Swimming Training Repercussion on Metabolic and Structural Bone Development; Benefits of the Incorporation of Whole Body Vibration or Plyometric Training: The RENACIMIENTO Project

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Swimming training is associated with decreased bone mass and lower bone mass acquisition during growth periods, mainly when compared to other weight-bearing sports. Little information is available in adolescents pointing in the same direction but still controversial. On the other hand, bone strength do not only depends on bone mass but on bone structure and microarchitecture. The cross sectional area, cortex thickness or trabecular density are important aspects of bone health. There are few studies on the effect of swimming on bone architecture of adolescents. This information is relevant for present and future health of adolescents practicing swimming and for all the organizations promoting this sport. Jumping and whole body vibration training programs seem to elicit important osteogenic effects; however, there is little information on this regard in adolescent population, even less in these adolescents with potentially decreased bone acquisition such as swimmers. The main aims of this research project are therefore, to analyze the effect of swimming training on bone mass, metabolism, structure and architecture in adolescents analyzing possible relationships among them. Secondly, to test whether including short boots of jumping or whole body vibration may be able to palliate the possible deleterious effects of swimming and facilitate a normal or even healthier bone development. And finally to study the durability of training-related bone gains over time.

Official Title
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Swimming Training Repercussion on Metabolic and Structural Bone Development; Benefits of the Incorporation of Whole Body Vibration or Plyometric Training. The RENACIMIENTO Project

Conditions
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Body Composition

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Whole-body vibration (Powerplate®)
* Behavioral: Jumping intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Specific for the swimmers: With a history of training at least 3 years for more than 6 hours per week and currently still training Specific for the control group: Subjects that do not perform more than 3 hours of physical activity per week Exclusion Criteria: Non-caucasian Smoking Taking medication affecting bone

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 12 Years
Maximum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Swimmers<br>Swimmers that continue their normal swimming activity | |
| Experimental: WBV swimmers<br>Swimmers that perform a whole-body vibration training | Device: Whole-body vibration (Powerplate®)<br>* Swimmers will perform a 15 minute whole-body vibration training 3 times per week. This intervention will be performed with a Powerplate®. The vibration protocol will be progressive starting with 30 Hz and an amplitude op 4 mm reaching at the end of the protocol 38 Hz and 4 mm amplitude.<br>|
| Experimental: Plyometric swimmers<br>Swimmers that perform a plyometric training | Behavioral: Jumping intervention<br>* Swimmers will perform a jumping intervention, 15 minutes 3 times per week. Jumps will include drop jumps, one leg jumps, squat jumps and countermovement jumps.<br>|
| No Intervention: Sedentary controls<br>Controls that do not perform swimming or other physical activities | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in body composition during 3 years evaluated by dual energy X-ray |  | Change from baseline in body composition at 3 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in bone strength and structure evaluated by peripheral quantitative computed tomography |  | Change from baseline in bone strength and structure at 3 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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swimmers, adolescent swimmers, whole-body vibration, bone and bones, body composition