Tooth-Borne Versus Tooth-Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expanders: A Stereophotogrammetric Evaluation of Soft Tissues

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The force exerted by the rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances provides expansion of the transverse dimension by splitting of the midpalatal suture. This expansion results in three-dimensional (3D) changes in maxillary position which also effects circummaxillary surrounding structures. The aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to evaluate the effects of tooth-borne and tooth-bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on soft tissue with stereophotogrammetry.

Detailed Description
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Introduction: To evaluate the effects of tooth-borne and tooth-bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on soft tissue with stereophotogrammetry. Methods: 32 patients (15 males, 17 females) who met inclusion criteria were divided into two groups. In the first group, tooth-borne RME appliance (Hyrax) was applied to 16 patients (9 males, 7 females mean age 13.4 ± 1.3 years) and in the second group, tooth-bone-borne RME appliance (Hybrid Hyrax) was applied to 16 patients (6 males, 10 females mean age 13.05 ±1.24 years). A simple electronically generated randomization was performed before trial commencement using the Random Allocation Software program. Allocation concealment involved numbered, sealed, and opaque envelopes prepared before trial commencement. One envelope was sequentially opened for each participant during recruitment. Each envelope contained a card with the name of 1 expander. The initials of the name of the participant, the type of expander, and the date of allocation were identified in the external surface of the envelope. One operator was responsible for the randomization process, allocation concealment, and implementation. The primary outcomes of this study was assessment of changes in soft tissues before RME (T0) and post-retention (T1) period by stereophotogrammetry. Independent and dependent sample t tests were used to compare intra- and inter-group differences at P<0.05 significance level.

Official Title
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Tooth-Borne Versus Tooth-Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expanders: A Stereophotogrammetric Evaluation of Soft Tissues

Conditions
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Posterior Crossbite

Intervention / Treatment
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* Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Tooth-borne RME appliance (Hyrax)
* Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Hybrid hyrax RME appliance


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: No previous tonsillar, nasal or adenoid surgery and orthodontic treatment, Bilateral crossbite and need for RME, Maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth fully erupted, Willingness to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: the presence of adenotonsillectomy due to tonsillar hypertrophy or adenoidal hypertrophy Having nasal/nasopharyngeal /oropharyngeal pathologies, craniofacial syndromes, systemic disease, poor oral hygiene, History of previous orthodontic treatment.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 12 Years
Maximum Age: 14 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Interventional Model Description: 2-arm parallel trial
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Tooth-borne RME appliance (Hyrax)<br>In the Tooth-borne RME expander group, bands were placed to the maxillary right and left upper 1st premolar and 1st molar teeth. The impression of the upper jaw was obtained with the bands in mouth by using alginate impression material. In the laboratory process, a hyrax (Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany; Forestadent USA, St Louis, Missouri, USA) expansion appliance with an expansion screw in the middle was prepared on the models by the same technician under standard conditions. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months. | Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Tooth-borne RME appliance (Hyrax)<br>* The patients were treated with a expansion appliance containing a Hyrax expansion screw positioned parallel to the second premolars and were used to correct the posterior crossbite. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months.<br>Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Hybrid hyrax RME appliance<br>* The patients were treated with a Hybrid hyrax RME appliance containing a Hyrax expansion screw positioned parallel to the second premolars and mini-screws. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months.<br>|
| Experimental: Hybrid hyrax RME appliance<br>Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment. In the Hybrid hyrax RME appliance group, mini-screws of 2 mm diameter and 9 mm length (Benefit mini-implants; PSM Medical Solutions; Tuttlingen, Germany) were placed 3 mm posterior and 1 to 5 mm paramedian to the incisive foramina. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months. | Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Tooth-borne RME appliance (Hyrax)<br>* The patients were treated with a expansion appliance containing a Hyrax expansion screw positioned parallel to the second premolars and were used to correct the posterior crossbite. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months.<br>Device: Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment with Hybrid hyrax RME appliance<br>* The patients were treated with a Hybrid hyrax RME appliance containing a Hyrax expansion screw positioned parallel to the second premolars and mini-screws. RME activation was performed twice a day for the first week and then once per day. When it was decided that the expansion was sufficient (until the palatal tubercles of the upper molars came into contact with the buccal tubercles of the lower molars), the screw was fixed with the 0.012-inch ligature wire (American Orthodontics) and the appliance was kept in the mouth without being activated for 3 months.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Increasing soft tissue facial measurement-1 | Increasing anterior face height | At baseline and after 3 months retention period | 
| Increasing soft tissue facial measurement-2 | Increasing upper lip length | At baseline and after 3 months retention period | 
| Increasing soft tissue facial measurement-3 | Increasing lower face height | At baseline and after 3 months retention period | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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stereophotogrammetry, Tooth-bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion, skeletal anchorage, mini-screws