The Patient Expectation in Dry Needling and Analgesia

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study will evaluate placebo mechanisms related to dry needling(DN) trying to determinate whether an additive effect occurs when DN is provided with an instructional set known to enhance placebo analgesia. External manipulation of patient expectation for receiving DN will be performed, in a similar way as has been already done in studies investigating the influence of expectation on spinal manipulative therapy interventions. The main purpose of this study will be therefore to determine, for the first time, how subjects' expectation about the effect of DN influences the resultant hypoalgesia. Analgesic effects of DN will be assessed using the conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm, which has not been previously evaluated in relation to DN.

Detailed Description
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Just before DN intervention, participants will receive a positive or a neutral expectation instructional set regarding effects of a DN technique on pain perception. This instructional set will be randomly allocated to each patient. Participants in the positive expectation group will be told that DN procedure: is a very effective form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain and it is expected to reduce your perception of pressure pain. Participants in the neutral expectation group will be told that DN procedure: is a form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain that has unknown effects on your perception of pressure pain. DN intervention An experienced and trained physical therapist will provide DN to all the subjects. This researcher will be blinded to the specific expectation instructional set the participant receives. Participants will receive one session of DN treatment for the active Myofascial Trigger Points(MTrP) located at the upper trapezius muscle. They will be placed in a prone position on the examination table. Solid filament needles of 0.30 mm diameter and 40 mm length will be used. The needle will be inserted into the skin over the palpated MTrP using pincer palpation, and slowly advanced perpendicularly until it reaches the MTrP and a twitch response is elicited.

Official Title
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The Influence of Patient Expectation in Dry Needling Induced Analgesia

Conditions
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Neck Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Dry needling with positives expectation
* Procedure: Dry needling with neutral expectation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: neck pain (≥3 months of duration) VAS of 4-5 of pain. Presence of at least one active MTrP located at the upper trapezius. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with previous cervical spine or shoulder surgery. Cervical spine radiculopathy or myelopathy. Systemic disease. Fibromyalgia. Pregnancy. Using sedative drugs. Needle phobia. Bleeding disorder. anticoagulant medication. Previous experience with DN for myofascial pain. Skin lesion and infection or inflammatory oedema at the MTrPs site

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Positive expectative<br>Participants in the positive expectation group will be told that DN procedure: is a very effective form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain and it is expected to reduce your perception of pressure pain | Procedure: Dry needling with positives expectation<br>* DN procedure: is a very effective form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain and it is expected to reduce your perception of pressure pain<br>|
| Experimental: Neutral expectatives<br>Participants in the neutral expectation group will be told that DN procedure: is a form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain that has unknown effects on your perception of pressure pain | Procedure: Dry needling with neutral expectation<br>* DN procedure: is a form of treatment used to treat neck-shoulder pain that has unknown effects on your perception of pressure pain<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pain Intensity: Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | The investigators use a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to determine the intensity of the patient's current pain before, during DN and immediately after DN. We will follow the paradigm of Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm. CPM will be induced by inflating an occlusion cuff (conditioning stimulus) at the arm, at the opposite side from the affected upper trapezius.The VAS is a 100-mm line, oriented horizontally, with one end representing no pain(the best value) and the other end representing worst pain (the worse value). Subjects will be asked to rate their current pain with a mark on the scale. | Change from Baseline at after intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) | The PPT serves to determine the sensitivity of hiperalgesic focus. The investigators will done it with one algometer. Lower values are a worse result. Higher values are a better result. | Change up 1 hour | 
| Dry needling pain | The investigators use a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to determine the intensity of the patient's pain during DN intervention.The VAS is a 100-mm line, oriented horizontally, with one end representing no pain (the best value) and the other end representing worst pain (the worse value). Subjects will be asked to rate their current dry needling pain with a mark on the scale. | Change up 1 hour | 
| Dry needling anxiety | The investigators use a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to determine the anxiety of the patient during DN.The VAS is a 100-mm line, oriented horizontally, with one end representing no anxiety(the best value) and the other end representing worst anxiety(the worse value). Subjects were asked to rate their current dry needling anxiety with a mark on the scale | Change up 1 hour |