Increasing Seat Belt Wearing and Decreasing Handheld Phone Use While Driving

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The study team is proposing to conduct a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of behavioral and financial incentives on phone use while driving and seat belt adherence. Each arm will receive a support text if their app is not collecting data. The behavioral engagement intervention includes persuasive education, mental contrasting with implementation intentions, customized habit tips, weekly feedback about participants' streaks, and encouraging SMS texts. The two financial incentive interventions add on weekly raffles or shared pots for participants with perfect streaks.

Official Title
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Behavioral Interventions to Increase Seat Belt Wearing and Decrease Handheld Phone Use While Driving

Conditions
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Distracted Driving, Impaired Driving, Driving Behaviors

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Persuasive education
* Behavioral: WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)
* Behavioral: Customized Habit Tips
* Behavioral: Raffle Financial Incentive
* Behavioral: Shared Pot Financial Incentive
* Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text
* Behavioral: Weekly SMS Encouragement


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Are a GM/OnStar customer. Are 18 or older. Meet minimum trip requirements. Uses vehicle with OnStar At least 5 weeks of baseline trip data with >=8 trips/week at baseline on average Baseline seat belt use <= 75% on trips less than 2 miles and <= 90 on trips greater than 2 miles English reading ability Have an email address Have a smartphone with iPhone iOS 12 or later or Android OS 7 or later Exclusion Criteria: You are unable to read and understand English

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Control<br>Participants are asked to buckle up and not engage in handheld phone use while driving. No further messaging will be provided about their behavior, and participants will not receive financial incentives for avoiding risky driving behavior. | Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text<br>* Participants will receive a support SMS to troubleshoot, etc. if the Way to Drive app is not collecting trip data.<br>|
| Experimental: Behavioral Engagement<br>Participants will receive a multicomponent safer driving intervention based on behavioral science. This will include persuasive education, WOOP (mental contrasting with implementation intentions) and customized habit tips. | Behavioral: Persuasive education<br>* The research team will use psychology and communications research to present information about seat belts and distracted driving in a way that builds intrinsic motivation to change. Because positively framed messages are more effective at promoting seat belt wearing, the team's messaging will employ this framing. Education will address common reasons that survey participants give for not consistently buckling up or for phone use while driving.<br>Behavioral: WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)<br>* Participants will receive an intervention on improving driving behavior with a specific goal in mind and how to reach that goal. Participants will do this by thinking through 4 parts: a wish, an outcome, an obstacle and a plan. This has been shown to build motivation, and help achieve the desired change.<br>Behavioral: Customized Habit Tips<br>* Participants will receive weekly text-message tips, informed by findings from survey responses, plus reminders to address stated obstacles.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text<br>* Participants will receive a support SMS to troubleshoot, etc. if the Way to Drive app is not collecting trip data.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Encouragement<br>* Those who have a perfect streak going midway through each week will receive an additional encouraging message cheering them on.<br>|
| Experimental: Raffle incentive + behavioral engagement<br>Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. Participants will also be eligible for the Raffle Financial incentive, where participants can earn prize money for seat belt adherence and/or no phone use while driving. | Behavioral: Persuasive education<br>* The research team will use psychology and communications research to present information about seat belts and distracted driving in a way that builds intrinsic motivation to change. Because positively framed messages are more effective at promoting seat belt wearing, the team's messaging will employ this framing. Education will address common reasons that survey participants give for not consistently buckling up or for phone use while driving.<br>Behavioral: WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)<br>* Participants will receive an intervention on improving driving behavior with a specific goal in mind and how to reach that goal. Participants will do this by thinking through 4 parts: a wish, an outcome, an obstacle and a plan. This has been shown to build motivation, and help achieve the desired change.<br>Behavioral: Customized Habit Tips<br>* Participants will receive weekly text-message tips, informed by findings from survey responses, plus reminders to address stated obstacles.<br>Behavioral: Raffle Financial Incentive<br>* Each week, participants who adhere to seat belt use or abstain from phone use while driving get a chance at prize money. One winner will be randomly chosen for each target behavior and earn prize money; the rest will not receive compensation.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text<br>* Participants will receive a support SMS to troubleshoot, etc. if the Way to Drive app is not collecting trip data.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Encouragement<br>* Those who have a perfect streak going midway through each week will receive an additional encouraging message cheering them on.<br>|
| Experimental: Shared pot incentive + behavioral engagement<br>Participants will receive the entire multicomponent safer driving behavioral intervention from arm 2. This arm will be identical to Arm 3, except there will be a shared pot financial incentive instead of a raffle. Participants that abstain from phone use while driving and seat belt adherence earn an equal share of prize money allocated for the entire group. | Behavioral: Persuasive education<br>* The research team will use psychology and communications research to present information about seat belts and distracted driving in a way that builds intrinsic motivation to change. Because positively framed messages are more effective at promoting seat belt wearing, the team's messaging will employ this framing. Education will address common reasons that survey participants give for not consistently buckling up or for phone use while driving.<br>Behavioral: WOOP (aka, mental contrasting with implementation intentions., Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan)<br>* Participants will receive an intervention on improving driving behavior with a specific goal in mind and how to reach that goal. Participants will do this by thinking through 4 parts: a wish, an outcome, an obstacle and a plan. This has been shown to build motivation, and help achieve the desired change.<br>Behavioral: Customized Habit Tips<br>* Participants will receive weekly text-message tips, informed by findings from survey responses, plus reminders to address stated obstacles.<br>Behavioral: Shared Pot Financial Incentive<br>* This will be identical to the raffle incentive, except that each week participants who adhere to seat belt use or abstain from phone use while driving will be guaranteed an equal share of prize money.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Support text<br>* Participants will receive a support SMS to troubleshoot, etc. if the Way to Drive app is not collecting trip data.<br>Behavioral: Weekly SMS Encouragement<br>* Those who have a perfect streak going midway through each week will receive an additional encouraging message cheering them on.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Proportion of trips with seat belt use | Calculated as the number of trips during which a driver's seat belt click was detected, divided by total number of trips (defined as 1/10 of a mile or greater). | 105 days | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Seconds of active (handheld) phone use per hour of driving | This is a composite outcome that measures the proportion of total trip time in which the driver is engaged in handheld phone call use or non-call handheld use (e.g. texting, swiping, and typing), as measured by the Way to Drive app. | 105 days | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Habit Formation, Financial Incentives, Phone Use While Driving, Seat Belt Wearing