Oral Processing and Appetite in Older Adults

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The goal of this observational study is to learn about changes in oral processing and appetite in older adults aged 65+ years old. The main question it aims to answer is if oral processing affects gastric emptying in older adults (≥65 years old).

Detailed Description
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To investigate if food intake and satiety differ between faster and slower eaters, within older adults (≥65 years old). To assess if chewing rate, salivary flow rate, oral processing and gastric emptying differ between older adults (≥65 years old) with smaller versus bigger appetites.

Official Title
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The Effect of Dentition, Eating Rate, Oral Processing, and Gastric Emptying on Appetite and Satiety in Older Adults (≥65 Years of Age)

Conditions
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Older Adults, Appetitive Behaviour, Food Intake, Oral Processing

Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: 65 years old or over (no upper age limit);each group will contain an equal number of male and female participants; living sufficiently local to attend the two visits needed; able to understand and communicate in English language. Exclusion Criteria: Diagnosed dysphagia; (recent) oral surgery that significantly affects eating and/or swallowing; diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes; participant undergoing current treatment for cancer; participants with zero natural teeth; severe loss of appetite and not able to finish a meal (based on CNAQ) and/or people on special or therapeutic diets that restrict the consumption of a full meal and/or the meals provided; not able to provide informed consent as defined by the T-CogS test (participants with T-CogS < 22 will be excluded); participants having a pacemaker; not able to accept the two meal dishes provided and/or relevant food/ingredient included in the meals allergies or intolerances or aversions; not able to feed themselves.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 65 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Objective appetite assessment: Ad-libitum meal consumption | Consumption of the ad-libitum meal is measured (g). Participants are instructed to eat until they feel comfortable full | 20 minutes | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Subjective appetite assessment: VAS | Appetite are assessed using a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS, scale 0-100) | Every 30 minutes for 3 hours | 
| Gastric Emptying | Gastric emptying is measured using of 100 microliters of 13C Octanoic Acid breath test | Samples taken every 15 minutes for 3 hours | 
| Chewing rate | Chewing rate would be assessed with recording the preload breakfast meal provided and analysing the video recording in software (ELAN 6.4) for number of chews, bites, swallows, time of food in the mouth. | At baseline | 
| Salivary flow rate | Stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate would be assessed with passive drooling method. | At baseline | 
| BMI | BMI is assessed by using a body composition monitor (OMRON Viva) | At baseline | 
| Oral Health | Oral Health will be assessed by using an Oral Health Questionnaire | At baseline | 
| Chewing ability | Chewing ability will be assessed by using a colour mixing ability chewing gum test (Heu-Check test, University of Bern) | At baseline | 
| Glucose | Glucose will be assessed from finger prick blood samples | Every 15 minutes for the first hour after the meal and every 30 minutes thereafter till the end of the total 3 hours | 
| Insulin | Insulin will be assessed from finger prick blood samples | Every 15 minutes for the first hour after the meal and every 30 minutes thereafter till the end of the total 3 hours | 
| Salivary a-amylase | Salivary a-amylase activity will be assessed from the stimulated saliva collected, by using a-amylase kinetic kit | At baseline | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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older adults, appetite, oral processing, food intake, chewing, salivary flow, gastric emptying