HSV-2 Suppression to Reduce HIV-1 Levels in HIV-1, HSV-2 Co-infected Men.

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Over 80% of HIV-1 infected persons are also seropositive for HSV-2. Increasingly, clinical and epidemiologic evidence show the role of HSV in increasing HIV infectiousness. The evidence suggests that that HSV is an important cofactor in HIV transmission. The trial's purpose is to assess the reduction in HIV shedding associated with valacyclovir for suppression of HSV-2 reactivation. This proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of 20 HIV/HSV-2 co-infected men, assessed the effects of daily valacyclovir on HIV-1 levels in the plasma and rectal mucosa secretions.

Detailed Description
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Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is common among HIV infected persons. HSV-2 reactivation is associated with increased plasma and genital HIV-1 levels, and in vitro, HSV-2 upregulates HIV transcription. The trial assessed whether HSV-2 suppression reduces rectal and plasma HIV-1 levels in HIV-1, HSV-2 co-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Conducted in Lima Peru, 20 antiretroviral naive HIV-1 and HSV-2 seropositive MSM with CD4 >200 were randomly assigned to receive valacyclovir 500 mg bid or placebo for 8 weeks, than a 2 week washout period, followed by the alternative regimen for 8 weeks. Men collected daily home anogenital swabs for HSV DNA PCR, had three weekly anoscopy procedures for collection of rectal mucosal secretions for HIV-1 RNA, HSV DNA, and weekly plasma HIV-1 RNA by PCR. Outcomes were plasma and rectal HIV-1 levels by study arm.

Official Title
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A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Crossover Trial of Valacyclovir for Suppression of HSV and HIV Shedding in HIV-1, HSV-2 Coinfected Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM).

Conditions
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HIV Infection, Herpes Simplex, Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: valacyclovir
* Drug: matching placebo


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Greater than 18 years old, Documented HIV-1 seropositive, CD4 count greater than 200, Not on HIV antiretroviral therapy, HSV-2 seropositive as determined by Focus EIA (IN >3.5) Not intending to move out of the area for the duration of study participation. Willing and able to:provide independent written informed consent;undergo clinical evaluations;take study drug as directed;adhere to follow-up schedule. Bacterial STDs (symptomatic STD syndromes or laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic gonorrhea and syphilis) are treated within two weeks of study enrollment and random assignment. Exclusion Criteria: MSM who meet any of the following criteria are not eligible for this study: Known history of adverse reaction to valacyclovir, acyclovir or famciclovir; Planned open label use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir Known medical history of seizures Known renal failure, serum creatinine >2.0mg/dl Hematocrit < 30 %

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Quadruple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: 1<br> | Drug: valacyclovir<br>* 500 mg twice-daily oral<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: 2<br> | Drug: matching placebo<br>* twice daily as per experimental drug<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Reduction in anogenital HIV-1 shedding with suppression of HSV-2 reactivation. |  | 18 weeks | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Evaluate HSV-2 suppression with decreased plasma HIV RNA levels |  | 18 weeks | 
| Assess the effect of daily valacyclovir on pharyngeal shedding in HSV-1 seropositive individuals |  | 18 weeks | 
| Determine the temporal pattern of HIV shedding in the rectum, pharynx and semen with respect to mucosal HSV-1 and HSV-2 reactivation; Determine HSV-2 suppression and HIV replication within rectal mucosa. |  | 18 weeks | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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HIV infection, HIV shedding, HSV suppression, Co-infected, MSM, Reactivation, Valacyclovir