The Effect of Pharmacist Intervention on the Use of Zostavax in a Community Pharmacy Setting

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The purpose of this study is to determine whether pharmacist-driven patient interventions can have an effect on the number of herpes zoster (Zostavax) vaccinations given in a community pharmacy setting.

Detailed Description
-----------------
Several studies exist documenting the perception and satisfaction of patients receiving immunizations from pharmacists, as well as the effects of pharmacist involvement in advocating and administering vaccinations. The most well documented studies have been conducted in hospital settings. Undoubtedly, there is enormous opportunity for the community pharmacist to identify potential vaccine recipients, advocate immunization and administer said immunizations to their established patient populations. However, there is a lack of concentrated study in the implementation of immunization services in the community setting and their effects. The investigators intend to evaluate the intervention of pharmacists in an immunization program and the resulting changes in immunization rates.

Official Title
-----------------
The Effect of Pharmacist Intervention on the Use of Zostavax in a Community Pharmacy Setting

Conditions
-----------------
Herpes Zoster

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: Personalized letter
* Other: Flyer advertisement
* Other: Newspaper press release


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: men and women aged 60 or older without contraindications for the herpes zoster vaccination patients who have already experienced one or more episodes of herpes zoster infection were considered for vaccine receipt and study inclusion secondary to CDC ACIP recommendations Exclusion Criteria: Patients aged < 60 years Anyone who has previously received the herpes zoster vaccine Anyone with an allergy to neomycin, gelatin or any other component of the vaccine Anyone receiving a live vaccine within 4 weeks Anyone with a compromised or weakened immune systems such as those receiving radiation, corticosteroids, or those with HIV/AIDS, cancer in the lymph, bone or blood systems Pregnant women or those in close contact with a pregnant woman

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 60 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Factorial Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| No Intervention: 1<br>Patients voluntarily presenting to community pharmacies who request receipt of the herpes zoster vaccine during the first month of observation. These patients have not been exposed to pharmacist-driven interventions utilized in this study. This group serves as the control group. | |
| Experimental: 2<br>Patients voluntarily presenting to community pharmacies who request receipt of the herpes zoster vaccine during the second month of observation. These patients may or may not have been exposed to pharmacist-driven interventions utilized in this study. This group serves as the study/intervention group. | Other: Personalized letter<br>* On Day 1 of the 2nd month, a personalized letter (addressing specific patient) was mailed to current pharmacy patients with indications for the Zostavax vaccine. Current patients were defined as those receiving at least one prescription medication from the pharmacy within 6 months. The personalized letter provided detailed information about herpes zoster infection, the vaccine for herpes zoster prevention, indications for vaccine receipt and contraindications for vaccine receipt.<br>* Other names: Letter;Other: Flyer advertisement<br>* Beginning on Day 1 of the 2nd month, flyer advertisements were distributed with all pharmacy sales. Flyer advertisements provided detailed information about herpes zoster infection, the vaccine for herpes zoster prevention, indications for vaccine receipt and contraindications for vaccine receipt.<br>* Other names: Flyer;Other: Newspaper press release<br>* During the first week of the 2nd month, local newspapers published press releases. The press release provided detailed information about herpes zoster infection, the vaccine for herpes zoster prevention, indications for vaccine receipt and contraindications for vaccine receipt.<br>* Other names: Newspaper Ad;|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| To assess the effect of a pharmacist-driven immunization campaign on the rate of Zostavax immunizations in three separate community pharmacy settings |  | 2 months | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| To evaluate the relative efficacy of specific interventions on the rate of herpes zoster vaccinations |  | 2 months | 
| To evaluate the perception of patients receiving the herpes zoster vaccination as to the role of pharmacists as immunizers |  | 2 months | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Herpes Zoster, Prevention & control, Pharmacists, Pharmacy, Pharmacies, Aged, Immunization, Vaccination