Drip-infusion of Remifentanil for RIH

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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The development of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia (RIH) is an unpleasant experience for surgical patients. An alternative management, gradual withdrawal of remifentanil was effective in prevention of RIH. The investigators designed a simple modality to assess if under withdrawal of remifentanil and further drip-infusion of remifentanil immediately after extubation affected postoperative pain score, the requirement of rescue analgesics, and adverse effects.

Detailed Description
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In clinical practice, the gradual withdrawal of remifentanil during surgery is unsatisfied. Thus, the investigators conducted a simple modality in a single center retrospective cohort study to assess how under baseline gradual withdrawal of remifentanil and further drip infusion of remifentanil immediately after extubation affected postoperative pain score and use of analgesics.

Official Title
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Postoperative Drip-infusion of Remifentanil for Preventing Remifentanil-induced Hyperalgesia- a Retrospective Observative Study

Conditions
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Hyperalgesia

Intervention / Treatment
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* Drug: remifentanil


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of I-III patients receiving total intravenous anesthesia Exclusion Criteria: The use of inhalation agents or propofol combined with inhalation anesthesia Pregnancy Previous substance abuse Known allergies to opioids, propofol or any drugs used in the study History of neuropsychiatric disorder Age < 20 years or > 80 years

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 80 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| gradual withdrawal following by drip-infusion of remifentanil<br>In the end of the surgery, gradual withdrawal of remifentanil was prescribed until the endotracheal tube was extubated. Following by drip-infusion of remifentanil for 30 minutes was administered immediately after tracheal extubation. | Drug: remifentanil<br>* postoperative drip-infusion of remifentanil<br>* Other names: drip-infusion;|
| gradual withdrawal of remifentanil<br>In the end of the surgery, gradual withdrawal of remifentanil was prescribed until the endotracheal tube was extubated. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| comparison of the numeric rating scale (NRS) between 2 groups | NRS scores is labeled from zero to ten, with zero being an example of someone with no pain and ten being the worst pain possible. | one hour | 
| requirement for rescue analgesics | postoperative requirement for rescue analgesics | one hour | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| type of surgery | type of surgery in both groups | three hours | 
| surgical site | surgical site in both groups | three hours | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Remifentanil, Hyperalgesia, Drip-infusion