Smartphone Addiction and Muscular Disorder

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Background and aim: The use of smartphones, which has reached the level of addiction causes some physical and psychological health problems. The aim was to examine the musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremities of mobile phone addiction in a population of young adults. Methods: The study is a cross sectional research conducted on students of a university in İstanbul between December 2018-October 2020. The level of addiction was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form (SAS-SF). The posture of participants was evaluated by New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPRC), mostly usage smartphone posture, forward head and myofascial trigger points were questioned according to Simon and Travel criteria. Mann-Whitney U test Pearson's chi-squared test were used for analyzing the data.

Official Title
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The Effect of Smartphone Addiction on the Musculoskeletal System

Conditions
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Myofascial Trigger Point

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: EVALUATION


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: used smartphones volunteered to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: having any history of trauma at the neck region within the last six months, taking any treatment for trigger points within the last 3 months having a history of neck surgery.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Intervention/Treatment |
| --- |
|Other: EVALUATION|The level of addiction was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Form (SAS-SF). The posture of participants was evaluated by New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPRC), mostly usage smartphone posture, forward head and myofascial trigger points were questioned according to Simon and Travel criteria. Mann-Whitney U test Pearson's chi-squared test were used for analyzing the data.|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Smartphone Addiction | Smartphone Addictive Scale - Short Form (SAS - SF) that developed by Kwan et al. (2013), was used for the assessment of smartphone addiction. The cut off value of SAS-SF are 31 for men, 33 for women (6). The Turkish translated version of the SAS - SF is a reliable, consistent and valid instrument | Baseline | 
| Posture | The posture of the participants was assessed by using the New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPRC). In this evaluation method, postural changes that may occur in 13 different parts of the body (head, neck, shoulder, scapula, upper thoracic, waist, rips, abdomen, hips, knees, legs, feet and toe) are observed and scored. Each body segment was scored on the scale of; 5 (correct posture), 3 (slight deviation), or 1 (pronounced deviation). Higher points show better postural alignment | Baseline | 
| myofascial trigger point | The presence of myofascial trigger points were questioned by Simon and Travel's criteria in the sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboid, infraspinatus and cervical extensor muscles. These criteria were -The presence of a tender spot in a taut band or nodules of skeletal muscle; -Subject recognition of pain upon palpation of a tender spot; -Subject referred pain pattern; -The presence of a local twitch response | Baseline | 
| Forward head posture | Forward head postures of the participants were evaluated by measuring the tragus to wall distance with a tape measure. For forward head posture, the patients were measured in standing position, leaning against the back wall, in free posture | Baseline | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Smartphone, mobile phone addiction, myofascial trigger point, forward head