The Effect of Dairy and Non-dairy Alternatives on Satiety and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Young Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study investigates the effects of commercially-available dairy (1% cow's milk and yogurt beverage) and non-dairy alternatives (almond and soy beverages) on satiety and post-meal blood glucose. Each participant will receive every treatment in this crossover design study.

Detailed Description
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Regular consumption of dairy is associated with better body composition and lower incidences of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This may be due to dairy's ability to increase satiety and decrease post-prandial glycemia. However, most clinical studies have only investigated isolated dairy proteins (whey and casein) and the effects of whole dairy products remains unclear. Additionally, as non-dairy alternatives are becoming more popular there is interest to see if they can elicit similar benefits as dairy. Therefore, this study will test the effects of commercially-available dairy and non-dairy beverages when consumed with cereal at breakfast time. Thirty healthy young males and females (20-30 years, BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2) will be recruited for the randomized, unblinded, crossover study. Participants will fast overnight, and at baseline will consume 250 mL of 1% milk, soy beverage, almond beverage, yogurt beverage, or water with 54 g of Cheerios cereal. At 0 (baseline), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 minutes (pre-meal period) 140, and 170 minutes (post-meal period) blood will be collected for glucose analysis and subjective appetite ratings completed. Insulin will be analyzed every 30 minutes and for the last two timepoints. Between 120-140 minutes, an ad libitum lunch will be provided to assess food intake.

Official Title
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The Effect of Commercially-available Dairy and Non-dairy Alternatives When Consumed With a High Glycemic Cereal on Subjective Appetite Ratings and Post-meal Glycemia in Healthy Young Adults

Conditions
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Diabetes, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Other: 1% M.F. Milk
* Other: Yogurt Beverage
* Other: Soy Beverage
* Other: Almond Beverage
* Other: Water
* Other: Breakfast cereal


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Healthy BMI (20.0 - 24.9 kg/m2) Females with regular monthly menstrual cycles Exclusion Criteria: Diabetes Fasting blood glucose higher than 5.8 mmol/L Pregnancy Medications Smoking Lactose intolerance or allergies to milk, soy, or almonds Elite athletes Those trying to lose or gain weight Breakfast skippers and those on an energy-restricted diet Score equal to or higher than 11 on Eating Habits Questionnaire

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 1% M.F. Milk and Breakfast Cereal<br>Breakfast meal: 250 ml 1% M.F. Milk, 54 g Cheerios breakfast cereal, 100 mL water | Other: 1% M.F. Milk<br> <br> * Other names: Neilsen Canada;Other: Breakfast cereal<br> <br> * Other names: Cheerios, General Mills;|
| Experimental: Yogurt Beverage and Breakfast Cereal<br>Breakfast meal: 250 ml Yogurt Beverage, 54 g Cheerios breakfast cereal, 100 mL water | Other: Yogurt Beverage<br> <br> * Other names: Yop (Vanilla), General Mills;Other: Breakfast cereal<br> <br> * Other names: Cheerios, General Mills;|
| Experimental: Soy Beverage and Breakfast Cereal<br>Breakfast meal: 250 ml Soy Beverage, 54 g Cheerios breakfast cereal, 100 mL water | Other: Soy Beverage<br> <br> * Other names: Silk Organic Original;Other: Breakfast cereal<br> <br> * Other names: Cheerios, General Mills;|
| Experimental: Almond Beverage and Breakfast Cereal<br>Breakfast meal: 250 ml Almond Beverage, 54 g Cheerios breakfast cereal, 100 mL water | Other: Almond Beverage<br> <br> * Other names: Silk Original;Other: Breakfast cereal<br> <br> * Other names: Cheerios, General Mills;|
| Experimental: Water (control) and Breakfast Cereal<br>Breakfast meal: 250 ml Water, 54 g Cheerios breakfast cereal, 100 mL water | Other: Water<br> <br> * Other names: Calorie-free control;Other: Breakfast cereal<br> <br> * Other names: Cheerios, General Mills;|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood Glucose | Blood glucose (mmol/L) is measured using finger prick capillary blood samples | 0-170 minutes | 
| Subjective Appetite | Subjective appetite ratings are obtained from four 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) questions assessing Desire to Eat, Hunger, Fullness and Prospective Food Consumption. The average of all four VAS is calculated to obtain the average appetite score for statistical analysis | 0-170 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Insulin | Blood insulin (μU/mL) is measured using finger prick capillary blood samples | 0-170 minutes | 
| Food Intake | Food at an ad libitum pizza lunch will be weighed to determine food intake based on nutrition information provided by the pizza manufacturer | 120-140 minutes | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Dairy, Breakfast cereal, Postprandial Glycemia, Satiety, Food Intake, Milk, Yogurt, Soy, Almond