Pediatric Enhanced Surveillance Study

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The Pediatric Enhanced Surveillance Study is a three part study of HIV-infected infants and children in South Africa to examine, clinical, immunologic, virologic, metabolic, psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. This study has two parts: (1) comprehensive de-identiﬁed records review of all HIV-infected children enrolled in at the pediatric Wellness and ART clinics at the ﬁve study sites; and (2) a prospective cohort surveillance study with active consented enrollment with 12-24 months of follow-up. As part of the prospective cohort, the study will aim to collect outcomes on children lost to follow-up, including causes of death through review of death certiﬁcates in the clinical chart and through verbal autopsy reports. The study will provide insights into overall outcomes for the larger pediatric patient populations in the province and South Africa. This work is designed in collaboration with the provincial health authorities of the Eastern Cape Department of Health (EC), The International Center for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Care and Treatment Programs (ICAP) South Africa and Center of Disease Control (CDC)-South Africa in support of the South African National ART Program for Children and aims to collect and analyze accurate, relevant and useful information that will be available on children seen at facilities. For the prospective cohort study, we will aim to enroll 400 children newly initiated on ART at 5 health facilities in the Eastern Cape of South Africa who will be actively followed for up to 24 months.

Detailed Description
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South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There are more than 5 million people living with HIV in South Africa, including 280,000 children under the age of 15. Most HIV positive children acquire infection through mother-to-child transmission; in South Africa 29.3% of pregnant women attending antenatal services are HIV-infected. Furthermore, it is estimated that HIV is the cause of 35% of all deaths in children under five in South Africa. The South African government began a national rollout of HIV treatment for adults and children in 2003. As of 2007, an estimated 32,060 children under the age of 15 were receiving antiretroviral therapy (roughly 30% of those in need). There is an urgent need to obtain more comprehensive, in-depth, profiles of children enrolled in HIV care with a focus on documenting outcomes, particularly timing and causes of death, reasons for loss to follow-up, timing and frequency of treatment failure, adverse events, metabolic complications and psychosocial aspects of HIV disease.

Official Title
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Enhanced Surveillance and 2 Year Outcomes of Children Enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Public Health Facilities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Conditions
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: The child is eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation based on the South African Pediatric HIV guidelines. The child has documentation of being HIV-infected by a positive HIV-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) viral load or a positive HIV antibody test (>18 months of age). The child has no prior history of treatment with ART other than prophylaxis for preventing mother to child transmission (PMTCT) (may be initiating ART on day of enrollment in study). The child is between 1 month and 12 years of age. The parent or legal guardian provides written consent for participation. The child provides assent for participation based on South African guidance for minors. Exclusion Criteria: Any subject not meeting all of the above inclusion criteria will not be eligible for the study.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 1 Month
Maximum Age: 12 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Prospective Cohort<br>The prospective cohort surveillance will be built upon and support the routine clinical care, visit schedule and monitoring system at each study site. Eligible HIV-infected ART naïve children who are accessing care at study sites will be recruited sequentially for study enrollment. Children enrolled in the surveillance study will attend study visits co-scheduled to coincide with routine clinical visits. Study nurses will: review routinely collected information; conduct questionnaires with caregiver and child; conduct additional assessments of child; contact the caregiver by phone or through home visits for active follow-up for up to 24 months; and conduct active follow-up including appointment reminders by means of phone calls and defaulter tracking. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Proportion of children alive and in care at 12 and 24 months after treatment initiation | We will measure the proportion of children alive and in care at 12 and 24 months after treatment initiation amount prospective cohort participants through routine clinical and study visits. | Up to 24 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Proportion of the children enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment services | We will describe the proportion of the children enrolled in HIV care and treatment services at the study facilities who start treatment and are retained in care for 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months by reviewing clinical records at each facility. | Up to 24 months | 
| Proportion of children lost to follow-up | We will describe the proportion of children lost to follow-up after enrollment in care and in those starting treatment by reviewing clinical records of study participants. | Up to 24 months | 
| Proportion of children with documented deaths | We will describe proportion of children with documented deaths and causes of deaths and time to death (from enrollment) by reviewing clinical records of participants. | Up to 24 months | 
| Proportion of children who are virologically suppressed | We will measure the proportion of children who are virologically suppressed (< 400 copies/mL, per South African National Guidelines) at 12 and 24* months after treatment initiation in the prospective cohort through routine clinical and study visits. | Up to 24 months | 
| Proportion of children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with diminished CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) counts | We will measure the proportion of children, aged 2 to 5 years, on ART with CD4% <10% at 12, 24* months after treatment initiation and children older than 5 years on ART with CD4 count of < 100 at 12, 24 months after treatment initiation. These outcomes will be measured in participants of the prospective cohort who will give additional blood samples during routine clinical care. | Up to 24 months | 
| Proportion of children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) progressing to WHO Stage 4 disease | We will measure the proportion of children on ART progressing to WHO Stage 4 disease at 12 and 24 months after treatment initiation in the prospective cohort. | Up to 24 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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South Africa, Eastern Cape, Child ARV, CLWHIV