Pharmacokinetics of Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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A group of 6 able-bodied healthy volunteers will receive Neostigmine (NEO) and Glycopyrrolate (GLY) intravenously and via 2 methods of Iontophoresis (ION): one-patch and two-patch administration, with subsequent blood draws over 1 hour in order to measure the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drugs in-vivo.

Detailed Description
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The maximum dose of NEO is limited to 10.0 mg and the dose of GLY to 2.0 mg per subject per administration. Subjects will be asked to arrive at the Spinal Cord Research Center at the JJP VAMC (Room 7A-13) on the day of their appointment. On Day 1, following the obtainment the subject's consent, filling out a MoCA cognitive assessment and establishing an IV access point, administration of the medications via IV will be performed. The study design will consist of a Day 1 visit to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of the IV doses of NEO and GLY. During the second visit, at least 24 hours later, NEO (0.07 mg/kg) and GLY (0.014 mg/kg), applied separately to two patches, will be simultaneously delivered by transdermal administration by ION for 20 minutes. During the third and final visit, at least 24 hours following the second visit, a single patch containing 0.07 mg/kg of NEO and 0.014 mg/kg of GLY will be applied to the skin and delivered by transdermal administration by ION for 20 minutes.. Heart rate, bowel sounds, blood pressure and symptoms will be recorded at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 20, 40, 60 minutes of the initiation of the IV push and at 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes after the initiation of ION. Bowel evacuation time and time after the completion of delivery (by either ION or IV) will be recorded throughout the study visit, as described in Table 2. The subject will assume his/her normal bowel evacuation (BE) position until a bowel movement occurs; privacy draping and privacy will be provided at the time of BE. The subjects will be monitored for a minimum of 60 minutes. A minimum of two research personnel will be present during the study visit to record all of data and perform the tasks required. After the start a 30 second IV push of NEO which will be followed by a NS flush (12 mL), and then a 30 second IV push of GLY which will be followed by a NS flush (12 mL), venous blood (2 mL) will be drawn into a gold-topped vial at 2, 4, 7, 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Identical technique blood draws will be performed at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes after the start of ION. Upon drawing, the blood will be placed in an ice bath and spun using a cooled centrifuge within 5 minutes of collection. Upon completion of 5 minutes of centrifugation, the resulting serum will be aliquoted into two separate vials, with equal volumes and labelled with date, time of draw, associated procedure, NEO or GLY testing destination and the subject's unique identifier. The transfer vials will be inserted into dry ice for at least 10 minutes, after which they will be placed into the -80 degrees Celsius freezer. Plasma levels of NEO and of GLY will be batched and measured at a later date. A file designating the tubes with random numbers associated with the draw times will be created for each subject to conceal the sequence of draw and to attempt the removal of possible bias during the measurement and recording of the concentrations of NEO and GLY (SUNY Downstate Albany Research Laboratory using GE LC-MRM detector). Proposed Doses: Day 1: 0.02 mg/kg NEO and 0.004 mg/kg GLY via IV Day 2: 0.07 mg/kg NEO and 0.014 mg/kg GLY via ION (Two patch administration) Day 3: 0.07 mg/kg NEO and 0.014 mg/kg GLY via ION (One patch administration)

Official Title
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Pharmacokinetics of Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate After Intravenous and Transcutaneous Administration by Iontophoresis

Conditions
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Spinal Cord Injuries, Constipation, Fecal Incontinence, Neurogenic Bowel

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: Combination of Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate
* Device: I-Box by Dynatronics


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Male or Female Age 18-70 years Exclusion Criteria: Previous adverse reaction or hypersensitivity to electrical stimulation, Known sensitivity to neostigmine or glycopyrrolate, History of mechanical obstruction of the GI or urinary tract, Myocardial infarction within 6 months of trial, Malignant and/or Uncontrollable Hypertension Defined by a blood pressure reading of 160/100 mmHg or higher with or without taking 3 or more different classes of anti-hypertensive medications, Organ damage (heart & kidney) and/or TIA-CVA as a result of hypertension, Known past history of coronary artery disease or bradyarrhythmia, Symptomatic orthostatic hypotension Deep brain stimulation Pregnancy (women who are sexually active and of childbearing potential must utilize a method of contraception and agree to maintain a contraceptive method until completion of the study), Lactating, nursing females Inability to provide informed consent signaled by MoCA cognitive test score of 20 or less, History of ingrown hair folliculitis, Concurrent illness and fever, Concurrent participation in a research study, VA employee.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Same group receives all 2 treatments but in a randomized order after the IV phase.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Primary<br>6 Subjects will receive all 4 types of medication administration in random sequence | Drug: Combination of Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate<br>* Intravenous or transdermal<br>Device: I-Box by Dynatronics<br>* Electric field conducting drugs through the skin without compromising its integrity<br>* Other names: Iontophoresis;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Serum concentrations of Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate within 1 hour post-administration | Measurement of serum concentration of Neostigmine and of Glycopyrrolate to determine pharmacokinetic profiles | Within Two Hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Presence or absence of headache, dry mouth, muscle twitching and abdominal cramps. | Determining safety of drug via presence or absence of headache, dry mouth, muscle twitching, and abdominal cramps as reported by the subjects | Within 1 hour of administration | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Neostigmine, Glycopyrrolate, Transdermal, Intravenous, Pharmacokinetic, Constipation, Bowel Control, Mass Spectroscopy, Stool Incontinence