Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Cost-free Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation for High-risk Smokers With Cerebrovascular Disease

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Research Aims The aims of this research study are to determine whether cost-free smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: Helps smokers with Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke to quit smoking over the long-term, compared to simply providing a prescription for these medications; Is a more cost-effective alternative to providing a prescription only for these medications in this high risk population. Hypotheses to be Tested The hypotheses to be tested include the following: The CO-validated continuous abstinence rate at weeks 26 and 52 following a target quit date will be at least 10% higher for the cost-free smoking cessation pharmacotherapy intervention group compared to the prescription only usual care group; Cost-free smoking cessation pharmacotherapy will have a greater cost-effectiveness (i.e., cost/quit) than providing a prescription only.

Detailed Description
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Smokers with Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) or stroke attending a Stroke Prevention Clinic and willing to quit smoking will be randomly assigned (1:1) to either a prescription only (PO) usual care group or a cost-free (CF) pharmacotherapy experimental group. Participants assigned to the prescription only usual care group will be asked to have their prescription for smoking cessation pharmacotherapy filled at their own cost at their local community pharmacy. Participants assigned to the cost-free pharmacotherapy group will be provided with a 12-week supply of NRT, or a 12-week supply of bupropion or varenicline. The pharmacotherapy will be provided by the research nurse to the patient immediately. All participants will receive identical advice regarding smoking from the attending neurologist, nurse counseling for smoking cessation, and follow-up tracking and telephone-based support for up to 26 weeks after the target quit date. Non-treatment follow-up will continue to week 52 after the target quit date.

Official Title
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Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Cost-free Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation for High-risk Smokers With Cerebrovascular Disease

Conditions
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Cerebrovascular Disorders, Smoking Cessation

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Cost-Free Pharmacotherapy Group
* Other: Prescription Only Group


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patient is a current daily smoker (one cigarette per day in the month preceding the visit to the Stroke Prevention Clinic) Patient has been diagnosed with TIA or stroke at any point in time Patient is able, in the opinion of the neurologist, to comprehend and participate in the smoking cessation interventions Patient is 18 years of age or older Patient is willing to set a quit date Patient willing to travel to study centre for follow-up visits Patient is willing to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Patient is unable to understand English or French Patient is not willing to use pharmacotherapy to quit Patient has been using smoking cessation medication for more than 6 weeks directly prior to clinic visit or hospital admission. Patient is pregnant, lactating or planning to become pregnant during the study period Patient has contraindication(s) to all of the following smoking cessation medications: Nicotine replacement therapy (allergy to adhesive, serious cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., tachycardia), vasospastic disease (e.g., Buerger's disease, Prinzmetal's variant angina) Bupropion (history of seizure disorder or head trauma; presently taking Wellbutrin; previous reaction to bupropion/Zyban/Wellbutrin; pre-existing or current eating disorder; taking anti-depressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, MAO inhibitors, theophylline, cocaine or diet pills; taking a quinalone antibiotic (e.g., ciprofloxacin, levoflozacin); currently using oral hypoglycemic product or insulin; severe hepatic impairment; CNS tumour; and Varenicline (renal failure; use of cimetidine; previous reaction to varenicline)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Cost-Free Group<br> | Drug: Cost-Free Pharmacotherapy Group<br>* Participants assigned to the cost-free pharmacotherapy group will be provided with a 12-week supply of NRT, or a 12-week supply of bupropion or varenicline. Patients smoking 10 cigarettes or less will be prescribed 7mg/24hours for 12 weeks. Those who smoke 11- 20 cigarettes per day will be prescribed 14 mg/24 hours for 8 weeks and then nicotine patch 7mg for 4 weeks. Those smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes per day will be prescribed 21 mg/daily for 6 weeks and then nicotine patch 14mg/daily for 4 weeks and then nicotine patch 7 mg/daily for 2 weeks. For patients who are prescribed varenicline, they will start the medication 8 days before the quit date using the following regime: Days 1-3: 0.5mg once/day; Days 4-7: 0.5 mg BID; Day 8-12 weeks 1.0 mg twice daily. For patients who are prescribed bupropion, they will start the medication 8 days before the quit date using the following regime: Days 1-3: 150 mg daily (in the morning); Day 4-30: 150 mg BID for 3 months.<br>* Other names: Wellbutrin;|
| Other: Prescription Only Group<br> | Other: Prescription Only Group<br>* Participants assigned to the prescription only usual care group will be asked to have their prescription for smoking cessation pharmacotherapy filled at their own cost at their local community pharmacy<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The primary outcome will be the biochemically confirmed (exhaled CO < 10 ppm) self-reported continuous abstinence from weeks 12 to 52 following the target quit date. |  | 52 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The secondary outcome will be the biochemically confirmed (exhaled CO < 10 ppm) self-reported continuous abstinence from weeks 12 to 26 following the target quit date. |  | 26 weeks | 
| The total costs of smoking cessation treatment will be tracked over the duration of the study to determine the cost-effectiveness of providing cost-free pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation versus a prescription only. |  | 3 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Cerebrovascular disease, stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, smoking cessation, Pharmacotherapy