Moving Towards Precision Medicine in United Airways Disease: Unraveling Inflammatory Patterns in Asthmatic Patients With or Without Nasal Polyps

Study Overview
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Brief Summary
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Asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, asthma from the lower part, and CRS, from the upper part. In theory, these parts are correlated as if they are one single organ, namely united airways, which means that if one is affected by any condition, the other might be impacted as well. However, this relationship has not yet been described down to the cellular and molecular levels. By investigating patients that have (1) asthma and CRS with nasal polyp, (2) asthma and CRS without nasal polyp, and (3) just CRS with nasal polyp, we aim to determine the correlation of the upper and lower part of the respiratory tract. At first, the characterization of disease will be determined by established clinical criteria, such as lung function, blood analysis for the presence of eosinophils (a type of white cells), and nasal polyp score. To continue, in-depth analysis of nose, oropharynx, and lung samples will help gain information about the inflammatory profile and local microbiome of the three different groups of patients through molecular and cellular assays. The results of this study will help to describe the hypothesis of the united airways which will provide better guidance for medical treatment of asthma and CRS with or without polyp, thus improving the life quality of patients.

Detailed Description
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Background Both, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are inflammatory conditions of the airways. The prevalence of asthma - with its cardinal symptoms wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing - has risen over the past decades not only in industrial but also in developing countries. For instance, about 8% of the United States' population and 8.2% of Europeans are diagnosed with asthma. Chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is a condition affecting up to 16% and 11% of the US and European population, respectively3. Both diseases, asthma and CRS, can severely impair quality of life as well as productivity and therefore embody an immense socioeconomic burden. Despite the distinction of the respiratory tract in the upper and lower airways, both parts are anatomically and immunologically related. This led to the concept of United airway diseases assuming that upper and lower airways form a single organ. Consequently, inflammation in the upper affects the lower respiratory tract and vice versa. This concept initially described in the context of allergic respiratory disease can also be extended to the link between sinonasal and lower airway diseases. Accordingly, the association between asthma and CRS prevalence has been unambiguously shown in epidemiological studies: around 20% of CRSsNP patients and around 48% of CRSwNP patients suffer from asthma. Conversely, nasal polyposis is detected in 19 to 25% of asthmatics. In cases of severe asthma, even up to 54% of patients were reported to have a history of nasal polyposis. However, the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the association of asthma and CRS has been poorly investigated so far. Based on the predominant inflammatory profile, asthma can be separated into T2-high and T2-low endotypes. Thereby, around 60% of severe asthma patients show a T2-high profile. The picture is becoming even more complex regarding classifications of CRS. Phenotypically we distinguish between CRSsNP and CRSwNP. However, up to 10 different endotypes of CRS can be defined based on various different inflammatory markers in nasal polyps or nasal secretions. Approaches to characterize endotypes describing conditions involving both asthma and CRS have barely been made so far. On a cellular and protein level, it seems that higher concentrations of Staphylococcus enterotoxin-specific IgE, total IgE and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal polyp tissue are indicators for a higher risk of asthma. Furthermore, it was observed that patients with CRS and eosinophilic asthma (as determined by FeNO levels only) show high numbers of eosinophils in their nasal polyps. This nasal polyp eosinophilia was associated with a more severe asthma phenotype as well as larger polyps and a significantly higher nasal polyp recurrence rate compared to non-eosinophilic patients. However, up to this point, no study investigated whether inflammatory profiles in polyps and asthmatic lungs correspond and how inflammatory profiles of patients suffering from asthma with or without polyps may differ. Novel antibody-based therapies targeting mediators of type 2 immune response are constantly emerging as new treatment options for patients with severe chronic airway diseases. Therapeutic antibodies targeting IgE or IL-4/IL-13, IL-5, or IL-5 receptor-mediated pathways are currently licensed for the treatment of asthma but have also successfully been used to treat CRSwNP to some extent. In this respect, anti-IgE (omalizumab) and anti-IL4α receptor (dupilumab) specific monoclonal antibodies have recently been licensed for the treatment of nasal polyps and CRSwNP respectively. Antibodies targeting molecules further upstream in the inflammatory cascade such as TSLP or IL-33 are currently under development. Anti-TSLP antibodies showed first promising results in clinical trials including patients suffering from uncontrolled asthma. Despite targeting molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases, some monoclonal antibodies such as reslizumab are effective in treating asthma but fail to significantly ameliorate nasal polyposis. Interestingly, a post-hoc responder analysis showed that the group of patients with high baseline IL-5 levels in nasal secretions improved upon reslizumab treatment, while the other patient groups did not. These findings illustrate the urgent need to better understand the pathomechanism and potential links underlying both diseases in order to choose the right therapy for the right patient. Study rationale In this study, we aim to unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying T2-high asthma with or without nasal polyposis. Therefore, we plan to thoroughly examine T2-high asthmatic patients with and without nasal polyposis at the cellular and molecular level and compare them to patients suffering from eosinophilic polyps in the absence of asthma. Deep analysis of nose, oropharynx, and lung samples will yield information on inflammatory patterns at protein and mRNA level, cellular tissue architecture in the different disease subtypes as well as microbiome composition. This pilot study will help to unravel underlying pathomechanisms in these united airway diseases and, therefore, provide a rationale for new therapy approaches including biologicals. Study objectives In this study we plan to: evaluate the inflammatory profile in different sections of the airways; evaluate the endotype and immunological profile of CRSwNP (when applicable); determine the microbiome composition in nose, oropharynx, and bronchi in T2-high asthmatic patients with and without CRSwNP, N-ERD compared to patients with CRSwNP in absence of asthma

Official Title
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Moving Towards PREcision Medicine In United Airways Disease: Unraveling inflaMmatory Patterns in Asthmatic Patients With or Without Nasal Polyps (PREMIUM) - a Descriptive Pilot Study

Conditions
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Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps, Chronic Rhinosinusitis (Diagnosis), Nasal Polyps

Intervention / Treatment
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* Procedure: Blood sampling
* Procedure: Nasosorption
* Procedure: Oral sampling
* Procedure: Bronchoscopy
* Procedure: Nasal biopsy
* Procedure: Nasal sampling
* Procedure: Nasal mucosa mRNA sampling
* Diagnostic Test: Pregnancy test
* Other: Medical history of patients, demographic data, concomitant medication, questionnaire
* Diagnostic Test: UPSIT smell test
* Procedure: Spirometry
* Procedure: FeNO
* Procedure: Lung X-Ray


Participation Criteria
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Eligibility Criteria
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Inclusion Criteria: All patients who 18-99 years of age have a recorded clinical diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10 Code: J45) undergo moderate-serve asthma treatment according to GINA/DAL treatment step 4 or step 5 without oral corticosteroid or monoclonal antibody therapy Asthma treatment for a minimum of 12 weeks prior to screening visit Group 1 and 2 - T2-high asthma with or without polyps: FeNO > 25 ppB had either two times >= 250 eosinophils /µl measured in the blood OR one measurement of blood eosinophils >= 250 cells/µl (one of the two measurements at the screening visit) and/or one measurement of sputum eosinophils > 2% within the last 12 months Group with polyps: Presence of CRSwNP as confirmed by endoscopy or CT according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and CRSwNP Guidelines) Group 3 - CRSwNP in absence of asthma: Presence of CRSwNP as confirmed by endoscopy or CT according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Guidelines Evidence of Type 2 inflammation: eosinophils >= 250 cells/µl measured in the blood OR total IgE >100 kU/L at the screening visit Absence of asthma and N-ERD Patients with a history of treatment with monoclonal antibodies for asthma or polyps will only be included if at least a wash out period of 5 half-lives or at least 3 months have passed Exclusion Criteria: Pregnancy (as determined by ß-HCG test) Patients with severe anatomic variations or deviations that do not allow access to all areas in the nasal cavity Patients undergoing chronic oral corticosteroid therapy Patients with any other confounding underlying lung disorder including but not limited to: Bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, primary ciliary dyskinesia Cystic fibrosis, any known parasitic infections, and lung cancer Patients with pulmonary conditions with symptoms of asthma and blood eosinophilia including but not limited to: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillus, and hypereosinophilic syndrome A mental condition rendering the subject unable to understand the nature, scope, and possible consequences of the study Patients with clinically meaningful comorbidity as determined by the evaluating committee Patients with a history of exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis or asthma 4 weeks prior to any visit Intake of a burst of systemic corticosteroids 4 weeks prior to any visit. Immunosuppressive treatment (e.g. cyclosporine) Drug and alcohol abuses Current smoker Former smoker if stopped smoking <6 months and/or has >10 pack-years

Ages Eligible for Study
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Minimum Age: 18 Years
Maximum Age: 99 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study
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All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers
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No

Study Plan
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How is the study designed?
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Design Details

Primary Purpose: Screening
Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Sequential Assignment
Interventional Model Description: Subjects attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Othorrinolaringology or Pulmonology of the Medical University of Vienna for symptoms of asthma or CRS with nasal polyposis will be recruited during their routine visit. After informing patients about the scopes of the study, they will be invited for a screening visit. During this visit, patients will be informed about the nature of the study and asked whether they are willing to participate. After signing the informed consent, they will undergo a screening visit to determine their eligibility for the study and group allotment. The following parameters will be recorded at the screening visit: medical history including concomitant medication, nasal examination (endoscopy), lung function and FeNO measurement, blood draw (eosinophil levels and for exploratory parameters). Thereafter, eligible patients will attend a single study visit for the collection of all clinical parameters and samples.
Masking: None (Open Label)


Arms and Interventions

| Participant Group/Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
| --- | --- |
| Active Comparator: T2-high asthma with nasal polyps<br>FeNO > 25 ppB Had either two times >= 250 eosinophils /µl measured in the blood OR one measurement of blood eosinophils >= 250 cells/µl (one of the two measurements at the screening visit) and/or one measurement of sputum eosinophils > 2% within the last 12 months Presence of CRSwNP as confirmed by endoscopy or CT according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and CRSwNP Guidelines) Patients with a history of treatment with monoclonal antibodies for asthma or polyps will only be included if at least a washout period of 5 half-lives or at least 3 months have passed | Procedure: Blood sampling<br>* Blood collection for PBMC isolation, measurement of cytokines in serum, and mass cytometry<br>Procedure: Nasosorption<br>* Nasosorptions will be applied for the collection of nasal secretions (Nasosorption FX-I, Hunt Developments (UK) Limited, Midhurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom). Under visualization, the device will be inserted into the nasal cavity and be placed along the lateral wall against the inferior turbinate. The index finger of the patient will be used to press onto the external aspects of the alar and lateral nasal cartilages to hold the device in place. After 1 minute, the devices will be removed.<br>Procedure: Oral sampling<br>* For oral sampling, saliva collection devices (SuperSAL or PureSAL, Oasis Diagnostic Corporation, USA) will be applied followed by elution. Then swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the dorsum of the tongue.<br>Procedure: Bronchoscopy<br>* The bronchoscopy will be performed in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Pulmonology. Bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL): the bronchoscope is wedged in the segmental or subsegmental bronchus of the middle lobe. Up to 300 ml sterile normal saline is injected stepwise via handheld syringe and then gradually withdrawn back into the syringe. BAL fluid (BALF) will be prepared and further analyzed in the lab. Transbronchial biopsy (TBLB): performed by forceps in the lung periphery under fluoroscopy guidance. Up to 4 biopsies are taken in two different lobes of one lung with a distance of 1-2 cm to the pleura. TBLB is only performed in patients who have got not contraindications.<br>Procedure: Nasal biopsy<br>* Nasal biopsies will be taken during routine endoscopy performed to score CRSwNP. Patients will receive local anesthesia and decongestants prior to obtaining the biopsy. Samples will either be embedded in OCT or processed for cellular analysis<br>Procedure: Nasal sampling<br>* Swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the anterior naris and middle meatus of each nostril<br>Procedure: Nasal mucosa mRNA sampling<br>* Mucosal mRNA sampling will be performed using a 10cm nasal curette (either Rhino-Probe, Arlington Scientific, USA or Cellskim, Hunt Developments, UK). Under direct visualization, the curette will be brought to lie against the mid-inferior portion of the inferior turbinate. The curette will be pressed against the mucosal surface moved outwards 2-3 times. This motion will be repeated 2-3 times to ensure good sample collection. This curette and technique have been shown to cause no significant discomfort to patients and thus it has the advantage of no requirement for local anesthetics.<br>Diagnostic Test: Pregnancy test<br>* In female patients, pregnancy will be excluded with a standard urine pregnancy test at the beginning of the main visit.<br>Other: Medical history of patients, demographic data, concomitant medication, questionnaire<br>* Patients will be asked for their medical history including demographic data and concomitant medication. Details will be noted in the source data file. Furthermore, patients will receive a questionnaire including tools to assess QOL impairment by CRS and asthma<br>Diagnostic Test: UPSIT smell test<br>* University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) smell test will be performed by the patients during the study. It consists of 40 questions in 4 different booklets. The patient needs to scratch a sniff strip with the microencapsulated odorant using a pencil and mark his choice on four-choice multiple-choice questions. The test is then scored by the study team out of the 40 items.<br>Procedure: Spirometry<br>* Lung function will be measured by spirometry in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. Spirometry will be performed according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines by authorized and properly certified personal.<br>Procedure: FeNO<br>* Airway inflammation will be evaluated using a standardized single-breath FeNO test in accordance with the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. A single exhalation technique recommended by the manufacturer will be followed. The FeNO measurements will not be performed within 2 weeks of a respiratory infection. The FeNO test will be performed prior to spirometry. Subjects should not eat or drink 1 hour prior to having the FeNO test. Subjects should not use their rescue SABA medication (e.g., albuterol/salbutamol) within 6 hours of the measurement. Inhaled bronchodilators (including ICS/LABA) should be withheld for the effect duration specific to the bronchodilator. If not, the assessment should be postponed till after the required time has passed since the meal or drink or bronchodilator inhalation. The NIOX VERO® Airway Inflammation Monitor will be used to measured FeNO in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>Procedure: Lung X-Ray<br>* After the bronchoscopy, a lung x-ray will be performed and patients will stay overnight in the ward of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>|
| Active Comparator: T2-high asthma without nasal polyps<br>FeNO > 25 ppB Had either two times >= 250 eosinophils /µl measured in the blood OR one measurement of blood eosinophils >= 250 cells/µl (one of the two measurements at the screening visit) and/or one measurement of sputum eosinophils > 2% within the last 12 months Absence of NP as confirmed by endoscopy or CT according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and CRSwNP Guidelines) Patients with a history of treatment with monoclonal antibodies for asthma or polyps will only be included if at least a washout period of 5 half-lives or at least 3 months have passed | Procedure: Blood sampling<br>* Blood collection for PBMC isolation, measurement of cytokines in serum, and mass cytometry<br>Procedure: Nasosorption<br>* Nasosorptions will be applied for the collection of nasal secretions (Nasosorption FX-I, Hunt Developments (UK) Limited, Midhurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom). Under visualization, the device will be inserted into the nasal cavity and be placed along the lateral wall against the inferior turbinate. The index finger of the patient will be used to press onto the external aspects of the alar and lateral nasal cartilages to hold the device in place. After 1 minute, the devices will be removed.<br>Procedure: Oral sampling<br>* For oral sampling, saliva collection devices (SuperSAL or PureSAL, Oasis Diagnostic Corporation, USA) will be applied followed by elution. Then swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the dorsum of the tongue.<br>Procedure: Bronchoscopy<br>* The bronchoscopy will be performed in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Pulmonology. Bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL): the bronchoscope is wedged in the segmental or subsegmental bronchus of the middle lobe. Up to 300 ml sterile normal saline is injected stepwise via handheld syringe and then gradually withdrawn back into the syringe. BAL fluid (BALF) will be prepared and further analyzed in the lab. Transbronchial biopsy (TBLB): performed by forceps in the lung periphery under fluoroscopy guidance. Up to 4 biopsies are taken in two different lobes of one lung with a distance of 1-2 cm to the pleura. TBLB is only performed in patients who have got not contraindications.<br>Procedure: Nasal sampling<br>* Swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the anterior naris and middle meatus of each nostril<br>Procedure: Nasal mucosa mRNA sampling<br>* Mucosal mRNA sampling will be performed using a 10cm nasal curette (either Rhino-Probe, Arlington Scientific, USA or Cellskim, Hunt Developments, UK). Under direct visualization, the curette will be brought to lie against the mid-inferior portion of the inferior turbinate. The curette will be pressed against the mucosal surface moved outwards 2-3 times. This motion will be repeated 2-3 times to ensure good sample collection. This curette and technique have been shown to cause no significant discomfort to patients and thus it has the advantage of no requirement for local anesthetics.<br>Diagnostic Test: Pregnancy test<br>* In female patients, pregnancy will be excluded with a standard urine pregnancy test at the beginning of the main visit.<br>Other: Medical history of patients, demographic data, concomitant medication, questionnaire<br>* Patients will be asked for their medical history including demographic data and concomitant medication. Details will be noted in the source data file. Furthermore, patients will receive a questionnaire including tools to assess QOL impairment by CRS and asthma<br>Diagnostic Test: UPSIT smell test<br>* University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) smell test will be performed by the patients during the study. It consists of 40 questions in 4 different booklets. The patient needs to scratch a sniff strip with the microencapsulated odorant using a pencil and mark his choice on four-choice multiple-choice questions. The test is then scored by the study team out of the 40 items.<br>Procedure: Spirometry<br>* Lung function will be measured by spirometry in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. Spirometry will be performed according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines by authorized and properly certified personal.<br>Procedure: FeNO<br>* Airway inflammation will be evaluated using a standardized single-breath FeNO test in accordance with the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. A single exhalation technique recommended by the manufacturer will be followed. The FeNO measurements will not be performed within 2 weeks of a respiratory infection. The FeNO test will be performed prior to spirometry. Subjects should not eat or drink 1 hour prior to having the FeNO test. Subjects should not use their rescue SABA medication (e.g., albuterol/salbutamol) within 6 hours of the measurement. Inhaled bronchodilators (including ICS/LABA) should be withheld for the effect duration specific to the bronchodilator. If not, the assessment should be postponed till after the required time has passed since the meal or drink or bronchodilator inhalation. The NIOX VERO® Airway Inflammation Monitor will be used to measured FeNO in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>Procedure: Lung X-Ray<br>* After the bronchoscopy, a lung x-ray will be performed and patients will stay overnight in the ward of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>|
| Active Comparator: CRSwNP in absence of asthma<br>Presence of CRSwNP as confirmed by endoscopy or CT according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Guidelines26 Evidence of Type 2 inflammation: blood eosinophils >= 250 cells/µl measured in the blood OR total IgE >100 kU/L26 at the screening visit Absence of asthma and N-ERD Patients with a history of treatment with monoclonal antibodies for asthma or polyps will only be included if at least a washout period of 5 half-lives or at least 3 months have passed | Procedure: Blood sampling<br>* Blood collection for PBMC isolation, measurement of cytokines in serum, and mass cytometry<br>Procedure: Nasosorption<br>* Nasosorptions will be applied for the collection of nasal secretions (Nasosorption FX-I, Hunt Developments (UK) Limited, Midhurst, West Sussex, United Kingdom). Under visualization, the device will be inserted into the nasal cavity and be placed along the lateral wall against the inferior turbinate. The index finger of the patient will be used to press onto the external aspects of the alar and lateral nasal cartilages to hold the device in place. After 1 minute, the devices will be removed.<br>Procedure: Oral sampling<br>* For oral sampling, saliva collection devices (SuperSAL or PureSAL, Oasis Diagnostic Corporation, USA) will be applied followed by elution. Then swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the dorsum of the tongue.<br>Procedure: Bronchoscopy<br>* The bronchoscopy will be performed in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Pulmonology. Bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL): the bronchoscope is wedged in the segmental or subsegmental bronchus of the middle lobe. Up to 300 ml sterile normal saline is injected stepwise via handheld syringe and then gradually withdrawn back into the syringe. BAL fluid (BALF) will be prepared and further analyzed in the lab. Transbronchial biopsy (TBLB): performed by forceps in the lung periphery under fluoroscopy guidance. Up to 4 biopsies are taken in two different lobes of one lung with a distance of 1-2 cm to the pleura. TBLB is only performed in patients who have got not contraindications.<br>Procedure: Nasal biopsy<br>* Nasal biopsies will be taken during routine endoscopy performed to score CRSwNP. Patients will receive local anesthesia and decongestants prior to obtaining the biopsy. Samples will either be embedded in OCT or processed for cellular analysis<br>Procedure: Nasal sampling<br>* Swabs optimized for the collection of specimens will be applied (CLASSIQSwabs, Copan Diagnostics Inc. Murietta, CA, USA) to the anterior naris and middle meatus of each nostril<br>Procedure: Nasal mucosa mRNA sampling<br>* Mucosal mRNA sampling will be performed using a 10cm nasal curette (either Rhino-Probe, Arlington Scientific, USA or Cellskim, Hunt Developments, UK). Under direct visualization, the curette will be brought to lie against the mid-inferior portion of the inferior turbinate. The curette will be pressed against the mucosal surface moved outwards 2-3 times. This motion will be repeated 2-3 times to ensure good sample collection. This curette and technique have been shown to cause no significant discomfort to patients and thus it has the advantage of no requirement for local anesthetics.<br>Diagnostic Test: Pregnancy test<br>* In female patients, pregnancy will be excluded with a standard urine pregnancy test at the beginning of the main visit.<br>Other: Medical history of patients, demographic data, concomitant medication, questionnaire<br>* Patients will be asked for their medical history including demographic data and concomitant medication. Details will be noted in the source data file. Furthermore, patients will receive a questionnaire including tools to assess QOL impairment by CRS and asthma<br>Diagnostic Test: UPSIT smell test<br>* University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) smell test will be performed by the patients during the study. It consists of 40 questions in 4 different booklets. The patient needs to scratch a sniff strip with the microencapsulated odorant using a pencil and mark his choice on four-choice multiple-choice questions. The test is then scored by the study team out of the 40 items.<br>Procedure: Spirometry<br>* Lung function will be measured by spirometry in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. Spirometry will be performed according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines by authorized and properly certified personal.<br>Procedure: FeNO<br>* Airway inflammation will be evaluated using a standardized single-breath FeNO test in accordance with the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology. A single exhalation technique recommended by the manufacturer will be followed. The FeNO measurements will not be performed within 2 weeks of a respiratory infection. The FeNO test will be performed prior to spirometry. Subjects should not eat or drink 1 hour prior to having the FeNO test. Subjects should not use their rescue SABA medication (e.g., albuterol/salbutamol) within 6 hours of the measurement. Inhaled bronchodilators (including ICS/LABA) should be withheld for the effect duration specific to the bronchodilator. If not, the assessment should be postponed till after the required time has passed since the meal or drink or bronchodilator inhalation. The NIOX VERO® Airway Inflammation Monitor will be used to measured FeNO in the lung function unit of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>Procedure: Lung X-Ray<br>* After the bronchoscopy, a lung x-ray will be performed and patients will stay overnight in the ward of the Department of Pulmonology.<br>|

What is the study measuring?
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Primary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Inflammatory profile in different sections of the airways | Concentration of selected inflammatory mediators in T2-high asthmatic patients with and without polyps and in patients with CRSwNP in absence of asthma | 2 years | 

Secondary Outcome Measures

| Outcome Measure | Measure Description | Time Frame |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Endotype and immunological profile of CRSwNP | Number of patients with specific endotypes of polyps and concentration of selected inflammatory mediators of various anatomic locations in the airways both in tissue and secretion samples in patients suffering from T2-high asthma with or without CRSwNP and in patients with CRSwNP in absence of asthma. | 2 years | 
| Microbiome composition in nose, oropharynx and bronchi in T2-high asthmatic patients with and without CRSwNP, N-ERD compared to patients with CRSwNP in absence of asthma | Number of different bacterial strains in different anatomical locations in asthmatic patients with and without polyps and CRSwNP patients in absence of asthma and to evaluate differences. | 2 years | 

 Terms related to the study
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Keywords Provided by Centre Hospitalier Valida
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Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS), CRS with Nasal Polyps, CRS without Nasal Polyps, Inflammatory profile, Type 2 inflammation