Prodromal Markers of First-degree Relatives of Patients With Psychiatric Disorders Comorbid With RBD

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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REM sleep behavior disorder (typical or 'idiopathic' RBD, iRBD) is a novel and distinct parasomnia characterized by recurrent dream enactment behaviours and polysomnographic features of loss of normal REM-sleep related muscle atonia, with a male predominance commonly occurring at the age of 60's. A majority of the patients with iRBD will eventually develop α-synucleinopathy (e.g., Parkinson's disease). On the other hand, growing evidence reveals a specific group of psychiatric patients demonstrating comparable clinical RBD features (pRBD) (e.g., abnormal REM-related electromyographic (EMG) activities) as found in typical iRBD, but with less male predominance occurring at the age of mid 40's to early 50's. Although recent findings from both cross-sectional and prospective studies have suggested that pRBD is likely to be a persistent parasomnia with close association with clinical and neuroimaging biomarkers related to neurodegeneration, the nosology of the development of RBD symptoms among patients with psychiatric disorders, notably major depressive disorder, remains unclear as to whether they are simply antidepressants related, or represent a part of the early phase of α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration. Family studies on iRBD have confirmed a significant familial aggregation of iRBD with a higher rate of RBD cases and presence of prodromal neurodegenerative biomarkers (e.g. tonic EMG activity during REM sleep, constipation, and motor function impairments) of α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with iRBD. Thus, the investigators propose this family study to examine the following hypotheses: 1) FDRs of patients with pRBD have a higher rate of RBD symptoms and its core features when compared to FDRs of controls with and without psychiatric disorders; 2) FDRs of pRBD are more likely to exhibit the features associated with prodromal markers of α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration when compared with FDRs of controls with and without psychiatric disorders; 3) FDRs of patients with pRBD have a higher rate of α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration when compared with FDRs of controls with and without psychiatric disorders. A total of 176 FDRs from each group (e.g., pRBD cases, psychiatric controls, and healthy controls) will be recruited to undergo a face-to-face clinical interview and a series of assessments on prodromal markers of Parkinson's diseases (as according to the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society research criteria) respectively. All FDRs with possible RBD and a subset of FDRs without possible RBD will be invited to undergo one-night video-polysomnographic assessment to confirm the clinical diagnosis of RBD and to assess the abnormal REM-related EMG muscle activities.

Detailed Description
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REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a novel REM sleep parasomnia characterized by dream enacting behaviors and sleep-related injuries. Ample evidences have suggested that idiopathic RBD (iRBD) is a precursor of α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration (e.g. Parkinson's disease, PD) in which dopamine dysfunction is one of the core pathophysiologies. In recent decade, our group has identified a cohort of patients with psychiatric disorders (mainly major depressive disorder, MDD) comorbid with RBD (pRBD). While there was a postulation that RBD symptoms in this psychiatric population may simply be side effects of antidepressant medication (by enhancing REM-sleep related muscle activity), accumulating evidence from case-control and prospective cohort studies suggested that pRBD is only partially explained by antidepressant usage and is better considered as a variant of typical iRBD in terms of comparable clinical presentation with typical iRBD and its close association with neurodegenerative markers. Nonetheless, more evidence is needed to substantiate that pRBD is a distinct diagnostic entity rather than a symptom secondary to antidepressant use. In this study, the investigators will employ genetic epidemiology approach to: 1) determine the familial genetic contribution; 2) search for biomarkers and endophenotypes; and 3) validate the diagnostic entity of a disease. This proposed study will enrich the limited scientific literature of the potential pathogenesis of pRBD and its relationship with α-synucleinopathy. In addition, the understanding of psychiatric disorders, notably MDD, is often limited by its heterogeneity. Our proposed study will, by determining the familial aggregation of pRBD, help us to identify certain subtype of the psychiatric populations who may likely harbour an underlying neurodegenerative basis. By using a family study design, a number of important aspects with regard to the pathogenesis of pRBD will be answered. First, if first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with pRBD have a higher rate of possible RBD or clinical diagnosis of RBD (as confirmed by video-polysomnography) as well as the presence of neurodegenerative diseases when compared with FDRs of controls, it will substantiate the argument that pRBD is not merely a side effect of antidepressants but rather harbouring a familial and genetic predisposition to RBD and, ultimately α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration. Second, the determination of biomarkers of neurodegeneration among unaffected FDRs of patients with pRBD will also help to identify high-risk individuals for clinical intervention and prevention. Third, the calculation of heritability will help to delineate to which extent the additive genetic contribution is responsible for the variance of pRBD phenotypes. Finally, the findings from this proposed study will be compared with our on-going family study of typical iRBD to determine the extent to which iRBD and pRBD are similar or different to each other in terms of genetic and familial associations. In this proposed study, the investigators hypothesize that: FDRs of patients with pRBD have a higher rate of RBD symptoms and its core features compared with FDRs of controls; The unaffected FDRs of patients with pRBD are more likely to exhibit the features associated with prodromal markers of Parkinson's disease compared with FDRs of controls; FDRs of patients with pRBD have a higher rate of Parkinson's disease (and other α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration) compared with FDRs of controls.

Official Title
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Prodromal Markers of α-synucleinopathy Neurodegeneration in the First-degree Relatives of Patients With Psychiatric Disorders Comorbid With REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Conditions
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Age- and sex- matched with pRBD proband; Without lifetime psychiatric disorder according to Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID); Free of narcolepsy and other neurological diseases; Absence of any RBD features as based on RBDQ-HK and v-PSG; free of neurodegenerative diseases. Exclusion Criteria: Not Chinese or aged under 40 years old; Refuse to participate in this study; without a biological relationship with proband.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Psychiatric RBD cases<br>Presence of REM sleep without atonia; At least one of the followings is present: i). Dream enactment behaviors, SRIs, potentially injurious or disruptive behaviors by history; ii). Abnormal REM sleep behaviors documented during v-PSG monitoring; Absence of electroencephalogram (EEG) epileptiform activity during REM sleep unless RBD can be clearly distinguished from any concurrent REM sleep related seizure disorder; The sleep disturbance is not better explained by other sleep disorder (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea, medical or neurological disorder, mental disorder, medication use, or substance use disorder) | |
| Psychiatric control<br>Age- and sex- matched with pRBD proband; Concurrent psychiatric illnesses according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview( M.I.N.I); Free of narcolepsy and other neurological diseases; Absence of any RBD features as based on REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire (RBDQ-HK) and v-PSG; 5) Free of neurodegenerative diseases | |
| Healthy control<br>Age- and sex- matched with pRBD proband; Without lifetime psychiatric disorder according to Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview( M.I.N.I); Free of narcolepsy and other neurological diseases; Absence of any RBD features as based on RBDQ-HK and v-PSG; Free of neurodegenerative diseases | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Prevalence of possible REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | The prevalence of possible REM Sleep Behavior Disorder based on the self-reported/proxy-reported REM Sleep Behavior Disorder symptoms in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire-HK among First Degree Relatives, | 17 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Percentage of REM-related EMG activity | The mean differences in the percentage of REM-related EMG activity among First Degree Relatives in different groups | 17 months | 
| Weighted prevalence of Polysomnography confirmed REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | Prevalence of Polysomnography confirmed REM Sleep Behavior Disorder according to ICSD-3 criteria among First Degree Relatives in different groups | 17 months | 
| Recurrence risk of Parkinson's disease | Risk of Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathy neurodegeneration based on family history report and face-to-face interview among First Degree Relatives in different groups | 17 months | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Prodromal markers, Psychiatric disorders, α-synucleinopathy, Family study