The Acute Effects of Interesterification of Commercially Used Fats on Postprandial Lipaemia and Satiety

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences in postprandial metabolic indices following interesterified fats used in commercial spreads versus the corresponding un-interesterified blend.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Aim: The current study aims to investigate the acute effects of commercially relevant interesterified 'hardstock' versus the corresponding un-interesterified blend on postprandial lipaemia, glycaemia, insulinaemia and gut hormone responses. Due to the previously observed differences in gut hormones following interesterified palm oil and un-interesterified palm oil by our group, we will also explore acute effects of these fats on satiety and rates of gastric emptying. Hypothesis: Interesterification of a palm kernel and palm stearin fat blend, to produce a fat with a higher proportion of palmitic acid in the middle position of the TAG (but the same fatty acid composition), will alter postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism. It is also hypothesised that differences in rates of absorption between the test fats will influence gut hormone responses and feelings of satiety. Subjects: Participants will include 10 healthy male volunteers. In order to determine the 'typical' response to the test fats, subjects must not be affected by metabolic syndrome in any way (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance or hypertension), they must be non-smokers (since smoking influences postprandial lipaemia), and be aged between the ages of 18 and 45 years (since above this age metabolic changes may take place that may affect the way that the body digests and metabolises lipids). Male volunteers have been selected as they elicit a higher postprandial lipaemic response to a given fat load and therefore are more sensitive to dietary manipulation. Power calculation: A sample size of 10 has 80% power to detect a difference between means of 112.74 units in area under the curve in plasma TAG with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05 (two-tailed). Expected value: The study will provide novel information on the acute effects of commercially relevant spreads on postprandial lipaemia and satiety. It will also explore possible mechanisms for the predicted reduced lipaemia following the interesterified fat from measurements of gastric emptying.

Official Title
-----------------
The Acute Effects of Interesterification of Commercially Used Fats on Postprandial Lipaemia and Satiety: a Randomised Controlled Trial. The INTER-FAT Study

Conditions
-----------------
Healthy Men

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Dietary Supplement: Interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin
* Dietary Supplement: Un-interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Age: 18-45 Male Healthy (free of diagnosed diseases listed in exclusion criteria) Able to understand the information sheet and willing to comply with study protocol Able to give informed consent Exclusion criteria: Medical history of myocardial infarction, angina, thrombosis, stroke, cancer, liver or bowel disease or diabetes Body mass index < 20 kg/m2 or > 35 kg/m2 Plasma cholesterol ≥7.5 mmol/L Plasma triacylglycerol > 3 mmol/L Plasma glucose > 7 mmol/L Blood pressure ≥160/100 mmHg Current use of antihypertensive or lipid lowering medications Alcohol intake exceeding a moderate intake (> 28 units per week) Current cigarette smoker ≥ 20% 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease as calculated using risk calculator Ingestion of paracetamol in the preceding 24 hrs to study days

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Interesterified<br>Interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin. 50g fat. | Dietary Supplement: Interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin<br>* 50g fat provided as interesterified palm kernal and palm sterin blend in a single meal<br>* Other names: Interesterified blend;|
| Active Comparator: Un-interesterified<br>Un-interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin. 50g fat. | Dietary Supplement: Un-interesterified blend of palm kernal and plam stearin<br>* 50g fat provided as un-interesterified palm kernal and palm sterin blend in a single meal<br>* Other names: Un-interesterified blend;|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Postprandial lipaemia (Postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations) | Postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations | Postprandial 4 hrs | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Glycemia (Postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations) | Postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations | Postprandial 4 hrs | 
| Gut hormones (Postprandial gut peptide YY and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations) | Postprandial gut peptide YY and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations | Postprandial 4 hrs | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
interesterified, postprandial