Efficacy of Physical Exercise in Cardiac Rehabilitation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Physical rehabilitation is a key element in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases, and recent evidence has shown that supervised exercise programmes can prevent cardiovascular events, improve physical function and quality of life. Individualized exercise prescription based on appropriate frequency, intensity and duration is recommended. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that physical cardiac exercise training can influence inflammation of the vessel wall and hence reduce development of arteriosclerosis in coronary vessels. In the literature are divergent conclusions on appropriate frequency and duration of physical rehabilitation programs in order to improve physical function and reduce arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of an optimized physical rehabilitation programme compared to a conventional programme on physical fitness, health related quality of life and vascular inflammation.

Detailed Description
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Both trial groups carry out physical exercise training in groups. The exercise training is instructed by two physiotherapists with expertise in cardiac rehabilitation. Each training session takes 60 minutes and is based on current evidence for physical training for IHD and CHF patients. Exercise intensity progresses within the first week of the training program from moderate intensity (40-59% of VO2max), to high intensity (60-84% of VO2max). Exercise intensity of the individual training sessions is monitored by heart rate. The training program includes the following: Warm-up and stretching: Each training sessions starts 10 min. warm-up and ends with 5 min. stretching. Aerobic exercise : Takes place on treadmill, stairs, ergometer bikes and interval training with different strength-endurance exercises. Muscle strength: Is performed on machines with weight training equipment or by floor exercises. 10-15 repetitions are performed with a load equivalent to 50-60% of 1 RM. The exercise programs for both groups are performed using a standardized exercise protocol. All patients per a sub-maximal and a maximal exercise test prior to participation in the physical exercise training program.

Conditions
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Coronary Heart Disease, Heart Failure, Ischemic Heart Diseases

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Supervised physical exercise training x3 weekly for 12 weeks
* Other: Supervised physical exercise training x2 weekly for 8 weeks


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Patients prescribed to physical exercise training at Skejby University Hospital with: stable and unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction with and without ECG changes chronic heart failure Exclusion Criteria: patients with BMI>35 patients with musculoskeletal or neurological diseases that unable them to participate in physical exercise training programmes patients who can not read or understand danish language

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: optimized physical exercise training<br>Intervention: Supervised physical exercise training x3 weekly for 12 weeks | Other: Supervised physical exercise training x3 weekly for 12 weeks<br>* Physical exercise training 1 hour per session. The exercise rehabilitation programme is carried out as group training with individual supervision. At each exercise session two experienced physiotherapist are leading the physical exercise training. Standardized physical exercise guidelines for each training session is described and followed. It consists of the following interventions: Warm up, aerobe fitness, muscle strength training and individual education and instruction in life stills changes in relation to physical activity.<br>|
| Active Comparator: conventional group<br>Intervention: Supervised physical exercise training x2 weekly for 8 weeks | Other: Supervised physical exercise training x2 weekly for 8 weeks<br>* Physical exercise training is carried out for 1 hour per session. The exercise rehabilitation programme is carried out as group training with individual supervision. At each exercise session two-experienced physiotherapist are leading the physical exercise training. Standardized physical exercise guidelines for each training session is described and followed. It consists of the following interventions: Warm up, aerobe fitness, muscle strength training and individual education and instruction in life stills changes in relation to physical activity.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aerobic capacity measured as maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) | Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) using breath by breath gas-analysis measures variables related to cardiorespiratory function, including expiratory ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange (oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide (VCO2). Along with the ECG, heart rate and blood pressure these measures allows for quantitatively linking metabolic, cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise. The standard expression of aerobic working capacity is the maximum VO2. VO2 max reached during a symptom-limited incremental CPX protocol is commonly expressed as O2 per kg-1 per min -1. | Changes in aerobic capacity between baseline and end of intervention (8 respectively 12 weeks). Follow-up data 6 and 12 month after end of intervention | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Muscle strength | Isometric muscle strength and muscle power are essential determinants for physical performance. Maximal isometric muscle strength is defined as a maximal volunteer contraction at a specific range of motion, and muscle power as the ability to produce high force rapidly. Isometric volunteer knee extension is measured with the patients sitting in a adjustable dynamometer chair (Good Muscle Strength, Metittur®) and measurement of leg extensor power is measured using a Nottingham Power Rig ® | Changes from baseline in muscle strength at end of intervention (8 respectively 12 weeks) | 
| VCAM-1 | VCAM-1 is an endothelial cell protein, which is gate, when leukocytes reside on the intima of the vessel wall. TNF-alpha stimulates endothelial cell to membrane expression of VCAM-1, where leukocytes can adhere to endothelial cell s and influence inflammation of the vessel wall. VCAM-1 is thus a specific inflammation marker in the vessel wall, and hence development of arteriosclerosis in coronary vessels. | Changes in VCAM-1(pg/ml) between baseline and end of intervention (8 respectively 12 weeks). Follow-up 6 and 12 month after end of intervention. |