Common Factors, Responsiveness and Outcome in Psychotherapy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The Common Factors, Responsiveness and Outcome of Psychotherapy (CROP) study is a naturalistic observational study at the University of Copenhagen (UCPH) carried out in cooperation with psychologists in the Danish practice sector or in private practice. The study aims to examine the contribution of client, therapist and treatment characteristics, as well as the role of therapists' responsiveness, on the process and outcome of psychotherapy. Participating psychologists and clients fill out background questionnaires prior to initiating therapy, and process data for each course of treatment is collected weekly and after each session while outcome data is collected at end of treatment and at three months follow-up. The psychologists are reimbursed DKK 1,000 per client that contributes to the study with at least three session questionnaires, which corresponds to the hourly salary of a psychologist in Danish private practice. All data is collected through an automated, online database to ensure appropriate anonymization and data management, and all participants give informed consent prior to participation. The CROP study has been approved by the UCPH's Department of Psychology's ethical review board and the Danish Data Protection Agency.

Detailed Description
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The aim of the Common factors, Responsiveness and Outcome in Psychotherapy study (CROP) is to determine client and psychologist characteristics and therapeutic processes associated with the outcome of psychotherapy delivered by psychologists in the Danish practice sector or in private practice. The study addresses two main questions. First, how are specific characteristics of clients and psychologists related to the outcome of therapy and do these characteristics moderate the outcome of different psychotherapeutic approaches? Second, to what extent do therapists adapt their approach to client characteristics and preferences and how does such responsiveness impact the process and outcome of therapy? The results from the study are directly relevant to psychologists and will be disseminated nationwide during and after the end of the study. The study is a naturalistic, observational study carried out in collaboration with psychologists in the Danish practice sector or in private practice. Self-report data is collected on the participating psychologists and their participating clients before psychotherapy, during psychotherapy (weekly and post-session) and after psychotherapy (at end of treatment and three months follow-up). The data is analyzed using multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling approaches. The study design and data management procedure have been approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and the Danish Data Protection Agency. All data are fully anonymized and stored in agreement with the Danish Act on Processing of Personal Data. All parts of the study are based on the principles of informed consent and clients are informed that they can terminate their participation in the study at any time without consequences to their treatment. The findings of the study will be presented in articles in international, peer-reviewed journals as well as to psychotherapy practitioners across Denmark.

Official Title
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Common Factors, Responsiveness and Outcome in Psychotherapy (CROP): Study Protocol for an Observational Study of Psychotherapy in Private Practice

Conditions
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Mental Health, Psychological Distress, General Psychotherapy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Psychotherapy treatment


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Above 18 of age and in individual psychotherapy Exclusion Criteria: severe psychoticism or other severe mental health issues.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 100 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Psychologists in Danish private practice<br>All psychologists with a Danish university degree in psychology who have registered themselves as seeing clients in private practice (app. 1,750) have been invited to participate in the study. Thus, the sample of psychologists consists of psychologists employed in the Danish practice sector, where clients obtain a refund of 60% of the psychologist's salary, as well as psychologists working privately without any reimbursement of their salaries. Each psychologist enrolled in the study has agreed to aim to recruit no less than 10 clients each for the study. We aim to include 100 psychologists, which will yield a sample of 1,000 clients beginning therapy. | Other: Psychotherapy treatment<br>* The psychotherapist will conduct psychotherapy as normally done by them in their practice. The treatment will thus be un-manualized and consist of a broad range of therapeutic orientations and treatment lengths.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in psychological symptoms measured by the BSI | The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) is a self-report scale consisting of 53 items covering nine symptom dimensions: Somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. | Change in psychological symptoms from baseline until end-of-treatment (an average of 7 months). | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in symptoms measured by the Symptom Checklist-11 | Symptom Checklist-11 (SCL-11) is a short, multidimensional outcome measure for the evaluation of therapeutic progress in psychotherapy, consisting of 11 items selected from the BSI using a stepwise item selection procedure | Every week while the client is in therapy, up until 25 weeks of therapy. | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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psychotherapy research, psychotherapy effect, psychotherapy process and outcome, therapist effects, therapy predictors and moderators, therapist responsiveness