Lumbosacral Muscle Sensitivity & Pressure Pain Threshold After Kettlebell Swings

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The primary purpose of the study is to assess the muscle contractility and sensitivity of lumbar erector spinae, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus short-term response to Tabata kettlebell swing protocol.

Detailed Description
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While there are many studies that combine resistance exercise with TMG, there are no studies that combine TMG or pressure algometry with an isometric hold of a kettlebell. This will be the first study that will observe the relationship between these specific variable It has also been noted that kettlebell swings have an acute effect on muscle sensitivity. A study conducted by Hanney et al. (2017) demonstrated that there was an increase in the mean lumbosacral muscle pain pressure threshold across three locations measured. Research by Hanney et al. is also the only article that has combined kettlebell swings and pressure algometry. As mentioned earlier, these researchers measured the effects of kettlebell swings on pressure pain threshold in the quadratus lumborum, paravertebral muscles, and the piriformis after an acute bout of 2 handed kettle-bell swings. Compared to a control group, the kettlebell swing group had significantly higher pressure pain thresholds for all three of the testing sites. Researchers believe this may be due to an increased hyperemia-state post exercise, where the increased blood flow and vasodilation flushes out muscle metabolites. Clearing of these metabolites which normally activate chemo-nociceptive free nerve endings, are theorized to decrease pain sensitivity. This post-exercise hyperemia, leading to decreased pressure pain thresholds, may be directly related to the changes in contractility of the muscle after resistive exercise.

Official Title
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Tensiomyography and Pressure Algometry: Assessing the Effects of an Acute Bout of Kettlebell Swings on Muscle Sensitivity and Pressure Pain Threshold.

Conditions
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Muscle Soreness, Muscle Weakness, Muscle Tenderness

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: Kettlebell Swing
* Other: Isometric Hold
* Other: Control


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Participant is a male or female between the ages of 18 and 35 years old Participant is asymptomatic for low back pain Exclusion Criteria: Participant is unable to participate in physical activity, as determined by the PAR-Q+ Have any injuries or other chronic pain that would prevent them from performing a high intensity kettlebell swing protocol

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 35 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Kettlebell Swing Group<br>Participants will perform two-handed kettlebell swings | Other: Kettlebell Swing<br>* Participants will perform two-handed kettlebell swings using the interval training protocol outlined in the study carried out by Jay et. al. (2011). The protocol calls for 30 seconds of work, followed by 30-60 seconds of rest for a total of 10 intervals. The mechanics of the kettlebell swing will follow those outlined in the study carried out by McGill et. al. (2012). All male participants will perform the intervention with a 16kg kettlebell and all female participants will perform the intervention with a 12kg kettlebell to assure reliability. The weight is higher than previous and similar study by Brandon et al to ensure measurable differences between experimental and comparison groups.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Active Comparator Group<br>Participants will perform an isometric hold of a kettlebell for 30 seconds followed by 30 seconds of rest for a total of 10 intervals. | Other: Isometric Hold<br>* Participants will perform an isometric hold of a kettlebell for 30 seconds followed by 30 seconds of rest for a total of 10 intervals. Participants will mimic initial kettlebell swing position by standing shoulder width apart with their back straight, and hips and knees flexed. Participants will be cued to squeeze their glutes and look straight ahead while they hold the weight for the 30 second interval. All male participants will perform the intervention with a 16kg kettlebell and all female participants will perform the intervention with a 12kg kettlebell to assure reliability.<br>|
| Other: Control group<br>participants will be educated on the benefit of a kettlebell swing. | Other: Control<br>* Control group: participants will be educated on the benefit of a kettlebell swing.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tensiomyography | Electrical stimulator (TMG-S1) for lumbar erector spinae, biceps femoris, and gluteus | immediately after the intervention | 
| Pressure Algometry | Document pressure change from comfortable pressure to a little unpleasant pain. The measurement will then be collected at the quadratus lumborum, paravertebral muscles, and piriformis. | immediately after the intervention | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Tensiomyography, pressure algometry, kettlebell swings, muscle sensitivity