Increasing Cessation Motivation and Treatment Engagement Among Smokers in Pain

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this study is to develop and pilot test a brief intervention to increase motivation to quit and smoking cessation treatment engagement among smokers with chronic pain.

Detailed Description
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Pain and tobacco smoking are both critical national health problems, and there is mounting evidence that smokers in pain may represent an important and large subgroup who experience unique barriers and greater difficulty quitting. Smoking has been identified as a risk factor in the onset and exacerbation of chronic pain, and smokers experience greater levels of pain intensity and disability, relative to non-smokers. Initial evidence indicates that quitting smoking may improve pain outcomes (e.g., lower pain intensity) and supports the notion that smoking cessation may be an essential behavior change for smokers in pain. However, the vast majority of smokers are not yet ready to engage a serious quit attempt, and evidence-based treatments for smoking cessation remain dramatically underutilized. Therefore, the goal of this study is to develop and pilot test a brief intervention that will address smoking in the context of pain in order to increase motivation to quit smoking and engagement of available smoking cessation treatment. Participants will be randomized to either the adapted brief motivational intervention or an intervention consistent with standard clinical practice

Official Title
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Increasing Cessation Motivation and Treatment Engagement Among Smokers in Pain

Conditions
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Chronic Pain, Smoking, Smoking Cessation

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Tailored intervention
* Behavioral: Ask-Advise-Refer


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Current daily cigarette smoking (at least 10/day) Current moderate-very sever chronic pain with a numerical pain rating of at least 4/10 At least 18 years of age Exclusion Criteria: Current active attempt to quit smoking Enrollment in smoking cessation treatment or use of a smoking cessation medication Less than 18 years of age

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Tailored intervention<br>Brief Motivational Smoking Intervention | Behavioral: Tailored intervention<br>* Brief motivational smoking intervention tailored to address smoking in the context of pain. Included a novel pain-smoking psycho education component, personalized feedback component, and elicitation of participant's pain-related goals to develop discrepancy between continued smoking and desired pain outcomes.<br>|
| Experimental: Control<br>Intervention consistent with standard clinical practice (Control) | Behavioral: Ask-Advise-Refer<br>* The Ask-Advise-Refer intervention is commonly used in standard clinical practice.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Motivation to Quit Smoking | Measured by the Contemplation Ladder and Motivation Rulers. The contemplation ladder is a measure of motivation to quit smoking on an 11 point Visual Analogue Scale. Motivation rulers for smoking cessation consist of three separate NRSs that asses importance of quitting, readiness to quit smoking in the next month, and confidence that you will quit smoking in the next month. | 30 days | 
| Motivation to engage cessation treatment | Assessed with a single item that asked would you like to learn about options for treatment to help you quit smoking. If participants answered yes they were then asked whether they were interested and planned to enroll in the following types of treatment in the next 30 days: medication/primary care, Quitline, behavioral health, or none of the above. | 30 days | 
| Knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations | Using the Pain and Smoking Questionnaire (PSQ) which is a 25 total item questionnaire to asses knowledge of interrelations between pain and tobacco smoking. 17 items assess knowledge of associations between smoking and multiple health conditions. 8 Separate items assess specific knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations such as pain related impairment, whether smoking can cause chronic pain, reduce effectiveness of prescription pain medications, provide analgesic effects, or help to distract from pain. | 30 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Smoking behavior | Participants were asked the following questions at the one month follow up: Do you now smoke cigarettes? Over the last week, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day on average? In the Past month, have you cut down on your smoking? In the past month, did you quit smoking for at least 24 hours? In the past month, did you talk to your doctor about your smoking? In the past month, did you start using a medication to help you quit smoking? (check all that apply: no, Over the Counter NRT (Patch, gum, lozenge) Prescription NRT (Inhaler, spray) Non-NRT Prescription (Chantix/Zyban)) In the Past month, did you see a behavioral health provider about your smoking? In the past month, did you call Quitline? | 30 days | 
| Use of cessation treatment | Participants were asked the following questions at the one month follow up: Do you now smoke cigarettes? Over the last week, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day on average? In the Past month, have you cut down on your smoking? In the past month, did you quit smoking for at least 24 hours? In the past month, did you talk to your doctor about your smoking? In the past month, did you start using a medication to help you quit smoking? (check all that apply: no, Over the Counter NRT (Patch, gum, lozenge) Prescription NRT (Inhaler, spray) Non-NRT Prescription (Chantix/Zyban)) In the Past month, did you see a behavioral health provider about your smoking? In the past month, did you call Quitline? | 30 days | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Chronic Pain, Tobacco, Smoking, Smoking cessation, Motivation