The Prevention of Pain Associated With Rocuronium Injection

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The purpose of this study is to determine whether efficacy of different doses of lidocain and acetaminophen for the prevention of rocuronium injection pain and frequency of withdrawal movements during the general anesthesia induction period.

Detailed Description
-----------------
The study was conducted on 150 patients aged 18- 70 years of ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status I- II who were to undergo various elective operations. None of the patients was premedicated before the operation. The patients were monitored with three derivation electrocardiogram, non- invasive arterial pressure, and pulse oximeter. A 20-gauge catheter was inserted into a superficial vein on the dorsum of the patient's non- dominant hand. The lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 100 ml/h for five minutes, The infusion was stopped and the arm with the IV line was elevated for 15 seconds for gravity drainage of venous blood, The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated by either lidocaine (20 mg and 40 mg IV) or acetaminophen (50mg and 25 mg IV) before the injection of rocuronium. Some patients received 5 ml normal saline. The patients were randomly assigned to five groups. For pretreatment the patients were administered 5 ml normal saline in Group I (Control); acetaminophen 50mg in Group II, acetaminophen 25 mg in Group III, lidocaine 20 mg in Group IV and lidocaine 40mg in Group V, diluted into 5 mL of saline IV. The occlusion was released after 120 s and 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium 1% was injected IV over 5 seconds. During and after the injection of rocuronium, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator. Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered. Table 1: Four Point Scala (TEST 1) Degree of pain Response Pain score None: Negative response to questioning: 0 Mild: Pain reported in response to questioning only, without any behavioral signs: 1 Moderate: Pain reported in response to questioning and accompanied by a behavioral sign, or pain reported spontaneously without questioning: 2 Severe: Strong vocal response or response accompanied by facial grimacing, arm withdrawal, or tears : 3 Table 2: Evaluation Of Withdrawal Movements During Rocuronium Injection ( TEST2) Pain Score Response No response Movement at wrist only Movement/ withdrawal involving arm only (elbow/ shoulder) Generalized response ( movement/ withdrawal in more than one extremity, cough or breath holding)

Official Title
-----------------
The Prevention of Pain Associated With Rocuronium Injection: Effect of Pretreatment With Acetaminophen and Lidocaine

Conditions
-----------------
Injection Site Irritation

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Drug: acetaminophen
* Drug: Lidocaine
* Other: Placebo


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: 18- 70 years of ASA physical status I- II who were to undergo various elective operations. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with chronic pain syndrome, Patients with neurologic deficits, Patients with thrombophlebitis, Patients with difficult venous access, Patients with allergy

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 70 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: Double


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo (Group I)<br>For pretreatment the patients were administered IV 5ml normal saline. A 20-gauge catheter was inserted into a superficial vein on the dorsum of the patient's non- dominant hand. The lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 100 ml/h for five minutes, The infusion was stopped and the arm with the IV line was elevated for 15 seconds for gravity drainage of venous blood. The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm. During and after the injection of rocuromum, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator | Other: Placebo<br>* The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated 5 ml iv normal saline before the injection of rocuronium.Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered.<br>* Other names: Saline;|
| Active Comparator: Group II<br>For pretreatment the patients were administered IV acetaminophen 50 mg A 20-gauge catheter was inserted into a superficial vein on the dorsum of the patient's non- dominant hand. The lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 100 ml/h for five minutes, The infusion was stopped and the arm with the IV line was elevated for 15 seconds for gravity drainage of venous blood. The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm. During and after the injection of rocuromum, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator | Drug: acetaminophen<br>* The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated acetaminophen (50mg and 25 mg IV) before the injection of rocuronium.Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered.<br>* Other names: Perfalgan;|
| Active Comparator: Group III<br>For pretreatment the patients were administered IV acetaminophen 25 mg. A 20-gauge catheter was inserted into a superficial vein on the dorsum of the patient's non- dominant hand. The lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 100 ml/h for five minutes, The infusion was stopped and the arm with the IV line was elevated for 15 seconds for gravity drainage of venous blood. The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm. During and after the injection of rocuromum, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator | Drug: acetaminophen<br>* The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated acetaminophen (50mg and 25 mg IV) before the injection of rocuronium.Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered.<br>* Other names: Perfalgan;|
| Active Comparator: Group IV<br>For pretreatment the patients were administered IV lidocaine 20 mg The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm. During and after the injection of rocuromum, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator | Drug: Lidocaine<br>* The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated lidocaine (20 mg and 40 mg IV) before the injection of rocuronium.Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered.<br>* Other names: Jetmonal %10;|
| Active Comparator: Group V<br>For pretreatment the patients were administered IV lidocaine 40 mg. A 20-gauge catheter was inserted into a superficial vein on the dorsum of the patient's non- dominant hand. The lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 100 ml/h for five minutes, The infusion was stopped and the arm with the IV line was elevated for 15 seconds for gravity drainage of venous blood. The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm. During and after the injection of rocuromum, pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) by the study-blinded investigator | Drug: Lidocaine<br>* The venous drainage was occluded for 120 seconds by using a rubber tourniquet on the upper arm and the patients were pretreated lidocaine (20 mg and 40 mg IV) before the injection of rocuronium.Twenty seconds after the administration of rocuronium, 5 mg/kg of thiopental was administered IV. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia was continued with sevofluorane during 40 % oxygen and 60 % air. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain (absent/ present), swelling or allergic reaction by an anesthesiologist who did not know which drug was administered.<br>* Other names: Jetmonal %10;|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in intraoperative pain | pain was graded with four point scale (TEST 1) and withdrawal movement was evaluated (TEST 2) | 10 seconds | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Change in postoperative pain | Twenty-four hours after the operation, the injection site was checked for any complications, such as pain, swelling or allergic reaction | 24 hours | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Rocuronium, lidocaine, acetaminophen,, pain, injection