Proactive Population Health Strategy to Offer Tobacco Dependence Treatment to Smokers

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Health care systems are key channels for delivering tobacco cessation treatment to the smokers in a population. A population-based approach could complement office-based care and offload busy clinicians. The project will conduct population-based proactive outreach to current smokers in a health care system's primary care practices and randomize smokers who respond to the outreach to 3 groups: 2 alternative evidence-based cessation resources or to usual care. Specific Aims: Aim 1: To determine the feasibility and reach of the program Aim 2a: To determine whether the 2 intervention arms combined increase the proportion of smokers who use tobacco cessation treatment over a 6-month follow-up compared to those randomized to usual clinical care. Aim 2b: To determine whether each of the two intervention arms increases the proportion of smokers who use tobacco cessation treatment over a 6-month follow-up, compared to those receiving usual clinical care.

Detailed Description
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Health care systems are key channels for delivering tobacco cessation treatment to the smokers in a population. Current health care system approaches require busy clinicians with many competing demands on their time to initiate treatment in the course of clinical encounter. A population-based approach is an alternative that could complement office-based care and offload busy clinicians. The ongoing evolution of the health care system is making this more feasible with adoption of electronic health records (EHR) that document patients' smoking status in a coded field. This facilitates the creation of a registry of smokers who can be offered tobacco treatment proactively. However, the optimal way to implement a proactive population health strategy for tobacco users is unclear. The goal of the project is to implement a population-based proactive outreach program to current smokers in a health care system's primary care practices. The program will Proactively contact smokers independent of their health care visits and Connect smokers who respond to evidence-based tobacco cessation resources available in the health care system and/or community. The study aims of the study are to: Aim 1: To determine the feasibility and reach of the program. Aim 2a: To determine whether the two intervention arms combined increase the proportion of smokers who use tobacco cessation treatment over a 6-month follow-up, compared to those receiving usual clinical care. Aim 2b: To determine whether each of the two interventions increases the proportion of smokers who use tobacco cessation treatment over a 6-month follow-up, compared to those receiving usual clinical care. Exploratory aim: To compare the 7-day point prevalence smoking cessation rate in each intervention arm to usual care.

Official Title
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Proactive Population Health Strategy to Offer Tobacco Dependence Treatment to Smokers in a Primary Care Practice Network

Conditions
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Smoking, Tobacco

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Internal Care Coordination
* Behavioral: External Community Referral
* Behavioral: Usual Care


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Seen at a participating Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Primary Care practice within the linkage cohort time period Current Smoker as reported within the year based upon structured field in the health monitoring section of the electronic health record, or problem list term Listed telephone number Exclusion Criteria: Excluded by primary care provider No telephone in electronic health record or at primary care provider's office Non-English speaking Problem list has a diagnosis of dementia, psychosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, delirium, schizoaffective disorder, or suicidal tendencies.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Internal Care Coordination<br>The smoker will be connected to a Tobacco Care Coordinator who is based centrally within the health care system but has ready access via EHR, email, and telephone with staff in each primary care practice. | Behavioral: Internal Care Coordination<br>* This individual will primarily initiate, guide, and optimize adherence to the care that others deliver, rather than providing direct care his or herself. S/he will call the smoker to conduct a brief assessment of tobacco use and readiness to quit, offer brief counseling and motivational intervention, describe the available pharmacologic and behavioral options, help the smoker to choose among them, and link the smoker to chosen resources. The resources offered will include both internal (health care system based) and external (community based) tobacco cessation resources.<br>|
| Experimental: External Community Referral<br>This intervention will connect the smoker directly via warm transfer to a the Massachusetts Smokers Helpline operated by National Jewish Health, which will provide its standard services to smokers. | Behavioral: External Community Referral<br>* Massachusetts (MA) Helpline services include an assessment of smoking history and readiness to quit, advice to quit, self-help materials and telephone counseling. For smokers who set a quit date in the next 30 days, the Helpline offers up to 5 proactive telephone counseling calls with options for text messaging and web-based resources. It also provides eligible smokers 4 weeks of free nicotine patch or gum mailed to their home.<br>|
| Other: Usual Care<br>Passive referral to quitline and referral to primary care physician. | Behavioral: Usual Care<br>* Participants will be given the number to the MA Smokers Helpline and advised to contact their primary care provider for additional assistance in quitting smoking.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Proportion of patients who are provided any evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment (as defined below), comparing pooled intervention groups (Internal Care Coordination + External Community Referral) vs Usual Care | Any tobacco cessation treatment was defined as any of the following: (1) in-person visit with the practice-based tobacco counselor; (2) completion of >1 Quitline counseling call (excluding the initial registration call in which the participant was transferred from the interactive voice response [IVR] system); (3) telephone contact with the study's Tobacco Coach (excluding the initial call after enrollment); (4) outpatient prescription for nicotine replacement, bupropion, or varenicline in the EHR; or (5) provision of nicotine replacement by the Quitline. Information was obtained from the EHR, research program records, practice-based tobacco counselor records, and the Quitline provider, National Jewish Health | 6 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Proportion of patients who are provided any evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment (defined below), comparing Internal Care Coordination vs. Usual Care | Any tobacco cessation treatment was defined as any of the following: (1) in-person visit with the practice-based tobacco counselor; (2) completion of >1 Quitline counseling call (excluding the initial registration call in which the participant was transferred from the IVR system); (3) telephone contact with the study's Tobacco Coach (excluding the initial call after enrollment); (4) outpatient prescription for nicotine replacement, bupropion, or varenicline in the EHR; or (5) provision of nicotine replacement by the Quitline. Information was obtained from the EHR, research program records, practice-based tobacco counselor records, and the Quitline provider, National Jewish Health | 6 months | 
| Proportion of patients who are provided any evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment (defined below), comparing External Community Referral vs. Usual Care | Treatment defined as above | 6 months | 
| Proportion of patients who are provided any evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment (defined below), comparing Internal Care Coordination vs. External Community Referral | Treatment defined as above | 6 months | 
| Proportion of patients reporting cigarette abstinence for the past 7 days (point-prevalence abstinence measure) | Proportion of patients who report that they have not smoked a cigarette in the past 7 days on a telephone survey (point-prevalence abstinence measure) | 6 months |