The Role of Programmed Death Ligand -1 (Pdl-1) in Lung Cancer

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study was designed to investigate the correlation of lung cancer tissue expression of both PDL-1-mRNA ,vitamin D receptor (VDR) and level of vit.D in sera of lung cancer patients.These three biochemical markers may interact and play a role in lung cancer progression.

Detailed Description
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In 2018, it represented 11.6% of total cancer cases and 18.4% of total cancer deaths, making it the most frequent cancer and cause of cancer death in men and women combined .In Egypt, Lung cancer represents the most lethal malignancy and the fourth most common cancer in men.It is relatively more common in men. This gender difference in incidence is mainly due to differences in tobacco smoking rates, as smoking represents the major risk factor of this disease. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) (Entrez Gene: 29126) and its ligand, programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) are new members of the CD28/B7 stimulatory superfamily. They mediate a negative signal, which inhibits functioning and proliferation of T and B cells, and reduce interleukin-2(IL-2), IL-10, and interferon-γ secretions.This inhibitory pathway is closely related to tumor progression, it provides an immune escape for tumor cells through cytotoxic T-cell inactivation. It plays an important role in the microenvironment of the tumor progress.Expression of this gene in tumor cells is prognostic in many types of human malignancies.Interaction of this ligand with its receptor inhibits T-cell activation and cytokine production. During infection or inflammation of normal tissue, this interaction is important for preventing autoimmunity by maintaining homeostasis of the immune response with local immune tolerance to tumors. The biologically active form of Vit D, namely calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D ), is generated when 25(OH)D is hydroxylated in the kidneys by the cytochrome 1-α- hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27B1) (RXR) Yet, Vit. D has controversial effects; it has been shown to induce apoptosis of cancer cells and likely to play a promising role in cancer therapy.Numerous studies have proposed a strong relationship between low serum Vit. D levels and increased risk of cancer, especially by the strongest evidence in breast and colorectal cancer. The biological actions as anti-cancer effects of calcitriol are mostly exerted through genomic actions mediated by the VDR and its existence in the numerous tumor tissues is suggestive of its role in tumor genesis.The VDR is a member of the nuclear receptor/steroid hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors function as ligand-activated, transcriptional regulatory proteins.VDR/RXR complex translocates into the nucleus and induces the transcription of phosphoinositide phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) through interaction with Vit.D responsive element (VDRE) on specific genes. There is an up-regulation of VDR upon exposure to Vit.D. The anti-proliferative and pro differentiating effects of Vit.D are mostly mediated through the nuclear VDR.In many types of cancers, decreased VDR expression has been found in advanced neoplasms.It was demonstrated a differential expression of VDR (nuclear/cytoplasm) in progression of normal to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, we aimed to detect tissue PDL-1, VDR expression levels and serum Vit.D levels as biomarkers for the early detection of LC, investigating the correlations between these biochemical indices and the clinicopathological features, and different risk factors in lung cancer patients.

Official Title
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The Role of Programmed Death Ligand -1 (Pdl-1) in Lung Cancer

Conditions
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Lung Cancer

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Observational Study ( Tissue Biopsy )


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: newly diagnosed histopathologically proven stage I and II lung cancer. Exclusion Criteria: : patients who have pulmonary secondaries or metastasis (usually multiple and widespread tumors), and who received treatment for lung cancer or those suffering from other malignancies elsewhere were excluded from the current study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| case<br>54 patients with early stage lung (stage I, II) cancer (Group 1) were selected from the Chest Department of Assiut University Hospital, | Other: Observational Study ( Tissue Biopsy )<br>* control study includes a total of 90 subjects. Of them 54 patients with early stage lung (stage I, II) cancer (Group 1) were selected from the Chest Department of Assiut University Hospital, besides 36 healthy controls; who were clinically suspicious with chest masses and proven histopathologically to be negative cancer (Group 2).obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy<br>|
| control<br>besides 36 healthy controls; who were clinically suspicious with chest masses and proven histopathologically to be negative cancer (Group 2). | Other: Observational Study ( Tissue Biopsy )<br>* control study includes a total of 90 subjects. Of them 54 patients with early stage lung (stage I, II) cancer (Group 1) were selected from the Chest Department of Assiut University Hospital, besides 36 healthy controls; who were clinically suspicious with chest masses and proven histopathologically to be negative cancer (Group 2).obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| measuring expression of PDL-1,VDR in cancer patients and healthy control. | we measured PDL-1 and VDR expressions by real time q-PCR, in lung cancer tissues from patients with stage I and II LC and healthy controls who were clinically suspicious with chest masses and proven histopathologically to be negative cancer . | through study completion, an average of 1 year. | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| measuring serum Vit D level by EIA method | The level of serum Vitamin D (Vit.D) were assessed by EIA method.in lung cancer tissues from patients with stage I and II LC and healthy controls who were clinically suspicious with chest masses and proven histopathologically to be negative cancer . | through study completion, an average of 1 year. |