Intra-parotid Facial Nerve Imaging in Parotidectomy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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In this study, the investigators will evaluate the clinical usefulness of 3 dimensional double echo steady state MRI (3D-DESS MRI) for functional preservation of the facial nerve during parotidectomy. Preoperative 3D-DESS MRI imaging can provide information about the anatomical relationship between the tumor and the facial nerve in the parotid gland. Because the risk of postoperative facial weakness is relatively high in the deep-seated parotid tumors, the investigators will exclude the patients with the superficial parotid tumors (determined by preoperative CT or US) and only include the patients with deep seated parotid tumors in this trial. The main outcome of our study is the incidence of immediate postoperative facial weakness, and the secondary outcome is the incidence of facial weakness at postoperative 6 months.

Detailed Description
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Surgical removal of tumors arising from the parotid gland (benign or malignant) is treatment of choice. However, the most detrimental complication of parotidectomy is facial weakness or facial nerve palsy, because the facial nerve crosses in the mid-portion of the parotid gland. Numerous studies indicated the incidence of temporary facial weakness as 5-45% and permanent facial palsy as 0-15% after parotidectomy. To reduce this complication, the investigators will apply the modern technique of MRI imaging to inform the anatomical relationship between the tumor and the facial nerve within the parotid gland preoperatively. Three dimensional double echo steady state MRI imaging (3D-DESS MRI) has been reported useful for the intra-parotid facial nerve imaging. Thus, the investigators will evaluate the clinical usefulness of 3D-DESS MRI for functional preservation of the facial nerve during parotidectomy. Preoperative 3D-DESS MRI imaging can provide information about the anatomical relationship between the tumor and the facial nerve in the parotid gland. In the retrospective series, the investigators found that there were 25.6% temporary facial weakness and 10.3% permanent (> 6 months) facial weakness after parotidectomy for deep-seated parotid tumors (plus tumors located in both deep and superficial parotid gland); whereas 6.7% and 3.6% facial weakness respectively for superficially located parotid tumors. Because the risk of postoperative facial weakness is relatively high in the deep-seated parotid tumors, the investigators will exclude the patients with the superficial parotid tumors (determined by preoperative CT or US) and only include the patients with deep seated parotid tumors in this trial. The main outcome of our study is the incidence of immediate postoperative facial weakness, and the secondary outcome is the incidence of facial weakness at postoperative 6 months.

Official Title
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Postoperative Facial Weakness in Parotidectomy for Deep Seated Parotid Tumor With or Without Intra-parotid Facial Nerve Imaging (3D Double-Echo Steady-State With Water Excitation MRI Imaging)

Conditions
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Parotid Tumors, Facial Nerve Paresis

Intervention / Treatment
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* Diagnostic Test: 3D-DESS MRI (3 dimensional double echo steady state MRI)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Parotid tumors subject to the surgery (parotidectomy) Parotid deep lobe tumors or tumor located in both superficial and deep parotid glands (Tumor medial to the facial nerve line, a line connecting the lateral border of mandible and the posterior belly of digastric muscle on CT scans or tumors crossing the facial nerve line on CT scans) Benign or malignant tumors Any size of parotid tumors Exclusion Criteria: Superficially located parotid tumor on CT or US (Tumor lateral to the facial nerve line, a line connecting the lateral border of mandible and the posterior belly of digastric muscle on CT scans) Previous parotid surgery in the affected parotid gland (Revision parotid surgery) Preoperative facial nerve palsy Cases with the facial nerve sacrifice during surgery for oncological purpose (malignancy)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: Without 3D-DESS MRI<br>As for deep seated tumors in preoperative CT or US (or tumors in both superficial and deep parotid glands), the patients will undergo surgery without 3D-DESS MRI (currently routine practice). | |
| Experimental: With 3D-DESS MRI<br>As for deep seated tumors in preoperative CT or US (or tumors in both superficial and deep parotid glands), preoperative 3D-DESS MRI will be additionally performed to delineate the intra-parotid facial nerve. | Diagnostic Test: 3D-DESS MRI (3 dimensional double echo steady state MRI)<br>* 3D-DESS MRI has been reported useful for the intra-parotid facial nerve imaging. It can provide information about the anatomical relationship between the tumor and the facial nerve in the parotid gland.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Immediate postoperative facial weakness | Evaluation of facial function using Facial palsy grading system, immediately after parotidectomy. Measures: House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading System (1: Normal, 2: Mild dysfunction, 3: Moderately dysfunction, 4: Moderately severe dysfunction, 5: Severe dysfunction, 6: Total paralysis) | Postoperative day 1 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Permanent postoperative facial weakness | Evaluation of facial function using Facial palsy grading system, at 6 months after parotidectomy. Measures: House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading System (1: Normal, 2: Mild dysfunction, 3: Moderately dysfunction, 4: Moderately severe dysfunction, 5: Severe dysfunction, 6: Total paralysis) | Postoperative 6 months |