Exercise Induced Muscle Damage Post Dance and Sprint Specific Exercise in Females

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
There is a paucity of studies investigating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in females and only one in response to dance-type exercise. This study aimed to firstly elucidate the physiological profile of EIMD following a dance-specific protocol, and second to compare the magnitude of damage to that experienced following a sport-specific protocol in physically active females.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Twenty nine female recreational dancers from a University dance team volunteered to take part in the study. A 3-day food diary and activity log completed prior to testing determined that there were no differences in physical activity levels or energy and macronutrient intakes between participants. Subjects were asked to replicate their reported diets as closely as possible throughout the testing period. A menstrual cycle questionnaire was also completed in order to determine menstrual cycle phase; all testing took place during the early/mid luteal phase. Participants were randomly assigned to two exercise groups designed to induce EIMD; either a dance-specific protocol (DPFT) or a sport-specific repeated sprint protocol (SSRS). Participants completed the DPFT (n=15) or SSRS (n=14) and a battery of commonly used muscle damage indices were measured pre, immediately post and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post muscle damage. These were; delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), limb girth, countermovement jump height (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) sprint performance, and total creatine kinase (CK) activity. Participants were tested at the same time on subsequent days (± 1 h) to account for diurnal variation. Participants were asked to avoid strenuous exercise, alcohol, caffeine, nutritional supplements and any anti-inflammatory drugs or alternative treatments for the duration of the study. Statistical software (IBM SPSS v21, IBM, USA) was used for inferential analysis and significance was accepted at the P < .05 a priori. Mauchley's test assessed the sphericity of the data and where appropriate, violations were corrected using the Greenhouse-Geisser. To explore our first objective, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (group, 1; time, 5) was performed on all variables in order to analyse the muscle damage response to the DPFT. For the second aim a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (group, 2; time, 5) was used for all variables to allow for comparison of the muscle damage response between the DPFT and the SSRS. Where appropriate LSD post-hoc analysis was performed.

Official Title
-----------------
Exercise Induced Muscle Damage Post Dance and Sprint Specific Exercise in Females

Conditions
-----------------
Exercise Induced Muscle Damage

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: DPFT
* Other: SSRS


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: physically active at least 3 years experience in dance training Exclusion Criteria: presence of any medical or physical conditions, either chronic or sustained in the last 3 months which would make participation difficult or harmful to the participant eg. history of cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Dance performance fitness test (DPFT)<br> | Other: DPFT<br>* The DPFT described previously (Redding et al., 2009) involves the repetition of a 'dance phrase' representative of contemporary dance, with each phrase separated by a 2 minute rest period. For the present study the originally described test was extended; the adapted protocol involved 10 x 1 minute movement phrases, each separated by 2 minutes rest.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Sport specific repeated sprints (SSRS)<br> | Other: SSRS<br>* The SSRS (Howatson & Milak, 2009) involved 15 x 30 m sprints with a rapid 10 m deceleration phase, with each sprint departing every 65 seconds.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) | Isometric MVC of the participants' dominant knee extensors was assessed using a strain gauge. | Change from pre exercise MVC at 24 h post exercise | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Limb girths | Lower limb girths at the calf and mid-thigh of the right leg were recorded as measures of muscle swelling. Both locations were marked with permanent marker to ensure consistency on consecutive days. | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 
| Countermovement jump | Countermovement jump height was recorded using a light timing system. | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 
| Reactive strength index | Participants performed a drop jump from a 30cm height to determine reactive strength index | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 
| Muscle soreness | Subjective muscle soreness was measured using a 200 mm visual analogue scale from 'no soreness' to 'unbearably sore.' Participants were required to indicate on the line the level of perceived active lower limb soreness felt during a 90 degree squat. | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 
| 30 m sprint time | Participants completed a single maximal effort 30 m sprint where sprint time was recorded. The sprint was initiated from a line 30 cm behind the start line in order to prevent false triggering of the timing gates. | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 
| Creatine Kinase | Blood samples were collected via venepuncture from the antecubital fossa area in to a 10 ml EDTA vacutainer. The samples were centrifuged at 3000 RCF for 15 minutes at 4 C. Plasma was extracted, and stored immediately at -80 C for later analysis. Plasma CK concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically. | pre, immediately post (0) and 24-, 48-, and 72 h post exercise | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Dance, Sprint, Females, Recovery