The Effect of Sensory-enhanced Beverages on Satiety Following Repeated Exposures

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The study will be a 3-way crossover design: it will assess the impact of consuming a beverage enhanced with satiety-relevant properties on subjective ratings of appetite and on energy intake compared with a low energy version with the same sensory characteristics, and a non-sensory enhanced high energy control. In addition, saliva samples will be collected at regular intervals for the identification of novel biomarkers of energy intake.

Detailed Description
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The study will be a 3-way crossover design: it will assess the impact of a high-energy, sensory-enhanced beverage on energy intake through ad libitum food consumption and subjective feeling of appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS) compared to 2 control beverages following repeated exposures. Each participant will consume each beverage 10 times. This includes 2 satiety-testing sessions on site at Leatherhead Food Research, and 8 occasions consuming the product as a mid-morning snack during the participants' normal routine. Each participant will attend the Nutrition Unit on 6 different occasions (plus one screening visit) before and after repeated exposures to the beverages at home. The order in which participants receive the beverages will be counterbalanced and randomised. There will be a two-week washout period in which none of the beverages are consumed between the different beverage manipulations. Participants will fast overnight before each visit and consume the same evening meal before each test day. Participants will be instructed to avoid consuming food or calorific beverages for one hour before or after consuming the beverage. Following the last satiety testing day participants will be debriefed and open questions will be asked about experiences of the beverages in a focus group format.

Official Title
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The Effect of Sensory-enhanced Beverages on Satiety Following Repeated Exposures

Conditions
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Healthy Subjects

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Mango-flavour beverage


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Gender: male or female Age at start of the study ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 18 and ≤ 29.9 kg/m2 Apparently healthy: measured by questionnaire (APPENDIX 3): no reported current or previous metabolic diseases or chronic gastrointestinal disorders Reported dietary habits: no medically prescribed diet, no slimming diet, used to eating 3 meals a day Reported intense sporting activities ≤ 10h/w Reported alcohol consumption ≤14 units/w Informed consent signed Recruitment form filled out Exclusion Criteria: Smoking Dislike, allergy or intolerance to test products or study meals Possible eating disorder (measured by SCOFF questionnaire score >1) Reported medical treatment that may affect eating habits/satiety Eating habits questionnaire score >14 Reported participation in another biomedical trial 1 month before the start of the study Food allergies or intolerance to ad libitum meals Pregnant and/or breast feeding

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Basic Science
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: High energy, low sensory<br>Mango-flavour beverage | Behavioral: Mango-flavour beverage<br>* The study will be a 3-way crossover design: it will assess the impact of a high-energy, sensory-enhanced beverage on energy intake through ad libitum food consumption and subjective feeling of appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS) compared to 2 control beverages following repeated exposures. Each participant will consume each beverage 10 times. This includes 2 satiety-testing sessions on site at Leatherhead Food Research, and 8 occasions consuming the product as a mid-morning snack during the participants' normal routine. Each participant will attend the Nutrition Unit on 6 different occasions before and after repeated exposures to the beverages at home. There will be a two-week washout period in which none of the beverages are consumed between the different beverage manipulations.<br>|
| Experimental: Low energy, high sensory<br>Mango-flavour beverage | Behavioral: Mango-flavour beverage<br>* The study will be a 3-way crossover design: it will assess the impact of a high-energy, sensory-enhanced beverage on energy intake through ad libitum food consumption and subjective feeling of appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS) compared to 2 control beverages following repeated exposures. Each participant will consume each beverage 10 times. This includes 2 satiety-testing sessions on site at Leatherhead Food Research, and 8 occasions consuming the product as a mid-morning snack during the participants' normal routine. Each participant will attend the Nutrition Unit on 6 different occasions before and after repeated exposures to the beverages at home. There will be a two-week washout period in which none of the beverages are consumed between the different beverage manipulations.<br>|
| Experimental: High energy, high sensory beverage<br>Mango-flavour beverage | Behavioral: Mango-flavour beverage<br>* The study will be a 3-way crossover design: it will assess the impact of a high-energy, sensory-enhanced beverage on energy intake through ad libitum food consumption and subjective feeling of appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS) compared to 2 control beverages following repeated exposures. Each participant will consume each beverage 10 times. This includes 2 satiety-testing sessions on site at Leatherhead Food Research, and 8 occasions consuming the product as a mid-morning snack during the participants' normal routine. Each participant will attend the Nutrition Unit on 6 different occasions before and after repeated exposures to the beverages at home. There will be a two-week washout period in which none of the beverages are consumed between the different beverage manipulations.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in energy intake | Change in intake (kcals) at an ad libitum lunch, assessed before and after the repeated exposure period for each of the 3 beverage products | Weeks 0,3,5,8,10 and 13 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in subjective appetite ratings | Change in subjective feelings of appetite assessed with Visual Analogue Scales (VAS). These will be measured on each of the 6 test days, which will occur before and after the repeated exposure period for each of the 3 beverage products. | Weeks 0,3,5,8,10 and 13 | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Appetite, Satiety, Energy intake, Saliva, Biomarkers