The Optimization and Evaluation of the Extremism and Intolerance Curriculum for the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Researcher from UNC Greensboro have partnered with Prevention Strategies and key stakeholders from the Kingdom of Bahrain to conduct a study using the innovative, engineering-inspired methodological approach, the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST), to optimize and evaluate the Peaceful Coexistence and Anti-Extremism middle and high school curricula. No other curriculum targeting tolerance and/or extremism has been optimized using the state-of-the-art MOST methodology. The overall goal of the project is that the optimized versions of Peaceful Coexistence and Anti-Extremism curricula will be used across the Kingdom of Bahrain and translated for use in other countries to combat the spread of extremism and intolerance. Additionally, the D.A.R.E. keepin' it REAL (kiR) and D.A.R.E. myPlaybook high school programs will be evaluated as part of the Peaceful Coexistence and Anti-Extremism evaluation.

Official Title
-----------------
The Optimization and Evaluation of the Extremism and Intolerance Curriculum for the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Conditions
-----------------
Norm, Social, Literacy, Resistance Skills, Beliefs About Consequences, Decision Making Skills, Empathy, Tolerance, Open Mindedness, Active Citizenship, Anti-extremism

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Behavioral: Peaceful Coexistence


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Public or private Bahraini middle or high school students. In addition to the main evaluation questions, the following groups will also be included to make programmatic improvements. Parents of above mentioned middle or high school students. D.A.R.E. Officers teaching middle school and high school D.A.R.E. in Bahrain. Exclusion Criteria: None

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 11 Years
Maximum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Intervention<br>Classrooms assigned to the intervention group will receive the Peaceful Coexistence (middle school) or Anti-extremism (high school) curricula. | Behavioral: Peaceful Coexistence<br>* The Peaceful Coexistence intervention seeks to target important risk and protective factors related to tolerance and acceptance. The Anti-Extremism intervention seeks to take the same risk and protective factors covered in the Peaceful Coexistence intervention and have students' psychosocial factors shift their skills and behavior.<br>* Other names: Anti-Extremism;|
| No Intervention: No intervention<br>Classrooms assigned to the No intervention group will receive general information during their sessions. | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Norms about intolerance | Participant's mean rating of norms related to intolerance of others measured by the intolerance norms scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Dignity | Mean rating of dignity reported by participants measured by the Jacelon Attributed Dignity Scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Plurality | Mean rating of religious plurality reported by participants using the Religious Plurality scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Beliefs about consequences | Mean rating of participant beliefs about consequences related to not listening to different opinions of others measured by the Beliefs about intolerance consequences scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Source literacy | Mean rating of participants' reported source literacy measured by the Source literacy scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Resistance skills | Mean rating of participants' reported efficacy to resist religiously, politically, or socially extreme sentiments measured by the Resistance skills scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Decision making | Mean rating of participants' report of decision making skills measured by the Decision making skills scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Empathy | Mean rating of participants' empathy toward people and opinions that are different from their own measured by the Emotional Quotient Scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Tolerance of different opinions and behaviors of others | Mean rating pf participants' reporting of expectations of others based on tolerant behaviors measured by the Tolerance of others scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Open Mindedness to differing opinions | Mean ratings of participants' report of open mindedness of differing political, social, and religious ideals measured by the Open Minded Cognition Scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Non-Violent Conflict Resolution | Mean rating of participants' ideals related to non-violent conflict resolution measured by the Normative Beliefs about Aggression Scale. | immediately post intervention | 
| Community values | Mean rating of participants' opinions related to their expectations of other as it pertains to extremist behaviors measured by the community values scale. | immediately post intervention |