Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Intake

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The overall aim is to investigate if circulating fatty acids and lipids are influenced by alterations in carbohydrate amount and quality.

Detailed Description
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In this isocaloric clinical cross-over trial, the investigators aim to investigate if circulating fatty acids and lipids are influenced by alterations in carbohydrate amount and quality. The investigators intend to evaluate if changes in carbohydrate quantity and quality (including sugar) influence circulating even-chain saturated fatty acids or if fatty acid-derived indices of desaturation and de novo lipogenesis are more sensitive biomarkers of carbohydrate intake. By performing untargeted lipidomic analyses, the investigators aim to search for novel lipid biomarkers of carbohydrate quantity and quality. The investigators also want to evaluate the influence of moderate alterations of carbohydrate and sugar intake on lipoproteins, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory proteins.

Official Title
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Circulating Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of Dietary Carbohydrates: a Randomized Trial

Conditions
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Dyslipidemias

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Low carbohydrate diet
* Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet
* Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: BMI 20-38 Exclusion Criteria: abnormal lab tests (assessed by screening and judged by a physician), diabetes, cardiovascular, kidney, liver or malignant disease, and weight-loss (±3kg) the preceding 3 months of screening. Extreme diets, i.e. very-low carbohydrate diets, intermittent fasting, vegan diets or allergic to gluten

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 75 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Fat - Sugar - Fiber<br>Intervention: consuming diets rich in fat, rich in sugar, and rich in fibers during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Fat - Fiber - Sugar<br>Intervention: consuming diets rich in fat, rich in fiber, and rich sugar during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Sugar - Fiber - Fat<br>Intervention: Consuming diets rich in sugar, rich in fiber, and rich in fat during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Sugar - Fat - Fiber<br>Intervention: Consuming diets rich in sugar, rich in fat, and rich in fiber during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Fiber - Sugar - Fat<br>Intervention: Consuming diets rich in fiber, rich in sugar, and rich in fat during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Fiber - Fat - Sugar<br>Intervention: consuming diets rich in fiber, rich in fat, and rich in fiber during treatment periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment periods are separated by one week of habitual diet. | Other: Low carbohydrate diet<br>* Diet low in carbohydrates (38%E), but higher in total and saturated fat.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, high sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E) and sugars, but low in wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre.<br>Other: High carbohydrate, low sugar diet<br>* Diet high in carbohydrates (53%E), wholegrain, rye and wheat fibre, but low in sugars.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Palmitic acid in different plasma fractions | Measured by liquid gas chromatography (GC) | 14-20 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Even-chain saturated fatty acids (i.e. 14:0, 18:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids | Measured by liquid GC | 14-20 days | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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fatty acids, biomarker, carbohydrate, lipogenesis