Magnesium Sulfate Versus Dexmedetomidine on Anesthesia Awakening.

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Magnesium sulfate (MS) and dexmedetomidine have already demonstrated the ability to reduce intra and postoperative consumption of anesthetics and analgesics, among others advantages, such as blood pressure control and intraoperative bleeding. The MS has also been shown to be useful in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia control, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, cardiac arrhythmias and pheochromocytoma). Despite these advantages in the use of these important adjuncts, there is a concern about the quality and awakening time of the patients who use them. The purpose of this trial is to compare the time and quality of awakening in patients submitted to general anesthesia and receiving MS or dexmedetomidine as adjuncts in the intraoperative analgesia. The main objective of this trial is to compare the quality and the awakening time in patients receiving MS or dexmedetomidine. The secondary objective is the comparison of postoperative analgesia in the postoperative hospitalization period. Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that patients present a faster awakening when receive MS as an analgesic adjunct, when compared to patients who receive dexmedetomidine. Drawing: this is a prospective, controlled, covert trial with random distribution for noninferiority trialing.

Detailed Description
-----------------
INTRODUCTION Magnesium sulfate (MS) and dexmedetomidine have already demonstrated the ability to reduce intra and postoperative consumption of anesthetics and analgesics, among others advantages, such as blood pressure control and intraoperative bleeding8,9. The MS has also been shown to be useful in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia control, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, cardiac arrhythmias and pheochromocytoma). Despite these advantages in the use of these important adjuncts, there is a concern about the quality and awakening time of the patients who use them. The purpose of this trial is to compare the time and quality of awakening in patients submitted to general anesthesia and receiving MS or dexmedetomidine as adjuncts in the intraoperative analgesia. The main objective of this trial is to compare the quality and the awakening time in patients receiving MS or dexmedetomidine. The secondary objective is the comparison of postoperative analgesia in the postoperative hospitalization period. Our hypothesis is that patients present a faster awakening when receive MS an analgesic adjunct, when compared to patients who receive dexmedetomidine. Drawing: this is a prospective, controlled, covert trial with random distribution for noninferiority trialing. Key words: general anesthesia, long awakening from anesthesia. METHODS Participants and endpoints Scenario: The study will be carried out at Hospital da Sociedade Portuguesa de Beneficência de Santos - Angiocorpore (Portuguese Charity Society Hospital). Eligibility: Patients scheduled for video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, between 18 and 70 years old, physical status I or II in the American Society of Anesthesiology classification, who have no allergy or contraindication to the study protocol substances and who voluntarily agree to participate in the trial and sign the informed consent form (TCLE), will be invited to participate in the study. Coronary disease patients, patients with heart block > atrioventricular block > I, patients with renal failure, those with brain disease past history, dementia or other psychiatric diseases, and patients with body mass index > 35 kg/m², will be excluded. Also excluded patients with Portuguese language limitations and in preoperative use of opioid or corticosteroids. Intervention: the sample of participants will be distributed in 3 groups. The placebo group (GP) will receive 100 ml of saline solution (SL) in infusion pump (BI) starting 15 min before anesthesia with flow of 0.25 ml/kg/h. The dexmedetomidine group (GD) will receive 100 ml of SL with 200 µg of dexmedetomidine in BI, starting 15 min before anesthesia with flow of 0.25 ml/kg/h. The magnesium sulfate group (GM) will receive 80 ml of MS + 20 ml of SL in infusion pump starting 15 min before anesthesia induction with flow of 0.25 ml/kg/h. With this infusion flow, patients of GD will receive dexmedetomidine at a dose of 0.5 µg/kg/h and patients of GM will receive MS at a dose of 20 mg/kg/h. All participants will be submitted to balanced anesthesia. Anesthetic induction will be initiated after 5 min of pre-oxygenation, with lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 µg/kg, propofol up to clinical hypnosis, cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg and intubation after adequate neuromuscular relaxation. Maintenance will be with sevoflurane at a concentration under clinical demand, repeating bolus of fentanyl 1µg/kg and cisatracurium 0.03 mg/kg as needed. Primary endpoints: time between the end of anesthetic administration and bispectral index > 60, and a battery of neuropsychological trials for evaluation of postoperative cognitive dysfunction tested in the Brazilian population 3 h after the end of anesthetics administration. . Secondary endpoints: response to the questionnaire of the brief pain inventory and opioid consumption in the first 2 days of postoperative. Recruitment: patients will be recruited in the pre-anesthetic evaluation and the evaluations will be done in a covert way in the immediate postoperative period and during the two postoperative days, being recorded the pain scores and consumption of opioids. Sample calculation: the sample of 73 participants was calculated for a 95% confidence index and a 90% statistical power. For compensation for losses, 90 individuals will be recruited distributed in 3 groups. Recruitment and allocation Distribution in groups: through electronic drawing on the website www.random.org and preparation of brown envelopes that will be numbered and will contain inside a card with the name of the group to which that number corresponds, in addition to the intervention concerning the group to which it belongs. The draw and preparation of the envelopes will be conducted by a professional who will not participate in other stages of the study. Masking: participants, providers and evaluators will be blinded to group each patient belongs to. The randomization and allocation will be performed by professional not participating in any other step of the trial. Data collection and management Collection: the time between the end of anesthetic administration and bispectral index > 60 monitoring will be recorded; cognitive evaluation will be done at recruitment and 3 h after the end of the anesthesia; the brief pain inventory questionnaire will be filled in at recruitment and 3 h after the end of the anesthesia; during hospitalization and in the first 2 days of postoperative the opioid consumption will be registered. Data management: the data will be organized in MS Excel spreadsheet, in its MS-Office 2013 version. The results will be obtained through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in its version 23.0. Statistical analysis: continuous variables will be evaluated through Student's t trial. The normality check will be evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial or Shapiro-Wilk trial. The comparison of parametric data will be done by Student's t trial or Z trial. The nominal variables will be evaluated by the Chi-square trial. The comparison of nominal variables for independent samples will be made by the Chi-square trial or Fisher's Exact trial. The comparison of ordinal or quantitative variables without normal distribution for independent samples will be done by the Mann-Whitney trial. The correlation between variables will be evaluated by Pearson's trial for or Spearman, as indicated. Patient follow-up The compared substances are already widely used in anesthesia and present a very favorable risk/benefit ratio, with no significant incidence of intercurrence related to them being noted. The selection of patients for the study also makes their use safe. To make the benefit of its use uniform among the groups, patients with pain scores > 3 (pain verbal score 0 to 10) will receive 2 mg of morphine at 15-minute intervals, until the pain intensity is < 3. Participants will receive a prescription for home use of dipyrone 1g every 6 hours and association of codeine (30 mg) with paracetamol (500 mg) in case of pain > 3. RESEARCH ETHICS This project was submitted to the evaluation of the Research Ethics Committee (CEP/CONEP) in the Brazil Platform and to the Ethics Committee of participating institution. After their approval, it is being registered at clinicaltrials.org. Only after these steps the data collection will started. The recruited individuals will only participate in the study after signing the consent form. Participants' personal information will be kept confidential, and only the authors will have access to them before, during and after the trial. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Official Title
-----------------
Magnesium Sulfate Versus Dexmedetomidine on Anesthesia Awakening. Randomized Clinical Trial.

Conditions
-----------------
Cholecystectomy

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Drug: Dexmedetomidine
* Drug: Sham treatment
* Drug: Magnesium Sulfate


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Patients scheduled for video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, between 18 and 70 years old, physical status I ou II in the American Society of Anesthesiology classification Exclusion Criteria: Allergy or contraindication to the study protocol substances, refuse to participate or sign the informed consent, heart block > atrioventricular I, renal failure, brain disease, dementia or other psychiatric diseases, body mass index > 35 kg/m², Portuguese language limitations, preoperative use of opioid or corticosteroids.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: This is a prospective, controlled, blinded trial with random distribution.
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Sham Comparator: Placebo group<br>Thirty patients in this group will receive infusion of 100 saline solution. After 15 min of beginning of this infusion they will start receiving general anesthesia administration. | Drug: Sham treatment<br>* Patients will start receiving saline solution infusion 15 minutes before general anesthetic induction.<br>* Other names: Saline solution and general anesthesia;|
| Active Comparator: Dexmedetomidine group<br>Thirty patients in this group will receive infusion of dexmedetomidine (0,5 mcg/kg/min). After 15 min of the beginning of this infusion they will start in the general anesthesia induction. | Drug: Dexmedetomidine<br>* Patients will start receiving dexmedetomidine 15 minutes before general anesthetic induction.<br>* Other names: Dexmedetomidine and general anesthesia;|
| Active Comparator: Magnesium sulfate group<br>Thirty patients in this group will receive infusion of magnesium sulfate (20 mg/kg/h). After 15 min of the beginning of this infusion they will start in the general anesthesia induction. | Drug: Magnesium Sulfate<br>* Patient will start receiving magnesium infusion (20 mg/kg/h) 15 minutes before general anesthetic induction.<br>* Other names: Magnesium sulfate and general anesthesia;|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Time to awake from anesthesia between groups | Comparing time in minutes to get bispectral index higher than 60 in both groups | Three hours | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Comparing postoperative analgesia between groups | Comparing opioid consumption in milligrams between groups | Two days |