Role of Preoperative Carbohydrates Drinks, Dichloroacetate and Exercise on Postoperative Muscle Insulin Resistance

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The aim of the study is to investigate whether preoperative interventions such as carbohydrate drinks, Dichloroacetate and exercise would inhibit or reverse the changes in molecular mechanisms regulating muscle carbohydrate oxidation and postoperative muscle insulin resistance in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Forty patients undergoing open elective gastrointestinal surgery, will be randomized to four groups of 10 each. The patients will be randomised to receive either preoperative (1) oral carbohydrate drinks (CHO) or (2) infusion of Dichloroacetate with oral carbohydrate drinks (3) exercise or (4) standard care. Since the interventions are qualitatively different and only the physiological mechanisms are being studied rather than the clinical outcomes, the study is not blinded and no placebo is used. Analysis for cytokines, insulin, glucagon levels will be performed at screening, during surgery and on the 2nd postoperative day. Muscle biopsies will be taken at the beginning and end of surgery, from rectus abdominus and vastus lateralis muscles for analysis of mRNA (IL-6, TNF-α, Akt1, IRS-1, FOXO1, MAFbx, MURF1 and PDK4) and protein (MafBx, FOXO1, PDK4) expression and muscle metabolites (glycogen, lactate, triglycerides and FFA). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) to be performed at the screening visit and on the 2nd postoperative day using a standard protocol. The techniques to be employed to study the above will include RT-PCR, radioimmunoassay, spectophotometry, bioluminometry, Western blotting and ELISA. Primary outcome: The changes in indices of muscle insulin resistance and muscle protein breakdown at the beginning and at the end of surgery, in response to surgical stress. Secondary outcomes: (a) The expression of muscle metabolites, reflecting muscle protein turnover (b) Clinical Outcomes: Length of stay and incidence of postoperative complications.

Official Title
-----------------
Randomized Control Trial of Dichloroacetate, Preoperative Carbohydrate Loading and Moderate Intensity Exercise on Muscle Insulin Resistance After Major Abdominal Surgery

Conditions
-----------------
Insulin Resistance

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Drug: Dichloroacetate
* Dietary Supplement: Carbohydrate drinks
* Behavioral: Moderate intensity exercise


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: All patients over 18 years of age, who are undergoing major elective open abdominal surgery will be included in the study. Patients should be able to provide a written informed consent to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are Undergoing emergency surgery Suffering from chronic illness, (e.g. diabetes) or other debilitating diseases On long term anti-inflammatory drugs, (e.g. NSAIDS, Steroids, immunosuppressant) On long term antibiotics On Statins On full therapeutic dose of anticoagulants, or aspirin >325 mg/day, Clopidrogel >75mg/day Suffering from bleeding diathesis Unable to give consent Pregnant or breastfeeding.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Preoperative carbohydrate drinks<br>Patients who were randomised to carbohydrate group ingested 800ml PreOp (Nutricia Clinical Care, 12.5g CHO/100 ml) the night before and 400ml in the morning of surgery, about 2-3 hours before the induction of anaesthesia. | Dietary Supplement: Carbohydrate drinks<br>* preoperative carbohydrate drinks<br>|
| Active Comparator: Dichloroacetate infusion<br>The patients in the dichloroacetate group received the CHO drinks as well as an intravenous infusion of DCA (50mg/kg body weight) over 45 min, one- two hours before the induction of anaesthesia. | Drug: Dichloroacetate<br>* Dichloroacetate, an analog of acetic acid has been shown to increase the activation of PDC by inhibiting PDK4 in humans. This drug is expected to shift the metabolism of pyruvate from glycolysis and towards oxidative pathway in the mitochondria<br>* Other names: sodium dichloroacetate;|
| Active Comparator: Moderate intensity exercise<br>Patients randomised to exercise group, will perform a 30 min exercise using a semi-recumbent exercise bike, at about 70% of their age estimated heart rate(determined by the formula: (220-Age)*0.7 under close supervision and monitoring of their vital parameters. | Behavioral: Moderate intensity exercise<br>* 30 min exercise using a semi-recumbent exercise bike, at about 70% of their age estimated heart rate<br>|
| No Intervention: Control<br>Patients in this group will have surgery as standard practice with none of the above interventions | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| insulin resistance | Relative changes in indices of muscle insulin resistance namely PDC activity, PDK4 mRNA and protein expression. | 48 hours after surgery | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| muscle carbohydrate oxidation | Changes in muscle metabolites such as glycogen, glucose, lactate, reflecting the changes in skeletal muscle carbohydrate oxidation. | 48 hours after surgery | 
| Mitochondrial ATP production | Mitochondrial ATP production rates in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. | 48 hours after surgery |