Transcranial Direct-current Stimulation (tDCS) Efficacy in Refractory Cancer Pain.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Pain is a common symptom in palliative care cancer patients and is often insufficiently relieved. The 2010 INCA report showed that France is not an exception to this worldwide observation (synopsis of the 2010 national survey). This report shows that pain is the symptom that these patients fear the most and that it dramatically impacts their quality of life. These patients may experience nociceptive pain related to stimulation of sensory nerve endings by the tumour. When tumour resection is impossible, a symptomatic analgesic treatment is generally proposed, mainly consisting of administration of opioid analgesics. At high doses, this treatment induces adverse effects, especially drowsiness and psychomotor retardation that impair the patient's quality of life. They may also experience neuropathic pain, secondary to anatomical lesions or functional impairment of nerve structures (peripheral nerves or cerebral or spinal tracts) related to repeated surgical procedures and/or radiotherapy. This type of pain may respond to antiepileptic or antidepressant drugs. At high doses, these treatments also induce adverse effects fairly similar to those observed during treatment of nociceptive pain. As these two types of treatment often need to be coprescribed, these patients frequently present an almost permanent state of drowsiness at the end of life, preventing all normal activities of daily living. In recent years, noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques (transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS)) have been successfully used to treat chronic pain. It was shown that these NIBS techniques can improve pain in cancer patients in the palliative care setting.

Detailed Description
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tDCS appears to be more suitable than rTMS for the treatment of palliative care patients, who are often difficult to mobilize, as tDCS can be delivered at the patient's bedside and possibly even at home, which is not the case with rTMS. tDCS also appears to be rapidly effective (after 5 sessions) in the context of cancer pain, and this effect lasts longer than that of rTMS. The proposed treatment of refractory cancer pain by tDCS in palliative care patients is a new treatment modality that is well adapted to hospitalised patients. Each patient will receive 20 minutes of transcranial direct-current stimulation daily for 5 consecutive days. One arm will receive active stimulation and the control arm will receive sham stimulation. Patients and investigators will be blinded to the type of tDCS. By improving the patient's activities of daily living, this treatment will enable the patient to return home under good conditions for both the patient and the caregivers. This treatment can also be continued at home. This strategy is consistent with current guidelines in this field, in which the priorities are improvement of quality of life, return home and decreased workload for caregivers.

Official Title
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Efficacy Assessment of Transcranial Direct Current STIMulation (tDCS) in Reducing Pain in PALliative Cancer Patients.

Conditions
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Cancer Pain, Refractory Pain

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
* Device: Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion criteria Patient with a confirmed cancer at a palliative stage Pain whose mean intensity is greater than or equal to 4/10 in the 48 hours preceding inclusion Pain present on a daily or almost daily basis (at least 4 days out of 7) Pain that has been present for at least 48 hours before inclusion Patients aged 18 or over Patients who can be followed for the duration of the study (i.e. 3 weeks) Patients affiliated to a health insurance plan or entitled Life expectancy estimated at more than 3 weeks Agreeing to participate in the study and having signed an informed consent Exclusion criteria Inability to self-assess pain and complete self-questionnaires History of head trauma or neurosurgical injury Symptomatic intracranial hypertension (HTIC) Uncontrolled epilepsy Impossibility to correctly positioning the medical device Abuse of drugs or psychoactive substances, at the discretion of the investigator Current major depression or psychosis Pregnant or breastfeeding woman Patient already included in a research protocol on pain Patient under legal protection Absence of affiliation to a social security scheme Specific contraindication to tDCS (intracerebral metal implant) Patients deprived of liberty Patients undergoing psychiatric care.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Bicentre, double blinded, randomized, parallel-arm, sham-controlled trial
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Active tDCS<br>Active tDCS will be delivered daily for 5 consecutive days with the patient either sitting or lying down.A tDCS session generally lasts 20 minutes. | Device: Active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation<br>* tDCS consists of delivering a low-intensity (1 to 2 milliamperes) direct electrical current by means of a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode) applied to the scalp. Electrodes generally have a diameter (round electrode) or a diagonal (rectangular electrodes) ranging from 2 to 3.5 cm. To stimulate a given cortical zone, the anode is placed over of the selected zone, generally identified by means of an EEG headset (10/20 System Positioning). For the treatment of pain, the anode is placed over the primary motor cortex (M1) on the contralateral side to the pain or on the left side in patients with diffuse pain. The cathode is placed over a supposedly neutral cortical zone, usually the contralateral supraorbital cortex with respect to the anode. In this study, the stimulation intensity will be 1.5 mA using round sponge electrodes 3.5 cm in diameter.<br>* Other names: Active tDCS;|
| Sham Comparator: Sham tDCS<br>Sham tDCS will be delivered daily for 5 consecutive days with the patient either sitting or lying down.A tDCS session generally lasts 20 minutes. | Device: Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation<br>* The tDCS device has a Sham mode that allows for true placebo stimulation. A simulated session is thus designed as a real stimulation session without its effects. Sensations similar to tDCS are created by generating currents only at the start of the session. Same modalities as for the Active tDCS procedure will therefore be put in place: a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode) are applied to the scalp.To stimulate a given cortical zone, the anode is placed over of the selected zone, generally identified by means of an EEG headset (10/20 System Positioning). For the treatment of pain, the anode is placed over the primary motor cortex (M1) on the contralateral side to the pain or on the left side in patients with diffuse pain. The cathode is placed over a supposedly neutral cortical zone, usually the contralateral supraorbital cortex with respect to the anode.<br>* Other names: Sham tDCS;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Mean change in Pain Intensity on the Numerical Rating Scale | Pain intensity will be scored from 0 to 10 (0=No pain, 10 = worst pain) on the Numerical Rating Scale, 3 times daily. Mean variation of the pain NRS between the baseline assessment (Day -3 to Day -1) and the Day 8 assessment will be calculated and compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 8 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Immediate impact of each tDCS session on pain intensity | Change in Pain Numerical Rating Scale score measured before and after each tDCS session. | Day 0 up to Day 4 | 
| Response rate at the end of treatment | Efficacy of treatment, defined by a ≥ 20% reduction of the mean Numerical Rating Scale score between Baseline and Day 8. | Baseline up to Day 8 | 
| Residual analgesic effect | Pain Numerical Rating Scale scores will be measured 3 times daily. Mean Numerical Rating Scale score will be calculated and compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 14 | 
| Residual analgesic effect | Pain Numerical Rating Scale scores will be measured 3 times daily. Mean Numerical Rating Scale score will be calculated and compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 21 | 
| Effects of tDCS on pain | Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire, short form (BPI). Mean variations of scores will be compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 21 | 
| Effects of tDCS on general symptoms | Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS). Mean variations of scores will be compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 21 | 
| Effects of tDCS on anxiety and depression | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Mean variations of scores will be compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 21 | 
| Effects of tDCS on anxiety | (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) (STAI-Y). Mean variations of scores will be compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 21 | 
| Analgesic treatments consumption | Medication Quantification Scale (MQS). Mean variations of scores will be compared between arms. | Baseline up to Day 8 |