Effect of Light-emitting Diode (LED) Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in University Handball Athletes

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
Introduction: Low-intensity laser therapy (LBI) is a therapeutic modality with a large number of clinical studies in recent years, taking into account its effectiveness in tissue repair, pain control and, more recently, to increase performance. It is known that LED therapy has immediate effects. Therefore, analyzing the TLED in the infrared spectrum for acute responses at different times along with fatigue resistance capabilities, heart rate variability and biochemical response to fatigue in handball athletes becomes necessary. Objective: To analyze the acute effects of LED phototherapy (940nm) on fatigue resistance and recovery after strenuous exercises of university athletes. Method: The study sample will consist of 32 and 36 male athletes, for biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris, respectively. The athletes will be randomly assigned into four groups: Immediate TLED (TLED-I), TLED 15Min (TLED-15), Immediate Sham (Sham-I) and Sham 15Min (Sham-15). The tests performed will involve bioimpedance evaluation, blood lactate, electromyographic analysis and evaluation of maximum voluntary contraction by means of the maximal repetition test (1RM). Thus, the TLED will be applied on the muscle group to be evaluated, unilaterally, the same tests being repeated in the sequence. For analysis of the data, normality test will be used to verify the distribution and adequate statistical tests for the appropriate intra and intergroup comparisons, being considered two factors in the comparisons, time and group. A significance level of 5% will be adopted.

Detailed Description
-----------------
It is a blinded randomized clinical trial. The athletes will undergo a previous evaluation (day 1) comprised by anamnesis and evaluation of the bioimpedance to analyze the body composition, will still carry out the evaluation of the load for a maximum repetition. Thus, 7 days after (day 2) the previous evaluation in the times immediately after and after 15 minutes of the LED application will be carried out new tests. These will involve assessment of blood lactate, heart rate variability and electromyography. In addition, during the execution of the fatigue protocol will be collected the number of repetitions of muscle contraction and its total execution time. Due to the number of athletes that make up the university team (n = 19), cross-over will be necessary, where all athletes will initially be distributed to the 04 pre-defined groups in each subproject, and after the 7 days, they will be divided again.

Official Title
-----------------
Effect of Light-emitting Diode (LED) Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in University Handball Athletes

Conditions
-----------------
Muscular Injury

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Device: Fotobiomodulation


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Handball practitioners; Absence of musculoskeletal injury in the last three months; Absence of anti-inflammatory and / or analgesic drugs 72 hours before the evaluations Exclusion Criteria: Use of anabolic steroids; Presence of cardiovascular disease Use of alcohol and illicit drugs during the collection period

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 30 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Triple


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Immediate LEDT Group<br>The 940nm LED blanket will be positioned across the full length of the biceps brachii muscle in the dominant limb immediately before the muscle fatigue protocol. | Device: Fotobiomodulation<br>* A 16x28 cm LED blanket containing 160 LEDs will be used and will use a total energy per area of 60J, with a wavelength of 940nm, just before the muscle fatigue protocol and will be applied throughout the Biceps extension.<br>|
| Experimental: LEDT Group 15Min<br>The 940nm LED blanket will be positioned across the length of the biceps brachii muscle in the dominant limb 15 minutes before the muscle fatigue protocol. | Device: Fotobiomodulation<br>* A 16x28 cm LED blanket containing 160 LEDs will be used and will use a total energy per area of 60J, with a wavelength of 940nm, just before the muscle fatigue protocol and will be applied throughout the Biceps extension.<br>|
| Sham Comparator: Immediate Sham Group<br>The 940nm LED blanket will be positioned throughout the biceps brachii muscle in the dominant limb, however, it will not be ligated, with no light emission, immediately prior to the muscle fatigue protocol. | Device: Fotobiomodulation<br>* A 16x28 cm LED blanket containing 160 LEDs will be used and will use a total energy per area of 60J, with a wavelength of 940nm, just before the muscle fatigue protocol and will be applied throughout the Biceps extension.<br>|
| Sham Comparator: Sham Group 15Min<br>The 940nm LED blanket will be positioned throughout the biceps brachii muscle in the dominant limb, however, it will not be ligated, with no light emission, 15 minutes before the protocol of muscle fatigue. | Device: Fotobiomodulation<br>* A 16x28 cm LED blanket containing 160 LEDs will be used and will use a total energy per area of 60J, with a wavelength of 940nm, just before the muscle fatigue protocol and will be applied throughout the Biceps extension.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Difference in number of repetitions | The present study was designed to detect the difference in the number of repetitions between the groups groups, after the interventions. | 2 years | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Physiotherapy, Muscle resistance, LED, Athletic performance