Effect of Exercise With or Without Breakfast, on Metabolism, Appetite and Cognition

Study Overview
=================
Brief Summary
-----------------
The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of eating breakfast in combination with exercise on fat usage, appetite and brain performance later in the day.

Official Title
-----------------
The Interactive Effect of Breakfast Consumption and Exercise on Metabolism, Appetite and Cognitive Function

Conditions
-----------------
Energy Balance,, Appetite,, Cognitive Function.

Intervention / Treatment
-----------------
* Drug: Breakfast & exercise


Participation Criteria
=================
Eligibility Criteria
-----------------
Inclusion Criteria: Male Aged 18-45 years BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 Physically active: able to run for 1 h at a moderate pace Healthy Exclusion Criteria: Smokers Food allergies Metabolic disorders Restrained eaters (equivalent of >7 for restrained on TFEQ) Consuming herbal/dietary supplements History of head trauma Learning difficulties ADHD Dyslexia History of migraines Gastric problems

Ages Eligible for Study
-----------------
Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 45 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
-----------------
Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
-----------------
Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
=================
How is the study designed?
-----------------

Design Details

Primary Purpose: Prevention
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Breakfast & exercise<br> | Drug: Breakfast & exercise<br>* 1859 kJ breakfast vs fast, exercise at 60% maximum aerobic capacity to expend 1859 kJ.<br>|
| Experimental: Breakfast & no exercise<br> | Drug: Breakfast & exercise<br>* 1859 kJ breakfast vs fast, exercise at 60% maximum aerobic capacity to expend 1859 kJ.<br>|
| Experimental: No breakfast & exercise<br> | Drug: Breakfast & exercise<br>* 1859 kJ breakfast vs fast, exercise at 60% maximum aerobic capacity to expend 1859 kJ.<br>|
| No Intervention: No breakfast & no exercise<br> | |

What is the study measuring?
-----------------
Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Energy balance | Energy balance (kJ/kcal) will be assessed by an ad libitum test meal provided at 5 h minus energy expenditure estimated by indirect calorimetry. | 24 h | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Blood glucose |  | 1.5 h area under the curve, post-consumption of a liquid snack | 
| Serum insulin |  | 1.5 h area under the curve, post-consumption of a liquid snack | 
| Subjective appetite ratings | Participants will be asked to complete visual analogue scales (VAS). | 1.5 h area under the curve, post-consumption of a liquid snack and following an ad libitum test meal | 
| Cognitive function measurements | Reaction time, short-term memory, speed of processing, attention. | 1.5 h area under the curve, post-consumption of a liquid snack and following an ad libitum test meal | 
| Mood | Participants will be asked to complete visual analogue scales (VAS). | 1.5 h area under the curve, post-consumption of a liquid snack and following an ad libitum test meal | 
| Energy expenditure | Measured by indirect calorimetry | 1.5 h mean following a liquid snack |