SMOFlipid and Incidence of BPD in Preterm Infants

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Despite many advances in neonatal care in the recent years, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to be the major cause of chronic lung morbidity in infants. The pathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial; however, inflammation remains the central pathway for all risk factors. Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFAs) from fish oil are known to down-regulate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Currently used soybean-based fatty acid emulsion (Intralipid) contains mainly n6-LCPUFA. Intralipid does not maintain the in-utero balanced LCPUFA accretion. Furthermore, Intralipid has been shown to increase free radical production and to be associated with BPD. A new fatty acid emulsion enriched with n3-LCPUFA (SMOFlipid) improves the fatty acid profile and reduces pro-inflammatory agents. This project aims primarily to study whether SMOFlipid can lower the rate of BPD in preterm infants compared to Intralipid.

Detailed Description
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Intravenous lipid emulsions (IVLEs) is a core component of parenteral nutrition (PN) for providing calories and essential fatty acids. Until recently, Intralipid was the only available IVLE in North America. For a long time now, the use of Intralipid has been described to be associated with the development of BPD. Lack of sufficient lipid clearance in premature infants, augmented oxidative stress, deficiency of anti-inflammatory agents, and elevated pulmonary artery pressure have all shown to be potential causes for lung injury during the use of Intralipid. Intralipid, made mainly of soybean oil, contains high amounts of n6-LCPUFA and low amounts of n3-LCPUFA. This results in prostaglandin synthesis favoring pro-inflammatory products and amplified oxidative stress. Current evidence indicates that well-balanced fatty acid supply is a crucial factor to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The concern about unbalanced n6:n3 ratio has led to the development of novel IVLEs, like SMOFlipid. SMOFlipid is composed of a mixture of soybean oil (30%), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) (30%), olive oil (25%) and fish oil (15%). The combination of soybean oil and fish oil allows delivering balanced LCPUFA with n6:n3 ratio of 2.5:1 and provides sufficient amounts of the preformed n3-LCPUFA. Interventions that improve n3-LCPUFA status have been shown to reduce pulmonary inflammation in animal models. In humans, a study on extremely preterm infants has revealed a rapid decline in the n3-LCPUFA in the first week of life despite the use of Intralipid. Early restoration of an adequate ratio of LCPUFA to inhibit inflammation has gained interest in recent years. In an observational study by Skouroliakou et al., very low birth weight infants receiving SMOFlipid within 48 hours of birth and for at least 7 days had a lower incidence of BPD compared to the Intralipid control group. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 randomized control trials (7 compared SMOFlipid to Intralipid) was conducted to evaluate safety and efficacy of fish oil-enriched IVLEs in preterm infants. Infants who received fish oil-enriched IVLEs had significantly higher RBC membrane DHA and EPA. The meta-analysis showed no difference in all-cause mortality and overall complication rate in 238 infants receiving fish oil-enriched IVLEs. However, all the studies included in this meta-analysis were small. Furthermore, the studies focused mainly on laboratory findings, and did not aim to study effect on inflammation, oxidative stress or clinical outcomes. Studies from critically ill adults in intensive care units exhibited a reduction in the duration of hospitalization and ventilator days, a risk factor for lung injury, when using n3-LCPUFA enriched IVLEs.

Official Title
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Does Parenteral Omega-3 Enriched Lipid Emulsion Reduce Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants

Conditions
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Very Low Birth Weight Infant, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: n3-LCPUFA enriched Intravenous Lipid Emulsion


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Preterm infants born <30 weeks and admitted to NICU at Foothills Medical Centre in the first 24 hours of life. Anticipated duration of PN for >7 days Exclusion Criteria: Infants with congenital anomalies Infants with suspected inborn errors of metabolism or family history of inborn error of metabolism Perinatal asphyxia Evidence of congenital infection Primary biliary atresia

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 1 Hour
Maximum Age: 48 Hours

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Control group<br>Conventional IVLE (Intralipid) from D0 at 1g/kg/day and increase by 1 g/kg daily till reaching 3 g/kg/day. | |
| Experimental: Experimental group<br>n3-LCPUFA enriched IVLE (SMOFlipid) from D0 at 1g/kg/day and increase by 1 g/kg daily till reaching 3 g/kg/day. | Other: n3-LCPUFA enriched Intravenous Lipid Emulsion<br>* To start from D0 at 1g/kg/day and increase by 1 g/kg daily till reaching 3 g/kg/day.<br>* Other names: SMOFlipid;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| The incidence of Bronchopulmonary Disease | According to Child Health and Human Development with classification to mild, moderate and severe. | 36 weeks corrected gestational age | 
| Fatty acid profile | Determine serum fatty acids levels (μmol/L). | First 3 weeks of life | 
| Pro-inflammatory cytokine response | Compare pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (pg/mL) | First 3 weeks of life | 
| Lipid peroxidation measure 1 | Malondialdehyde (MDA, μmol/L) in blood | First 3 weeks of life | 
| Lipid peroxidation measure 2 | 8-isoprostane levels (pg/mL) in blood | First 3 weeks of life | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Incidence of Cholestasis | Direct bilirubin more than 34 mmol/L | Up to 36 weeks corrected gestational age or discharge | 
| Weight gain velocity | Change in weight Z scores | Up to 36 weeks corrected gestational age or discharge | 
| Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity | Defined as stage 2 or higher according to the international classification or requiring treatment. | Up to 36 weeks corrected gestational age or discharge | 
| Incidence of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability | Defined by 1 or more of the following: moderate to severe motor impairment cerebral palsy (CP) or non-CP) with a GMFCS level ≥2, a BSID III cognitive score of <70, severe visual impairment (bilateral blindness with vision <20/200), or severe hearing impairment (permanent hearing loss that interferes with ability to understand or communicate with or without amplification). | 18-22 months corrected gestational | 
| Incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) | Defined as grade 3 or higher | Up to 36 weeks corrected gestational age or discharge | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Intravenous lipid emulsions, SMOF, Preterm Infants