The Effect of Cold Exposure on Energy Expenditure

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Cold-induced thermogenesis, or the increase in energy expenditure upon cold exposure, indicates metabolic stress, as such, cold-induced thermogenesis may signal an appropriate stimulus to improve metabolic health. Cold acclimation may alter cold-induced thermogenesis due to changes in (non)shivering thermogenesis and blood flow. The main aim of this research is to compare the energy expenditure responses, during a standardised cold stress (  9°C air temperature, maximum 1 hour), of Siberian adults with Western European adults. The subjects will be individually matched for age, sex, body mass and height. It was hypothesised that cold-induced thermogenesis will be reduced in the Siberian population.

Official Title
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Cold-induced Thermogenesis in Adults From Siberia and Western Europe

Conditions
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Cold Exposure

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Cold exposure


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Signed informed consent Western European origin or of Siberian origin BMI between 18.5 and 35 kg/m2 Generally healthy (determined by dependent physician) Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Active, uncontrolled cardiovascular disease or cancer Raynaud's disease Participation in another biomedical study within 1 month before the first study Cold-acclimated (Western European group), such as takes daily extended cold baths, works in a refrigerated environment, or regular cold-water swimming within 1 month of starting the study Medication use known to hamper subject's safety during study procedures Abuse of alcohol or drugs

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Other: Cold exposure applied to Western European individuals<br>Participants rested under thermoneutral conditions for 30 min, which was then followed by exposure to   9°C air temperature for a maximum of 1 hour. Same duration as matched Siberian individuals. | Other: Cold exposure<br>* Cold air exposure (  9°C, maximum 1 hour duration)<br>|
| Other: Cold exposure applied to Siberian individuals<br>Participants rested under thermoneutral conditions for 30 min, which was then followed by exposure to   9°C air temperature for a maximum of 1 hour. Same duration as matched European individuals. | Other: Cold exposure<br>* Cold air exposure (  9°C, maximum 1 hour duration)<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cold-induced thermogenesis | Energy expenditure with indirect calorimetry | 30 min before and during the cold exposure (maximum 1 hour) | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Skin temperature | Skin temperature determined with iButtons, measured in °C | 30 min before and during the cold exposure (maximum 1 hour) | 
| Core temperature | Core temperature determined with a gastrointestinal pill, measured in °C | 30 min before and during the cold exposure (maximum 1 hour) | 
| Shivering activity | Electromyography will be used to measure the electrical activity of 3 skeletal muscles | 30 min before and during the cold exposure (maximum 1 hour) | 
| Substrate oxidation | Carbohydrate and fat oxidation will be determined with indirect calorimetry | 30 min before and during the cold exposure (maximum 1 hour) | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Cold exposure, Energy expenditure