Anti-Inflammatory Milk Matrix

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Obesity is pro-inflammatory, impairs metabolism, and physically limiting. Specifically, muscle in obese persons does not synthesize proteins normally. This further increases metabolic and physical dysfunction. As such, obesity programs should not only focus on weight loss, but muscle metabolic health. Dairy nutrients have anti-inflammatory and anabolic properties, but mostly evaluated in isolation and/or pre-clinical designs. Also, it is unknown if the circulating benefits extend to the muscle. We hypothesize that dairy full-fat milk will improve these obesity characteristics.

Official Title
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Dairy Food Consumption and Its Effects on Inflammation and the Postprandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis

Conditions
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Skeletal Muscle, Inflammation, Obesity

Intervention / Treatment
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* Behavioral: Controlled-Feeding Intervention
* Dietary Supplement: Non-dairy beverage
* Other: Full-fat milk
* Other: Fat-free milk


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: Obese (BMI, body mass index ≥30, <40 kg•m-2) Age 40-59 Pre-menopausal Sedentary/insufficiently active for prior 6 months (mo) Weight stable for prior 6 mo Exclusion Criteria: Tobacco, nicotine (patch/gum) use (previous 6 mo) Alcohol consumption >10 drinks per week Metabolic disorders (e.g., Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, thyroid diseases) Cardiovascular disease, arrhythmias Hypogonadism Asthma History of uncontrolled hypertension Orthopedic injury/surgery (within 1 yr) Hepatorenal, musculoskeletal, autoimmune, or neurological disease History of neuromuscular problems Previous participation in amino acid tracer studies Predisposition to hypertrophic scarring or keloid formation Consumption of ergogenic-levels of dietary supplements that may affect muscle mass (e.g., creatine, HMB), insulin-like substances, or anabolic/catabolic pro-hormones (e.g., DHEA) within 6 weeks prior to participation Consumption of thyroid, androgenic, or other medications known to affect endocrine function Consumption of medications known to affect protein metabolism (e.g., prescription-strength corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, or acne medication) Pregnancy Allergy to dairy product or lactose intolerance Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 126 mg/dL Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 200 mg/dL

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 40 Years
Maximum Age: 59 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Single


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Experimental: Full-fat dairy<br>3x daily servings (cup-eq) of full-fat (3.25%) commercial cow's milk. | Behavioral: Controlled-Feeding Intervention<br>* All energy-containing food and beverages will be provided for 1-week as a controlled-feeding study.<br>Other: Full-fat milk<br>* 3 daily servings (cup-eq) of full-fat (3.25%) commercial cow's milk.<br>|
| Active Comparator: Non-fat diary<br>3x daily servings (cup-eq) of non-fat (0%) commercial cow's milk. | Behavioral: Controlled-Feeding Intervention<br>* All energy-containing food and beverages will be provided for 1-week as a controlled-feeding study.<br>Other: Fat-free milk<br>* 3 daily servings (cup-eq) of fat-free (0%) commercial cow's milk.<br>|
| Placebo Comparator: Non-dairy control<br>3x daily servings (cup-eq) of non-dairy sourced macronutrient composition of full-fat milk. | Behavioral: Controlled-Feeding Intervention<br>* All energy-containing food and beverages will be provided for 1-week as a controlled-feeding study.<br>Dietary Supplement: Non-dairy beverage<br>* Isolated amino acid, fatty acid, and monosaccharide beverage matched to the macronutrient content of 8 fl oz whole milk.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fractional synthetic rate of myofibrillar proteins by stable isotope infusion. | Refers to rate of building new proteins in skeletal muscle contractile protein fraction. Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates will be assessed during stable isotope infusion whereby participants will ingest 2 servings of their respective dairy treatment and the postprandial response is compared between the Arms. | 0-5 hours postprandial observation period to ingesting 2 servings of respective Arm. | 
| Blood inflammation markers by flow cytometry. | Measurement of blood cytokines, monocytes, and macrophages by flow cytometry before and after 1-week of 3 daily servings of respective dairy treatment within a controlled-feeding intervention. | 1 week observation period to respective Arm within a controlled-feeding intervention. |