Training Mental Habits Study

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition whose hallmark feature is excessive and uncontrollable worry (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Theories of GAD propose that specific cognitive biases are involved in the maintenance and etiology of chronic worry. One cognitive bias that plays a role in worrying is abstract thinking, or the tendency to verbalize thoughts and worries in a manner that is vague and lacking in detail. There is evidence that training depressed people to think more concretely improves depressive symptoms and depression-type thinking styles, and reduces emotional reactivity. Given that chronic worry and depression have commonalities (e.g., repetitive thinking styles, difficulties with problem-solving and attentional control, emotion dysregulation), concreteness training may help people who struggle with chronic worry. The main goals of this proof of concept experiment are 1) to test in individuals reporting chronic worry the effects of an active form of concreteness training that involves imagery practice (compared to a no training control condition) on frequency of worrying, problem solving quality, and worry-related processes; 2) to examine the degree to which concreteness training causes improvements in daily worry and negative affect during the 7 days of practice. The study design will provide us with an understanding on a more macro level of the potential short-term benefits and will at the same time allow us to see, on a more micro level, how training concreteness affects worry and mood on a day-to-day basis during a 7-day period. The findings from this study will inform relevant clinical literature about efficacious methods to reduce chronic worry.

Detailed Description
-----------------
The main goals of this proof of concept experiment are 1) to test in individuals reporting chronic worry the effects of an active form of concreteness training that involves imagery practice (compared to a no training control condition) on frequency of worrying, problem solving quality, and worry-related processes; 2) to examine the degree to which concreteness training causes improvements in daily worry and negative affect during the 7 days of practice. Participants are recruited from the community via advertisements. Following a telephone screen, participants attend a baseline visit during which they complete the MINI interview. Those who continue to be eligible complete the outcome measures and are randomly assigned to either the experimental condition or the control condition. Participants assigned to the experimental condition receive training in concrete processing and learn how to complete the daily experience sampling diary. Participants assigned to the control condition do not receive training and learn how to complete the daily experience sampling diary. All participants then complete their assigned activities for 7 days. They then return to the lab to complete the outcome measures at post-test, 1 week follow up and 1 month follow up. Participants are then debriefed.

Official Title
-----------------
An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Concrete Thinking on Worry, Problem-Solving and Cognitive Processing in Individuals With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Conditions
-----------------
Generalized Anxiety, Worry

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Concreteness Training


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion: Penn State Worry Questionnaire (trait) score meeting threshold of 65 or higher. Endorsement of symptoms consistent with Generalized Anxiety Disorder on the MINI interview with a CSR equal to or greater than 4. If other symptoms are present, associated CSR is at least 1 point lower than the CSR associated with GAD symptoms Exclusion Having a current or past history of mania or psychosis, or endorsement of symptoms consistent with a substance use disorder in the past 12 months. Reporting of suicidal ideation, intent or plan. Participants are excluded if they are currently receiving psychological treatment or counseling unless this treatment is infrequent (meeting once monthly or less) or the participant has been receiving consistent weekly treatment for 12 weeks and still meets all other eligibility criteria. Psychotropic medication with a change in dose in the past 12 weeks. If they have recently discontinued a psychotropic medication, they will be included if it has been at least 1 month since discontinuation or 3 months in the case of fluoxetine.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Concreteness Training<br>Participants receive 1 session of training in concrete processing during the pre-intervention visit. They are then asked to engage in 30 minutes of concreteness practice daily, for 7 days. | Behavioral: Concreteness Training<br> <br> |
| No Intervention: Control<br>Assessment only. | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in worry as measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire - Past Week |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in depressive symptoms as measured by the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in negative problem orientation as measured by the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in quality of problem-solving as measured by The Means-Ends Problem-Solving task |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in problem solving style as measured by the Social Problem Solving Inventory Revised |  | Administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1-week follow up and at 1-month follow up | 
| Change in attentional control as measured by the Attentional Control Scale |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in residual working memory capacity as measured by the Random Interval Generation Task |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| - Change in interpretation bias as measured by the Ambiguous/ Unambiguous Situations Diary Extended |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in cognitive avoidance as measured by the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 
| Change in worry as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test |  | Daily during 7-day intervention period | 
| Change in affect as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test |  | Daily during 7-day intervention period | 
| Change in concreteness as measured by experience sampling completed during the 7 days between baseline and post test. |  | Daily during 7-day intervention period | 
| Change in GAD-Q-IV severity |  | this measure is administered at baseline, at post-test (1 week post baseline), at 1 week follow up and at 1 month follow up | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Worry, Anxiety