Analysis of the Postprandial Effects of a Vegetable Protein Mixture Rich in Arginine, Cysteine and Leucine on Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation at Low Noise in Elderly People With Cardiometabolic Risk

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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By 2050, the expanding world population will consume two-thirds more animal protein than it consumes today. The increase in chronic diseases associated with the generalization of these consumption patterns tend to understand the place of meat in our diets. All these elements participate to the reduction of animal proteins in favor of vegetable proteins in our food. The elderly are particularly affected by malnutrition, the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition increasing with age and promoting the onset of morbidities. Without care, it leads to the worsening of physiological phenomena linked to aging such as loss of muscle functionality (sarcopenia) or reduction in bone density (osteoporosis) and increases the risk of falls - the main cause of dependence. However, in France, protein consumption declines significantly with age, even though requirements appear to be greater for the elderly. It is therefore a major challenge for our societies to ensure that the aging of the population and the increase in life expectancy are not synonymous with a reduction in the physical and mental capacities of individuals. Thus, it is essential to ensure that the recommendations for reducing the intake of animal proteins in favor of vegetable proteins can be applied without risk to aging populations, in particular on the human body cardiovascular risk of these populations.

Detailed Description
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This human dietary intervention study is a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled, cross over trial with 3 arms, carried out on subjects with predisposition to cardiometabolic syndrome (based on weight circumference, blood triglyceride or blood cholesterol, glycemia and hypertension). This study aims to demonstrate transient improvement in vascular endothelial function (with Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) as main criteria) with consumption of vegetable proteins (rich in leucine, cysteine and arginine) by comparison with animal proteins and with a control without proteins. The 33 recruited participants will receive the 3 yogurts in a random order. For each subject, the study is divided into 4 visits. To summarize: Visit 1 (D-7) = inclusion, Visit 2 (D0: treatment period N°1), Visit 3 (D28 : treatment period N°2), Visit 4 (D56 : treatment period N°3). The wash-out periods between treatment period (duration: 4 weeks) may be extended until 5 weeks for the convenience of participants. The protocol includes a total of 4 visits to PIC/CIC Inserm 1405 of the Clermont-Fd University Hospital.

Official Title
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Analysis of the Postprandial Effects of a Vegetable Protein Mixture Rich in Arginine, Cysteine and Leucine on Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation at Low Noise in Elderly People With Cardiometabolic Risk

Conditions
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Metabolic Syndrome, Predisposition to Cardiovascular Disease

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein, arginine
* Behavioral: Animal proteins (AP)
* Behavioral: No protein (T)


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Man or woman 65 years old and older (inclusive) At least 2 of the following 4 cardiometabolic factors: Waist circumference ≥88 cm for women, and ≥94 cm for men Fasting triglyceridemia >1,5 g/L OR HDL level < 40 mg/dl for men, and < 50 mg/dl for women Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl Systolic blood pressure >130mmHg ou diastolic > 85 mm Hg Accept not to change his lifestyle throughout the study Accept to consume the same meal the day before exploration days, making sure to exclude non-recommended foods and agreeing to detail its content in a food diary Ability to give informed consent to participate in research Affiliation to Social Security Exclusion Criteria: Acute pathology (unstable or terminal pathology) Renal failure (clearance <40 mL / min) Asthma or chronic respiratory disease Systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the judgement of the investigator Diabetic (treated or not) Treated with chemotherapy Gastrointestinal, thyroid, cardiac or vascular illness in the judgement of the investigator Biological examination no compatible with the study in the judgement of the investigator Medical and/or surgical history no compatible with the study in the judgement of the investigator (previous cardiovascular events) AgHbS, AcHbc, HCV and HIV positive serology Concomitant treatment no compatible with the study in the judgement of the investigator Diet or change in body mass > 2 kg in the 30 days before the study Following a diet incompatible with the nutritional protocol (food intolerances, vegans, exclusion of certain food ingredients) Allergies to any of the components of the test meals Alcohol consumption> 2 glasses / day Current smokers (> 6 cigarettes per week) Subjects involved in another clinical trial or being in the exclusion period of another study or having received a total compensation greater than 4,500 euros over the 12 months preceding the start of the trial Subject benefiting from a legal protection measure (curatorship, guardianship, safeguard of justice) Refusal to participate

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Group/Cohort1<br>33 subjects aged 65 years old with predisposition to cardiometabolic syndrome will consume 400ml of yogurt rich in cysteine, leucine and arginine (VP, vegetable proteins) only once during the visit | Behavioral: Vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein, arginine<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of vegetable proteins.<br>Behavioral: Animal proteins (AP)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with animal proteins (AP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>Behavioral: No protein (T)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt without any protein (T) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>|
| Experimental: Group/Cohort2<br>33 subjects aged 65 years old with predisposition to cardiometabolic syndrome will consume 400ml of yogurt rich in animal proteins (AP) only once during the visit | Behavioral: Vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein, arginine<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of vegetable proteins.<br>Behavioral: Animal proteins (AP)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with animal proteins (AP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>Behavioral: No protein (T)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt without any protein (T) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Group/Cohort3<br>33 subjects aged 65 years old with predisposition to cardiometabolic syndrome will consume 400ml of yogurt without any proteins (T) only once during the visit | Behavioral: Vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein, arginine<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with vegetable proteins (VP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of vegetable proteins.<br>Behavioral: Animal proteins (AP)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt with animal proteins (AP) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>Behavioral: No protein (T)<br>* 33 volunteers will consume 400 ml of yogurt without any protein (T) rich in leucine, cystein and arginine only once during the visit. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, exploration will be conducted at fasted state and at post-prandial state after the administration of animal proteins.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized. | Day 0 (V1) at T-30min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1) at T180min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1) at T300min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 28 (V2) at T-30min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 28 (V2) at T180min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 28 (V2) at T300min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 56 (V3) at T-30min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 56 (V3) at T180min | 
| Brachial artery Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) | The endothelial function will be assessed using the non-invasive ultrasound technique of flow mediated dilatation of the brachial artery. FMD measure is the percentage of dilation of brachial artery in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 56 (V3) at T300min | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rest flow by Flowmetry Laser Doppler (FLD) | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the measurement of the rest flow using laser-Doppler system at the level of the skin of the hand realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Occlusion area by FLD | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the measurement of the occlusion area using laser-Doppler system at the level of the skin of the hand by following the response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement) realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Hyperaemia area by FLD | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the measurement of the hyperaemia area using laser-Doppler system at the level of the skin of the hand by following the response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement) realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Hyperaemia area / occlusion area ratio by FLD | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the ratio hyperaemia area / occlusion area determined by FLD realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Maximal flow by FLD | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the measurement of the maximal flow using laser-Doppler system at the level of the skin of the hand by following the response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement) realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Hyperaemia half time by FLD | Vascular endothelial function in the micro-vascular compartment will be assessed using the measurement of the hyperaemia half time using laser-Doppler system at the level of the skin of the hand by following the response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion of the brachial artery (same stimulus as for FMD measurement) realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Reactive Hyperemia - Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (RH-PAT) | Reactive hyperemia index (RHI) assessed by reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) expressed as a percentage measures pulsatile fluctuations in digital volume in response to a reactive hyperaemia induced by the release of a transient occlusion realized between T-30min to T300min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma nitrite dosage | Determination of nitrite plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine nitrite dosage | Determination of nitrite urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma nitrate dosage | Determination of nitrate plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine nitrate dosage | Determination of nitrate urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma creatinine dosage | Determination of creatinine plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of chronic kidney disease) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine creatinine dosage | Determination of creatinine urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of chronic kidney disease) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) dosage | Determination of MDA plasma concentration (nmol/L) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine malondialdehyde (MDA) dosage | Determination of MDA urine concentration (nmol/L) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) dosage | Determination of ADMA plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of cardiovascular disease) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) dosage | Determination of ADMA urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of cardiovascular disease) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) dosage | Determination of SDMA plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of cardiovascular disease) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) dosage | Determination of SDMA urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of cardiovascular disease) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Plasma acetyl-lysine dosage | Determination of acetyl-lysine plasma concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of vascular oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3) | 
| Urine symmetric acetyl-lysine dosage | Determination of acetyl-lysine urine concentration (µmol/L) (a biomarker of vascular oxidative stress) between T-60min to T250min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma N-epsilon-carboxy-methyl lysine (CML) dosage | Determination of CML plasma concentration (pg/mL) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine N-epsilon-carboxy-methyl lysine (CML) dosage | Determination of CML urine concentration (pg/mL) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma N-epsilon-carboxy-ethyl lysine (CEL) dosage | Determination of CEL plasma concentration (pg/mL) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine N-epsilon-carboxy-ethyl lysine (CEL) dosage | Determination of CEL urine concentration (pg/mL) (a biomarker of oxidative stress) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma alanine dosage | Determination of alanine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine alanine dosage | Determination of alanine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma arginine dosage | Determination of arginine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine arginine dosage | Determination of arginine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma asparagine dosage | Determination of asparagine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine asparagine dosage | Determination of asparagine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma aspartic acid dosage | Determination of aspartic acid plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine aspartic acid dosage | Determination of aspartic acid urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma cysteine dosage | Determination of cysteine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine cysteine dosage | Determination of cysteine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma glutamic acid dosage | Determination of glutamic acid plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine glutamic acid dosage | Determination of glutamic acid urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma glutamine dosage | Determination of glutamine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine glutamine dosage | Determination of glutamine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma glycine dosage | Determination of glycine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine glycine dosage | Determination of glycine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma histidine dosage | Determination of histidine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine histidine dosage | Determination of histidine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma isoleucine dosage | Determination of isoleucine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine isoleucine dosage | Determination of isoleucine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma leucine dosage | Determination of leucine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine leucine dosage | Determination of leucine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma lysine dosage | Determination of lysine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine lysine dosage | Determination of lysine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma methionine dosage | Determination of methionine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine methionine dosage | Determination of methionine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma phenylalanine dosage | Determination of phenylalanine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine phenylalanine dosage | Determination of phenylalanine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma proline dosage | Determination of proline plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine proline dosage | Determination of proline urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma serine dosage | Determination of serine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine serine dosage | Determination of serine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma threonine dosage | Determination of threonine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine threonine dosage | Determination of threonine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma tryptophan dosage | Determination of tryptophan plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine tryptophan dosage | Determination of tryptophan urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma tyrosine dosage | Determination of tyrosine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine tyrosine dosage | Determination of tyrosine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma valine dosage | Determination of tyrosine plasma concentration (µmol/L) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Urine valine dosage | Determination of tyrosine urine concentration (µmol/L) between T-60min to T250min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma Interleukin 6 (IL-6) dosage | Determination of IL-6 plasma concentration (pg/ml) (a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma Interleukin 1 bêta (IL-1β) dosage | Determination of IL-1β plasma concentration (pg/ml) (a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) dosage | Determination of MCP-1 plasma concentration (pg/ml) (a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) dosage | Determination of TNFα plasma concentration (pg/ml) (a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma InterCellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) dosage | Determination of ICAM-1 plasma concentration (ng/ml) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma E-Selectine dosage | Determination of E-Selectine plasma concentration (ng/ml) (a biomarker of endothelial activation) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Transcriptome Sequencing of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells | Transcriptomic Analysis to quantify sets of genes involved in endothelial activation, oxidative stress, inflammation and cytokine expression between T-90 min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Metabolome Sequencing of Plasma | Untargeted Metabolomics to identify and quantify molecules involved in endothelial activation, oxidative stress, inflammation and cytokine expression between T-90 min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma Glucose dosage | Determination of glucose plasma concentration (mg/dl) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma triglycerides dosage | Determination of triglycerides plasma concentration (mg/dl) between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Plasma insulin dosage | Determination of insulin plasma concentration (pmol/L) between T-90min to T360min | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| blood Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) count | Determination of PBMC count (/mm3) and phenotyping between T-90min to T360min. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| PBMC production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) | Assessment of the ROS level (between T-90min to T360min) produced by isolated PBMC following oxidative stress induction. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 
| Questionnaire of acceptability | Acceptability was assessed by a 9-point time scale where 1 means a very poor acceptability and 9 means a very good acceptability. | Day 0 (V1), Day 28 (V2), Day 56 (V3). | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Metabolic syndrome, Endothelial function, Vegetable proteins, Arginine, Cysteine, Leucine, Nutrition assessment, Nutrition physiological phenomena