Diabetes Risk Communication Tool Evaluation

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Prevention for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)has been vast but with limited success. While Singaporeans have high knowledge about T2D, its symptoms, and risk factors, healthy practices are still sub-optimal. Upon a qualitative investigation, it was found that there is little to no urgency to engage in T2D preventative behaviour due to to the low perceived threat, and high costs from required lifestyle changes relative to the benefits. Hence, this project targets to communicate the risk of diabetes in a more salient and effective way to improve the intention of preventative behaviour by targeting the constructs of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and increasing the threat and coping appraisals. The current available diabetes risk assessment tool's result page provides a binary output: Higher vs Lower Risk of being pre-diabetic. This aligns with the usual care practiced in clinics currently; patients are told if they are pre-diabetic or not. It does not provide any personalized or relevant tips on how to reduce risk. Hence, there was a demonstrated need to develop risk assessment tools that increase threat appraisal and communicate T2D risk in a more salient way to motivate the intention of behaviour change. The investigators developed two tools: Relative Risk, and Metabolic Age. The Relative Risk prototype demonstrates the user's relative risk on a scale of 1 to 10, in comparison to someone of the same age and sex. The number 1-10 represents their position in the percentile distribution of their risk scores. The Metabolic Age is identified by matching the risk score's percentile position to percentile of the incidence of T2D. The median age of the people in that percentile is reflected as the metabolic age. The primary objectives of this study is to evaluate which of these risk presentations (Usual care, relative risk, or metabolic age) evoke (i) effective cognitive and emotional responses to risk results and (2) motivation for the intention of behaviour change. The secondary objective is to provide empirical evidence for using PMT constructs in intervention development. The hypothesis is that those who are exposed to the Metabolic Age risk assessment and communication tool will have the most effective cognitive and emotional response, and the highest intention of engaging in behaviour change, followed by those exposed to relative risk, and then standard of care.

Official Title
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Evaluation of Diabetes Risk Communication Tool to Promote Behaviour Change for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

Conditions
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Type 2 Diabetes

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Relative Risk
* Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Metabolic Age
* Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Traffic Light


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Aged 30-60 years; Singapore citizen, or permanent resident Able to read and understand English, Have had a health screening with blood pressure, triglycerides, and HbA1C done within the last 3 months At least one risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or receiving therapy for hypertension, triglycerides ≥1.7mmol/L or HbA1c ≥5.7%) Exclusion Criteria: - Diagnosis of any event of cardiovascular disease, kidney issues, or type 2 diabetes

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 30 Years
Maximum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: Usual Care<br> | Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Traffic Light<br>* Risk of T2D is presented as either High (Red) or Low (Green). Generic tips on how to reduce risk of diabetes are included. This imitates the tool that is currently available for residents of Singapore to use to assess their risk of T2D.<br>|
| Experimental: Relative Risk<br> | Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Relative Risk<br>* Risk of T2D is presented in comparison to the rest of the Singapore population in a scale 1-10. Suggestions on different lifestyle changes and its potential to reduce the individual's relative risk is presented for user to observe impact of preventative behaviours.<br>|
| Experimental: Metabolic Age<br> | Behavioral: T2D Risk Communication Tool: Metabolic Age<br>* Risk of T2D is presented as an age, compared to their chronological age as a proxy for their current health status. Suggestions on different lifestyle changes and its potential to reduce the individual's metabolic age is presented for user to observe impact of preventative behaviours.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Differences in reaction to risk communication between arms | Participants' emotional responses to their risk results are assessed using 6 items like I found the results worrying and I am reassured by these results. 3 additional items are used to assess their reaction to the process and confidence towards the tool by asking about their understanding of the results and if they will encourage others to use the tool. Participants will answer these on a 5-point scale, ranging from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree.' Participants' cognitive reactions to their risk results are assessed using 3 items to evaluate their risk perception in five years, ten years, and in relation to others. Participants will answer these on a 5-point scale, ranging from 'very unlikely' to 'very likely.' | 1 day | 
| Differences in behaviour intention between arms | Assessed using 10 items to understand the intention to improve their health-promoting behaviours after they have gone through one of the risk assessment tools. Items ask questions like After seeing my results, I intend to have fewer sugary drinks (soda, fruit juice, bubble tea) in a week and After seeing my results, I intend to do more moderate to vigorous exercise (ie brisk walking, jogging, weight lifting, etc) in a week Responses are evaluated on a 5-point scale, from Extremely Unlikely to Extremely Likely. | 1 day | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Empirical evidence of using PMT constructs in developing interventions | We measure the different PMT constructs (perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response costs). This will allow us to observe how the different tools differ and if these constructs are associated with the primary outcome measures. Responses are evaluated on a 7-point scale, ranging from 'definitely disagree' to 'definitely agree.' | 1 day |