Sex Determination From Scapula Using 3-D Computed Tomography in Sample of Sohag Governorate Population

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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One of the most difficult areas of forensic science is identifying individuals. Accurate sex estimation based on measurements of dimorphic dimensions in unknown human remains is a crucial first step toward making individual identification. the most accurate approach to determine sex by bone size is based on os coxae or skull. After natural disaster their presence can never be guaranteed, therefore the development of methods of sex determination using other skeletal elements is crucial. The scapula is a paired short bone that will be researched in this study. The decision to focus on the scapula was made in the first place because of its minor morphological alterations after growing is complete. Second, short and flat bones appear to be better maintained than lengthy bones, which are frequently fractured, scattered, and mixed together. Scapular muscle attachments provide protection to the bone making it difficult to fracture or break . Comparative studies on different populations have shown population-specific results in the discriminant function equations for sex estimation. There is significant population variation due to sexual dimorphism in the growth rate and developmental process of human beings. Genetics play an important role in this variation. Nevertheless, environmental factors, nutrition, secular changes and diseases also play an important role in sexual dimorphism .

Detailed Description
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One of the most difficult areas of forensic science is identifying individuals. Accurate sex estimation based on measurements of dimorphic dimensions in unknown human remains is a crucial first step toward making individual identification. the most accurate approach to determine sex by bone size is based on os coxae or skull. After natural disaster their presence can never be guaranteed, therefore the development of methods of sex determination using other skeletal elements is crucial.The scapula is a paired short bone that will be researched in this study. The decision to focus on the scapula was made in the first place because of its minor morphological alterations after growing is complete. Second, short and flat bones appear to be better maintained than lengthy bones, which are frequently fractured, scattered, and mixed together. Comparative studies on different populations have shown population-specific results in the discriminant function equations for sex estimation. There is significant population variation due to sexual dimorphism in the growth rate and developmental process of human beings. Genetics play an important role in this variation. Nevertheless, environmental factors, nutrition, secular changes and diseases also play an important role in sexual dimorphism. The first study that used the scapula in sex estimation was conducted by Dwight in 1894. Dwight measured the height of the glenoid fossae and maximum scapular length of 123 patients (84 males and 39 females),Dwight's method showed that the scapular height had a high predictive value. In 2010, Dabbs and Moore-Jansen applied the 23 parameter method to 803 individuals of the Hamann-Todd collection in their study and showed that the overall accuracy of this method was 95.7%. studies reveal that the use of Computed tomography (CT) images increases accuracy and reproducibility over traditional methods in establishing a biological profile . even though there is evidence of sexual dimorphism in the scapula according to several published studies, the validity of scapula for sex estimation has not been explored in depth in modern population where a general lack of contemporary osteometric databases noted. in this paper , this study is presented in order to test the efficacy of scapula to serve as sex indicator for forensic purposes.

Official Title
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Sex Determination From Scapula Using 3-D Computed Tomography in Sample of Sohag Governorate Population

Conditions
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Sex Discrimination

Intervention / Treatment
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* Radiation: computed tomography


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: • persons above 25 years old Exclusion Criteria: Cases below 25 years scapular, vertebral fractures growth disorders severe osteoporosis tumor arthritis previous orthopedic surgery infection

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Diagnostic
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: All measurements will be made by scanning of patients who coming to radiology department at sohag university hospital known of their birth date and sex who underwent thoracic CT scan evaluation during a pulmonary screening program . a descriptive comparative study will be conducted on total population of 100 sohag subjects (50 adult males and 50 adult females) from 25 years and above , using CT scan images to estimate the above mentioned diameters..
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Adult male<br>CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters. | Radiation: computed tomography<br>* CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Adult female<br>CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters. | Radiation: computed tomography<br>* CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Maximum scapular length | the parameter measured The length between the highest point of superior angle and lowest point of inferior angle via software program . All CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters. | 12 Months | 
| Scapular breadth | the parameter measured from the middle of the dorsal border of glenoid fossa to the end of spinal axis on the vertebral border. via software program All CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters. | 12 Months | 
| Maximum length of spine | the parameter measured From the medial border of the scapula at the spinous axis to the most lateral point on the scapular spine via software program . All CT scans will be obtained from patients lying in a supine position using 120 kV tube voltage, 150 effective mA and 1 mm slice thickness parameters. | 12 Months |