Reducing Hopelessness Through Improved Physical Activity in Adults With Heart Disease: With COVID-19 Considerations

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
After a 30-year decline, heart disease is projected to increase up to 18% by 2030. Participation rates in cardiac rehabilitation remain extremely low and hopeless individuals are less likely to participate. This innovative study has the potential to advance science, improve patient care, and improve patient outcomes by demonstrating the effectiveness of the Heart Up! program to increase physical activity and reduce hopelessness in patients with heart disease. Hopelessness is associated with a 3.4 times increased risk of mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), independent of depression. Hopelessness has been identified in 27-52% of patients with IHD and can persist for up to 12 months after hospital discharge. Hopelessness, a negative outlook and sense of helplessness toward the future, can be a temporary response to an event (state) or a habitual outlook (trait). Hopelessness is associated with decreased physical functioning and lower physical activity (PA) levels in individuals with IHD. While research has investigated strategies to increase PA among IHD patients in general, the study team is the only group to design an intervention to promote PA specifically in hopeless IHD patients. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to establish the effectiveness of our 6-week mHealth intervention (Heart Up!) to promote increased PA in hopeless patients with IHD. A total of 225 hopeless IHD patients will be enrolled from a large community teaching hospital in the Midwest. Patients will be randomized (75 per group) to one of three groups: 1) motivational social support (MSS) from a nurse, 2) MSS from a nurse with additional significant other support (SOS), or 3) attention control (AC). It is hypothesized that 1) The MSS with SOS group will have the greatest increase in average minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per day at 8 and 24 weeks as compared to the MSS only or AC groups; 2) Greater increase in minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per day will be associated with decreased state hopelessness levels from baseline to weeks 8 and 24; and 3) Increased social support and increased motivation will mediate the effects of Heart Up! on a greater increase in moderate to vigorous PA at 8 and 24 weeks. The findings from this study could transform care for IHD patients who are hopeless by promoting self-management of important PA goals that can contribute to better health outcomes.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Hopelessness is associated with a 3.4 times increased risk of mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), independent of depression. Hopelessness has been identified in 27-52% of patients with IHD and can persist for up to 12 months after hospital discharge. Hopelessness, a negative outlook and sense of helplessness toward the future, can be a temporary response to an event (state) or a habitual outlook (trait). Hopelessness is associated with decreased physical functioning and lower physical activity (PA) levels in individuals with IHD. Low levels of PA independently contribute to increased death and adverse events in patients with IHD. Rates of PA in IHD patients continue to be unacceptably low in both hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation and home settings. Hopelessness frequently compounds this issue. The links among hopelessness, PA, and mortality and morbidity for patients with IHD remain unknown. While research has investigated strategies to increase PA among IHD patients in general, the study team is the only group to design an intervention to promote PA specifically in hopeless IHD patients. This research, based on Self Determination Theory and Cohen's Stress and Coping Social Support Theory, has shown feasibility and preliminary efficacy for a motivational intervention that integrates social support from both the patient's nurse and significant other to promote increased PA. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to establish the effectiveness of our 6-week mHealth intervention (Heart Up!) to promote increased PA in hopeless patients with IHD. The study team will enroll 225 hopeless IHD patients from a large community teaching hospital in the Midwest. Patients will be randomized (75 per group) to one of three groups: 1) motivational social support (MSS) from a nurse, 2) MSS from a nurse with additional significant other support (SOS), or 3) attention control (AC). Data will be collected at baseline, months 2, 6, 9 and 12 using an accelerometer for PA and valid and reliable instruments of physical and emotional health and behaviors. The specific aims are to: 1) test the effectiveness of 6 weeks of MSS and MSS with SOS on increasing mean minutes per day of moderate to vigorous PA, measured by an ActiGraph accelerometer; 2) determine the effects of change in minutes per day of moderate to vigorous PA on state hopelessness, measured by the State-Trait Hopelessness Scale; and 3): determine if social support (measured by the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory) and motivation (measured by the Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire) mediate the effects of the Heart Up! intervention on PA. The specific aims of the supplement are to: 1) determine how the potentially negative impact of COVID-19 shelter-in-place/physical distancing measures on mental, social, and behavioral health outcomes are limited (moderated) by the RCT intervention and 2) using the Coronavirus Impact Scale, we will determine how the direct impact of COVID-19 life changes on mental, social, and behavioral health outcomes are limited (moderated) by the RCT intervention. The findings from this study could transform care for IHD patients who are hopeless by promoting self-management of important PA goals that can contribute to better health outcomes. This proposal supports NINR's investment in self-management to improve the quality of life for individuals with chronic illness.

Official Title
-----------------
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Hopelessness Through Enhanced Physical Activity in Adults With Ischemic Heart Disease

Conditions
-----------------
Ischemic Heart Disease, Hopelessness, Physical Activity, Motivation, Social Support, Covid19

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Motivational social support from nurse
* Behavioral: Motivational social support from nurse with additional support from significant other
* Behavioral: Attention control


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Adults ≥18 years old Diagnosed with MI, unstable angina, who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery Use a cell phone with text messaging Receive a recommendation to engage in physical activity either at home or in a hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation setting Have a planned discharge home Can identify a significant other who can text message them Speak and read English Can complete the screening instrument A score of ≥1.8 on the 10-item state subscale of the State-Trait Hopelessness Scale Exclusion Criteria: • None

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
No

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: A three group RCT will be used to test the effectiveness of a mHealth intervention (Heart Up!) versus attention control to promote increased physical activity and reduce state hopelessness. Patients will be randomized to one of three groups: 1) motivational social support (MSS) from a nurse, 2) MSS from a nurse with additional significant other support (SOS), or 3) attention control (AC). Data will be collected at baseline, and 2, 6, 9 and 12 months.
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Motivational social support (MSS) from a nurse alone<br>Participants will receive a 60-minute session of motivational interviewing via videoconference or telephone (at participant discretion) in their home from a trained nurse. The nurse will apply motivational interviewing techniques to explore the patient's thoughts about making a behavior change to attain adequate physical activity (PA). Patients will be encouraged to exercise based on instructions provided by the hospital staff. The patient's ability to take their radial pulse before and after PA will be assessed, and patients will be provided written instructions on the correct manner to take a radial pulse. Patients will receive daily motivational text messages from the nurse for 6 weeks. The texts will be sent via the REDCap automated system. The automated system confirms that texts were sent. The motivational interviewer nurse will confirm by phone that the patient receives her/his first text from the REDCap system. | Behavioral: Motivational social support from nurse<br>* A 60-minute motivational interviewing session with a nurse, followed by 6 weeks of daily motivational social support text messages.<br>|
| Experimental: MSS from nurse with additional significant other support (SOS)<br>Participants will also receive a 60-minute session of motivational interviewing via videoconference or telephone (at participant discretion) in their home from a trained nurse and text messages from a nurse for 6 weeks, as described in arm 1. In addition, patients will receive daily text messages from their significant other for 6 weeks. Researchers developed the 42 significant other text messages. The motivational interviewing nurse will provide the text messages to the significant other in writing. The order of texts sent from the significant other will be randomized so that we can determine their effectiveness in general. The significant other will be asked to type and send the text message listed for each date to the patient. Study staff will confirm by phone that the patient received the first text from the significant other. Patients will be asked to track the number of text messages from the significant other that they read over the 6-week period using the log provided. | Behavioral: Motivational social support from nurse with additional support from significant other<br>* A 60-minute motivational interviewing session with a nurse, followed by 6 weeks of daily motivational social support text messages from both a nurse and the patient's self-identified significant other.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Attention control (AC)<br>Participants in the AC group will receive a 60-minutes session with a nurse via videoconference or telephone (at participant discretion) viewing of American Heart Association educational videos and and documents regarding IHD. The nurse will additionally provide a written copy of the hospital physical activity instructions, will assess the patient's ability to take their pulse, and provide written instructions on the correct manner to take a radial pulse. | Behavioral: Attention control<br>* A 60-minute session with a nurse focused on American Heart Association educational videos and written information.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ActiGraph GT9X Link Accelerometer | Mean minutes/day moderate to vigorous physical activity | Month 12 | 
| State-Trait Hopelessness Scale | Participant's report of current level of state hopelessness. Total score range= 1 (better) to 4 (worse). | Month 12 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exercise Self-Regulation Questionnaire | Participant's report of exercise self-regulation level. Total score range= 1 (worse) to 7 (better). | Month 12 | 
| ENRICHD Social Support Inventory | Participant's report of perceived social support level. Total score range= 1 (worse) to 30 (better). | Month 12 |