CT Scan Compared to CXR and LUS in Pneumonia in the Elderly

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Introduction: Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and a common indication for antibiotic in elderly patients. However, its diagnosis is often inaccurate. We aim to compare the diagnostic accuracy, the clinical and cost outcomes and the use of antibiotics associated with three imaging strategies in patients >65 years old with suspected pneumonia in the emergency room (ER): Chest-X ray (CXR, standard of care), low-dose CT scan (LDCT) or lung US (LUS). Methods and analysis: This is a multicenter randomized superiority clinical trial with three parallel arms. Patients will be allocated in the ER to a diagnostic strategy based on either CXR, LDCT, or LUS. All three imaging modalities will be performed but the results of two of them will be masked during 5 days to the patients, the physicians in charge of the patients and the investigators according to random allocation. The primary objective is to compare the accuracy of LDCT vs CXR- based strategies. As secondary objectives, antibiotics prescription, clinical and cost outcomes will be compared, and the same analyses repeated to compare the LUS and CXR strategies. The reference diagnosis will be established a posteriori by a panel of experts. Based on a previous study, we expect an improvement of 16% of the accuracy of pneumonia diagnosis using LDCT instead of CXR. Under this assumption, and accounting for 10% of drop out, the enrolment of 495 patients is needed to prove the superiority of LDCT over CRX (alpha error =0.05, beta error=0.10). Impact of the study: Superiority of the LDCT or LUS strategy over CXR would affect recommendations for the diagnosis of pneumonia in elderly patients. A higher accuracy of one of the strategies may decrease antibiotics overuse and lead to better outcomes and reduced costs.

Detailed Description
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This study will be conducted in three academic hospitals and one tertiary care hospital in Switzerland: Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva; Inselspital, Bern; Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano; and Riviera Chablais Hospital, Rennaz. Study design This is a multicenter randomized superiority clinical trial with three parallel arms aiming to compare the accuracy of imaging-based strategies for diagnosis of pneumonia in elderly patients admitted to the ER. Each patient will be randomly allocated in the ER to one of the three imaging examination (CXR, LDCT or LUS), which will be immediately performed, interpreted by one of two independent radiologists (one for CXR and one for LDCT) or by an independent emergency physician trained in ultrasonography (LUS) and reported in a standardized form. The physician in charge of the patient will have access to the imaging examination and the corresponding report, in addition to usual clinical and biological data obtained in the diagnostic work-up of suspected pneumonia; he/she will be asked to assess the probability of pneumonia before the patient is discharged from the ER. For each patient, the two other imaging examinations will also be performed and interpreted as described above, but the physician in charge of the patient will be blinded to these results. The results of all three imaging examinations and the interpretation will however be available to the panel of experts, whose final diagnosis of pneumonia will be the reference diagnosis for the study. All enrolled patients will be followed up by study staff during hospitalization and by phone at month 1 and 3. The sample size calculation was based on the accuracy of diagnostic strategies for pneumonia assessed in the PneumO-LD-CT cohort (unpublished results, table 1 bis in appendix). In this study, the accuracy of the clinician's diagnosis was 68% when based on CXR and 84% when based on LDCT. With an expected improvement of 16% of the accuracy using LDCT instead of CXR, 150 patients will be required in each arm to demonstrate the superiority of LDCT over CXR with a two-sided alpha error of 0.05 and a power of 90%. Allowing for a 10% dropout after randomization, the final recruitment objective is 165 patients in each arm, for a total of 495 patients. Patients aged >65 years consulting in the ER with suspected community acquired pneumonia (CAP) or nursing-home acquired pneumonia. Any patients admitted to the ER will be included in the study if eligible according pre-specified criteria. They may be referred by a doctor, an ambulance, a relative, or come on their own initiative. At the ER of each recruiting site, dedicated research staff will screen admissions and ask suitable patients for participation in the study. In addition, triage nurses and physicians working at the ER will be asked to call research staff when identifying any potential participant. Due to the high complexity of the inclusion process and of the simultaneous realisation of three imaging modalities, the patients will only be included during working hours. The inclusions began on June 2021 and in the study is planned to last until August 2023. However, recruitment may be extended if necessary, in particular in view of the COVID-19 pandemic interfering with inclusions in times of high demands on emergency departments. Patients will be randomised using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap®) tool, a secured web-based application designed to support data capture and randomisation for research studies. Randomization will be done immediately after inclusion, stratified by centre and using permutated block sizes. Interventions The 3 images can be performed in random order and order will depend on the availability of the clinician practicing LUS. However, images will be obtained in the shortest time possible to avoid any significant impact on patient's care. Standard of care: CXR will be done preferentially standing and with 2 incidences, which is the recommended and most commonly used diagnostic imaging modality for pneumonia in guidelines.5 6 LDCT scan will be obtained without administration of intra-venous contrast. Its performance lasts 10 minutes. Mean radiation exposure is 1.5 +/- 0.47 mSv, to be compared with a mean exposure of 0.05 +/- 0.03 mSv for conventional CXR, 7 mSv for a full-dose CT scan, and to Switzerland's natural background radiation level of 4 mSv/year.35 LDCT and CXR will be interpreted by two independent radiologists who will not be allowed to communicate.22 LUS will be performed at bedside by a trained physician not involved in management of the patient, using the device available in the corresponding ER (models and commercial brand may differ between different ER). All physicians performing the LUS (therafter: ultrasonographists) will be board-certified in the realization of Point-Of-Care Ultrasonography (POCUS). To enhance homogeneity of LUS reporting, physicians performing LUS will be trained to use the standardized report form before the beginning of inclusions, using a common protocol agreed upon by al site investigators. All examiners will have participated in a joint POCUS workshop to standardize the use of the study protocol and practice and their years of practice will be recorded. Blinding/unblinding procedure The two masked radiological examinations will be concealed to the physicians caring for the patients during 5 days. As soon as the randomization has been conducted, research staff will know which tests to blind. Those will be sent to a research PACS instead of the electronic health records with the help of the local IT team. Furthermore, the radiologists or sonographist who perform/interpret the tests will be asked not to communicate with each other. Research staff will be present throughout the process to ensure a smooth conduct of the study. Emergency unblinding will be allowed in case of identification of an immediately life-threatening finding (table 2). In this occurence, the radiologist or ultrasonographist will make an emergent call to the investigator before communicating the results to the clinician. The clinician in charge of the patient will be allowed to prescribe any new imaging deemed necessary in case of later clinical deterioration (eg. full dose chest CT scan with intravenous contrast for suspected pulmonary embolism). At day 5, research staff will unmask all radiological examinations along with the standardized reports in the patient's medical record. Reasons for emergency unblinding Pneumothorax Haemothorax Indirect signs of aortic dissection Indirect signs of aneurysmal rupture (haemomediastinum) Massive pericardial effusion Tracheal foreign body Pneumoperitoneum Pneumomediastinum Malignant airway obstruction Suspected acute tuberculosis Reference diagnosis A panel of experts composed of senior clinicians and board-certified specialists, including internists, geriatricians, infectious diseases specialists and radiologists, blinded to the allocation arm and the probability of pneumonia estimated by the clinician in charge, will rate prospectively and a posteriori the probability of pneumonia. They will be trained before the adjudication process and asked to follow international guidelines for the diagnosis of pneumonia. They will have access to all available but de-identified patient data present in the medical records, including clinical data, biological, microbiological data -as results of PCR viral detection on naso-pharyngeal swabs- and images of CXR, LDCT, LUS and corresponding reports, hospital notes, and the final medical report. Each patient's diagnosis of pneumonia will be analysed using a Delphi method as follows: each expert will give an individual opinion on the probability of pneumonia on a 3-point Likert scale (low, intermediate, high). Next, each expert will re-examine the cases where there was a disagreement between expert ratings, in full knowledge of the other experts' first decisions. Finally, the adjudication committee will make consensus decisions in a plenary session and in the presence of a radiologist. The adjudication committee's final decision will be considered as the reference diagnosis. Data safety monitoring board A safety analysis will be performed after 200 patients have completed the 1-month follow-up. Safety outcomes will be: unplanned transfer to the ICU and 1-month mortality. Based on this analysis, the data safety monitoring board can recommend to discontinue one arm or all arms of the trial. No interim analysis for futility or superiority is planned. OBJECTIVES Comparison between CXR- and LDCT-based diagnostic strategies for: Diagnostic performance, including accuracy (primary outcome), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and likelihood ratio Treatment and management (antibiotic prescription and additional imaging) Clinical outcomes (including length of stay, mortality, quality of life) Cost per patient: Cost outcomes are defined as costs within the hospital calculated using a Swiss standard called REKOLE (https://rekole.hplus.ch/fr/produkt/rekole-comptabilite-analytique-a-lhopital/). The main costs components are: nursing care, physician, imaging, laboratory, treatment (including antibiotic therapy) and others per patient during hospitalization, health related quality of life at 3 months; unit of work consumption per hospital (number of minutes of care, physician, laboratory and imaging points) up to 3 months. Comparison between CXR- and LUS-based diagnostic strategies (secondary objectives) for the same outcomes as above Comparison between LDCT- and LUS based diagnostic strategies (secondary objectives) for the same outcomes as above Other secondary objectives: Association between biomarkers and imaging-based diagnosis Factors of the physician (such as experience or gender), of the patient (such as urgency or presenting complaint) and of the context such as daytime affecting physician confidence in their diagnosis (CIRCUS substudy for Calibration of reasoning confidence in uncertain situations). Calibration of physician confidence with their actual diagnostic accuracy (CIRCUS) STATISTICAL METHODS We hypothesize that the diagnostic accuracy will be higher with the LDCT-based strategy than with CXR-based strategy. The null hypothesis that will be tested in the primary analysis is the equality of accuracy with these two strategies. Population analysis The analysis will follow the intention to treat principle. A sensitivity analysis will be conducted on the per protocol population (i.e. excluding patients for whom an imaging or its standardized report which should have been masked has been available to the clinician who assesses the probability of pneumonia at the ER). Primary analysis The proportions of correctly classified patients in the LDCT and CXR arms will be calculated with 95% Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals (CIs), and will be compared with a logistic regression model adjusted for sites to account for the stratified randomization. The statistical test will be two-sided and the significance threshold will be 0.05. Handling of missing data and drop-outs Some patients will be discharged from the ED, but they won't be considered as dropout patients as the diagnosis of pneumonia will be made before the discharge, and follow-up will be done by phone. All available data from all included patients will be included in the intention-to-treat analysis whereas patients with missing data will be excluded from the complete case analysis. In addition, multiple imputation will be performed if more than 10% of data of the outcome are missing.

Official Title
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Low-dose CT Compared to Lung Ultrasonography vs Standard of Care for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in the Elderly: a Multicentre Randomized Controlled Study

Conditions
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Pneumonia, Elderly Infection

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: Chest X-Ray (CXR)
* Diagnostic Test: Low-dose CT scan (LDCT)
* Diagnostic Test: Lung ultrasonography (LUS)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion criteria: Aged >65 years Suspected community-acquired or nursing-home acquired pneumonia consulting to the emergency room with at least one respiratory symptom (new or increasing among: cough, purulent sputum, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, respiratory rate >20/min, focal auscultatory findings or oxygen saturation <90% on room air) AND at least one symptom or laboratory finding compatible with an infection (temperature >37.8°C or <36.0°C, C reactive protein (CRP) >10 mg/L, PCT >0.25 µg/L, leukocyte count >10 G/L with >85% neutrophils or band forms) Signed informed consent In the oldest old (patients aged >80 years), the presence of acute delirium or unexplained acute fall can substitute for the presence of either the respiratory or the infectious symptom Exclusion Criteria: Immediate admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) Pneumonia in the past 3 months PCR or antigenic test positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the 3 past weeks Transfer from another hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia CXR or thoracic CT scan or US already done during the present episode Immediate contrast-enhanced CT scan needed Advanced care planning limiting therapy to comfort care only Prisoners Known uncontrolled psychiatric disorders Previous enrollment into the current study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Chest X-Ray (CXR)<br>Only CXR (image and standardized report) will be available to the clinician in charge of the patient (standard of care). LDCT and LUS will be performed but not available (clinician will be blinded to LDCT and LUS). | Diagnostic Test: Chest X-Ray (CXR)<br>* The 3 following imagings will be performed in the emergency room: chest X-Ray (CXR), low-dose CT scan (LDCT) and lung ultrasonography (LUS) will be performed for all included patients, but only one will be available to the clinician in charge of the patient according to the allocation arm. The blinding will be maintained during the first 5 days, and hence will not influence the diagnosis and the treatment of the patient. The clinician in charge will be asked to assess on a 3-level Likert scale the probability of pneumonia (high, intermediate, low level) while considering all available clinical and biological data, plus the imaging modality according to the randomization arm.<br>Diagnostic Test: Low-dose CT scan (LDCT)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph<br>Diagnostic Test: Lung ultrasonography (LUS)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph. LUS will be performed by another clinician than the one in charge of the patient<br>|
| Experimental: Low-dose CT scan (LDCT)<br>Only LDCT (image and standardized report) will be available to the clinician (first intervention arm). CXR and LUS will be performed but not available (clinician will be blinded to CXR and LUS). | Diagnostic Test: Chest X-Ray (CXR)<br>* The 3 following imagings will be performed in the emergency room: chest X-Ray (CXR), low-dose CT scan (LDCT) and lung ultrasonography (LUS) will be performed for all included patients, but only one will be available to the clinician in charge of the patient according to the allocation arm. The blinding will be maintained during the first 5 days, and hence will not influence the diagnosis and the treatment of the patient. The clinician in charge will be asked to assess on a 3-level Likert scale the probability of pneumonia (high, intermediate, low level) while considering all available clinical and biological data, plus the imaging modality according to the randomization arm.<br>Diagnostic Test: Low-dose CT scan (LDCT)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph<br>Diagnostic Test: Lung ultrasonography (LUS)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph. LUS will be performed by another clinician than the one in charge of the patient<br>|
| Experimental: Lung ultrasonography (LUS)<br>Only LUS (image and standardized report) will be available to the clinician (second intervention arm). CXR and LDCT will be performed but not available (clinician will be blinded to CXR and LDCT). | Diagnostic Test: Chest X-Ray (CXR)<br>* The 3 following imagings will be performed in the emergency room: chest X-Ray (CXR), low-dose CT scan (LDCT) and lung ultrasonography (LUS) will be performed for all included patients, but only one will be available to the clinician in charge of the patient according to the allocation arm. The blinding will be maintained during the first 5 days, and hence will not influence the diagnosis and the treatment of the patient. The clinician in charge will be asked to assess on a 3-level Likert scale the probability of pneumonia (high, intermediate, low level) while considering all available clinical and biological data, plus the imaging modality according to the randomization arm.<br>Diagnostic Test: Low-dose CT scan (LDCT)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph<br>Diagnostic Test: Lung ultrasonography (LUS)<br>* See above in CXR paragraph. LUS will be performed by another clinician than the one in charge of the patient<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Accuracy of the clinician's diagnosis of pneumonia | The probability of pneumonia will be rated by the clinician in charge, before the patient is discharged from the Emergency Room, on a 3-level Likert scale (low, intermediate or high).The probability of pneumonia will be rated by the panel of experts a posteriori on the same scale. For the primary outcome, a diagnosis of pneumonia will be positive if the probability is rated intermediate or high and negative if the probability is rated low. The accuracy will be the proportion of patients with a clinician's diagnosis (either negative or positive) matching with the panel of experts' diagnosis which is considered as the reference. Grouping the levels intermediate or high makes sense from a medical decision making perspective since a patient rated intermediate will be treated with antibiotics in the same way as a patient rated high. In a secondary analysis, the diagnosis of pneumonia will be considered positive only if the probability is rated high. | Before the patient is discharged from the Emergency Room (Day 0 -an average of 10 hours) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sensitivity and specificity of imaging-based strategies (CXR, LDCT and LUS) | Proportion of patients with pneumonia and who were detected positive with one strategy (2 classifications for pneumonia : intermediate and high level on the Likert scale, or high alone) for all patients | Before the patient is discharged from the Emergency Room (Day 0 -an average of 10 hours) | 
| Proportion of patients with unmasked imaging modalities in the emergency room | Proportion of patients with at least one unmasked imaging modality in the emergency room and for all patients | Before the patient is discharged from the Emergency Room (Day 0 -an average of 10 hours) | 
| Proportion of patients with an additional imaging ordered | Proportion of patients who had at least one additional imaging during hospitalization (since admission to discharge) and for all patients | Before the patient is discharged from the hospital (an average of 3-4 weeks) | 
| Antibiotic free days at day 30 (for any indication) | Mean number of days without antibiotics for any cause within the 30 days following the inclusion and for all patients | 30 days | 
| Length of hospital stay | Mean LOS per patient during the first hospitalization (from inclusion to discharge or to death if occurred during the hospitalization) and for all patients | 3 months | 
| Proportion of patients transfered to the intensive care unit | Proportion of patients transfered to ICU for any cause within 3 months following the inclusion and for all patients | 3 months | 
| All cause mortality rate | All cause mortality rate within 3 months following the inclusion and for all patients | 3 months | 
| All cause readmission rate | Proportion of patients readmitted to hospital for all cause within 3 months following the inclusion and for all patients | 3 months | 
| Cost-outcomes | Mean cost per patient and for all patients at the hospital | 3 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Chest X-ray, Low-dose CT scan, Lung ultrasonography