Cognitive Behavioural Therapy- Social Functioning In Adolescence With Recent Onset Schizophrenia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Rationale: There is growing consensus that targeting negative symptoms such as social withdrawal is essential to be able to preserve social participation, thereby reducing the high yearly costs of schizophrenia. Aaron T. Beck, founder of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and colleagues have developed and investigated a new CBT approach, in which they target inactivity in a chronic schizophrenia population with severe negative symptoms The therapy is based on accumulating evidence that dysfunctional beliefs in conjunction with neurocognitive impairments can impede social functioning. These results suggest that CBT can be highly successful in establishing clinically meaningful improvements. However, the therapy has not yet been investigated in a recent-onset population. Objective: To evaluate the applicability and (cost-) effectiveness of a shortened, partly group based, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy focussing on social activation (CBTsa) in patients with recent onset schizophrenia. Hypotheses: 1) the investigators hypothesized that CBT focused on social activation (CBTsa) in a recent-onset population will result in a substantial reduction in severity of negative symptoms, in particular social withdrawal. 2) The investigators expected that CBTsa would lead to an improvement in terms of Quality of Life and overall functioning. 3) The investigators expected this intervention to result in a reduction in need for care and QALY gain as a consequence of improvement in symptoms and social functioning. Study design: Single blind randomized controlled trial with 6 month-follow up. Study population: Patients between 18 and 35 years old with negative symptoms of at least moderate severity, and who have been recently (< 2yrs) diagnosed with schizophrenia. Intervention (if applicable): Individual and group-based CBT intervention targeting social withdrawal. Main study parameters/endpoints: Change in negative symptoms, Social functioning, and quality of life, Productivity losses.

Detailed Description
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There is growing consensus that targeting negative symptoms such as social withdrawal is essential to be able to preserve social participation; thereby reducing the high yearly costs of schizophrenia. Aaron T. Beck, founder of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and colleagues have developed and investigated a new CBT approach, in which they target inactivity in a chronic schizophrenia population with severe negative symptoms; a subgroup that has always believed to be highly treatment resistant. The therapy is based on accumulating evidence that dysfunctional beliefs in conjunction with neurocognitive impairments can impede functioning. Its primary focus is to help patients overcome isolation and inactivity, thereby improve quality of life, rather than primarily focussing on the reduction of psychotic symptoms. Grant, Beck and colleagues found that patients treated with CBT not only showed more improvement in global functioning than patients in the Standard Treatment condition, they also showed a greater reduction in avolition/apathy and psychotic symptoms. These results suggest that CBT can be highly successful in establishing clinically meaningful improvements. Thus far, this intervention had only been investigated in patients with chronic schizophrenia although there is increasing evidence that social withdrawal is also prominent in the early phase of the illness. Moreover, there is growing consensus that early intervention is more effective in improving illness course than intervention at a later stage of the illness. In the present study the investigators aimed to examine whether a relatively short, partly group based CBT targeting negative symptoms in recent-onset schizophrenia patients results in reduced social withdrawal, need for care and improvement in quality of life and in overall functioning compared to treatment as usual. Primary Objective: The primary aim of this project was to examine a shortened (+/- 20 sessions) and partly group-based version of the new and promising CBT approach tested in a chronic population (from now: 'Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Social Activation' (CBTsa)), for its applicability and effectiveness in a recent-onset population. The CBTsa has been adjusted to the specific needs of the young recent-onset cohort. Secondary Objective(s): A secondary aim was explore the cost-effectiveness of this new intervention (i.e. the balance between costs and health outcomes for CBTsa compared with treatment as usual(ST). Hypotheses: CBT focused on social activation (CBTsa) will result in a substantial reduction in severity of negative symptoms, and in particular social withdrawal The intervention will result in a reduction in need for care and QALY gain as a consequence of improvement in symptoms and social functioning. CBTsa will lead to an improvement in terms of Quality of Life and overall functioning and symptomatology. Study Design The present study entails a single-blind two-level RCT directed at patients with recent onset schizophrenia. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention condition (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- Social Activation (CBTsa) plus Standard Treatment (ST)), or to the control condition (ST alone). Patients will be stratified by sex, as females with recent onset schizophrenia have a better prognosis and may respond differentially to CBTsa. A baseline test battery will be employed to examine causes of social withdrawal and interaction with treatment outcome. Follow-up assessments (repetition test battery) will take place directly after the intervention period and 6 months post-treatment. Study population/ datasources Study sample: patients hospitalized or attending day-treatment or receiving outpatient care at one of the participating centers. To maximize engagement, group therapy will be incorporated in the day program. Individual therapy sessions will be delivered flexibly (time, location). All participants are embedded within a low-threshold intensive outreaching care system (aligned with our academic department).

Official Title
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy- Social Functioning In Adolescence With Recent Onset Schizophrenia

Conditions
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Psychotic Disorders

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: CBT-SA
* Behavioral: Standard Treatment


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: recent onset schizophrenia or related disorder (start antipsychotic medication <2 yr); Social withdrawal (> 3 moderate severity on the PANSS N4; Passive/apathic social withdrawal; range 0-7); Aged 18-35 years; Fluent in Dutch IQ>70; Able and willing to give informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Younger than eighteen years of age; No mastery of the Dutch language; Negative symptoms as a consequence of positive symptoms (e.g. withdrawal due to paranoid delusions). Positive symptoms as such are not an exclusion criterion; only when they are considered to be the primary cause of the negative symptoms, in which case CBT focused on positive symptoms or another type of intervention for positive symptoms is called for.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: The present study entails a single-blind two-level RCT directed at patients with recent onset schizophrenia. Participants are randomly assigned to intervention condition (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- Social Activation (CBTsa) plus Standard Treatment (ST)), or to the control condition (ST alone). A baseline test battery is employed to examine causes of social withdrawal and interaction with treatment outcome. Follow-up assessments (repetition test battery) will take place directly after the intervention period and 6 months post-treatment.
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: CBT-SA<br>Group sessions for 4 weeks, two sessions per week, 60 minutes per session, two trainers (a CBT therapist and a CBT assistant); eight participants, and; Individual sessions (crystallizing learned skills, focus on individual needs) during 6-8 weeks, one session per week, 45 minutes per session | Behavioral: CBT-SA<br>* Info has been included in arm description<br>Behavioral: Standard Treatment<br>* Info has been included in arm description<br>|
| Active Comparator: Standard Treatment<br>Participants in both study conditions will receive ST. Participants are hospitalized or attending day-treatment at the Department of Early Psychosis, Amsterdam, the psychosis department of the ABC team, Utrecht, Parnassia Den Haag and collaborating (local community) mental health centers. | Behavioral: Standard Treatment<br>* Info has been included in arm description<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Level of social engagement | Level of social engagement as measured by experiences sampling method | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Negative symptoms | Negative symptoms as measured with PANSS | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Negative symptoms | Negative symptoms as measured with BNSS | 3 months (at study completion) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Quality of Life | Assessed with the AQoL | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Global functioning | Assessed with the GAF | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Productivity losses | Effects on ability to perform paid and unpaid work | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Positive and General Symptomatology | As assessed with the PANSS | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Depression | Depression as assessed with the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Inhibition/ Activation | Behavioural Inhibition/ Behavioural Activation Scales (BISBAS) | 3 months (at study completion) | 
| Need for care | Camberwell Assessment of Need | 3 months (at study completion) |