Breathing & Blood Pressure

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of obesity on cardiovascular responses during various breathing maneuvers.

Detailed Description
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Adults with higher body mass can have trouble breathing during exercise, which could be due to high respiratory muscle workloads. These breathing muscles can require a lot of energy, which takes away energy from other (e.g., leg) muscles. Participating in this study will help us understand how the heart and blood vessels respond during brief exercise and during various breathing maneuvers.

Official Title
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Breathing & Blood Pressure

Conditions
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Healthy, Overweight and Obesity

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: • Body mass index values of ≤40 kg/m^2 Exclusion Criteria: Not weight stable (<5% change in body mass over the past six months) Overt cardiovascular, neurological, renal, liver, and/or metabolic illness (e.g., diabetes mellitus) Current, or history of uncontrolled, Stage 2 hypertension (blood pressure >140 / 90 mmHg; anti-hypertensive medications are permitted) Diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea Previous bariatric surgery Diagnosis or signs (e.g., values below the lower limit of normal) of overt airway disease(s) Current or recent (regular use within the past 6 months) use of tobacco or nicotine products (e.g., cigarettes, vaping) Per the POWERbreathe® company: Patients who have undergone recent abdominal surgery and those with abdominal hernia. Asthma patients who have a very low symptom perception and suffer from frequent, severe exacerbations or with an abnormally low perception of dyspnoea. If a patient is suffering from a ruptured eardrum or any other condition of the ear. Patients with marked elevated left ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure. Patients with worsening heart failure signs and symptoms after a respiratory/inspiratory muscle training (IMT) session If you are suffering from a cold, sinusitis, or respiratory tract infection, we advise that you do not use your POWERbreathe IMT device. Individuals who are not yet adults (infants, children, teenagers) Pregnant (self-reported and urine pregnancy test conducted), lactating (self-reported), or post-menopausal (self-reported) females Prisoners

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Adults without obesity<br>body mass index below 30 kg/m^2 | |
| Adults with obesity<br>body mass index above 30 kg/m^2 | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood pressure during exercise | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in the laboratory at rest and during an incremental aerobic exercise test | Up to one week | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood pressure during respiratory muscle testing | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured in the laboratory at rest and during a respiratory muscle exercise test (eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea) | Up to one week |