Impact of Pea, Lentil and Oat Flour Particle Size on Glycemic Response in Healthy Adults

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The study looks at the comparative effects of food products made with pea, lentil, and oat flour of various particle sizes on postprandial glycemic response, appetite and food intake, and amino acid release in healthy adults.

Detailed Description
-----------------
A total of 60 participants (30 males, 30 females) will take part in this study at the University of Toronto. Twenty participants will be recruited to each one of three trials (pea, lentil or oat) and will attend 4 study sessions where they will consume crackers/porridge made with pea, lentil, oat, or wheat flours of different particle sizes. Questionnaires will be filled out to assess their recent food intake, physical activity, sleep quality, stress level, appetite, physical comfort, and energy/fatigue level, as well as tastefulness of the food. Blood samples will be collected at fasting and at various time points over a 2 hour period after eating to measure blood glucose, insulin, and amino acid concentrations. Before leaving, participants will receive an all-you-can-eat pizza meal to assess their food intake.

Official Title
-----------------
Comparison of the Impacts of Pea, Lentil, and Oat Flour Particle Size on Postprandial Glycemic Response and Appetite in Healthy Adults

Conditions
-----------------
Malnutrition; Diabetes, Malnutrition; Protein, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Crackers made with whole, coarse, or fine pea and/or wheat flour
* Other: Crackers made with whole, coarse, or fine lentil and/or wheat flour
* Other: Porridge made with oat flour or oats


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: 18-45 years of age BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 Willing to maintain habitual diet, physical activity pattern, and body weight throughout the trial. Willing to maintain current dietary supplement use throughout the trial. Willing to abstain from alcohol consumption for 24h prior to all test visits. Willing to avoid vigorous physical activity for 24h prior to all test visits. Understanding the study procedure and willing to provide informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the study investigator. Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Thyroid problems Previous history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, a malabsorptive syndrome, pancreatitis, gallbladder or biliary disease. Presence of a gastrointestinal disorder or surgeries within the past year. Known to be pregnant or lactating. Unwillingness or inability to comply with the experimental procedures and to follow our safety guidelines. Allergies to peanuts and nuts. Known intolerances, sensitivity or allergy to any ingredients in the study products: pea flour, lentil flour, oat flour and whole wheat flour. Regular breakfast skipping (consumes breakfast less than 5 days a week) Extreme dietary habits (i.e Atkins diet, very high protein diets, etc.) or restrained eaters, identified by a score of ≥ 11 on the Eating Habits Questionnaire Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg) as defined by the average blood pressure measured at screening. Weight gain or loss of at least 10lbs in previous three months. Excessive alcohol intake (more than 2 drinks per day or more than 9 drinks per week). Consuming prescription or non-prescription drug, herbal or nutritional supplements known to affect blood glucose or that could affect the outcome of the study as per investigator's judgment.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Randomized, controlled, crossover acute trial
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Pea<br>Treatment 1: crackers made with 25% whole pea flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 2: crackers made with 25% coarse pea flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 3: crackers made with 25% fine pea flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 4: crackers made with 100% all-purpose wheat flour (control) | Other: Crackers made with whole, coarse, or fine pea and/or wheat flour<br>* Participants will consume 1 of the 4 treatments at each of 4 study sessions in random orders such that by the end of the study, they will have consumed all 4 treatments. They will be given 10 minutes to consume the entire treatment with a glass of water.<br>|
| Experimental: Lentil<br>Treatment 1: crackers made with 25% whole lentil flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 2: crackers made with 25% coarse lentil flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 3: crackers made with 25% fine lentil flour + 75% all-purpose wheat flour; Treatment 4: crackers made with 100% all-purpose wheat flour (control) | Other: Crackers made with whole, coarse, or fine lentil and/or wheat flour<br>* Participants will consume 1 of the 4 treatments at each of 4 study sessions in random orders such that by the end of the study, they will have consumed all 4 treatments. They will be given 10 minutes to consume the entire treatment with a glass of water.<br>|
| Experimental: Oats<br>Treatment 1: porridge made with whole oat flour; Treatment 2: porridge made with coarse oat flour; Treatment 3: porridge made with fine oat flour; Treatment 4: porridge made with commercial oat flour (control) | Other: Porridge made with oat flour or oats<br>* Participants will consume 1 of the 4 treatments at each of 4 study sessions in random orders such that by the end of the study, they will have consumed all 4 treatments. They will be given 10 minutes to consume the entire treatment with a glass of water.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in postprandial glycemic response | Blood collection via finger prick to analyze blood glucose (glucometer reading) and serum insulin concentration (μIU/mL). | Blood glucose will be measured at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 140 minutes after treatment consumption. Insulin will be measured at baseline and every half an hour after treatment consumption over 2 hours. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective appetite | Motivation to Eat Adaptive Visual Analogue Scales measured based on a score between 0 to 100. A higher score indicates higher outcome. | At baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 140 minutes after treatment consumption. | 
| Food intake | Measured via amount of pizza (g) consumed at an ad libitum pizza meal. | 2 hours after treatment consumption. | 
| Protein quality | Intravenous blood collection to analyze amino acid concentrations (μmol/L) to determine amino acid release. | At baseline and every half hour after treatment consumption over a period of 2 hours, and after pizza meal. | 
| Physical comfort | Physical Comfort Visual Analogue Scales measured based on a score between 0 to 100. A higher score indicates higher outcome. | At baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 140 minutes after treatment consumption. | 
| Energy & fatigue | Energy and Fatigue Visual Analogue Scales measured based on a score between 0 to 100. A higher score indicates higher outcome. | At baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 140 minutes after treatment consumption. | 
| Treatment palatability | Treatment Palatability Visual Analogue Scales measured based on a score between 0 to 100. A higher score indicates higher outcome. | Immediately after treatment consumption. | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Nutrition, Glycemic response, Protein quality, Food processing