserving lean mass, and reducing inflammation in adolescents with obesity and NAFLD.

Official Title
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A Carbohydrate-restricted Diet to Reverse Fatty Liver in Adolescents With Obesity

Conditions
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Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Childhood Obesity, Insulin Resistance

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Carbohydrate-restricted diet
* Other: Control, low-fat diet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Overweight/obese (BMI over the 85th percentile) male and female adolescents (age range 10-17) with elevated serum aminotransferase levels, diffusely echogenic liver via ultrasound suggestive of fatty liver, and/or prior diagnosis of NAFLD. Participant eligibility will depend on the ability of one parent to attend the initial diet instruction and individual counseling sessions with the registered dietitian during week 2, 4 and 6 of the diet intervention. Exclusion Criteria: Presence of hepatic virus infections (HCV RNA-polymerase chain reaction negative; hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G; cytomegalovirus; and Epstein-Barr virus), alcohol consumption, history of parenteral nutrition, and use of drugs known to induce steatosis (for example, valproate, amiodarone, or prednisone) or to affect body weight and carbohydrate metabolism. Autoimmune liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and Wilson's disease will be ruled out by the participants physician prior to enrollment in the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 9 Years
Maximum Age: 17 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Carbohydrate-restricted diet<br>This diet is designed to minimize intake of carbohydrate sources such as added sugars, high glycemic grains, and fructose and will provide ≤10% energy from CHO, 25% energy from protein, and ≥65% energy from fat. | Other: Carbohydrate-restricted diet<br>* Participants will be randomized (20 per group) to the carbohydrate restricted diet (i.e., CHO <10%; fat >65%, protein 25%) or a low fat diet (CHO 55%; fat 20%; protein 25%) for 8 weeks. Individual counseling with the study physician and registered dietitian (RD) will be provided at baseline for initial assessment and diet instruction. Participants will meet with a RD for an individual counselling session at week 2, 4, and 6 of the diet intervention to ensure adherence to the diet prescription. Participants will be encouraged to keep track of dietary intake by using electronic food diaries (weeks 1-8) to review with the RD during individual counseling at week 2, week 4 and week 6.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Control, low-fat diet<br>The control, low-fat diet will contain 55:25:20 %energy from CHO:protein:fat based on the USDA MyPlate Daily Food Plan. For example, an 1800kcal/d plan will include 5 ounces lean meats, 3 cups low-fat dairy, 6 ounces of whole grains, 1 ½ cups fruit, 2 ½ cups vegetables (starchy and non-starchy) and limited fats. | Other: Control, low-fat diet<br>* Individual counseling with the study physician and registered dietitian (RD) will be provided at baseline for initial assessment and diet instruction. Participants will meet with a RD for an individual counselling session at week 2, 4, and 6 of the diet intervention to ensure adherence to the diet prescription. Participants will be encouraged to keep track of dietary intake by using electronic food diaries (weeks 1-8) to review with the RD during individual counseling at week 2, week 4 and week 6.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in hepatic lipid assessed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). |  | 8 weeks after baseline | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). |  | 8 weeks after baseline | 
| Change in liver enzymes via fasting blood draw |  | At baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8. | 
| Change in fasting glucose via blood draw |  | At baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8. | 
| Change in fasting insulin via blood draw |  | At baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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childhood obesity, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, carbohydrate-restriction