Anteroposterior Versus Anterolateral Electrode Position for Electrical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) worldwide. Nearly 40 million people are affected by atrial fibrillation worldwide, and this number is expected to increase by over 50% by 2050. Atrial fibrillation can cause strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, poor quality of life and even death. Almost half a million deaths worldwide are expected to be related to atrial fibrillation by 2050, and many billions of dollars are spent on atrial fibrillation related healthcare in North America every year. We believe health outcomes for patients with atrial fibrillation, and healthcare costs associated with treating atrial fibrillation could be improved by optimizing existing treatments for atrial fibrillation and maximizing the likelihood of restoring normal heart rhythm. This allows them to benefit from lower stroke risk, better heart function, fewer symptoms and increased quality of life. Restoring normal sinus rhythm earlier prevents atrial fibrillation from causing permanent structural damage to the heart that in turn, makes atrial fibrillation intractable. Furthermore, patients in whom initial attempts to control atrial fibrillation are unsuccessful frequently require more medications or invasive catheter ablation procedures which are costly and carry substantial risk. Electrical cardioversion is the main way physicians restore normal heart rhythm. In this procedure, the heart is shocked back into normal rhythm using two electrodes on the chest. Done correctly, this procedure is safe and effective. Many things are known about electrical cardioversion, for example, the best type and amount of electricity to use. What we don't know is the best position of the electrodes on the chest and whether applying direct, physical pressure to the electrodes makes cardioversion more successful. Our prior research suggests that improving positioning and applying pressure may improve cardioversion, but this finding needs to be verified with a rigorous, dedicated trial. This study will demonstrate whether front-to-back, or front-to-side placement of the electrodes is more effective for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. We will also demonstrate whether manually applying pressure to the electrodes makes cardioversion more effective. Should our trial demonstrate a benefit for these techniques, we expect them to be universally applied around the world. Because hundreds of thousands of cardioversions are done each year, even small increases in cardioversion success means thousands fewer patients progress to needing more medications or invasive procedures to manage their atrial fibrillation. We will study consenting adults presenting for non-urgent cardioversion of their atrial fibrillation. After explaining the study to participants and gaining their consent, we will randomly assign them to front-to-side or front-to-back electrode placement. Patients who remain in atrial fibrillation after the first shock will randomly receive either manual pressure or not. We will compare the success of cardioversion for front-side versus front-back electrode placement, and for manual pressure versus none. We will evaluate success by using electrocardiograms to assess for restoration of the heart rhythm back to normal. We hypothesize that anterolateral electrode positioning is superior to anteroposterior electrode positioning. We also hypothesize that manual pressure is effective relative to none, when applied in patients who have had one unsuccessful shock already.

Official Title
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Anterior-posterior Versus Anterior-lateral Shock Vectors for Electrical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation

Conditions
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Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Anterolateral electrode position
* Other: Anteroposterior electrode position
* Other: Manual pressure


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Consenting adult patients scheduled for non-emergent electrical cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter Exclusion Criteria: Insufficiently anticoagulation for cardioversion as per Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines or have not undergone trans-esophageal echocardiography to rule out left atrial thrombus Anatomic contraindication to anterolateral or anteroposterior placement (e.g. skin conditions or wounds)

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: With a partial factorial randomization to manual pressure versus not (second intervention) if the first randomized attempt is unsuccessful at restoring normal heart rhythm
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Anterolateral shock vector<br>Patients with electrodes placed on the chest to obtain an anterolateral (front-to-side placement; also known as anteroapical) shock vector. If first shock is unsuccessful, participants who proceed to a second shock will be randomized to manual pressure versus none but electrode placement will remain the same. | Other: Anterolateral electrode position<br>* As described previously<br>Other: Manual pressure<br>* Manual pressure applied to the anterior electrode<br>|
| Active Comparator: Anteroposterior shock vector<br>Patients with electrodes placed on the chest to obtain an anteroposterior (front-to-back placement) shock vector. If first shock is unsuccessful, participants who proceed to a second shock will be randomized to manual pressure versus none but electrode placement will remain the same. | Other: Anteroposterior electrode position<br>* As described previously<br>Other: Manual pressure<br>* Manual pressure applied to the anterior electrode<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| First-shock cardioversion success | Reversion to sinus rhythm (5 consecutive P waves within 5 seconds of shock) | At time of intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cumulative cardioversion success for anterolateral versus anteroposterior placement afte | Reversion to sinus rhythm (5 consecutive P waves within 5 seconds of shock) | At time of intervention | 
| Second shock success for manual pressure versus none | Reversion to sinus rhythm (5 consecutive P waves within 5 seconds of shock) | At time of intervention |