Comparison of Outcomes of Two Approaches in Microsurgical Varicocelectomy in Chinese Infertile Males: A Prospective Randomized, Controlled Trial

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Varicocele is the most common surgical disease which could lead to male infertility. It is found in approximately 15% adult males, and in about 40% infertile males. And the incidence is up to 80% in secondary infertility. In the past, there was continuous controversy over whether a varicocele repair could improve fertility. But at present, researches are coming to a consensus on the indication of varicocelectomy. Several researches manifest that the microsurgery of varicocele could have the effect of the highest spontaneous pregnancy and lowest complications rate after surgery. Microsurgical varicocelectomy includes two approaches, inguinal and subinguinal. Each one has its advantages and disadvantages. There are few studies which make direct comparison between the two methods in microsurgical varicocelectomy, especially in China. Operators have made decisions on the basis of their own experience and skills. In this study, the investigators compare the postoperative spontaneous pregnancy and complications rates in two approaches in microsurgical varicocelectomy for Chinese infertile men in their hospital.

Detailed Description
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Outcome Measures Before surgery, all patients were diagnosed by physical examination and testified by color Doppler ultrasound. And one trained nurse documented the patients' age, left unilateral or bilateral and the grade of varicocele, and the grade of the more serious side was noted when handled with bilateral ones. During surgery, the duration of surgery was documented. After surgery, a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the introperative pain after anesthesia recovery and the amount of postoperative pain one month postoperatively by another trained nurse. And the patients whose pain scores > 3 and/or who claimed pain were prescribed with ibuprofen sustained-release capsules (China SmithKline Pharmaceutical Company, Tianjing, China) (0.3g) (ISRC) every 12h on the surgical day (since 2h postoperatively) and only if necessary on the following days (no patient claimed that he had gastrointestinal ulcer history or allergic history of relative drug). Parents were told to write down on a provided form how many times they gave medicine postoperatively. Patients were followed with visits 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery, and were encouraged to visit the clinic anytime when they had any complaint in this period. The semen analyses were conducted in the 3, 6 and 12 months in the follow-up. The recurrence or hydrocele formation was testified by color Doppler ultrasound (with/without detected by physical examination) by the same doctor who did the preoperative examination. And this doctor and two nurses mentioned above were all unaware of the patients' groups.

Conditions
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Varicocele

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: microsurgical varicocelectomy in inguinal approach
* Procedure: microsurgical varicocelectomy in subinguinal approach


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Primary infertility (more than 1 year) Serum hormone was normal (FSH, LH, T and PRL) Semen analysis which was taken within 3-7 days of abstinence was abnormal for at least twice, and at least 1 month apart (the value of sperm density was less than 20 million per ml, and/or sperm motility a+b was less than 50%, according to the 4th WHO criteria) All varicocele was diagnosed by physical examination and testified by color Doppler ultrasound Patients' spouse was healthy in reproduction or had some curable generational diseases Exclusion Criteria: Secondary infertility Men with subclinical varicocele or normal semen analyses Having some other surgical diseases, such as genital tract infection or deformity Having some congenital diseases, such as Klinefelter and Y chromosome deficiency Having some endocrine diseases, such as Kallmann, abnormality in pituitary gland, hyperthyroidism, hypercorticoidism, and so on Patients' spouse had some diseases that made them unable to carry out spontaneous pregnancy, such as tubal obstruction or ovulatory failure.

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 20 Years
Maximum Age: 46 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: inguinal group<br> | Procedure: microsurgical varicocelectomy in inguinal approach<br>* In inguinal approach, the incision, which was about 3cm, was made two fingers up the pubic symphysis, from external inguinal rings parallel to the inguinal ligament.<br>|
| Active Comparator: sub-inguinal group<br> | Procedure: microsurgical varicocelectomy in subinguinal approach<br>* In subinguinal approach, the incision was about 3 cm horizontal and 1 cm below the external inguinal ring.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| pregnancy | Postoperative spontaneous pregnancy is considered to be the best indicator to assess fertility status. | within the 12-24 months postoperative period | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Infertility, varicocelectomy, microsurgery, Chinese men, pregnancy rate