TyG Index Levels in Klinefelter Syndrome

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
It is well known that the frequency of cardiometabolic diseases are increased in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance and is also associated with various cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study to investigate the TyG index levels and its relationship with insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in patients with KS.

Detailed Description
-----------------
From the patient database of our Endocrinology department we randomly included a total of 30 patients with KS and 32 healthy controls in the study. All the recorded data in the database were registered under the approval of Local Ethical Committee of Gulhane School of Medicine. The clinical and laboratory parameters, TyG index, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were gathered from the database and the triglyceride-glucose index was calculated by the help of pre-measured laboratory parameters.

Official Title
-----------------
Triglyceride-Glucose Index Levels in Patients With Klinefelter Syndrome and Its Relationship With the Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance: A Cross-sectional Observational Study

Conditions
-----------------
Cardiac Event, Klinefelter Syndrome, Endothelial Dysfunction

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Other: no intervention


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Patients with a verified Klifelter Syndrome karyotype (all subjects included were 47, XXY) and who were not previously given testosterone replacement. Exclusion Criteria: age <18 years, acute infection, malignancy, any visceral organ dysfunction, nutritional derangements, clinical history of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, drug use such as antidiabetic or lipid-lowering medications, or those lacking complete clinical data.

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 28 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Patient<br>30 male patients with Klinefelter syndrome who were not previously given testosterone replacement. | Other: no intervention<br>* this study was designed as retrospective observational study<br>|
| Control<br>30 healthy control subject without diagnosis of any chronic disease | Other: no intervention<br>* this study was designed as retrospective observational study<br>|

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cardiometabolic risk | Triglyceride - Glucose Index | 1 day | 

 Terms related to the study
=================
Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
-----------------
Klinefelter Syndrome, TyG Index, Cardiometabolic risk