Does Bone Grafting at the Time of Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone ACL Reconstruction Reduce the Incidence of Post-operative Anterior Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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It is estimated that 48 out of 10,000 people, in the United States, will tear their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) annually and undergo ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Surgeons have several graft options, surgical techniques, and fixation methods to consider when planning how to reconstruct a patient's ACL. Graft options vary greatly and include allografts and autografts with good evidence that are good choices. Further, autografts include several different specific grafts including; bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB), hamstring tendons, and quadriceps tendon. There is no clear consensus on which graft type is superior, as each graft has associated positives and negatives. Historically, autologous BPTB grafts have been the preferred choice of surgeons given its ability to restore rotational stability for the knee, the robust healing with direct bone-to-bone contact at both ends of the graft, and low failure rates. However, there are drawbacks to ACLR using a BPTB graft. Complications following BPTB graft harvesting include patella fractures, patellar tendon ruptures, increased risk of patellofemoral osteoarthritis, lack of terminal extension, and donor-site morbidity. The majority of these complications are associated with low-risk rates, except for donor-site morbidity which may be prevalent in 37-51% of BPTB graft patients. Donor-site pain can manifest as anterior knee, patellofemoral pain, loss of sensory input, or discomfort with kneeling and can negatively influence subjective as well as objective measures of knee function. Filling bony defects with bone graft is a procedure that is commonly conducted within orthopedics. However, its use in treating the bony defects caused during BPTB graft harvesting is less common as patella and tibial harvest sites are routinely left unfilled. Significant methodological differences in treatment interventions for the patella harvest site, the tibial harvest site, or both and conflicting results have made it difficult to determine if these treatments have clinical utility. To the best of the investigators' knowledge, there has been no investigation looking at the incidence of donor site morbidity treated with autologous bone grafting of the harvest sites. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if filling the harvest site defect is associated with a lower rate of donor site morbidity and better patient reported functional outcomes compared to patients whose harvest site remains unfilled. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of donor site morbidity between patients who have their harvest sites bone grafted with autologous bone (BG) and those whose harvest sites remain unfilled (nBG).

Official Title
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Does Bone Grafting at the Time of Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone ACL Reconstruction Reduce the Incidence of Post-operative Anterior Knee Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

Conditions
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ACL Injury

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Autologous bone grafting
* Procedure: Absence of autologous bone grafting


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Males and females 18 years of age and older, with no upper age limit A candidate for primary autologous BPTB ACLR Willing to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: Concomitant ligamentous or chondral injury Prior surgery on the index knee Prior history of anterior knee pain or patellofemoral joint pain on the index knee Outerbridge classification > 2 assessed during arthroscopy

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Autologous Bone Grafting<br>Excess bone obtained from graft preparation and the coring reamer will be used to fill the patellar and tibial donor sites. | Procedure: Autologous bone grafting<br>* Autologous bone grafting is the excess bone obtained from graft preparation and the coring reamer<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Control<br>The control group will have their patellar and tibial defects remain unfilled. | Procedure: Absence of autologous bone grafting<br>* Donor sites will be left unfilled<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Visual Analog Scale | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-cm line that allows subjects to visually report their pain between no pain (0 cm) on the left and constant pain (10 cm) on the right. Patients will be asked to complete the VAS with the prompt, Please indicate the amount of pain you are feeling right now in the front of your knee. It is considered a worse outcome the closer the patient marks to the constant pain on the right of the scale. | pre-op | 
| Visual Analog Scale | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-cm line that allows subjects to visually report their pain between no pain (0 cm) on the left and constant pain (10 cm) on the right. Patients will be asked to complete the VAS with the prompt, Please indicate the amount of pain you are feeling right now in the front of your knee. It is considered a worse outcome the closer the patient marks to the constant pain on the right of the scale. | post-op month 6 | 
| Visual Analog Scale | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-cm line that allows subjects to visually report their pain between no pain (0 cm) on the left and constant pain (10 cm) on the right. Patients will be asked to complete the VAS with the prompt, Please indicate the amount of pain you are feeling right now in the front of your knee. It is considered a worse outcome the closer the patient marks to the constant pain on the right of the scale. | post-op month 12 | 
| Visual Analog Scale | The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a 10-cm line that allows subjects to visually report their pain between no pain (0 cm) on the left and constant pain (10 cm) on the right. Patients will be asked to complete the VAS with the prompt, Please indicate the amount of pain you are feeling right now in the front of your knee. It is considered a worse outcome the closer the patient marks to the constant pain on the right of the scale. | post-op month 24 | 
| Direct Palpation of Harvest Site | Subjects will be asked to rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain' or 'sharp pain' during direct palpation for both the patella and tibial harvest sites. 'Sharp pain' is considered the worse outcome, 'mild pain' as a median outcome, and 'no pain' is considered the best outcome of the three. | pre-op | 
| Direct Palpation of Harvest Site | Subjects will be asked to rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain' or 'sharp pain' during direct palpation for both the patella and tibial harvest sites. 'Sharp pain' is considered the worse outcome, 'mild pain' as a median outcome, and 'no pain' is considered the best outcome of the three. | post-op month 6 | 
| Direct Palpation of Harvest Site | Subjects will be asked to rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain' or 'sharp pain' during direct palpation for both the patella and tibial harvest sites. 'Sharp pain' is considered the worse outcome, 'mild pain' as a median outcome, and 'no pain' is considered the best outcome of the three. | post-op month 12 | 
| Direct Palpation of Harvest Site | Subjects will be asked to rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain' or 'sharp pain' during direct palpation for both the patella and tibial harvest sites. 'Sharp pain' is considered the worse outcome, 'mild pain' as a median outcome, and 'no pain' is considered the best outcome of the three. | post-op month 24 | 
| Pain with Kneeling | Subjects will also be asked to kneel on the floor of the examination room and rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain', 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', or 'complete inability to kneel'. 'Complete inability to kneel' is considered the worst outcome within this measure, with the following considered increasing better outcomes in this order: 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', 'mild pain', 'no pain'. | pre-op | 
| Pain with Kneeling | Subjects will also be asked to kneel on the floor of the examination room and rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain', 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', or 'complete inability to kneel'. 'Complete inability to kneel' is considered the worst outcome within this measure, with the following considered increasing better outcomes in this order: 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', 'mild pain', 'no pain'. | post-op month 6 | 
| Pain with Kneeling | Subjects will also be asked to kneel on the floor of the examination room and rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain', 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', or 'complete inability to kneel'. 'Complete inability to kneel' is considered the worst outcome within this measure, with the following considered increasing better outcomes in this order: 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', 'mild pain', 'no pain'. | post-op month 12 | 
| Pain with Kneeling | Subjects will also be asked to kneel on the floor of the examination room and rate their pain as either 'no pain', 'mild pain', 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', or 'complete inability to kneel'. 'Complete inability to kneel' is considered the worst outcome within this measure, with the following considered increasing better outcomes in this order: 'unable to kneel on hard surface but able with cushion/pad', 'mild pain', 'no pain'. | post-op month 24 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| PROMIS-10 | The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-10 (PROMIS-10) will be used to assess global quality of health. The PROMIS Global-10 is a 10-item patient-reported questionnaire in which the response options are presented as 5-point (as well as a single 11-point) rating scales. The results of the questions are used to calculate two summary scores: a Global Physical Health Score and a Global Mental Health score. These scores are then standardized to the general population, using the T-Score. The average T-Score for the United States population is 50 points, with a standard deviation of 10 points. Higher scores indicate a healthier patient. | pre-op | 
| PROMIS-10 | The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-10 (PROMIS-10) will be used to assess global quality of health. The PROMIS Global-10 is a 10-item patient-reported questionnaire in which the response options are presented as 5-point (as well as a single 11-point) rating scales. The results of the questions are used to calculate two summary scores: a Global Physical Health Score and a Global Mental Health score. These scores are then standardized to the general population, using the T-Score. The average T-Score for the United States population is 50 points, with a standard deviation of 10 points. Higher scores indicate a healthier patient. | post-op month 6 | 
| PROMIS-10 | The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-10 (PROMIS-10) will be used to assess global quality of health. The PROMIS Global-10 is a 10-item patient-reported questionnaire in which the response options are presented as 5-point (as well as a single 11-point) rating scales. The results of the questions are used to calculate two summary scores: a Global Physical Health Score and a Global Mental Health score. These scores are then standardized to the general population, using the T-Score. The average T-Score for the United States population is 50 points, with a standard deviation of 10 points. Higher scores indicate a healthier patient. | post-op month 12 | 
| PROMIS-10 | The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-10 (PROMIS-10) will be used to assess global quality of health. The PROMIS Global-10 is a 10-item patient-reported questionnaire in which the response options are presented as 5-point (as well as a single 11-point) rating scales. The results of the questions are used to calculate two summary scores: a Global Physical Health Score and a Global Mental Health score. These scores are then standardized to the general population, using the T-Score. The average T-Score for the United States population is 50 points, with a standard deviation of 10 points. Higher scores indicate a healthier patient. | post-op month 24 | 
| International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective form | The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKCD) subjective form will be used to assess knee-specific functional abilities. The IKDC is a patient-completed tool, which contains sections on knee symptoms (7 items), function (2 items), and sports activities (2 items). Scores range from 0 points (lowest level of function or highest level of symptoms) to 100 points (highest level of function and lowest level of symptoms). | pre-op | 
| International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective form | The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKCD) subjective form will be used to assess knee-specific functional abilities. The IKDC is a patient-completed tool, which contains sections on knee symptoms (7 items), function (2 items), and sports activities (2 items). Scores range from 0 points (lowest level of function or highest level of symptoms) to 100 points (highest level of function and lowest level of symptoms). | post-op month 6 | 
| International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective form | The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKCD) subjective form will be used to assess knee-specific functional abilities. The IKDC is a patient-completed tool, which contains sections on knee symptoms (7 items), function (2 items), and sports activities (2 items). Scores range from 0 points (lowest level of function or highest level of symptoms) to 100 points (highest level of function and lowest level of symptoms). | post-op month 12 | 
| International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective form | The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKCD) subjective form will be used to assess knee-specific functional abilities. The IKDC is a patient-completed tool, which contains sections on knee symptoms (7 items), function (2 items), and sports activities (2 items). Scores range from 0 points (lowest level of function or highest level of symptoms) to 100 points (highest level of function and lowest level of symptoms). | post-op 24 | 
| Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) | The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) will be used to assess functional limitations due to patellofemoral joint pain. This will be necessary to evaluate as the BPBT graft is harvested from the patellar and may affect the function of the patellofemoral joint. KOOS-PF is an 11 item patient reported outcome, with each item rated as Never/none = 0, Monthly/mild = 1, Weekly/moderate = 2, Daily/severe = 3, Always/extreme = 4. The mean score is calculated for the 11 items, and divided by the maximum possible score for each item (i.e. 4). Traditionally in orthopedics, 100 indicates no problems and 0 indicates extreme problems. The normalized score is transformed to meet this standard. | pre-op | 
| Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) | The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) will be used to assess functional limitations due to patellofemoral joint pain. This will be necessary to evaluate as the BPBT graft is harvested from the patellar and may affect the function of the patellofemoral joint. KOOS-PF is an 11 item patient reported outcome, with each item rated as Never/none = 0, Monthly/mild = 1, Weekly/moderate = 2, Daily/severe = 3, Always/extreme = 4. The mean score is calculated for the 11 items, and divided by the maximum possible score for each item (i.e. 4). Traditionally in orthopedics, 100 indicates no problems and 0 indicates extreme problems. The normalized score is transformed to meet this standard. | post-op month 6 | 
| Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) | The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) will be used to assess functional limitations due to patellofemoral joint pain. This will be necessary to evaluate as the BPBT graft is harvested from the patellar and may affect the function of the patellofemoral joint. KOOS-PF is an 11 item patient reported outcome, with each item rated as Never/none = 0, Monthly/mild = 1, Weekly/moderate = 2, Daily/severe = 3, Always/extreme = 4. The mean score is calculated for the 11 items, and divided by the maximum possible score for each item (i.e. 4). Traditionally in orthopedics, 100 indicates no problems and 0 indicates extreme problems. The normalized score is transformed to meet this standard. | post-op month 12 | 
| Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) | The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Patellofemoral Pain (KOOS-PF) will be used to assess functional limitations due to patellofemoral joint pain. This will be necessary to evaluate as the BPBT graft is harvested from the patellar and may affect the function of the patellofemoral joint. KOOS-PF is an 11 item patient reported outcome, with each item rated as Never/none = 0, Monthly/mild = 1, Weekly/moderate = 2, Daily/severe = 3, Always/extreme = 4. The mean score is calculated for the 11 items, and divided by the maximum possible score for each item (i.e. 4). Traditionally in orthopedics, 100 indicates no problems and 0 indicates extreme problems. The normalized score is transformed to meet this standard. | post-op month 24 | 
| Marx Activity Scale | The Marx Activity scale will be used to assess frequency and intensity of athletic participation. The Marx Scale consists of four questions concerning four activities or actions: running, cutting, deceleration, and pivoting. The patient or survey respondent is asked to report on the frequency with which they performed the activity in their healthiest state within the past year. The maximum score is 16 points, the closer the score is to 16 the higher the intensity and frequency of activity. | pre-op | 
| Marx Activity Scale | The Marx Activity scale will be used to assess frequency and intensity of athletic participation. The Marx Scale consists of four questions concerning four activities or actions: running, cutting, deceleration, and pivoting. The patient or survey respondent is asked to report on the frequency with which they performed the activity in their healthiest state within the past year. The maximum score is 16 points, the closer the score is to 16 the higher the intensity and frequency of activity. | post-op month 6 | 
| Marx Activity Scale | The Marx Activity scale will be used to assess frequency and intensity of athletic participation. The Marx Scale consists of four questions concerning four activities or actions: running, cutting, deceleration, and pivoting. The patient or survey respondent is asked to report on the frequency with which they performed the activity in their healthiest state within the past year. The maximum score is 16 points, the closer the score is to 16 the higher the intensity and frequency of activity. | post-op month 12 | 
| Marx Activity Scale | The Marx Activity scale will be used to assess frequency and intensity of athletic participation. The Marx Scale consists of four questions concerning four activities or actions: running, cutting, deceleration, and pivoting. The patient or survey respondent is asked to report on the frequency with which they performed the activity in their healthiest state within the past year. The maximum score is 16 points, the closer the score is to 16 the higher the intensity and frequency of activity. | post-op month 24 |