Biofeedback of Glucose in Non-diabetic Participants

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This research examines whether biofeedback of glucose (i.e., knowledge of one's own glucose levels) in non-diabetic participants affects their health behaviours (e.g., eating, nutrition, exercise, etc.). This study utilizes wearable continuous glucose (CGM) technology, which provides personalized feedback to participants to allow them to self-monitor their own glucose levels.

Detailed Description
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The purpose of this research is to examine whether self-monitoring and biofeedback of glucose levels improves health outcomes in non-diabetic participants. All participants will receive a continuous flash glucose monitor (consisting of an adhesive patch sensor and a handheld reader device) to wear for 14 days. Participants will be randomized into one of 2 groups: those receiving biofeedback (the ability to visualize their glucose levels via the handheld device), and the control group (receiving no biofeedback because the handheld device monitor will be occluded with black tape). Participants' objective and self-report health metrics will be measured before and after the 14-day intervention. The goal is to examine whether the biofeedback condition influences any daily activities or physiological measurements compared to the control condition, as a direct result of self-monitoring glucose levels.

Official Title
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Biofeedback of Glucose in Non-diabetic Participants

Conditions
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Blood Glucose, Biofeedback

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Biofeedback / No biofeedback


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: - Exclusion Criteria: Below the age of 18 years Diagnosis of any known chronic or acute medical disease (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, influenza, pneumonia, etc.) Diagnosis of any known neurological disease or psychological disorder (e.g., brain lesion, epilepsy, anxiety, eating disorder, mood disorder, sleep disorder, etc.) Any implanted electrical medical device (e.g., pacemaker, insulin pump, deep brain stimulator, etc.) Suspected or confirmed pregnancy Currently breastfeeding Use of antibiotics in the three months prior to enrollment Any person planning to undergo a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) scan, or high-frequency electrical heat (diathermy) treatment during the duration of the study

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Sham Comparator: Control<br>Those receiving no visual feedback because the handheld device monitor will be occluded with black tape (the control group). | Behavioral: Biofeedback / No biofeedback<br>* Biofeedback / No biofeedback<br>|
| Experimental: Test<br>Those receiving the ability to visualize their glucose levels via the handheld device (the biofeedback group). | Behavioral: Biofeedback / No biofeedback<br>* Biofeedback / No biofeedback<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Weight in kg | Weight in kg | 2 weeks | 
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | Height in cm and weight in kg will be used to calculate BMI | 2 weeks | 
| Body fat % | Using a smart scale | 2 weeks | 
| Resting heart rate | Using a sphygmomanometer with heart rate sensor | 2 weeks | 
| Resting blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) | Using a sphygmomanometer | 2 weeks | 
| Self-reported positive and negative affect | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al., 1988). The scale consists of 20 items (10 for Positive Affect; 10 for Negative Affect), with each item rated on a 5-point scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely). Items are summed for Positive affect and Negative affect, with higher scores indicating a higher level of affect in each respective scale. | 2 weeks | 
| Self-reported general health | 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12; Ware et al., 1996). The scale measures overall general self-reported physical and mental health using 12 items, on 2 to 6-point ordinal scales. The range of possible total scores is 12 to 48, with higher scores indicating better health. | 2 weeks | 
| Self-reported perceived stress | Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983; Cohen & Williamson, 1988). This is a 4-item scale that measures overall stress with each item evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. The range of possible total scores is 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating more stress. | 2 weeks | 
| Self-reported sleep quality | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989). This is a 19-item scale that measures self-reported sleep quality and sleep disturbances, comprised of open-ended questions and scaled items evaluated on a 4-point Likert scale. The range of possible total scores is 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality. | 2 weeks | 
| Self-reported general well-being | Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985). This is a 5-item scale that measures overall well-being with each item evaluated on a 7-point Likert scale. The range of possible total scores is 5 to 35, with higher scores indicating higher well-being. | 2 weeks |