Chlorhexidine Scrub, ZnO Nanoparticles Socks and the Combination for Prevention of Pitted Keratolysis

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study aimed to study the efficacy of chlorhexidine scrub, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) socks and the combination of chlorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks in prevention of pitted keratolysis.

Detailed Description
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Introduction Pitted keratolysis is a common skin disease, caused by various gram-positive bacteria including Corynebacterium species, Kytococcus sedentarius, Dermophilus congolensis and Actinomyces species. These bacteria create small tunnels in the stratum corneum, causing pitted lesions at plantar areas. This condition is frequent accompanied by feet malodor and is commonly found in young male adults, especially in soldiers, miners and athletes. The reported prevalence of pitted keratolysis among naval cadets in Thailand was 38.7%. Predisposing factors related to pitted keratolysis are pedal hyperhidrosis and prolonged feet occlusion. Although this condition is generally not painful, our previous study in 2018 revealed adversely affects patients' quality of life. Regarding treatment modalities of pitted keratolysis, various medications and life-style modification have been recommended. Previous studies revealed efficacy of topical choices, including benzoyl peroxide gel, clindamycin-benzoyl peroxide gel, glycopyrrolate cream, erythromycin gel, clindamycin solution, chlorhexidine scrub and mupirocin ointment. Oral antibiotics and botulinum toxin injection were also beneficial in pitted keratolysis. As to life-style modification, wearing cotton socks and opened footwear, and proper hygiene, have also been suggested. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial activities against many microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal infections including dermatophytosis. It has been proposed that the mechanism is the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, on microorganism cell surfaces, thereby causing membrane dysfunction. The antimicrobial activities have been observed to vary with changes in the physical and chemical properties of ZnO, for instance, its particle size, porosity and specific surface area. Nanobiotechnology , which is the integration of biotechnology and nanotechnology, is currently being used in drug delivery systems. The bactericidal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has been shown to improves with a decrease in their particle size. ZnO has also been shown to be is safe and compatible with human skin, which makes it a suitable additive for textiles. Research by Choopong and Sarayut established that ZnO-NP-coated socks exhibited antimicrobial activities against gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Objective This study aimed to study the efficacy of chlorhexidine scrub, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) socks and the combination of chlorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks in prevention of pitted keratolysis. Material and Methods First-year naval rating cadets, who did not have pitted keratolysis were invited to enroll in this study. The cadets who previously received any topical treatment including topical antibiotic, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride within 6 months prior to the study were excluded. Consent was informed and obtained from all participants. Participants were assessed for behavioral risk factors and level of foot odor measured by a self-assessed visual analogue scale (VAS), using questionnaires. Clinically examination of feet was done in all subjects by treatment-blinded dermatologists. Subjects were randomly assigned either chlorhexidine scrub, ZnO-NPs socks, the combination of chlorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks, or placebo socks for 2 weeks. During the study, using of other topical treatment such as topical antibiotics, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride was not allowed. Participants who received chlorhexidine scrub were advised to wash their both soles with chlorhexidine scrub two times per day in the morning and evening. Participants who received ZnO-NPs socks or placeblo socks were asked to wear these socks everyday and at least 8 hours per day. All were able to regularly participate in physical military training during the study. Two weeks after the treatment, clinical examinations by dermatologists and the cadets' self-assessment questionnaires, including feet odor by using VAS, treatment satisfaction and adverse effects, were used to evaluate the effectiveness. Pitted lesions improvement at plantar areas, evaluated by dermatologists, was divided into no improvement, slight improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for 1 level) and much improvement (decrease of pitted lesions at feet for at least 2 level). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Duration of study: 6 months Study design: Randomized control trial

Official Title
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A Study of Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Scrub, ZnO Nanoparticles Socks and the Combination of Chlorhexidine Scrub and ZnO Nanoparticles Socks for Prevention of Pitted Keratolysis

Conditions
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Foot Dermatoses

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Chorhexidine scrub
* Device: ZnO-NPs socks
* Combination Product: Combination of chorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks
* Device: Placebo socks


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: First-year naval rating cadets, who did not have pitted keratolysis Exclusion Criteria: The cadets who previously received any topical treatment including topical antibiotic, antiperspirant or aluminum chloride within 6 months prior to the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Chorhexidine scrub<br>Chorhexidine scrub was given to participants for 2 weeks | Drug: Chorhexidine scrub<br>* Chorhexidine scrub was given to patients for 2 weeks<br>|
| Active Comparator: ZnO-NPs socks<br>ZnO-NPs socks were given to participants for 2 weeks | Device: ZnO-NPs socks<br>* ZnO-NPs socks were given to patients for 2 weeks<br>|
| Active Comparator: Combination of chorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks<br>Chorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks were given to participants for 2 weeks | Combination Product: Combination of chorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks<br>* Combination of chorhexidine scrub and ZnO-NPs socks were given to patients for 2 weeks<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo<br>Placebo socks were given to participants for 2 weeks | Device: Placebo socks<br>* Placebo socks were given to patients for 2 weeks<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The number of patients who had pitted keratolysis after treatment | Effectiveness was evaluated | 2 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The percentage of patients developed any side effect such as erythema, burning | Side effects were assessed | 2 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Chlorhexidine solution, Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Pitted keratolysis, Prevention