Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Quadratus Lumborum Block in The Pediatric Population Undergoing Orchiopexy

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and Quadratus lumborum (QL) blocks are used for the management of acute pain treatment, especially after the lower and upper abdominal surgeries. The TAP block which is one of the abdominal truncal blocks is performed with the blockage of the nerve group which innervates the anterior abdominal muscle wall layers. However, in QL block, the local anesthetic agent spreads through the abdominal wall and paravertebral space with the help of the perimuscular fascia to maintain the somatic analgesia. The investigators' aim in this study, to investigate the effect of the TAP and QL blocks on peroperative and postoperative analgesic consumption in children undergoing unilateral elective orchiopexy.

Detailed Description
-----------------
American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) class I-III, aged 6 month-12 years old children undergoing unilateral elective orchiopexy with general anesthesia will be recruited, after the informed consent will be obtained from the parents of the patients, in this randomized controlled trial. After the premedication with ketamine and midazolam will be performed, the patient will be brought to the operation room. After the induction with thiopental 5mg/kg, fentanyl 1mcg/kg, rocuronium 0.6mg/kg, patients will be intubated. The maintenance of the anesthesia will be provided with sevoflurane. Subsequently, before the surgery, the patients will be randomized and separated into 2 groups. The investigators will apply the QL block to the first group and TAP block to the other group. 0.4 ml/kg %0.25 bupivacaine will be used as a local anesthetic agent in both group. In the peroperative period, if the additional analgesia will necessary, remifentanyl 0.1mcg/kg/min will be started, and dosage will be adjusted according to heart rate and blood pressure. If the blood pressure or heart rate will increase more than 20% from the preoperative basal value will be defined as the need for the analgesia. In the postoperative period, all cohort will be assessed by a blinded investigator at the 10,20,30th minutes, 1,2nd hours in the recovery room, 6th hour in the surgical ward, Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale (FLACC) will be used for the pain evaluation. 16th and 24th hours will be monitored by the telephone visit from the parents, the pain will be evaluated with the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale due to the same-day surgery concept.

Official Title
-----------------
The Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and Quadratus Lumborum Block in The Pediatric Population Undergoing Orchiopexy. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Conditions
-----------------
Pain, Postoperative

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Procedure: Transversus abdominis plane block, Quadratus lumborum block


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: ASA physical status I-III Undergoing elective unilateral orchiopexy Exclusion Criteria: Not giving a consent ASA physical status IV Need to postoperative ICU care History of allergic reactions to anesthetics Infection at the injection site Laparoscopic Orchiopexy

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 6 Months
Maximum Age: 12 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Quadratus Lumborum Block<br>After the premedication with ketamine and midazolam will be performed, the patient will be brought to the operation room. After the induction with thiopental 5mg/kg, fentanyl 1mcg/kg, rocuronium 0.6mg/kg, patients will be intubated. The maintenance of the anesthesia will be provided with sevoflurane. 0.4 ml/kg %0.25 bupivacaine will be used as a local anesthetic agent in both groups and the local anesthetic agent will be administrated with ultrasound at the anterolateral border of quadratus lumborum muscle with 18, 20 or 22 Gauge IV Cannula (Bicakcilar Cooperation, Istanbul, Turkey) according to age and body weight. | Procedure: Transversus abdominis plane block, Quadratus lumborum block<br>* The TAP block which is one of the abdominal truncal blocks is performed with the blockage of the nerve group which innervates the anterior abdominal muscle wall layers. However, in QL block, the local anesthetic agent spreads through the abdominal wall and paravertebral space with the help of the perimuscular fascia to maintain the somatic analgesia.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Transversus Abdominis Plane Block<br>After the premedication with ketamine and midazolam will be performed, the patient will be brought to the operation room. After the induction with thiopental 5mg/kg, fentanyl 1mcg/kg, rocuronium 0.6mg/kg, patients will be intubated. The maintenance of the anesthesia will be provided with sevoflurane. 0.4 ml/kg %0.25 bupivacaine will be used as a local anesthetic agent in both groups and the local anesthetic agent will be administrated with ultrasound between internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle with 18, 20 or 22 Gauge IV Cannula (Bicakcilar Cooperation, Istanbul, Turkey) according to age and body weight. | Procedure: Transversus abdominis plane block, Quadratus lumborum block<br>* The TAP block which is one of the abdominal truncal blocks is performed with the blockage of the nerve group which innervates the anterior abdominal muscle wall layers. However, in QL block, the local anesthetic agent spreads through the abdominal wall and paravertebral space with the help of the perimuscular fascia to maintain the somatic analgesia.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total Analgesia Consumption | The required analgesic consumption within the framework of the predetermined protocol will be recorded by the nurses and doctors who do not know which block is used. After discharge, the family will be called by phone to find out the amount of additional analgesic need. | 24 hour | 
| The Effect on Perioperative and Postoperative Pain | The investigator will screen and record perioperative hemodynamic parameters for the perioperative pain evaluation. The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consobility (FLACC) Score will be used for evaluation of the postoperative pain. The FLACC pain assessment score is evaluated out of 10 points. While a score of zero defined as no pain, 1-3 is mild pain, 4-6 is moderate pain, 7-10 is severe pain, respectively. If the score is 4 and above, additional analgesic administration will be planned. | 24 hour | 
| The Effect on Post-discharge Pain | Post-discharge pain will be assessed by the Wong Baker Score. Pain will be evaluated based on six facial expressions between zero and ten points. If the score is four or more, additional analgesic administration will be planned. | 24 hour | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Parent satisfaction score | At the postoperative 24th hour, the investigator will ask to the parents by telephone visit. Parent satisfaction score is defined as unsatisfied (1), partially satisfied (2), satisfied (3) | 24 hour | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
regional anesthesia, quadratus lumborum block, transversus abdominis plane block, pediatric patient, orchiopexy, pain