Egg White Supplementation in High-Intensity Functional Training

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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High-intensity functional training (HIFT), a new version of high-intensity interval training, has gained interest in recent years. HIFT is based on the CrossFit training template and includes multijoint movement patterns via both endurance and strengthening exercises. Research has shown positive effects of HIFT on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle performance of young individuals. The effectiveness of HIFT in higher ages and its protein requirements are less well documented. Protein requirements have been widely investigated in resistance training, where it has been found that protein supplementation may have additive beneficial effects on muscle strength and lean body mass. However, there is a research gap regarding the adaptations to HIFT when combined with protein supplementation. Thus, the aim of this research is to compare the effects of egg white supplementation, whey protein supplementation (as a positive comparator), and maltodextrin (a carbohydrate as placebo) on body composition, physical performance, and plasma amino acid profile in young and middle-aged trained individuals of both sexes who perform HIFT. Participants will take all three supplements for 6 weeks each, with 2 weeks of washout (no supplementation) in between, in random and counterbalanced order. Researchers will not know the supplementation status of the participants. Participants will receive 0.6 g of protein or placebo per kg body weight daily on top of isoenergetic dietary plans to avoid differences in energy intake that might compromise the validity of the study. The dietary plans will be individualized and will provided 1.0 g protein/kg body weight/day. The HIFT protocol will include multimodal patterns of movement, combining endurance and strengthening exercises with the use of equipment such as Total Resistance eXercise (TRX), Bosu, kettlebells, and barbells. Participants will undergo measurements of muscle strength, muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, and body composition at the beginning and end of the study, as well as during the two washout periods. Also, plasma amino acids, hematology, biochemistry, and hormones will be measured. Comparison of all these outcome measures between supplements will reveal whether protein supplementation is useful in HIFT.

Official Title
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Effects of Egg White Supplementation on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Amino Acid Profile of Individuals Undergoing High-intensity Functional Training

Conditions
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Exercise Training, Dietary Supplements

Intervention / Treatment
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* Dietary Supplement: Egg white
* Dietary Supplement: Whey protein
* Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Regular training (mixed endurance and resistance training 3 to 6 times a week, 50 min each session, for the past 4 months), as assessed by gym records or questionnaires Clearance from a pathologist or cardiologist to perform maximal exercise Mixed isoenergetic diet for the past 4 months Exclusion Criteria: Smoking (even one cigarette or nicotine-containing device over the past 6 months) Any injuries to the musculoskeletal system that could interfere with the execution of training Chronic disease Egg allergy Milk allergy Pregnancy, lactation, or planning a pregnancy within the duration of the study Regular use of prescription medicine or supplements that might affect muscle function or recovery over the past month Intermittent or religious fasting Any vegetarian, ketogenic or protein diet

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Other
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Egg white - Whey protein - Maltodextrin<br>Participants will receive egg white, whey protein, and maltodextrin in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|
| Other: Egg white - Maltodextrin - Whey protein<br>Participants will receive egg white, maltodextrin, and whey protein in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|
| Other: Whey protein - Egg white - Maltodextrin<br>Participants will receive whey protein, egg white, and maltodextrin in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|
| Other: Whey protein - Maltodextrin - Egg white<br>Participants will receive whey protein, maltodextrin, and egg white in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|
| Other: Maltodextrin - Egg white - Whey protein<br>Participants will receive maltodextrin, egg white, and whey protein in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|
| Other: Maltodextrin - Whey protein - Egg white<br>Participants will receive maltodextrin, whey protein, and egg white in this order. | Dietary Supplement: Egg white<br>* Intake of egg white<br>Dietary Supplement: Whey protein<br>* Intake of whey protein<br>Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin<br>* Intake of maltodextrin<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lean and fat mass pre-supplementation | Lean and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (trunk, legs and arms) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Lean and fat mass post-supplementation | Lean and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (trunk, legs and arms) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles pre-supplementation | Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles will be assessed by measurement of one-repetition maximum. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles post-supplementation | Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles will be assessed by measurement of one-repetition maximum. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors pre-supplementation | Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors will be assessed in isokinetic dynamometer. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors post-supplementation | Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors will be assessed in isokinetic dynamometer. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Plasma amino acid profile pre-supplementation | Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. | Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Plasma amino acid profile post-supplementation | Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. | Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. | 
| Aerobic fitness pre-supplementation | Aerobic fitness will be assessed by measurement of maximal oxygen uptake through a maximal graded exercise test on treadmill. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Aerobic fitness post-supplementation | Aerobic fitness will be assessed by measurement of maximal oxygen uptake through a maximal graded exercise test on treadmill. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Muscle endurance pre-supplementation | Muscle endurance will be assessed by performing multiple sit-ups, knee flexions and knee extensions. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Muscle endurance post-supplementation | Muscle endurance will be assessed by performing multiple sit-ups, knee flexions and knee extensions. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Biochemical analyses pre-supplementation | Plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, urea, and creatinine (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Biochemical analyses post-supplementation | Plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, urea, and creatinine (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. | 
| Hormonal analyses pre-supplementation | Plasma cortisol and testosterone (both in μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within 4 days before the end of supplementation. | 
| Hormonal analyses post-supplementation | Plasma cortisol and testosterone (both in μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. | 
| Resting metabolic rate pre-supplementation | Resting metabolic rate will be assessed with indirect calorimetry through the measurement of oxygen consumption with a metabolic analyzer. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Resting metabolic rate post-supplementation | Resting metabolic rate will be assessed with indirect calorimetry through the measurement of oxygen consumption with a metabolic analyzer. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Internal load of exercise pre-supplementation | Internal load of exercise will be assessed by telemetric heart rate sensors and software | Within the first week of supplementation. | 
| Internal load of exercise post-supplementation | Internal load of exercise will be assessed by telemetric heart rate sensors and software | Within the last week of supplementation (week 6). | 
| Full blood count pre-supplementation | Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry | Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation | 
| Full blood count post-supplementation | Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry | Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. | 
| Plasma enzymes pre-supplementation | Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer | Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Plasma enzymes post-supplementation | Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. | 
| Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles pre-supplementation | Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles will be assessed by a linear encoder. | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. | 
| Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles post-supplementation | Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles will be assessed by a linear encoder. | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. | 
| Maximal grip strength pre-supplementation | Maximal grip strength will be assessed by a hand dynamometer | Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation | 
| Maximal grip strength post-supplementation | Maximal grip strength will be assessed by a hand dynamometer | Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. |