Default Dosing Settings for Opioid Prescriptions to Adolescents and Young Adults After Tonsillectomy

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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This study will evaluate whether lowering the default number of doses for opioid prescriptions written in an electronic health record system can decrease opioid prescribing without causing unintended consequences such as worsened pain control.

Official Title
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Default Dosing Settings for Opioid Prescriptions to Adolescents and Young Adults After Tonsillectomy

Conditions
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Tonsillectomy

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Default setting intervention


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Adolescents and young adults aged 12-25 years undergoing tonsillectomy at C.S. Mott Hospital, University Hospital, Brighton Center for Specialty Care, or Livonia Center for Specialty Care from October 2019-July 2021, excluding April-May 2020 (owing to suspension of elective procedures due to COVID-19). Surgeon belongs to the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Michigan Medical School Patients are not any of the following: patients living in foster care or with a legal guardian, patients with medical complexity or developmental delays, non-English speaking patients, patients with recent suicidal ideation documented in their chart, or patients undergoing emergent tonsillectomy. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with prescription opioid use prior to surgery Patients undergoing additional procedures at the same time as tonsillectomy (other than minor procedures such as tympanostomy tube placement) Patients enrolled in another study Patients who are not prescribed opioids post-operatively at discharge Patients who are enrolled in the Michigan Pain-control Optimization Pathway (M-POP), which includes education about pain management and a small initial opioid prescription Patients with hospitalization with length of stay > 1 day after surgery Patients who decline to enroll Additional exclusion criteria for secondary analysis: Patients who do not complete the baseline and post-operative day 14 surveys

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 12 Years
Maximum Age: 25 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Health Services Research
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Experimental: Default setting intervention<br>The arm will include all patients undergoing tonsillectomy at C.S. Mott Hospital by a pediatric otolaryngology faculty member at the University of Michigan. | Behavioral: Default setting intervention<br>* The new default settings will be implemented only for patients in the experimental arm.<br>|
| No Intervention: No Intervention: Control (Usual Care)<br>The arm will include all patients undergoing tonsillectomy at University Hospital, Brighton Center for Specialty Care, or Livonia Center for Specialty Care by a general otolaryngology faculty member at the University of Michigan. | |

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Number of Doses in the Initial Discharge Opioid Prescription | Doses are defined as the maximum number of instances a patient could take opioids if they took them as prescribed. Number of doses are calculated from the electronic health record. | Day of discharge, approximately 1 day | 
| Proportion of Patients for Whom the Number of Doses in the Discharge Opioid Prescription Equals the Number of Doses in the New Default Settings | The new default settings called for 12 doses in the discharge prescription. This measure assesses the proportion of participants with 12 doses in the discharge prescription, regardless of which arm they were in. Doses are defined as the maximum number of instances a patient could take opioids if they took them as prescribed. Number of doses are calculated from the electronic health record. | Day of discharge, approximately 1 day | 
| Proportion of Participants Who Had at Least One Opioid Prescription Refill From University of Michigan During the Two Weeks After Surgery | Doses are defined as the maximum number of instances a patient could take opioids if they took them as prescribed. Number of doses are calculated from the electronic health record. | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Visited or Saw a University of Michigan Provider Due to Pain During the Two Weeks After Surgery | Detailed in electronic health record. Excludes emergency department visits and hospitalizations for pain. | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients With at Least One Emergency Department and/or Hospitalization at University of Michigan for Pain During the Two Weeks After Surgery | Detailed in electronic health record | Day 14 | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Overall Satisfaction Score on Pain Control During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Participants were surveyed on Day 14 and asked to report level of satisfaction with pain control since their surgery. Pain control satisfaction is on a scale of 1-10 with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Reported That Their Pain Was Well-controlled as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. |  | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Whose Overall Pain Control Was Rated as Much Worse or Worse Than Expected as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Survey was comprised of 5 options: Much worse than you expected Worse than you expected About what you expected Better than you expected Much better than you expected | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Whose Pain Has Resolved by Day 14 After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Survey asked participant on what day pain had resolved. If participants indicated pain had resolved by Day 14, then they were coded as 1, and 0 otherwise. | Day 14 | 
| Pain in the Throat and/or Mouth Over the Past 7 Days at Its Worst as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Pain control is on a scale of 0-10 with higher scores indicating more pain. | Day 14 | 
| Pain in the Throat and/or Mouth Over the Past 7 Days on Average as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Pain control is on a scale of 0-10 with higher scores indicating worse pain. | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients With Leftover Doses of Opioids as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Participants who answered 'No' to the following question: Did you take all of the opioid pain medications that were prescribed to you during the two weeks after surgery? | Day 14 | 
| Number of Opioid Doses Taken During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Patients were asked to report the number of instances in which they used opioids prescribed to them. | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Misused Opioids Prescribed to Others at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Includes any use of opioids prescribed to others | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Misused Opioids Prescribed to Them at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | Includes taking one's own opioids in greater amounts, more often, or longer than directed by a doctor. | Day 14 | 
| Patient Health Questionnaire 8-item (PHQ-8) Score (Depression) as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | This is an 8-item self-report scale, all items are rated on a score of 0-3, for a total range of 0-24. Higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms | Day 14 | 
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)- Pediatric Anxiety - Short Form 8a Score as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | This measure is 8 items each scored from 1 to 5 points, with the lowest possible raw score being 8 and the highest possible raw score being 40. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety, | Day 14 | 
| Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)- Sleep Disturbance - Short Form 4a Score as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. | This measure is 4 items each scored from 1 to 5 points, with the lowest possible raw score being 8 and the highest possible raw score being 40. Higher scores indicate greater sleep disturbance, i.e. worse sleep. | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Saw Their Primary Care Doctor (or a Colleague) in the Office Due to Pain at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. |  | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Visited a Retail Clinic Due to Pain at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. |  | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Visited an Urgent Care Center Due to Pain at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. |  | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients Who Visited an Emergency Department and/or Were Hospitalized Due to Poorly Controlled Pain at Least Once During the Two Weeks After Surgery as Measured by the Post-operative Survey. |  | Day 14 | 
| Proportion of Patients With Leftover Doses Who Disposed of Them | Proportion of patients with leftover doses who disposed of them | 14 Days | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Default settings, Opioid prescribing, Electronic Health Record, Opioid, Opioid Use, Behavioral intervention