Use of Isotonic Solutions Versus Hypotonic Solutions for Preventing Hospital Acquired Hyponatremia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The purpose of this study is to determine if isotonic solutions reduce the risk of hospital acquired hyponatremia compared with hypotonic solutions.

Detailed Description
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Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled clinical trial. The purpose of this study is to determine if isotonic solutions reduce the risk of hospital acquired hyponatremia compared with hypotonic solutions This study will include 150 patients in 2 groups according to these type of pathology: group 1: medical conditions which includes respiratory problems (pneumonia, bronchiolitis, acute asthma attack) and acute gastrointestinal problems (bacterial or viral gastroenteritis) and group 2: surgical conditions (pre, peri or postoperative patients will be included). Each group will be randomized to receive 3 types of interventions: 0.3% Saline (hypotonic solution), 0.45% Saline (hypotonic solution) or 0.9% Saline (isotonic solution). In non-dehydrated patients the daily total volume of liquid infused will be determined by the volumetric Holliday- Segar* formula and the daily total volume will be calculated by adding the maintenance requirements (using the Holliday Segar formula) to the fluid deficit (according to percent of estimated weight**) in dehydrated patients. The glucose concentrations in the first group will be 3.3%, and in group 2 and 3 will be 5%. The potassium concentration will be 20mEq/L in all groups. Blood samples will be collected before, 8 hours and 24 hours after the start of intravenous fluid, for the analysis of sodium, potassium, glucose, urea and creatinine. The adverse clinical outcomes at 8 and 24 hours of the start of intravenous fluid will also be recorded. The sodium plasma level, the incidence of hyponatremia and the adverse clinical outcomes will be compared. *0-10 kilogram (kg): 100ml/kg per day; 10-20 kg: 1000 ml + 50 ml/kg/day over 10 kg; >20 kg: 1500 ml + 20ml/ kg over 20kg ** In patients under 10 kg correspond to a loss of 5% (50 mL/kg) in mild dehydration and 10% in moderate dehydration. In 10 kg or more: 3% (30 mL/kg) in mild dehydration and 6% (60 mL/kg) in moderate dehydration.

Official Title
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Use of Isotonic Solutions Versus Hypotonic Solutions for Preventing Hospital Acquired Hyponatremia.

Conditions
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Hyponatremia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: 0.3% Saline in 3.3% dextrose
* Drug: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose
* Drug: 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Children between 3 months to 15 years. Need for intravenous fluids for 8 hours or more. Normal serum sodium at the beginning of the study of the study (135-145 mEQ/L). Acute respiratory problems (acute asthma attack, bronchiolitis or pneumonia). Acute gastrointestinal disorders (viral o bacterial gastroenteritis). Elective surgical procedures. Pre, peri o post operative patients (acute appendicitis, intussusception, intestinal perforation, ileus). Exclusion Criteria: Severe hyponatremia (serum sodium < 125 mEq/L). Severe hypernatremia (serum sodium >155 mEq/L). Need for intravenous fluids for less than 8 hours according with their treating physician. Severe dehydration or Shock. Preexisting chronic diseases (renal diseases, heart diseases or endocrine disorders). Neurologic diseases. Head trauma. Cerebral edema or Intracranial hypertension. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Use of diuretics one week or less before the study. Need for admission to the pediatric critical intensive care unit

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 3 Months
Maximum Age: 15 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Group 1: 0.3% Saline in 3.3% dextrose (intravenous)<br>Group 1: 0.3% Saline in 3.3% dextrose (intravenous) | Drug: 0.3% Saline in 3.3% dextrose<br>* Hypotonic Solutions: 0.3% Saline in 3.3% dextrose<br>* Other names: Hypotonic Solutions: 0.3% Saline + 3.3% dextrose;|
| Active Comparator: Group 2: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose (intravenous)<br>Group 2: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose (intravenous) | Drug: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose<br>* Hypotonic Solutions: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose<br>* Other names: Hypotonic Solutions: 0.45% Saline in 5% dextrose;|
| Active Comparator: Group 3: 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose (intravenous)<br>Group 3: 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose (intravenous) | Drug: 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose<br>* Isotonic Solutions 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose<br>* Other names: Isotonic Solutions 0.9% Saline in 5% dextrose;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Hospital Acquired Hyponatremia | Serum sodium less than 135 mEq/L at 8 hours in a patient with normal serum sodium (135 mEq/L to 145mEq/L) at the beginning of the study | 8 hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dysnatraemias at T8 | hyponatraemia (defined as serum sodium < 135 mmol/L), normonatremia (defined as serum sodium 135-145 mmol/L) or hypernatraemia (defined as serum sodium > 145 mmol/L) | 8 hours | 
| Adverse Reactions Attributed to Acute Plasma Sodium Changes | Adjudicated Morbidity Attributed to Acute Plasma Sodium Changes assessed at 8 hours | 8 hours |