Chemoradiotherapy Versus Esophagectomy After Endoscopic Resection for Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This is a randomized noninferiority multicenter trial. Patients will be stratified according to the participating hospital. Patients will be randomized to one of the treatment arms. Arm A: Patients will receive surgical resection, including Ivor Lewis esophagectomy or McKeown esophagectomy and systematic lymphadenectomy. Arm B: Patients will receive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin-based chemotherapy concurrently with radiotherapy. Patients will receive cisplatin (45 60mg/m2) intravenously over 1 hour on day 1 and receive 5-FU (3,200   4,000mg/m2) intravenously for 4 to 5 days. Treatment will repeat every 3 weeks for 2 courses. Patients will receive a total of 45 Gy irradiation (5 days a week for 5 weeks). Patients will be followed at 3 and 6 months after randomization, then every 6 months for following 2 and half years (up to 3 years after randomization), and 4 and 5 years after randomization. After 5 years, annual follow-up is scheduled up to 10 years after randomization. We will analyze the results primarily with the intention-to-treatment(ITT) analysis, and then secondarily with the per-protocol(PP) analysis as well.

Detailed Description
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Compare 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, 5-year, 6-year, 7-year, 8-year, 9-year, 10-year overall survival between concurrent chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy among patients who require additional treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma endoscopically resected but found to have pT1b (submucosal invasion) or lymphovascular invasion Compare 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, 5-year, 6-year, 7-year, 8-year, 9-year, 10-year disease-free survival between concurrent chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy in the same study population Compare quality of life between concurrent chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy in the same study population Compare treatment-related adverse event between concurrent chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy in the same study population

Official Title
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A Randomized Multicenter Noninferiority Trial Comparing Chemoradiotherapy Versus Esophagectomy After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ASSURE)

Conditions
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Esophageal Cancer

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Esophagectomy
* Drug: 5-fluorouracil
* Drug: Cisplatin
* Radiation: Radiation therapy


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age ≥ 19 years and < 80 years Histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus Clinical stage as cT1N0M0 (AJCC/UICC 7th Edition) according to upper GI endoscopy or endoscopic ultrasound and chest computed tomography (CT) scans Pathologic examination after endoscopic submucosal dissection confirmed the presence of submucosal invasion (pathologic T1b) or lymphovascular invasion For participants with multiple lesions, all of them should be resected with endoscopic submucosal dissection and at least one lesion should have pathologic submucosal invasion (pT1b) or lymphovascular invasion Participants has adequate hematologic function, as evidenced by an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1000/µL, hemoglobin ≥8 g/dL, and platelets ≥85,000/µL Participants has adequate hepatic and renal function as defined by aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) ≤ 2.5 times the upper limit of normal ; a total bilirubin ≤1.5 times the upper limit of normal ; creatinine clearance ≥ 30mL/min/1.73m2 Participants should agree to participate in the study and sign the informed consent form Exclusion Criteria: Cervical esophageal cancer (proximal to 20cm from incisor teeth) Regional lymph node metastasis (cN+) or distant metastasis (cM1) are suspected or confirmed on chest CT scans or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans (Equivocal results will be regarded as no metastasis. However, it can also perform a biopsy if necessary (optional)) Recurrent esophageal cancer Uncontrolled systemic disease which makes participants medically unfit for additional treatment (esophagectomy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy) such as congestive heart failure, interstitial lung disease, severe pulmonary emphysema or chronic renal failure Gastric conduit is not available for esophageal reconstruction (ex.: previous history of gastrectomy) Synchronous or metachronous multiple cancers (within the past 3 years) with the exclusion of skin cancer, well differentiated thyroid cancer, carcinoma in situ, early cancer achieving curative endoscopic resection, or low grade prostate cancer (Gleason Score≤6)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 19 Years
Maximum Age: 79 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy<br>Patients receive 2 courses (every 3 weeks) of chemotherapy including cisplatin (45-60mg/m2) intravenously over 1 hour on day 1 and 5-fluorouracil (3,200   4,000mg/m2) intravenously for 4 to 5 days. Patients receive a total of 45 Gy radiation therapy (5 days a week for 5 weeks). | Drug: 5-fluorouracil<br>* 3,200   4,000mg/m2 intravenously for 4 to 5 days.<br>* Other names: 5-FU;Drug: Cisplatin<br>* 45 60mg intravenously over 1 hour on day 1<br>Radiation: Radiation therapy<br>* 45 Gy irradiation (5 days a week for 5 weeks)<br>|
| Active Comparator: Esophagectomy<br>Patients receive surgical resection, including Ivor Lewis esophagectomy or McKeown esophagectomy and systematic lymphadenectomy. | Procedure: Esophagectomy<br>* Ivor Lewis esophagectomy or McKeown esophagectomy and systematic lymphadenectomy<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3-year overall survival | defined as the time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or the last follow-up | 3 years from the randomization (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Overall survival | defined as the time from randomization to the date of death from any cause or the last follow-up | 1 year, 2 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, 10 years from the randomization (will be assessed up to 60 months) | 
| Disease-free survival | defined as the time from randomization to the first recurrence or the date of death from any cause or the last follow-up | 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, 9 years, 10 years from the randomization (will be assessed up to 60 months) | 
| Quality of life (Cancer patient-specific) | assessed by EORTC QLQ C-30 | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Quality of life (Esophageal cancer-specific symptom) | assessed by EORTC QLQ EOS-18 | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Quality of life (Gastrointestinal symptom) | assessed by GSRS | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Quality of life (Depression) | assessed by PHQ-9 | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Quality of life (Sleep disorder) | assessed by PSQI | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Quality of life (Fatigue) | assessed by BFI | Baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years from treatment (will be assessed up to 36 months) | 
| Treatment-related complications or adverse events | assessed by NCI CTCAE ver 4.0 | from treatment to the date of death from any cause or last follow-up (will be assessed up to 60 months) |